People v. Ramirez (189 Cal. App. 3d 603, 1987)

Opinion

KLINE, P. J.

—Appellants Michael Frederick Ramirez and Martin Gomez appeal from convictions for three counts of forcible rape in concert (Pen. Code, §§261, subd. (2) and 264.1) (counts 1, 2 and 11); two counts of attempted murder (§§ 664/187) (counts 3 and 4); two counts of penetration by foreign object in concert (§§ 289, subd. (a) and 264.1) (counts 5 and 6); one count of attempted robbery (§§211, 664) (count 7); one count of robbery (§211) (count 8); two counts of sodomy in concert (§ 286, subd. (d)) (counts 9 and 10); one count of oral copulation in concert (§ 288a, subd. (d)) (count 12); and two counts of conspiracy to commit first degree murder (§§ 182/187) (counts 13 and 14). They raise several arguments concerning sufficiency of the evidence for, and sentencing on, the conspiracy convictions; and a variety of contentions relating to enhancements and sentencing on the other counts.

Statement of Facts

In February 1982, Carol O. and Vivian C. were living in a small studio apartment at 142 East Santa Clara Street in San Jose. The apartment consisted of one room, with a separate kitchen and bathroom, and contained one queen-sized bed which the two women shared.

Carol and Vivian met appellant Gomez while riding a bus on February 9, 1982. Gomez sat next to Carol, began a conversation, and was then introduced to Vivian. Carol and Gomez spent that day and night together, mostly at her apartment. Vivian was home part of the evening; Gomez and Carol remained in the kitchen drinking beer. Gomez and Carol had consensual sex that night, while Vivian slept in the same bed, and again in the morning after Vivian left.

Gomez and Carol spent that next day together. Gomez was present when Carol put the food stamps she had just picked up from the welfare office in a box on her dresser. He spent that night, but by the next day Carol no longer wished to see him and he eventually left. Carol later discovered that her food stamps were missing. At some point during their time together, Gomez had given Carol a buck knife, saying he did not want it because it gets him in trouble. She had told him that she was three months pregnant.

On the evening of February 15, 1982, Carol and Vivian were at home watching television. Gomez appeared with appellant Ramirez, whom the women had not seen before, and the men were invited in. Gomez asked Carol for money to go to the liquor store; she said she had none. He also asked for the knife he had given her; she refused; he pulled on her purse to take the knife, saying he was going to make some money; and she finally let him take the knife.

Appellants left and returned about 10 minutes later. Each had a quart of beer, Gomez had an umbrella, and Ramirez had a bag of marijuana. Gomez said that he had “stabbed a nigger at the liquor store” and taken his weed. He said appellants would have to spend the night because the “pigs” would be looking for them. The four smoked the marijuana and drank beer and were having a relatively pleasant time. When Gomez reiterated his desire to spend the night, Carol told him there was nowhere for him to stay. Vivian also told Gomez he could not spend the night.

At this point, appellants went into the bathroom together and closed the door. They came out after a few minutes and Gomez told Carol he wanted to talk to her in the bathroom. In the bathroom, Carol began brushing her hair, then turned to find Gomez pointing the knife at her; he said nothing and did not touch her. Carol told him to leave or he would be sorry, and she left the bathroom with Gomez following.

Leaving the bathroom, Carol saw Ramirez on top of Vivian on the bed, his hand over her mouth. Gomez put his hand over Carol’s mouth, placed his knife at her throat, and forced her to the floor. He told her to be quiet, threatening that he had just stabbed a man and nothing would stop him from slitting her throat. Gomez sat on a chair, occasionally poking her with the knife. Ramirez came over and tied Carol’s hands behind her back, pulled up her blouse and cut off her bra, shoved something in her mouth, and then tied her bra around her mouth. Gomez had Carol lie on the floor near the bed, threatening to kick her in the stomach or cut off her breast or cut out an eye. She could see Vivian being tied to the bed. Ramirez had approached Vivian when he came out of the bathroom; he pushed her down on the bed and, when she resisted, onto the floor. Brandishing a knife from the womens’ kitchen, he told her to shut up, stuffed a glove in her mouth, and cut off her bra and tied it around her head. He then put her back on the bed and tied her arms and legs to the head and footboards with electrical cords. Vivian cried out; Gomez told Ramirez to “beat the shit out of’ her and Ramirez hit her in the face.

Ramirez cut off Carol’s pants and underpants and had vaginal intercourse with her. He then made her stand up and bend over, and had anal intercourse with her. Gomez was two or three feet away.

Gomez cut off Vivian’s pants and underpants with a knife and had vaginal intercourse with her. He then sat on her chest and put his penis in her mouth. Ramirez then got on top of Vivian and had vaginal intercourse with her, after which Gomez cut the cords off her legs and held up her legs while Ramirez had anal intercourse with her.

After Vivian had cried out, Gomez made Carol lean against the wall in a sitting position, put the butt of his knife to his stomach and the blade against her stomach, and told Vivian, “all she has to do is move an I’ll cut the baby out of her stomach.” Gomez then forced Carol onto the bed with Vivian. Ramirez brought two eggs from the kitchen. Gomez forced Carol to spread her legs by sticking the knife in her throat, and put an egg in her vagina. He tried to break the egg by poking it with his knife, then took the egg out, broke it, and reinserted it into her vagina. He then did the same to Vivian with the other egg.

