Day v. Rosenthal (170 Cal. App. 3d 1125, 1985)

Opinion

GOLDIN, J.

This is an appeal from judgment entered on March 31, 1975, in 13 consolidated cases. Judgment was in favor of Doris Day Melcher, the estate of her late husband Martin Melcher, her son Terrence Melcher and various of their family corporations (collectively the Melchers) and against Jerome B. Rosenthal (the Melchers’ former attorney), Harland Green (Rosenthal’s law partner) and various law firms and business entities with which Rosenthal had been affiliated (collectively Rosenthal). The judgment held Rosenthal liable to the Melchers for legal malpractice, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud and abuse of process, and awarded them $26,396,511 including $1 million in punitive damages. Green was held vicariously liable for compensatory damages only.

The trial court also entered judgment against Rosenthal with respect to his affirmative claims against the Melchers on grounds, among others, that the purported contracts he relied upon never existed, were invalid or unenforceable because they had been procured by undue influence, or had been breached by Rosenthal. The trial court also awarded injunctive relief requiring Rosenthal to turn over trust funds and records belonging to the Melchers.

Rosenthal appeals from the judgment.

Procedural Background

This appeal is the outgrowth of an 18-year relationship between the Melchers and Rosenthal. The principal characters in the drama which has become the central theme of one of the longest continuous engagements in California civil litigation are Doris Day Melcher (sometimes Doris Day, sometimes just plain Day), at all times a singer, entertainer and actress; Martin Melcher (Melcher) at one time Day’s agent and commencing in 1951, and ending with his death in 1968, her husband and surrogate in all her business and financial affairs; and Jerome B. Rosenthal, “Hollywood” attorney, the person without whose guidance Melcher would not make a move, from 1952 sole attorney for the Melchers and from 1956 until his termination by the Melchers in 1968, their attorney, accountant, business manager, investment advisor and recordkeeper.

When Rosenthal’s role was cut out of the Melcher production, he filed a lawsuit alleging breach of his 1956 retainer agreements with the Melchers. After they responded, he filed a host of others, in essence claiming the Melchers had breached various contracts with him. The Melchers answered, cross-complained and filed affirmative actions for breach of fiduciary duty, legal malpractice, fraud and abuse of process.

The stage was set for the action which followed albeit most of it occurred more than five years later.

A nonjury trial commenced on March 4, 1974, and continued uninterrupted until August 30, 1974.

In its oral statement of intended decision the trial court summarized its basis for entering judgment for the Melchers and against Rosenthal in each of the consolidated cases:

“The tragic drama in this case started to unfold back in the late ’40’s or early ’50’s when Jerome B. Rosenthal began to represent Doris Day and Martin Melcher.

“It involves .... [f] an attorney so intent on doing business with his clients, with their money . . . that he lost sight of ethical and legal principles.

“The case from beginning to end oozes with attorney-client conflicts of interest, clouding and shading every transaction and depriving Doris Day and Martin Melcher of the independent legal advice to which they were entitled. It involves kickbacks, favored treatment of one client over others; it involves amateurish attempts to deal in the hotel and oil business that would be humorous but for the tragic consequences. It involves the extraction of fees from Doris Day and Martin Melcher and fees from other clients or entities for the same work performed. It involves an undertaking to provide financial and investment advice and a complete and utter failure to provide it. It involves a tortured effort by Rosenthal to maintain for years in the future the indentured position in which he had held Doris Day since 1956, even after she had ceased to permit him to act as her attorney. It involves a percentage retainer agreement that in the context of the facts of this case is void and against public policy because of the violation of the rules of professional conduct. . . .

“The evidence so reeks of negligence, a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct and all that is basic in the traditional relationship of attorney and client as to require that the court, as best it can, undo the transaction that occurred so as to attempt to put Doris Day and her late husband’s estate back to a position as if they had not become enmeshed in the machinations of Rosenthal’s twisted sense of professional responsibility.”

Factual Background

A brief summary of the more significant facts will put Rosenthal’s arguments on appeal into perspective.

Rosenthal was at all times throughout his relationship with the Melchers, a lawyer, licensed to practice in the State of California. The Melchers were successful in the make believe world of show business, but were uneducated and unsophisticated in the real world of finance. Day relied totally on Melcher to handle her business and financial aifairs, and Melcher relied totally on Rosenthal to handle all the Melchers’ business and financial affairs. According to Day, “[Melcher] was so impressed . . . with Mr. Rosenthal that anything Rosenthal said to him was law and had to be right. He was in awe of the man.” Rosenthal didn’t disagree, “they entirely relied upon and followed [my] recommendations. . . . [T]hey did nothing on their own . . . nor did they ever go against the advice. . . . [They] did nothing independent or on their own.”

On May 11, 1956, the Melchers and Rosenthal signed written retainer agreements (the 1956 retainer agreements). These “simple” agreements gave Rosenthal a 10 percent interest in virtually everything the Melchers owned and earned. It obligated him to manage and give advice, but to litigate only for a separate, to-be-negotiated fee. Rosenthal had already represented the Melchers as an attorney for several years prior to May 11, 1956, and had an obligation to provide a full disclosure of the true implications of the agreements. He never adequately informed them, and he didn’t advise them to obtain independent legal advice. They signed the agreements in all innocence and as a result of undue influence.

For many years prior to his death, Melcher maintained an office adjacent to Rosenthal’s. There were times during which he and Rosenthal had meetings, conferences, and conversations on a daily basis. By virtue of the attorney-client relationship, Rosenthal’s status as an attorney, and his claim to business acumen, Melcher was awed and developed a false sense of security concerning his ability to rely and depend on the advice rendered by Rosenthal regarding Melcher’s legal and business affairs. The 1956 retainer agreements converted Rosenthal from mere attorney into business advisor and tax planner. They gave him the contractual basis for ascendancy over the Melchers’ financial affairs.

Rosenthal took to his role as the Melchers’ business advisor with gusto. He created Phoenix Enterprises, Inc. (Phoenix), a Rosenthal dominated corporation, to package and promote oil and gas ventures, contract drilling operations and lease equipment, and Doanbuy Lease & Company, Inc. (Doanbuy), a Rosenthal alter ego, to operate oil wells. Between 1956 and 1962, Rosenthal involved the Melchers in various Phoenix-promoted oil and gas ventures which were, uniformly, financial disasters for the Melchers and profitable for Rosenthal. From 1956 to 1968, the Melchers lost in excess of $4 million thanks to investments in Rosenthal’s oil and gas promotions. From 1956 to 1968, Rosenthal gained secret profits of more than $400,000 thanks to his creatures Phoenix and Doanbuy.