At some point, Vivian saw Gomez walking around the apartment and pulling clothing out of drawers. He took the rings off her fingers. Ramirez went through drawers and the closet, took Vivian’s purse into the kitchen, and told Gomez that he found only $2.

Ramirez put a pillow over Vivian’s head. He and Gomez got on top of her and one stabbed her in the neck and chest. She believed the stabber was Gomez because his voice was closer. Gomez then turned Carol on her back, someone said “Let’s do her” and a pillow was placed over her head. Carol was stabbed in the neck and chest; she pleaded not to be killed, was stabbed again in the neck and then tried to play dead. She, too, heard Gomez’s voice closer. Gomez said “She won’t stop breathing;” Ramirez replied “Just wait, she will; just wait a minute, she will” and Gomez said “Bye, bye, baby.” At some point, before the stabbing, appellants had asked if the women were going to go to the police; they said no and appellants said they would not kill them. After the stabbing, Carol looked up and saw Gomez but not Ramirez. She ran screaming to the manager’s apartment where the police were called.

Vivian testified that appellants had discussed avoiding leaving fingerprints in the apartment and that Gomez spread liquid soap around the apartment and wiped the women with a rag. The police found laundry powder on the bathroom floor and liquid soap in the apartment. A trail of soap led down the hallway to a broken window leading to a fire escape by which were found a bottle of soap and a knife.

Carol spent about four days in the hospital, having suffered superficial lacerations. Vivian spent five days in the hospital, three of which were in the intensive care unit. She had indications of a punctured lung.

Neither appellant testified at trial. The jury convicted on all counts and found true allegations of acting in concert on the sex offense counts (§§ 264.1, 286, subd. (d), 288a, subd. (d)); of deadly weapon use (§§ 12022.3, subd. (a) and 12022, subd. (b)) on all counts charged; and of infliction of great bodily injury (§§ 12022.7, 12022.8) on counts involving Vivian, but not on those involving Carol.

Appellants were each sentenced to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life for each count of conspiracy. Gomez was additionally sentenced to a determinate term of 60 years, for a total of 110 years to life; and Ramirez to a determinate term of 66 years, for a total of 116 years to life. Details of sentencing will be described as relevant in discussion of appellants’ various contentions of sentencing error.

Discussion

I.,

Conspiracy Convictions

A.

B. Jury Unanimity

Appellants next argue that the conspiracy convictions must be reversed because the jury was not instructed that it was required to unanimously agree upon which overt act was committed in furtherance of the conspiracy. The argument is made by analogy to cases requiring an instruction directing jury unanimity on the particular act underlying a conviction where evidence in the case shows more than one act upon which the conviction could be based. (E.g., People v. Moore (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 1059 [192 Cal.Rptr. 374]; People v. Crawford (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 591 [192 Cal.Rptr. 374].) Because commission of an overt act is an essential element of conspiracy (Feagles v. Superior Court [1970] 11 Cal.App.3d 735, 739), appellants urge that unanimity must similarly be assured here. (See People v. Bratis (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 751, 763 [141 Cal.Rptr. 45], quoting People v. Rehman (1967) 253 Cal.App.2d 119,157-158 [61 Cal.Rptr. 65] [indicating need for unanimity on overt act].)

The jury in this case was instructed in the language of CALJIC No. 6.10 that proof of a conspiracy requires proof of at least one of the alleged overt acts in furtherance of the accomplishment of the object of the conspiracy. It was also instructed, according to CALJIC No. 17.50, that “[i]n order to reach a verdict, all 12 jurors must agree to a decision and to any findings that you have been instructed to put into your verdict.” Appellants contend these instructions left room for jurors to convict although disagreeing which overt act was committed in furtherance of the conspiracy, and that an instruction like CALJIC No. 17.01, specifically directing unanimity on the overt act element, should have been given sua sponte.

The argument that the combination of CALJIC Nos. 6.10 and 17.50 does not adequately assure jury unanimity on the overt act underlying a conspiracy conviction was rejected in People v. Skelton (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 691,715-717 [167 Cal.Rptr. 636], certiorari denied 450 U.S. 917 [67 L.Ed.2d 343, 101 S.Ct. 1361], Skelton, following United States v. Armone (2d Cir. 1966) 363 F.2d 385, 398, certiorari denied 385 U.S. 957 [17 L.Ed.2d 303, 87 S.Ct. 392], determined that the jury would understand its instructions as directed to the jury as a body and not as allowing fragmentation of findings on elements of the offense. (109 Cal.App.3d at pp. 716-717.) Given this, the court rejected as “ ‘strained conjecture’ ” the argument that the specific instruction requiring proof of commission of an overt act, along with that requiring a unanimous verdict, was inadequate. (Id., at p. 717.)

Neither Skelton nor Armone address the line of cases holding that an instruction like 17.01 is required when disagreement among jurors as to the act underlying a conviction is possible. (E.g., People v. Crawford, supra, 131 Cal.App.3d 591; People v. Deletto (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 458, 471-472, cert, den. 466 U.S. 952 [80 L.Ed.2d 542, 104 S.Ct. 2156]; People v. Diedrich (1982) 31 Cal.3d 263, 280-281 [182 Cal.Rptr. 354, 643 P.2d 971].) These cases refuse to assume that the jury will infer the specific unanimity requirement from other instructions. (See People v. Moore, supra, 143 Cal.App.3d 1059, 1066; People v. Crawford, supra, 131 Cal.App.3d 591, 595-596.) Rather, while recognizing that the jurors might have unanimously agreed on the act in question, these cases note that “such agreement would necessarily be fortuitous absent a proper instruction.” (People v. Moore, supra, at p. 1066; People v. Crawford, supra, at p. 598.)