In 1962, Melcher agreed to form an oil and gas exploration partnership with a promoter named Atkins. Two years later, when Rosenthal finally drafted the written agreements, it was a tripartite partnership, which included him. Melcher put up the money, an initial cash contribution of $328,000; Rosenthal and Atkins each put up a note, a promise to pay $110,000. The leases were for the exploration of unproven territory.

The partnership was in constant need of money. In the five years that followed, Melcher contributed an additional $740,000; his “equal” partner Rosenthal contributed under $74,000 (much of it borrowed from Melcher). Rosenthal’s business management also cost the Melchers $230,000 in “legal fees,” “overhead expenses” and “profit distributions” from the partnership to Rosenthal. The trial court found that Rosenthal’s conduct with respect to the Melcher-Atkins-Oil partnerships was a breach of fiduciary and contractual duties owed to Melcher, and involved “repeated conflicts of interest” on Rosenthal’s part.

During 1966, Rosenthal set in motion false transactions involving oil drillers through which, ultimately, he acquired $45,000 from Melcher and others. The trial court found the “transactions were designed by Rosenthal . . . with a fraudulent intent. . . . [a]nd resulted in a misappropriation, misapplication and misuse by Rosenthal” of the money.

Rosenthal, the Melchers’ tax advisor, misguided them into a 15-year tax morass.

In 1953, Rosenthal advised the Melchers to invest in a “tax shelter” promoted by his client, Bernard Cantor. The scheme involved the purchase of Federal Land Bank bonds at slightly less than their face value, through Cantor’s company, Cantor-Fitzgerald Company (Cantor-Fitzgerald). The bonds were to be financed entirely by a loan from Gibraltar Financial Corporation, an under capitalized shell corporation controlled by Cantor-Fitzgerald. The investor would execute a note for the principal sum of the bonds to Gibraltar, bearing a higher interest than the underlying bonds. The note would be secured by the bonds. The investor would pay interest to Gibraltar and repay the principal by sale of the bonds immediately before maturity. The scheme was supposed to generate substantial tax benefits.

Rosenthal induced the Melchers to purchase bonds with a face value of $3 million. The anticipated out-of-pocket cost to the Melchers was $115,000 (the difference between the interest on the bonds and the interest payments on the note). The scheme would have utility to the Melchers only if it generated more than $115,000 in tax savings.

Rosenthal had two conflicts from the inception of the scheme. First, Cantor-Fitzgerald was his client. The Melchers were not informed of this detail. Second, Cantor-Fitzgerald was secretly compensating Rosenthal for securing investors. Rosenthal, who also invested in the bond deal, got better terms than the Melchers. And, while the Melchers, and other Rosenthal clients, such as singer-entertainer Gordon MacRae, were paying to Gibraltar, Rosenthal was collecting from Cantor-Fitzgerald. Of course, the Melchers were not informed of these facts, either.

Without belaboring the scheme any further, suffice it to say that it was a sham. Gibraltar had no money to loan and didn’t lend the Melchers $3 million. The bonds were never held as security. Any competent tax attorney would have investigated and advised against the transaction. Not Rosenthal; he had too great a personal stake in the gains he obtained from his conflicting relationships with Cantor-Fitzgerald.

In 1958, the IRS issued a deficiency notice against the Melchers (and against MacRae) disallowing interest deductions on account of the bond transaction. Rosenthal represented the Melchers in the United States Tax Court in the protracted litigation which followed. In 1961 MacRae’s efforts to obtain a tax deduction arising out of a virtually identical bond transaction was unsuccessful in the United States Court of Appeal Ninth Circuit. Rosenthal still did not advise the Melchers to cut their losses. Any competent tax attorney would have. In 1966, when the IRS offered to settle with the Melchers by disallowing the interest deduction, but allowing a capital theft loss in the sum of $115,000, Rosenthal didn’t even communicate the offer to his clients. He was too interested in keeping the Melchers’ money coming his way to permit its diversion to pay the IRS.

The Melchers’ 1967 loss in the tax court was both predictable and substantial. They were required to pay taxes and interest in the sum of $400,000. Through Rosenthal’s negligent and conflict ridden tax guidance in the Federal Land Bank bond transactions, the Melchers lost $400,000 to the IRS and the $115,000 out-of-pocket they had already paid Cantor-Fitzgerald and Gibraltar.

Commencing in 1959, Rosenthal managed the Melchers into a couple of disastrous hotel deals. As with other Rosenthal directed “investment” programs, the Melchers invested and Rosenthal divested. The trial court said, “her [Day’s] money went into the hotels, the hotel money went into his pocket. I mean, it is just that simple.” Rosenthal never documented the Melchers’ ownership in the hotels, predictably causing chaos, confusion and litigation. Rosenthal inveigled his way into an ownership interest in the hotels (with Melcher’s money). He directed the mismanagement of the hotels through another of his alter egos, Cabana Management, Inc.

Under his aegis, the hotels failed. The Melchers had no idea until after Melcher’s death: Rosenthal lured them into continuing the flow of cash by telling them the hotels would soon be profitable and were much more valuable than was the fact. When Melcher died and the stream of Melcher money dried up, the hotels collapsed. One was adjudicated bankrupt, the other was sold to pay creditors. The Melchers’ over $3 million “investment” was lost. The trial court found that Rosenthal had had conflicts of interest and breached his fiduciary and contractual duties to the Melchers in virtually every aspect of the hotel ventures. His misfeasance was the cause of the Melchers’ losses.

Pursuant to the 1956 retainer agreements, Rosenthal was supposed to furnish the Melchers with “regular statements of receipts and disbursements . . . and periodic profit and loss statements.” The trial court found that he didn’t. “The . . . financial material that was provided to [them] by Rosenthal was inaccurate and misleading. Oil and gas properties and hotels . . . were materially over-valued.” And, when Melcher had Price, Waterhouse & Company do an independent study and report which indicated that the value of the Melchers’ oil and gas holdings had been overstated in reports prepared by him, “Rosenthal . . . convinced Melcher that the advice of Price, Waterhouse & Company was improper and inaccurate.” The trial court found that Rosenthal had breached his fiduciary and contractual obligations to the Melchers in the matter of financial statements and accountings.

The trial court found that “[a] substantial portion of the funds which were paid by [Melchers] in connection with business ventures and investments recommended by Rosenthal were deposited into [Rosenthal’s] trust account. . . . Similarly, gross receipts, royalties and other payments generated from these business ventures and investments should also have been deposited into this account.” But from Rosenthal’s records it was impossible to tell whether all such deposits had been made. He “developed an unorthodox and complicated accounting system for clients’ funds deposited into this trust account. . . . [F]unds attributable to several separate [Rosenthal] clients . . . were commingled under a single ledger. Further, funds ostensibly deposited on behalf of [Rosenthal] in an investment venture were commingled with the funds of the [Melchers’] and other clients participating in this same venture.”