Since it is not apparent why jurors would be any more likely to infer the unanimity requirement in the context of overt acts underlying a conspiracy conviction, we are not prepared to agree with Skelton that other instructions adequately covered the issue here. The absence of an instruction like 17.01, however, does not undermine the verdict in every case. Where there is no possibility of jurors’ disagreement, the specific instruction may not be required (People v. Gonzalez (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 786, 791 [190 Cal.Rptr. 554] [conviction for rape; two acts in evidence, but within minutes of each other and with nothing to allow the jury to accept the defense of consent as to only one]), or, at least, its absence will be deemed harmless error. (People v. Deletto, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d 458, 468 [conviction for oral copulation; no basis in evidence to distinguish between two acts]; People v. McIntyre (1981) 115 Cal.App.3d 899 [176 Cal.Rptr. 3] [oral copulation; two acts within minutes; defense must have been rejected as to both].)

“[T]he possibility of disagreement exists where the defendant is accused of a number of unrelated incidents, such as alleged rapes at different times or places, leaving the jurors free to believe different parts of the testimony and yet convict the defendant. (People v. Castro, [1901] 133 Cal. [11] at pp. 12-13 [65 P. 13] [defendant charged with one act of unlawful sexual intercourse, but victim testified to four separate acts over a period of several months]; People v. Williams, [1901] 133 Cal. [165] at p. 168 [65 P. 323] [defendant charged with one act of rape of a minor, but victim testified to hundreds of separate occurrences at indefinite times and places]; People v. Alva (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 418, 425-426 ... [defendant charged with three acts of unlawful sexual intercourse, but victim testified to acts once every week or two, for six months].) Disagreement may also exist where the defendant offers a defense which could be accepted or rejected as to some but not all of the acts.” (People v. Gonzalez, supra, 141 Cal.App.3d at pp. 791-792, fn. omitted.) On the other hand, where the jury could only accept or reject a defense in toto, the unanimity instruction is unnecessary. (Id., at p. 792.)

In the present case, as in Deleito, McIntyre, or Gonzalez, the evidence supporting each act was the same—the victim’s testimony—so that there was no basis for the jury to conclude that some but not all of the acts took place. Appellants contend, however, that even if there was no dispute whether the overt acts occurred, the jury could have differed on whether they could be characterized as acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. Noting that juries not only find facts but also apply the law to these facts (People v. Figueroa (1986) 41 Cal.3d 714, 730 [224 Cal.Rptr. 719, 715 P.2d 680]), appellants rely on People v. Espinoza (1983) 140 Cal.App.3d 564 [189 Cal.Rptr. 543], which found prejudicial error in a failure to give CALJIC No. 17.01 in the context of a conviction for assault with a deadly weapon. In Espinoza, the prosecutor had argued that appellant could be convicted on the assault charge either because of appellant’s use of a knife or because of his companion’s use of a rifle. The court assumed that the jury had concluded that the weapons had been used as described by witnesses, and stated “It does not follow from this premise that all jurors would ‘inexorably believe’ that both the use of the knife and the use of the gun constituted felonious assaults for which appellant was liable.... [U] Otherwise stated, while we can confidently conclude that all jurors agreed on the acts which were committed, we can only guess as to how the acts were characterized when the jurors applied the law to the facts. ... In the instant case, the physical acts involving the knife were not identical to those with the gun and we simply cannot conclude the jurors necessarily classified them the same.” {Id., at p. 569, italics in original, fn. omitted.)

We do not find the same problem in the present case. In Espinoza, the conviction depended on the jury’s findings that the facts described made out all the elements of felonious assault, that is, “an unlawful attempt, coupled with the present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another” (People v. Rocha (1971) 3 Cal.3d 893, 899 [92 Cal.Rptr. 172, 479 P.2d 372]; CALJIC No. 9.00), committed by use of a deadly weapon. (CALJIC No. 9.03.) The several elements of the crime offer several places for jurors to disagree whether a given act constitutes felonious assault. When the facts surrounding the acts alleged to make out the assault differ, therefore, it cannot be assured that each juror characterized each act the same way.

Here, however, the jurors had only to determine whether the acts committed were in furtherance of the conspiracy to commit murder. The facts surrounding each alleged overt act were similar in the sense that each was an act of force or threat preparatory to or facilitating commission of the sex offenses which set the conspiracy in motion. Although the acts themselves were not identical, they played equivalent roles in the series of offenses; none was more or less directly aimed at the attempted murder. The jury could have viewed the alleged overt acts either as directed solely at the sex offenses, and therefore not bases for a conviction of conspiracy to murder, or as directed at a conspiracy to commit the range of offenses, including the sexual assaults and attempted murder. But on these facts, it is so implausible as to be virtually inconceivable that a juror who believed any one of the acts was in furtherance of the conspiracy would not have so viewed the others.

Since there was no realistic possibility of disagreement among the jurors as to the fact or characterization of the alleged overt acts, any error in failure to give a specific unanimity instruction was harmless. (Cf. People v. Deletto, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d 458, 468; People v. McIntyre, supra, 115 Cal.App.3d 899, 911.)

C

D. Multiple Punishment

Appellants are correct that they were erroneously punished for both the conspiracy and the substantive offenses which were its object. Because of the prohibition against multiple punishment in section 654, a defendant may not be sentenced “for conspiracy to commit several crimes and for each of those crimes where the conspiracy had no objective apart from those crimes. If, however, a conspiracy had an objective apart from an offense for which the defendant is punished, he may properly be sentenced for the conspiracy as well as for that offense.” (In re Cruz (1966) 64 Cal.2d 178, 180-181 [49 Cal.Rptr. 289, 410 P.2d 825]; In re Romano (1966) 64 Cal.2d 826, 828-829 [51 Cal.Rptr. 910,415 P.2d 798]; People v. Keller (1963) 212 Cal.App.2d 210, 220-221 [27 Cal.Rptr. 805]; People v. Scott (1964) 224 Cal.App.2d 146, 152 [36 Cal.Rptr. 402].) Thus, punishment for both conspiracy and the underlying substantive offense has been held impermissible when the conspiracy contemplated only the act performed in the substantive offense (In re Cruz, supra, 64 Cal.2d 178, 181 [no objective of conspiracy to commit grand theft other than grand thefts convicted of]; People v. Keller, supra, 212 Cal.App.2d 210, 220 [conspiracy to commit burglary; attempted burglary]), or when the substantive offenses are the means by which the conspiracy is carried out (People v. Cavanaugh (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 1178, 1182 [195 Cal.Rptr. 787] [conspiracy to cheat and defraud; substantive offenses of forgery].) Punishment for both conspiracy and substantive offenses has been upheld when the conspiracy has broader or different objectives from the specific substantive offenses. (People v. Scott, supra, 224 Cal.App.2d 146 [conspiracy covering several months; evidence of numerous incidents other than those comprising the substantive offenses]; People v. Collins (1966) 242 Cal.App.2d 626 [51 Cal.Rptr. 604] [conspiracy alleged and proved went beyond instances of theft for which appellant convicted]; People v. Amadio (1971) 22 Cal.App.3d 7, 15 [98 Cal.Rptr. 909] [conspiracy to receive stolen property included more than receipt of property in substantive counts]; People v. Moringlane (1982) 127 Cal.App.3d 811,819 [179 Cal.Rptr. 726] [conspiracy to murder A and B; substantive offense of murdering C].)

In this case, appellants were sentenced for conspiracy to commit murder and for substantive offenses of robbery, sex offenses, and attempted murder. Sentence on the attempted murder counts was stayed because of their similarity to the conspiracy counts, under section 654. Respondent contends that this stay obviated any problem of double punishment with respect to the attempted murder/conspiracy to murder, and that sentencing for the conspiracy and the other substantive offenses was proper because the conspiracy had multiple objectives.

Respondent’s argument is based on language in People v. Scott, supra, 224 Cal.App.2d at p. 152, that double punishment occurs when a single transaction is the object of the conspiracy. Scott drew a distinction between the situation where a conspiracy contemplates only the substantive offense for which the defendant was punished, and that where an ongoing conspiracy involves various acts of which the substantive offense is but one. (Id., at p. 152.) The court stated that “[t]he ‘one objective’ test which, according to Keller [212 Cal.App.2d 210], involves double punishment, by definition cannot apply where, as in the instant case, there are multiple objectives or transactions. Logic suggests a contrary result, for to give effect to this argument would allow persons who conspired to commit 10 different robberies to escape punishment for the conspiracy upon being tried for one of the robberies. The rationale of the Keller case is to prohibit double punishment where, to continue the analogy, the objective of the conspiracy was to commit only one robbery and there was a trial for that particular offense.” (Ibid.)

Scott does not limit the application of the prohibition against double punishment to situations in which a conspiracy contemplates only a single transaction; it simply explains that no double punishment occurs when one is punished for a conspiracy which encompasses a number of acts, only some of which are punished independently as substantive offenses. Double punishment occurs when a conspiracy has multiple objects and all are punished as substantive offenses, just as when the conspiracy has but one object which is punished as a substantive offense. (In re Cruz, Supra, 64 Cal.2d 178, 180-181.) On the other hand, there is no double punishment in sentencing for a conspiracy and a substantive offense which is not an object of the conspiracy. {People v. Moringlane, supra, 127 Cal.App.3d 811, 819.)

In the present case, had murder been the sole object of the conspiracy it would be impermissible to punish both the conspiracy and the substantive offense of attempted murder, but permissible to punish the sex offenses and robberies which were not objects of the conspiracy. Since the evidence necessarily shows an agreement to commit sex offenses as well as murder, however, punishment for both the sex offenses and the conspiracy violated the prohibition of section 654 just as would punishment for both conspiracy and attempted murder—despite the fact that only conspiracy to commit murder was charged. Thus the case must be remanded to allow the trial court to choose whether to stay sentence on the conspiracy or on the sex offenses. (People v. Cavanaugh, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d 1178, 1183.) The stay of sentence on the attempted murder counts must, of course, remain.