The Melchers never received an accounting of their trust funds and it appeared “that funds belonging to [the Melchers] had either been distributed to . . . other [Rosenthal] clients or had been used to satisfy the obligations of these other clients.” The trial court found that $2.2 million plus, of the Melchers’ funds deposited in Rosenthal’s trust account could not be accounted for, in violation of Rosenthal’s fiduciary and contractual duties to the Melchers. Furthermore, it was revealed for the first time during the trial that something over $30,000 of the Melchers’ money was in Rosenthal’s trust account. The trial court found Rosenthal had “wrongfully and deliberately withheld” this money from the Melchers during the six years preceding the trial.

Rosenthal was not above secretly pitting Melcher against Day for his own benefit. He had overwhelming influence on Melcher, not on Day. But Day had the money, not Melcher. The solution: A Day-Melcher agreement that gave Melcher 25 percent of Day’s gross income for acting as her personal manager. With that, Melcher had money, but not enough money to feed the cost-consuming hotels and Melcher-Atkins Oil. Rosenthal’s new solution: He convinced Melcher to use Day’s money without her knowledge or consent. The method was simple. The trial court found that Melcher and Rosenthal (signatories on Day’s bank accounts) would withdraw funds documented as being “for the purpose of making a loan to Arwin [Arwin Productions, Inc., one of the Melchers’ family corporations] or one of the other Day-Melcher entities.” The family corporation would then “loan” the funds to Melcher or directly to the needy venture. Rosenthal saw to it that, where needed, Melcher would sign Day’s name to corporate resolutions authorizing the loans. According to the findings, the “triangle loans” were devised by Rosenthal as a means of surreptitiously piping money from Day to Melcher to Rosenthal. Rosenthal never informed Day of this convenient conduit. Rosenthal’s advice that his client Melcher act, without informing his client Day, cost Day almost $3 million.

From 1953 until he was dismissed by the Melchers in 1968, Rosenthal was being paid for his services. He received fees in excess of $2.5 million directly from the Melchers, exclusive of all the other money he acquired without their knowledge.

After Melcher’s death, Rosenthal’s true antagonism toward his clients came to the fore. He tried to maintain control of the Melchers’ money through Terrence Melcher whose appointment as administrator of Melcher’s estate he arranged. When Terrence wouldn’t blindly follow Rosenthal’s lead, and when Terrence and Day had the temerity to fire Rosenthal, he instituted proceedings to have Terrence removed as administrator. He also instituted 18 legal proceedings against his former clients, “misusing confidential information acquired in the course of the attorney-client relationship to the detriment of his former clients.” At the same time he wrongfully retained from the Melchers files and records containing vital information directly relating to the litigation.

Rosenthal abandoned all of the assets of the Melcher-Atkins Oil partnerships, without making any effort to salvage so much as one shard of the wreckage he had engineered. He repeatedly blocked efforts in the bankruptcy court to save something from the hotel disasters. The court found he did so “for the ulterior purpose” of retaining “control of the hotel’s operations . . . thereby permitting [him] to continue to collect substantial sums of money from the hotel.” He also abused the judicial process in the bankruptcy court by “filing false claims . . . fraudulently increasing the amount of his claims . . . filing sham proposals . . . filing meritless Petitions for Review . . . initiating collateral attacks in other federal courts; and pursuing appellate review with bad faith and without probable cause. ...” Rosenthal’s machinations assured that Day would suffer an unnecessary one-half million dollar loss in the hotel bankruptcy proceedings. The trial court found that Rosenthal’s conduct amounted to an “abuse of process and malicious prosecution.”

Terrence Melcher, as special administrator of Melcher’s estate, and his attorneys and accountants, attempted to obtain from Rosenthal information and business records of the estate. Rosenthal resisted, almost without exception refusing to turn over the requested files and records belonging to the Melchers. The documents were so numerous, he claimed, “ ‘that it might take several years to transfer all of these files.’” Documents were transmitted, sporadically, until the Melchers sought and obtained the appointment of a receiver. Rosenthal still resisted. Sheriff’s deputies had to be called to his office to assist the receiver to take possession of the files and records. He refused to unlock the file room and the receiver was required to call a locksmith to provide access to the Melchers’ files and records.

The trial court found, “the files taken into the possession of the Receiver contained material information that had been withheld by Rosenthal and established that the records which he did turn over . . . were deceptive, calculated to mislead and delay. ... As a final audacity, Rosenthal presented a substantial volume of . . . missing information during his own deposition in January 1974 (less than two months before the commencement of this trial). ...”

The trial court drew the conclusion from “Rosenthal’s demeanor and testimony during the trial . . . that he considered his course of conduct appropriate gamesmanship and that he has never been concerned about the continuing fiduciary obligations owed to his former clients. ...”

Discussion

Rosenthal urges numerous errors, some of them applicable to his affirmative role as plaintiff in the consolidated cases (Rosenthal qua plaintiff is the term he uses and this court adopts) and others bearing on Rosenthal solely qua defendant. The final judgment in favor of the Melchers, the one from which Rosenthal appeals qua defendant, was, in the main, a money judgment. Rosenthal’s malpractice insurers settled all monetary awards with the Melchers. In this appeal Rosenthal does not seek a reversal which would undo the financial aspects of the settlement. (See Rosenthal v. Irell & Manella (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 121 [185 Cal.Rptr. 92].) He wants “vindication,” relief from the “stigmata heaped upon him.”

It is not clear that this court must take cognizance of Rosenthal’s arguments which would not undo the judgment. (Cf. Crangle v. City Council of Crescent City (1933) 219 Cal. 239, 241-242 [26 P.2d 24]; General Petroleum Corp. v. Beilby (1931) 213 Cal. 601, 604 [2 P.2d 797]; Leroy v. Bella Vista Investment Co. (1963) 222 Cal.App.2d 369 [35 Cal.Rptr. 128]; but see In re Dana J. (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 768, 771 [103 Cal.Rptr. 21].) Regardless, the issues raised by Rosenthal qua defendant are intertwined with those argued by him qua plaintiff, and illuminate issues which this court must reach. Therefore, all pertinent questions, whether they affect Rosenthal qua plaintiff or defendant, will be discussed.