Punishment on the robbery counts presents a somewhat different issue, as the facts do not similarly compel a conclusion that these offenses were an object of the conspiracy. The robberies occurred after the sex offenses were well under way, were minor in comparison to the other offenses, and were not as likely a subject of agreement between the appellants. Although the trial court could reasonably have relied upon these factors to conclude that the robberies were spontaneous acts, separate from the conspiracy and therefore independently punishable, the record does not indicate whether in fact it did so. Upon remand appellants are entitled to have the trial court make the appropriate finding as to their intent and overall objective. (People v. Rogers (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 1071, 1081 [177 Cal.Rptr. 747].)

E. F

II.

Penal Code Section 264.1

In counts 1, 2 and 11 of the information, appellants were charged with violation of section 261, subdivision (2), rape, with special allegations under section 264.1 that appellants voluntarily acted in concert with each other in the commission of the offense. The verdict forms for these counts required a finding whether each appellant was guilty or not guilty of violating section 261, subdivision (2) and a further finding whether each appellant did or did not act in concert with another person in commission of the rape. Appellant Gomez contends that this verdict procedure infringes on the constitutional right to a jury trial by requiring the jury to render a special rather than a general verdict, that is, by having ihe jury make the factual finding of acting in concert from which the court draws the legal conclusion of guilt of rape in concert under section 264.1

A general verdict is that by which the jury “find either for the plaintiff or for the defendant in general terms” (Black’s Law Diet., 5th ed. 1979); in criminal trials it is a verdict of “ ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty,’ which imports a conviction or acquittal of the offense charged in the accusatory pleading” (§1151). A special verdict is one “by which the jury find the facts only, leaving the judgment to the Court. It must present conclusions of fact as established by the evidence, and not the evidence to prove them, and these conclusions of fact must be so presented as that nothing remains to the Court but to draw conclusions of law upon them.” (§ 1152.) A special verdict is permissible in a criminal trial only when the jury is “in doubt as to the legal effect of the facts proved” (§ 1150), at the jury’s prerogative. (People v. Keltie (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 773, 785 [196 Cal.Rptr. 243]; People v. Perry (1972) 7 Cal.3d 756, 784 [103 Cal.Rptr. 161, 499 P.2d 129].)

For purposes of the following analysis, we may assume, as appellant contends, that a general verdict was an essential feature of a jury trial at common law and, therefore, that a statute which requires the jury to return a special verdict violates the constitutional right to trial by jury. (U.S. Const., 6th & 14th Amends.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 16.) Section 264.1 provides terms of punishment of five, seven, or nine years for violations of sections 261 (rape) or 289 (penetration by foreign object) committed in concert, rather than the terms of three, six or eight years specified for violations of these sections not so committed. (§§ 264, 289, subd. (a).) Because section 264.1 requires that the longer terms be imposed upon a defendant if the “fact” of acting in concert is “charged in the indictment or information and [ ] found to be true by the jury,” appellant contends that the in concert allegation under section 264.1 amounts to a special verdict.

We disagree with this characterization. The Supreme Court in People v. Davenport (1985) 41 Cal.3d 247 [221 Cal.Rptr. 794, 710 P.2d 861] discussed special verdicts in the context of an argument that the special finding on truth of a special circumstance charged to make first degree murder a capital offense (§§ 190.1-190.4) is a special verdict. (People v. Davenport, supra, 41 Cal.3d at p. 274.) The court stated that since section 190.2 requires the jury “to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the charged special circumstance is true by applying legal principles on which they are instructed to the evidence presented to them,” beyond a reasonable doubt and by unanimous verdict, the statute “does not contemplate that a jury will return the kind of special verdict provided in section 1152.” {Ibid.) Because the statute calls for “a finding of the truth or lack of truth of each circumstance, not the facts upon which that finding is based,” it does not serve the purpose of the special verdict statutes. {Id., at p. 275.)

The situation is similar here. The jury was instructed on the meaning of “in concert” and the requirement that they find such act beyond a reasonable doubt. In finding the truth of this allegation (as in finding guilt under section 261, subdivision (2)), the jury reached a determination by applying the legal principles they were instructed upon to the facts in evidence. Since the jury had convicted of the simple rape charge (§261, subd. (2)), the in concert finding was the only legal conclusion required by section 264.1. The court drew no further conclusion by sentencing as authorized under section 264.1; it simply made operative the conclusion, reached by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellants had committed a violation of section 261 while voluntarily acting in concert.

The problem in section 264.1 is that its language superficially appears to be that of an enhancement statute (see People v. Best (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 232, 236 [191 Cal.Rptr. 614]) and allows the kind of charging utilized in this case, a combination of charges of violation of section 261, subdivision (2) and special allegations of 264.1 (64 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 819, 826 (1981).) The statute, however, “establishes a separate crime for rape in concert, not merely an enhancement.” (People v. Best, supra, 143 Cal.App.3d at p. 236.) That it does not contemplate the factual findings such as in a special verdict may be inferred from a comparison of section 264.1 with other provisions in the Penal Code regarding sex offenses committed in concert. The in concert forms of sodomy and oral copulation are also made punishable by terms of five, seven or nine years rather than the three, six or eight year terms specified for the offenses in their simple forms. (§§ 286, subd. (d), 286, subd. (c) [sodomy]; 288a, subd. (d), 288a, subd. (c) [oral copulation].) These offenses, however, are each defined in subsections of the statute defining various forms of the offense, without reference to specific charging and findings as in section 264.1. (§§ 286, subd. (d), 288a, subd. (d).) Despite the unfortunate drafting of section 264.1, it is clear that its purpose, “ ‘to discourage gang sexual assaults where any unlawful force is used’ ” (64 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 819, 826, quoting People v. Wheeler (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 902, 907 [139 Cal.Rptr. 737), is the same as that of sections 286, subdivision (d), and 288a, subdivision (d). (Ibid.) All these provisions contemplate a conviction by jury trial. Indeed, violation of section 264.1 should be charged and specified in a verdict form as a distinct offense. (Compare CALJIC No. 17.21 [in concert finding] with CALJIC No. 10.01 (1985 rev.) [rape, etc. by concerted action].) Nevertheless, because the finding on truth of an in concert allegation under section 264.1 involves the jury’s application of law to facts, with no further legal conclusion to be drawn by the court, appellants have not been denied the right to a jury trial on their convictions under this section. We agree with the conclusion of the court in People v. Best, supra, 143 Cal.App.3d at page 238, that a jury’s findings of guilt of rape accomplished in concert does amount to a finding of guilt under section 264.1. (People v. Best, supra, 143 Cal.App.3d at p. 238.)

III.

Uncharged in Concert Violations

On counts 5 and 6, the jury found that appellants had committed acts of penetration by foreign object (§ 289, subd. (a)) while acting in concert. Appellants were sentenced for the in concert offense under section 264.1. The information did not contain in concert allegations. Appellants correctly contend that they may not be convicted of a crime neither charged nor necessarily included in a charged offense. (People v. Lohbauer (1981) 29 Cal.3d 364, 368 [173 Cal.Rptr. 453, 627 P.2d 183]; In re Hess (1955) 45 Cal.2d 171, 174-175 [288 P.2d 5].) Penetration by foreign object in concert is obviously not necessarily committed in the commission of simple penetration by foreign object.

The reason for the rule prohibiting conviction of uncharged offenses is that “ ‘ “[d]ue process of law requires that an accused be advised of the charges against him in order that he may have a reasonable opportunity to prepare and present his defense and not be taken by surprise by evidence offered at his trial.” [Citations.]’ ” (People v. Lohbauer, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 368, quoting People v. West (1970) 3 Cal.3d 595, 612 [91 Cal.Rptr. 385, 477 P.2d 409].) Consequently, an exception to this rule exists when a defendant consents to the substituted charge. (People v. Geiger (1984) 35 Cal.3d 510, 526 [199 Cal.Rptr. 45, 674 P.2d 1303, 50 A.L.R.4th 1055]; People v. Lohbauer, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 367; In re Robert G. (1982) 31 Cal.3d 437, 444 [182 Cal.Rptr. 644, 644 P.2d 837].) Consent to conviction of a lesser offense has been found, for example, when a defendant requests jury instruction on a lesser offense (People v. Ramos (1972) 25 Cal.App.3d 529, 539 [101 Cal.Rptr. 230]; People v. Chavira (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 988, 991-992 [83 Cal.Rptr. 851]; People v. Rasher (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 798, 801-803 [83 Cal.Rptr. 724]; see People v. Geiger, supra, 35 Cal.3d 510, 526 ) or urges the court to convict on the lesser offense. (People v. Taylor (1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 477, 485 [78 Cal.Rptr. 51].)

Appellants contend that the consent rule, or implied amendment of the information, is inapplicable where the conviction is of a greater offense. Although the cases do not explicitly so state, and Geiger uses the broad language of “uncharged offense” (35 Cal.3d 510, 528 ), all involve convictions for lesser offenses. Conviction for an uncharged greater offense not only raises the problem of notice but makes the inference of consent more difficult, as there is no reason why a defendant should acquiesce in substitution of a greater for a lesser offense.

On one view of the present case, it would appear that appellants were not prejudiced by any lack of notice: all the other sex offenses were charged in concert, and the acts of penetration occurred during the same sequence of events. On the other hand, the fact that both the original information and the amended information alleged in concert for all the sex offenses except the penetration would tend to suggest that in concert allegations were not intended as to these counts. Moreover, Lohbauer suggests that lack of prejudice cannot be the focus of inquiry because of the difficulty in determining whether a defendant has been “ ‘misled to his prejudice’ ” and “ ‘prevented from preparing an effective defense.’ ” (29 Cal.3d at p. 370.) Rather, consent is the one exception to the Lohbauer rule. (In re Robert G., supra, 31 Cal. 3d at p. 444.)

This case presents no active acquiescence in the greater charge (cf. People v. Ramos, supra, 25 Cal.App.3d 529; People v. Rasher, supra, 3 Cal.App.3d 798, 801-803), nor benefit from dismissal of a greater charge from which consent may be inferred. (Cf. People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66, 74-75 [75 Cal.Rptr. 199, 450 P.2d 591]; People v. Calder (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 931, 936 [86 Cal.Rptr. 446].) The only basis for inferring consent is appellants’ failure to object to verdicts including the in concert allegations. We decline to hold that a consent is established by the absence of objection (People v. Lewis (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 457,460 [182 Cal.Rptr. 471 ]) especially where, as here, appellant could have no incentive to object and risk amendment of the information to charge the greater offense.

Accordingly, the convictions under Penal Code section 264.1 must be reduced to simple penetration under section 289, subdivision (a).