Because the material which must be covered is so massive, it is organized as follows:

1. Sufficiency of the evidence.

2. Credibility.

3. Fraud.

4. Findings.

5. Pretrial issues.

1. Sufficiency of the Evidence

a. Rosenthal’s Malpractice

Rosenthal’s thesis is not that there is a dearth of evidence of his wrongdoing, but that his negligence was not proven through expert testimony. He cites the right law for the wrong facts.

An attorney is required to perform any service for which he has been hired with “such skill, prudence, and diligence as lawyers of ordinary skill and capacity commonly possess and exercise in the performance of the tasks which they undertake.” (Lucas v. Hamm (1961) 56 Cal.2d 583, 591 [15 Cal.Rptr. 821, 364 P.2d 685]; Neel v. Magana, Olney, Levy, Cathcart & Gelfand (1971) 6 Cal.3d 176, 180 [98 Cal.Rptr. 837, 491 P.2d 421], Ishmael v. Millington (1966) 241 Cal.App.2d 520, 523 [50 Cal.Rptr. 592].) Furthermore, “it is an attorney’s duty to ‘'protect his client in every possible way,’ and it is a violation of that duty for the attorney to ‘assume a position adverse or antagonistic to his client without the latter’s free and intelligent consent given after full knowledge of all the facts and circumstances.’ The attorney is ‘precluded from assuming any relation which would prevent him from devoting his entire energies to his client’s interest.’ [Citations omitted].” (Betts v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 688, 715-716 [201 Cal.Rptr. 528].) (Italics added.) An attorney’s failure to perform in accordance with his duty is negligence. (Smith v. Lewis (1975) 13 Cal.3d 349, 355, fn. 3 [118 Cal.Rptr. 621, 530 P.2d 589, 78 A.L.R.3d 231].) From the time when he became the Melcher’s attorney, Rosenthal was obligated to abide by these high standards of professional responsibility.

The record is so replete with evidence that Rosenthal breached his obligations as an attorney that it is difficult to know which examples to choose. The 1956 retainer agreements are a good starting place. They created the foundation for Rosenthal’s abuses, overreaching and doubledealing. They made Rosenthal the Melchers’ accountant, investment advisor, recordkeeper and attorney. He became a quadruple threat, in complete control of the Melchers’ financial affairs, free of any checks or balances.

The agreements doubled Rosenthal’s percentage of the Melchers’ income, from 5 percent to 10 percent. Litigation and services in connection with the production of the motion pictures and radio and television shows were not included in the basic compensation. And, Rosenthal’s 10 percent was not calculated only on the Melchers’ earned income, nor even on income derived as a consequence of Rosenthal’s services. His percentage was calculated on all that the Melchers derived from their property, profits from the sale of property, and income of corporations in which the Melchers owned a substantial interest. Many of Rosenthal’s financial advantages were to continue long after he had ceased to render any services.

The agreements were short and deceptively simple. They did not spell out any of the ways in which Rosenthal would gain and the Melchers could lose. Yet, as the trial court found, Rosenthal never adequately informed the Melchers of the terms, conditions and implications of their respective 1956 retainer agreements.

The 1956 retainer agreements officially cast Rosenthal as the Melchers’ financial guru. He played the role in his own, inimitable style. From 1956 to 1962, he induced the Melchers to invest in various oil drilling ventures. To promote the ventures, Rosenthal created Phoenix, in which he was the controlling stockholder. Phoenix packaged the drilling ventures which Rosenthal promoted to his clients. As an inducement to some of his more sophisticated clients, Rosenthal offered special concessions which limited their obligations to make future payments. The Melchers were not among the chosen few. Rosenthal neither disclosed nor offered concessions to them. And, the Phoenix venture was just one of a number of instances in which Rosenthal favored other clients or investors over the Melchers. Invariably, it was the Melchers who suffered economically, to the tune of hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Through Phoenix, Rosenthal obtained substantial undisclosed profits from the Melchers. Phoenix was the drilling contractor for its oil drilling ventures. Phoenix, however, did not actually do any drilling. It profited by subcontracting the work to drillers, for a lower price than it charged Rosenthal’s clients. It also gained by leasing equipment to the drilling ventures. Meanwhile, its investors, the Melchers and others, were paying in, not taking out. Over a period of six years, out of the profits Phoenix generated at the expense of the Melchers and others, Phoenix paid undisclosed profits of more than a quarter of a million dollars to Rosenthal as “legal fees,” “accounting fees” or “overhead expenses.”

Eventually, Rosenthal created an alter ego corporation, Doanbuy, to actually operate the wells. Not only did Doanbuy’s management cause expenses to exceed revenues for every year and every well, it also managed to generate substantial fees for Rosenthal. Doanbuy obtained sufficient fees from the Melchers and other Rosenthal clients to realize an undisclosed net operating profit. During the same period—1963 to 1967—Doanbuy paid almost $200,000 to the Rosenthal firm as “legal fees,” “accounting fees” and “overhead expenses.” Again, Rosenthal acquired money in the form of substantial fees and expenses, without the knowledge or consent of the Melchers.

In still another oil well deal, Melcher agreed to form a partnership with an oil promoter named Tom Atkins to conduct oil and gas exploration. Rosenthal was asked to prepare written documentation for the partnership, which he did not get around to for more than two years. When finally drafted, the written agreements were not an Atkins-Melcher partnership; they included a new partner—Rosenthal (the Melcher-Atkins Oil partnership often identified as MOA). The agreements created a limited partnership with Atkins as a one-third general partner and Melcher and Rosenthal equal one-third limited partners. Over the years, the partnership was frequently in need of money. Melcher, undeterred by his investment advisor Rosenthal (and probably encouraged by Rosenthal, his partner) pumped more than a million dollars into it.

On Rosenthal’s advice, Melcher, the limited partner, executed various personal guarantees of the partnership obligations. Rosenthal too executed some personal guarantees. But, liability for business debts was not his forte. He claimed there was an oral agreement that his clients, the Melchers, would pay all the amounts owed with respect to all guaranteed obligations. According to Rosenthal, the arrangement he had made with his own clients was that they could lose, but not he!

Rosenthal was not performing his valuable MOA services free of charge. While Melcher was paying into the company, Rosenthal was withdrawing “legal fees,” “overhead expenses” and “profit distributions.” The legal fees were for services which Rosenthal was already obligated to render to Melcher under his 1956 retainer agreement. The distribution of profits to Rosenthal was contrary to the MOA agreement, which provided for a distribution of profits only after Melcher’s capital investment had been paid back (without interest, of course).

Rosenthal’s modus operandi was no different with respect to the hotel investments into which Rosenthal lured the Melchers. Briefly, the evidence is that while acting as attorney for a couple of hotel promoters, Rosenthal induced Melcher to contribute the Melchers’ funds to the construction of a hotel, the Palo Alto Cabana, for an undefined equity interest in the hotel. He then induced the Melchers to make a similar advance of funds for the construction of the Dallas Cabana hotel. It goes without saying that Rosenthal did not disclose his relationship with the promoters to the Melchers. Nor did he disclose to them that the promoters, who were making no capital contribution whatsoever, were getting an interest approximately equal to the Melchers, who were making a substantial contribution. Neither did Rosenthal bother to advise the Melchers that he intended to acquire an ownership interest in the hotels without contributing any capital and without contributing any services but those for which he was already being compensated by the Melchers.

Rosenthal’s doubledealing continued, with the creation of another alto ego corporation, Cabana Management, Inc. He used the management company to obtain for himself “overhead expenses” and “legal fees,” all dutifully and unwittingly provided out of the Melchers’ deep pocket, as additional “investments” into the hotels. Ultimately, Rosenthal managed to acquire one-half of the Melchers’ interest in the hotels, without the payment of any money.

The hotel “investments” did nothing but drain the Melchers resources. Rosenthal didn’t care; he was getting “paid.” And, it was Melcher, not Rosenthal, who personally guaranteed the hotel obligations. While Rosenthal gained, the Melchers lost—more than $3 million on the hotels.

Finally, there was Rosenthal’s kickback scheme.

In 1966, Rosenthal formed two limited partnerships, Kencal Oil Company, Ltd., (Kencal) and Mario Oil Company, Ltd., (Mario) for the purpose of allowing other Rosenthal clients to participate in oil ventures with MOA as the general partner. Rosenthal then induced the Kencal and Mario partners as well as Melcher, to invest a total of $198,000 to conduct drilling operations estimated at $125,000.

A brazen plot then unfolded. Rosenthal first asked several independent drilling contractors to prepare false invoices of $198,000. Checks payable to the contractors in the amount of the false invoices were then drawn. In turn, the contractors were induced to cash the checks and return the difference between the face amount of the checks and the actual drilling costs to Rosenthal.

Rosenthal routed the difference (approximately $45,000) through his trust account from which it was immediately withdrawn and deposited in the general account of his law firm. The money was accounted for as “legal fees” received from the contractors. Rosenthal made no disclosure to the Melchers of any fee paid to him by the contractors. The reason was clear: he had performed no legal services which would justify the fees. The Rosenthal-prepared tax returns for 1966 reflected the $45,000 as an “intangible drilling expense,” exposing all partners to an unreasonable risk of liability for tax fraud.

It required no expert to tell the trial court that Rosenthal’s perverted sense of duty to his clients, the Melchers, is attorney negligence. Expert testimony is needed when it will assist the trier of fact. It is not appropriate in all cases. (Betts v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, 154 Cal.App.3d 688, 716.) Where the attorney’s performance is so clearly contrary to established standards that a trier of fact may find professional negligence without expert testimony, it is not required. (Wilkinson v. Rives (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 641, 647-648 [172 Cal.Rptr. 254]; Wright v. Williams (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 802, 810 [121 Cal.Rptr. 194].)

An attorney’s duty, the breach of which amounts to negligence, is not limited to his failure to use the skill required of lawyers. Rather, it is a wider obligation to exercise due care to protect a client’s best interests in all ethical ways and in all circumstances.

The standards governing an attorney’s ethical duties are conclusively established by the Rules of Professional Conduct. They cannot be changed by expert testimony. If an expert testifies contrary to the Rules of Professional Conduct, the standards established by the rules govern and the expert testimony is disregarded. (Cf. Kirsch v. Duryea (1978) 21 Cal.3d 303, 311 [146 Cal.Rptr. 218, 578 P.2d 935, 6 A.L.R.4th 334].)

Of course, a judge may resort to expert testimony to establish the standard of care when that standard is not a matter of common knowledge, (Wilkinson v. Rives, supra, 116 Cal.App.3d at pp. 647-648) or where the attorney is practicing in a specialized field. (Wright v. Williams, supra, 47 Cal.App.3d at pp. 810-811.) However, Rosenthal’s numerous, blatant and egregious violations of attorney responsibility were not breaches of legal technicalities for which expert testimony is required. They were violations of professional standards; standards which the trial court was compelled to notice. (Evid. Code, § 451, subd. (c).)

Rosenthal’s irresponsible “representation” of the Melchers trampled on basic attorney obligations: he abandoned the Melchers’ best interests in deference to his own; he failed truthfully to disclose potential and actual conflicts of interests; and among other things, he failed to provide competent and independent legal advice.

Rosenthal persistently breached rules 4 and 5 of the Rules of Professional Conduct by engaging in business relationships with the Melchers which were potentially and actually adverse to them.

Rule 4 of the Rules of Professional Conduct simply provides, “a member of the State Bar shall not acquire an interest adverse to a client.” Rule 4 is absolute; it provides no exception where the attorney acts with the consent of the client. (Ames v. State Bar (1973) 8 Cal.3d 910, 915 [106 Cal.Rptr. 489, 506 P.2d 625].)

Rule 5 provides: “A member of the State Bar shall not accept employment adverse to a client or former client, without the consent of the client or former client, relating to a matter in reference to which he has obtained confidential information by reason of or in the course of his employment by such client or former client.”

Without belaboring the point which is patent even upon a cursory review of the facts: Rosenthal constantly thrust himself into conflicts with the Melchers, in violation of rules 4 and 5. He received undisclosed “profits” from the investment of the Melchers’ funds; he created alter ego corporations and through them surreptitiously siphoned the Melchers’ money into his pockets; without authority, he loaned himself their dollars; he secretly represented promoters of ventures into which he induced the Melchers to become investors. He involved himself in business ventures with the Melchers then took his profits ahead of his clients; he exposed the Melchers to losses and liabilities while avoiding personal liability himself; he induced the Melchers to discharge his obligations to their joint business ventures.

The litany could go on, almost without end. And each phrase would add to the mountain of evidence that Rosenthal violated rules 4 and 5. (See e.g., Caldwell v. State Bar (1975) 13 Cal.3d 488 [119 Cal.Rptr. 217, 531 P.2d 785]; Ames v. State Bar, supra, 8 Cal.3d 910; Magee v. State Bar (1962) 58 Cal.2d 423 [24 Cal.Rptr. 839, 374 P.2d 807].)

Rosenthal also violated rules 6 and 7 of the Rules of Professional Conduct: “A member of the State Bar shall not accept professional employment without first disclosing his relation, if any, with the adverse party, and his interest, if any, in the subject matter of the employment.” (Rule 6.)