IV.

Enhancement Under Penal Code Section 12022.8

Appellants were charged on counts 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12 with inflicting great bodily injury in commission of these sex offenses. The jury found true the allegations pertaining to counts 2, 6, 9, 11 and 12, involving Vivian, and found untrue the allegations concerning offenses against Carol. At sentencing, the court imposed five-year enhancements on counts 2, 6, 9, 11 and 12. The jury was not instructed that in determining the truth of the allegations it had to find personal infliction of great bodily injury. Appellants contend that section 12022.8 requires personal infliction of great bodily injury and that, therefore, the enhancements under this section must be stricken.

Penal Code section 12022.8 provided: “Any person who inflicts great bodily injury, as defined in Section 12022.7, on any victim in a violation of subdivision (2) or (3) of Section 261, Section 264.1, subdivision (b) of Section 288, Section 289, or sodomy or oral copulation by force, violence, duress, menace or threat of great bodily harm as provided in Section 286 or 288a shall receive a five-year enhancement for each such violation in addition to the sentence provided for the felony conviction.” The CALJIC instruction designed for this enhancement requires the jury to find that the defendant “did personally inflict great bodily injury” (CALJIC No. 17.20.1, italics added). The trial court, over objection, deleted the word personally from the instruction. The judge viewed as incredible the idea that the enhancement could be precluded by the fact that the defendants purposefully kept the victims from seeing who actually inflicted their injuries, and expressly imposed the enhancement without a “personal” limitation in order to allow the issue to be tested.

No published case has addressed the issue of a “personal” requirement under section 12022.8. Our analysis is guided, however, by interpretation of the similarly worded section 12022.3, which provides for enhancements for any person who “uses” or “is armed with” a deadly weapon in commission of violations of sections 261, 264.1, 286, 288, 288a or 289. Sections 12022.3 and 12022.8 each deal with enhancements of sex offenses. Unlike analogous provisions for enhancement of other felonies in sections 12022 [being armed with firearm or use of dangerous weapon], 12022.5 [use of firearm], and 12022.7 [infliction of great bodily injury], sections 12022.8 and 12022.3 do not explicitly provide for personal or derivative liability.

People v. Reed (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 149 [185 Cal.Rptr. 169] interpreted section 12022.3, subdivision (b) to apply only to defendants personally armed with a firearm or deadly weapon. (Id., at p. 151.) The court noted that sections 12022, subdivision (b), 12022.7 and 12022.5 all expressly require “personal” culpability and that “ ‘choice of the word “personally” necessarily excludes those who may have aided or abetted the actor directly inflicting the injury.’ ” (Id., at p. 152, quoting People v. Cole (1982) 31 Cal.3d 568, 572 [183 Cal.Rptr. 350, 645 P.2d 1182].) Section 12022, subdivision (a), on the other hand, applies “ ‘whether or not such person is personally armed with a firearm.’ ’%(Ibid.) Reed concluded that the Legislature knows how to expressly limit or impose derivative liability, and that its failure to do either in section 12022.3 renders the provision ambiguous. (Id., at p. 152.) This ambiguity led the court to apply the principles enunciated in People v. Walker (1976) 18 Cal.3d 232 [133 Cal.Rptr. 520, 555 P.2d 306] that legislative direction is required in order to impose derivative liability (Id., at pp. 241-242) and that a penal statute should be construed “ ‘as favorably to the defendant as its language and the circumstances of its application reasonably permit,’ ” entitling defendant to “ ‘the benefit of every reasonable doubt as to the true interpretation of words or the construction of language used ....’” (Id., at p. 242, quoting Keeler v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 619, 631 [87 Cal.Rptr. 481, 470 P.2d 617, 40 A.L.R.3d 420].) Accordingly, section 12022.3 was construed to entail a “personal” requirement.

People v. Le (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 1 [200 Cal.Rptr. 839] reached the opposite conclusion. The court stated that extension of the Reed analysis leads to the “absurd” result that if “two perpetrators commit a rape—one holding a gun to the victim’s head while the other rapes her—only the one holding a gun receives an enhancement,” and that the Legislature would have used the word “personally” if it intended to impose a personal restriction, as it did in sections 12022, subdivision (b), 12022.5, and 12022.7. (Id., at p. 11.)

The recent case of People v. Piper (1986) 42 Cal.3d 471 [229 Cal.Rptr. 125, 722 P.2d 899] indicates that the Reed analysis is the one we are obliged to follow. In Piper, the Supreme Court determined that Penal Code section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8), which defines “serious felony" as including “any other felony in which the defendant inflicts great bodily injury on any person, other than an accomplice, or any felony in which the defendant uses a firearm” applies only to defendants who personally use a firearm. (Id., at p. 478.) The court’s analysis of the firearm use provision of subdivision (c)(8) was based on the principles in Walker which guided the Reed court (id., at pp. 476-477), as well as the fact that “[s]ince Walker, the Legislature has been quite explicit when it intends an enhancement provision to apply to a defendant even though he does not commit the proscribed act.” (Id., at p. 477; cf. § 12022, subd. (a).) The court approved the “similar conclusion” reached in People v. Reed, and noted that the court in People v. Le “took no note of [the] Walker decision.” (Id., at p. 477, fn. 5.)