“A member of the State Bar shall not represent conflicting interests, except with the consent of all parties involved.” (Rule 7.)

These rules require “full and fair disclosure to the [client] of all facts which materially affect his rights and interests.” (Neel v. Magana, Olney, Levy, Cathcart & Gelfand, supra, 6 Cal.3d 176, 189.) Dual representation is not automatically barred but is permitted by the rules only where disclosure is sufficient to “enable [the] client to make free and intelligent decisions regarding the subject matter of the representation.” (Lysick v. Walcom (1968) 258 Cal.App.2d 136, 147 [65 Cal.Rptr. 406, 28 A.L.R.3d 368].)

Rules 6 and 7 were of no moment to Rosenthal. He repeatedly managed to involve the Melchers in business relationships with his other clients, without revealing his dual representation. His practice was to disclose as little as possible and conceal as much as possible. The facts, which are not in dispute, evidence Rosenthal’s violations of rules 6 and 7.

Finally, Rosenthal breached the one rule with which everyone is familiar—rule 9. It is the rule which warns a lawyer never, never to commingle. Rosenthal commingled, depleted, misapplied and never, never accounted, all contrary to the rule. (See e.g., Weir v. State Bar (1979) 23 Cal.3d 564 [152 Cal.Rptr. 921, 591 P.2d 19]; Black v. State Bar (1972) 7 Cal.3d 676 [103 Cal.Rptr. 288, 499 P.2d 968]; Bruns v. State Bar (1941) 18 Cal.2d 667 [117 P.2d 327]; Seavey v. State Bar (1935) 4 Cal.2d 73 [47 P.2d 281].)

Rosenthal’s negligence was overwhelmingly established without the aid of expert testimony. The rules set the standard (Kirsch v. Duryea, supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 311); the facts revealed Rosenthal’s violations, “The proof . . . was clear in its inculpatory impact.” The trial judge drew the inescapable conclusion—Rosenthal was not merely negligent. His was “ ‘the type of conduct [not] to be condoned in the legal profession. . . .’” (Betts v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, 154 Cal.App.3d at pp. 716, 718.)

b. The Federal Land Bank Bond Transaction

Rosenthal makes a number of other arguments which are couched in terms of sufficiency of the evidence. In large measure they are disagreements with the trial court, which chose not to believe him or accept his interpretation of the facts. The familiar answer to his contentions is that we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Melchers, resolving all conflicts in their favor. (Crawford v. Southern Pacific Co. (1935) 3 Cal.2d 427, 429 [45 P.2d 183].)

His contention is that there was insufficient evidence of his negligence in the Federal Land Bank bond transactions. In essence, his argument is a lengthy exposition of conflicting views, heavily weighed in his favor. In applying the substantial evidence rule, this court “looks only at the evidence supporting the successful party, and disregards the contrary showing. (Citation omitted.)” (Campbell v. Southern Pacific Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 51, 60 [148 Cal.Rptr. 596, 583 P.2d 121].) His arguments based on his experts’ testimony cannot prevail.

The trial court found four instances of malpractice by Rosenthal in connection with the Federal Land Bank bond transaction;

1. Rosenthal advised the Melchers to get into the scheme without conducting an adequate investigation.

2. An IRS-issued 1954 revenue ruling should have alerted Rosenthal to examine the transaction and advise changes or termination. He did none of these things.

3. Rosenthal should have advised the Melchers to settle after lack of success in the MacRae case. He didn’t, and was silent about the IRS offer to settle with the Melchers.

4. Rosenthal made no attempt to salvage a deduction for the Melchers through the theft-loss mechanism.

Each of the findings is supported by substantial evidence. Mr. Harold S. Voegelin, the Melchers’ tax expert, testified that any reasonably competent tax attorney would have conducted the factual investigation needed to reveal the transaction as a sham. Rosenthal admittedly did not do so. Rosenthal did not know Gibraltar couldn’t lend the borrowed money.

Mr. Voegelin’s opinion was that had Rosenthal known the facts, application of the well known tax doctrine of “form vs. substance” would have militated against the transaction. His opinion was based on Rosenthal’s critical failure to investigate the facts. His opinion is substantial evidence that Rosenthal negligently advised the Melchers into the transaction.

The uncontradicted evidence is that Rosenthal did not investigate after the 1954 revenue ruling. Mr. Voegelin testified that a reasonably competent tax attorney would have investigated at that point and having learned that the bonds had been resold by Gibraltar, would have rescinded or restructured the transaction. His failure to investigate, alone, is sufficient evidence of his negligence. (Aloy v. Mash (1985) 38 Cal.3d 413, 418-419 [212 Cal.Rptr. 162, 696 P.2d 656]; Smith v. Lewis, supra, 13 Cal.3d at p. 359.)

There was ample evidence to sustain the court’s finding that Rosenthal was negligent when he failed to settle with the IRS. In 1958, according to Mr. Voegelin, the tax court rendered an adverse decision in a case very similar to the Melchers’. And, in 1961, the 9th Circuit decided the MacRae case. It too was adverse to Rosenthal’s position with respect to the bond transaction. Mr. Voegelin and Robert Wyshak, another tax expert, testified that after the MacRae case had been decided, the Melchers’ chances of success were next to nil or nonexistent. According to Mr. Voegelin, a competent tax attorney would have tried to salvage something for the Melchers. Rosenthal didn’t; he just continued to litigate.

Based on substantial evidence, the trial court found Rosenthal negligent for failing to assert a theft-loss deduction. Rosenthal’s complaint here, is not that there was insufficient evidence, but rather that there was no evidence the Melchers suffered a loss. His argument is that the 9th Circuit, in effect, said so. (Estate of Melcher v. C.I.R. (9th Cir. 1973) 476 F.2d 398.)

The 9th Circuit never ruled on the question. After the adverse decision in the tax court, and after Melcher had died and Day and Rosenthal had parted company, the Melchers asserted the theft-loss deduction in a motion to reopen. The tax court, in its discretion, denied the motion (29 TCM 1010) and the 9th Circuit affirmed. In the 9th Circuit the Melchers had to persuade the court there had been an abuse of discretion below. They were unsuccessful. By contrast, the trial court in this case had to decide by a preponderance of the evidence. It could and did consider all the evidence concerning the possibility that had it been properly asserted, Rosenthal could have obtained a theft-loss deduction for the Melchers. The trial court made uncontested findings that the elements of a theft-loss deduction were present and that Rosenthal negligently failed to assert them in the tax court. The 9th Circuit decision does not alter the fact that the trial court based its findings on substantial evidence.

c. “The Empire Agreement ’ ’

Rosenthal contends that in the absence of any substantial evidence, the trial court erroneously rejected his claim regarding the 1963 “empire agreement.”

The purported “empire agreement” supposedly came into existence through an oral arrangement between Rosenthal and Melcher in 1963. Rosenthal was going to withdraw from the practice of law virtually to control the Melcher “empire”—principally the hotels, Melcher-Atkins Oil and Ar-win and its subsidiaries. In exchange, according to Rosenthal, he was to receive a salary of $100,000 and “overhead” of $57,000 a year and he was to be an equal one-half partner with Melcher in the “empire.” Melcher, Day and Arwin would have financial obligations; Rosenthal would not.

The trial court made two primary findings with respect to the “empire agreement.” First, it found that all of Rosenthal’s allegations and testimony concerning the existence of the “empire agreement” was false. Second, as an alternative, the trial court determined that if an “empire agreement” did exist, it was the product of Rosenthal’s undue influence and had been breached by him.

Rosenthal doesn’t dispute the findings of breach of fiduciary and contractual duties. His position is that the first finding is wholly unsupported by evidence and is an example of the “arbitrary attitude of the trial court.

Rosenthal’s insinuation that some evidence of the nonexistence of the “empire agreement” is required stands the law of evidence on its head. Rosenthal qua plaintiff had the burden of proving the existence of the “empire agreement” (Evid. Code, § 500) and the truth of his verified allegations about it. As the burden of proving his allegations was on Rosenthal, the trial court could properly “find ‘not true’ any allegation which he failed to establish as the truth” (Brooks v. Brooks (1944) 63 Cal.App.2d 671, 674 [147 P.2d 417]) and discredit Rosenthal. This the trial court did. It remained unconvinced of the 1963 “empire agreement,” which could be proved only by Rosenthal’s discredited testimony. The trial court then made a finding against the party who had the burden of proof—Rosenthal. (Coronet Constr. Co., Inc. v. Palmer (1961) 194 Cal.App.2d 603, 618 [15 Cal.Rptr. 601].)

The trial court had myriad bases for rejecting as false the alleged agreement. The fact that Rosenthal was pressing his claim against a dead person, that the purported agreement was oral, that it was being presented by the person who stood to gain the most by its establishment and that there were no witnesses to the actual oral agreement, imposed upon the trier of fact the responsibility to pay the closest and most careful attention to Rosenthal’s evidence, so as to prevent an injustice to Melcher’s estate. The claim of an oral “empire agreement” against the deceased Melcher is precisely the sort that is often supported by false testimony, affords an opportunity for fraud against the decedent’s estate and offers a great temptation to commit perjury. (Turman v. Ellison (1918) 37 Cal.App. 204, 209-210 [174 P. 396]; see also, Paley v. Superior Court (1955) 137 Cal.App.2d 450, 462 [290 P.2d 617]; Estate of Henderson (1932) 128 Cal.App. 397, 400-01 [17 P.2d 786].)

The trial court’s decision not to believe Rosenthal’s “empire agreement” story was well grounded in the realities of the case. Rosenthal was by no means a disinterested witness. He had a material financial stake in the existence of the agreement. This the trial court was entitled to take into consideration in its appraisal even if Rosenthal’s testimony was uncontradicted. (Curtis v. Mendenhall (1962) 208 Cal.App.2d 834, 839 [25 Cal.Rptr. 627].)

Rosenthal’s other testimony, regarding the 1956 retainer agreement was also discredited by the trier of fact. The trial court was entitled to take this into consideration under the doctrine of falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. (People v. Cook (1978) 22 Cal.3d 67, 86 [148 Cal.Rptr. 605, 583 P.2d 130]; Florez v. Groom Development Co. (1959) 53 Cal.2d 347, 356 [1 Cal.Rptr. 840, 348 P.2d 200]; Nelson v. Black (1954) 43 Cal.2d 612, 613 [275 P.2d 473].)

Rosenthal’s numerous breaches of the fiduciary duty owed by him to the Melchers; the lack of any written acknowledgement in Rosenthal’s notes of the existence of the “empire agreement” throughout the five years from 1963 until Melcher’s death; Doris Day’s total ignorance of the existence of such an all-pervasive agreement; and inconsistencies between the purported oral “empire agreement” and. the written hotel and Melcher-Atkins Oil agreements as well as Melcher’s financial statements prepared by Rosenthal after 1963, all provided the trial court with underpinnings for its conclusion. (Curtis v. Mendenhall, supra, 208 Cal.App.2d at pp. 839-840.)

Rosenthal points to the judge’s statement that “there is all of these chicken tracks of irrefutable facts” as proof that the trial court’s disbelief was irrational. Rosenthal misses the mark. As the trial court noted, there were indeed “facts.” In order for the facts to establish the existence of the “empire agreement” the trial court was required to believe Rosenthal. It was only his testimony which tied all the facts together and made them into the picture he was trying to paint. The trial court thought that Rosenthal’s testimony was “the biggest balloon of hot air I have ever heard of in my life,” and refused to follow the “chicken tracks” into Rosenthal’s coop. It was entitled to do so. (Curtis v. Mendenhall, supra, 208 Cal.App.2d at p. 840.)

Even if the trial court were wrong, and there was an “empire agreement,” Rosenthal would still not be entitled to enforce it. The trial court found that if there was such an agreement, it was the result of undue influence and had been breached. Rosenthal does not dispute these findings, at all. A contract which is the product of undue influence is not enforceable (Gold v. Greenwald (1966) 247 Cal.App. 296 [55 Cal.Rptr. 660]) just as a contract which has been materially breached may not be enforced. (Pry Corp. of America v. Leach (1960) 177 Cal.App.2d 632, 639 [2 Cal.Rptr. 425]; see 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal Law. (8th ed. 1973) p. 527.)

2. Credibility

Much of Rosenthal’s case, particularly qua plaintiff, hinged on credibility. His lawsuits were for money allegedly due him under the 1956 retainer agreements and various other written and oral contracts with the Melchers. His explanations of the events of 18 or more years were critical. Were he telling the truth, his recovery would likely be assured. Were he not, he would lose and the Melchers would prevail. The court found that Rosenthal was an all-pervasive liar.

Rosenthal argues that the trial court arbitrarily discredited all of his testimony. On the contrary, the court exercised its discretion, under the law, with more than sufficient factual basis.

The trial court rejected all of Rosenthal’s affirmative claims because it was unable “to accept as credible the testimony of the plaintiff [Rosenthal].” Rosenthal acknowledges, as he must, that on a Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 motion a trial court is entitled to weigh the evidence and disbelieve witnesses it considers unreliable. (County of Ventura v. Marcus (1983) 139 Cal.App.3d 612, 615 [189 Cal.Rptr. 8]; Miller v. Dussault (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 311, 316 [103 Cal.Rptr. 147]; Greening v. General Air-Conditioning Corp. (1965) 233 Cal.App.2d 545, 550 [43 Cal.Rptr. 662].)

Rosenthal’s contention that the judge was arbitrary is based upon what he calls the court’s “pivotal” finding: “Rosenthal’s testimony regarding his conversation with Day on May 11, 1956 was false to such an extent as to make his entire testimony unworthy of belief.” Rosenthal acknowledges that “it is within the province of the trial court to determine what credit and weight should be given to the testimony of any witness, and that the appellate court cannot control the trial court’s finding or conclusion denying the testimony credence unless it appears that there are no matters or circumstances which at all impair its accuracy.” (Garfinkle v. Montgomery (1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 149, 159 [248 P.2d 52].) He seriously insists that there are “no matters or circumstances” which discredit his testimony.

He first provides his own interpretation of the court’s finding. His view is that “he told the truth about every single event in the 18 years of events about which he testified for 17 days. ” According to him, the only substantial evidence pertaining to the explanation of the retainer agreement he gave Day was his own testimony (which was “the truth”) and his office log book. Therefore, a time discrepancy between the length of his testimony and the log book notation of time for the meeting must have been the sole reason for the judge’s disbelief.

Rosenthal then argues that the trial court erroneously refused to admit into evidence a demonstration—a “script” of the May 11, 1956, DayRosenthal conversation. It is his contention that the “script” was relevant evidence of his credibility, as it proved his explanation could have taken place in just 25 minutes.

The “script” was not some kind of contemporaneous recording of the actual conversation. It was a document Rosenthal prepared after he had rested his case, after the trial court had rendered its Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 judgment against him and after the court had explained that it couldn’t believe Rosenthal, in part because of the discrepancy between the day book entry and Rosenthal’s testimony.

The court rejected the “script” in a proper exercise of its discretion. Admissibility of the “script” depended upon its relevance. (Endicott v. Nissan Motor Corp. (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 917, 930 [141 Cal.Rptr. 95, 9 A.L.R.4th 481]; Culpepper v. Volkswagen of America, Inc. (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 510, 521 [109 Cal.Rptr. 110]; see 1 Jefferson Cal. Evid. Bench Book (2d ed. 1982) p. 559.) The “script” was not relevant as it could do nothing to enhance Rosenthal’s credibility. It was a concoction by Rosenthal which did not comport with the other evidence concerning the meeting.

Rosenthal’s own testimony put a lie to the “script.” He said, on the witness stand, that on May 11, 1956, he “discussed or told Doris [Day] about at least two and maybe three documents. . . . The May 11, 1956 agreement. ... An agreement with Marty Melcher” and possibly “the artist-manager agreement between Marty as the personal manager and Doris as the client.” In later testimony, he was more certain that they had talked about the third agreement. In his testimony he detailed the elaborate procedure he used with Day—how he asked her to read the agreement, explained each phrase minutely, paraphrased paragraphs of the agreements, answered questions and gave his favorite explanatory examples to her. His essentially narrative testimony, which at times only alluded to the fuller exchange he claimed took place on May 11, 1956, consists of countless exquisite details. His testimony is reported in 37 pages of the transcript.

Rosenthal’s “script” is a series of statements and responses, totally lacking in the details of his testimony. It is a purported dialogue about one, not three agreements. It has none of his explanatory examples. It appears to be nothing more than what Rosenthal was able to cull out of the transcript to fit the time allotted to the meeting in his records. It bears little resemblance to his testimonial depiction of the occurrence.

In this posture the script was simply not relevant. It would have been useless to enhance his credibility. It created a “heads I win, tails you lose” situation for Rosenthal. If his testimony was a true picture, the “script” was false; if his “script” was an accurate portrait, his testimony was inaccurate. Either way, Rosenthal came out not truthful and his credibility was not bolstered. The trial court properly excluded the irrelevant “script.”

Rosenthal also argues that even if he is wrong about the “script,” the trial court was, nevertheless, arbitrary in discrediting all of his testimony. Again, he focuses on the May 11, 1956, conversation and claims there is nothing to show he was an inaccurate or untruthful witness. Hence, according to him, the trial court’s application of the doctrine in falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus (People v. Cook, supra, 22 Cal.3d 67, 86; BAJI No. 2.22) was error.

The trial court had ample basis for its disbelief. Contrary to Rosenthal’s assertion, his testimony was not “completely uncontradicted.” Rosenthal testified that he discussed the 1956 retainer agreement at length with Day and explained the meaning of every paragraph, line and participle in it. On the other hand, Day contended she signed the agreement without reading it and was never even informed that the document she was signing was a retainer agreement. She expressly denied that Rosenthal had given her any explanation of the agreement. Indeed, she testified that it was not until many years later that she knew the agreement existed; she first saw the agreement at one of her depositions in this case. The trial court was free to accept her version and reject Rosenthal’s conflicting evidence. (Pierson v. Superior Court (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 510, 518 [87 Cal.Rptr. 433].)

Rosenthal’s testimony was contradicted by his log-book entry. He was a notorious note keeper, but not so for his “explanations” on May 11, 1956. It is settled that even the most positive testimony of a witness may be contradicted by inherent improbabilities as to its accuracy contained in the witness’s own statement of the transaction. (Davis v. Judson (1910) 159 Cal. 121, 128 [113 P. 147].)

The trial court had an opportunity to observe Rosenthal testify over a period of 17 days. Its observation of Rosenthal as a witness was a sufficient basis for disbelieving him. “[T]he manner of the witness in testifying may impress the court with a doubt as to the accuracy of his statement. ...” (Ibid.)

The trial court was concerned with the improbability that Rosenthal could have remembered the May 11, 1956, conversation in the incredible detail to which he testified in 1974, 18 years later. The trial court commented that “the only thing he didn’t tell us is whether the sun was shining that day.” His remarkable memory over the great lapse of time was a proper factor influencing the trial judge’s decision. (La Jolla Casa de Manana v. Hopkins (1950) 98 Cal.App.2d 339, 346 [219 P.2d 871]; Estate of Vetter (1930) 110 Cal.App. 597, 601 [294 P. 438]; see also, Curtis v. Mendenhall, supra, 208 Cal.App.2d 834, 839-40.)

Furthermore, the trier of fact, in passing upon the credibility of a witness, is entitled to consider his interest in the result of the case. (Smith v. H