The Supreme Court’s analysis of enhancement provisions with similar semantic characteristics to section 12022.8 compels us to view that section as entailing a requirement that the defendant personally inflict great bodily injury. Just as the provisions construed in Walker, Piper, and Reed, section 12022.8 contains no direction to impose vicarious liability, and since enhancement statutes relate to penalties rather than substantive offenses “ ‘[t]he rules which make an accused derivatively liable for a crime which he does not personally commit, do not at the same time impose a derivatively increased punishment by reason of the manner in which a confederate commits the crime.’ ” (People v. Piper, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 476, quoting People v. Walker, supra, 18 Cal.3d 232, 242; cf. § 31.) While section 12022.8 could be more explicit, the reference to “any person who inflicts great bodily injury” implies personal infliction, and the Legislature’s failure to use the word “personally” does not amount to a direction to impose derivative liability.

The failure to instruct the jury that section 12022.8 requires a finding that the defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury was obviously prejudicial, since the evidence in this case leaves doubt as to which appellant inflicted Vivian’s wounds. The enhancements must be stricken.

V.

Multiple Enhancements

Appellant Gomez received enhancements for deadly weapon use (§§ 12022.3, 12022, subd. (b)) on counts 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12 as well as for infliction of great bodily injury (§ 12022.8) on counts 2, 6, 9, 11, and 12. He argues that because all the weapon enhancements were based on his continuous use of a knife in an indivisible course of conduct, and all the great bodily injury enhancements on the infliction of Vivian’s knife wounds, section 654 precludes imposition of more than one enhancement each for knife use and infliction of great bodily injury.

Appellant relies on the rule of In re Culbreth (1976) 17 Cal.3d 330, 333 [130 Cal.Rptr. 719, 551 P.2d 23], prohibiting imposition of enhancements on more than one offense where “all the charged offenses are incident to one objective and effectively comprise an indivisible transaction----” The Supreme Court has reaffirmed the Culbreth rule since passage of the determinate sentencing law, stating that the legislation gave no indication of intent to abolish the single occasion rule. (People v. Cardenas (1982) 31 Cal.3d 897, 913-914 [184 Cal.Rptr. 165, 647 P.2d 569].) The court noted, however, that a possible exception to the Culbreth rule was established in section 1170.1, subdivision (h) {id., at p. 913), now redesignated subdivision (i), which states that “the number of enhancements which may be imposed shall not be limited” for “violation[s] of subdivision (2) or (3) of Section 261, Section 264.1, Section 289, or sodomy or oral copulation by force, violence, duress, menace or threat of great bodily harm____” (§ 1170.1, subd. (i).) The clear implication of this dicta is that Culbeth continues to limit the number of enhancements which may be imposed on offenses other than those specifically designated in section 1170.1, subdivision (i).

Several appellate courts have explicitly held that section 1170.1, subdivision (i) overruled Culbreth with regard to the enumerated offenses, thereby authorizing multiple enhancement of sentences imposed under section 667.6, subdivision (c) (People v. Huber (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 601, 630-631 [227 Cal.Rptr. 113]; People v. Bergman (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 30, 36-38 [201 Cal.Rptr. 54]; People v. Blevins (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 64, 68-71 [204 Cal.Rptr. 124]; People v. Le, supra, 154 Cal.App.3d 1, 12-13; People v. Fields (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 555, 571 [205 Cal.Rptr. 888 ]) or section 667.6, subdivision (d). (People v. Huber, supra, 181 Cal.App.3d at pp. 630-631; People v. Fitch (1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 211, 214-215 [217 Cal.Rptr. 197].) Cases to the contrary hold that section 1170.1, subdivision (i), does not apply to sentencing under section 667.6, subdivision (c), because this latter section provides for an alternative sentencing scheme to which the provisions of section 1170.1 are inapplicable. (People v. McElrath (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 178, 188-189 [220 Cal.Rptr. 698]; People v. Rodriguez (1984) 160 Cal.App.3d 207, 211-218 [206 Cal.Rptr. 563]; People v. Maciel (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 273, 279-280 [215 Cal.Rptr. 124]; People v. Carter (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 534, 542-543 [193 Cal.Rptr. 193].) We are not persuaded by the reasoning of these cases that section 1170.1, subdivision (i), applies only to sex offenses sentenced under the principal-subordinate scheme of section 1170.1 itself. (People v. Huber, supra, 181 Cal.App.3d at p. 631.)

Additionally, section 12022.3 provides independent support for imposition of multiple weapons use enhancements on sex offenses, regardless of whether sentencing is under section 1170.1 or section 667.6. (People v. Blevins, supra, 158 Cal.App.3d 64, 71; People v. Rodriguez, supra, 160 Cal.App.3d 207, 218 fn. 13; People v. McElrath, supra, 175 Cal.App.3d 178, 189-190.) Section 12022.3 provides: “For each violation of Section 261, 264.1, 286, 288, 288a or 289, and in addition to the sentence provided, any person shall receive an enhancement (a) of three years if such person uses a firearm or any other deadly weapon in the commission of such violation or (b) of two years if such person is armed with a firearm or any other deadly weapon.” The reference to “each violation” indicates an intent that enhancements under this section should not be limited. (People v. Blevins, supra, 158 Cal.App.3d at p. 71; People v. McElrath, supra, 175 Cal.App.3d at p. 190.)

Accordingly, we find that the weapon use enhancements were properly imposed upon appellant’s sentences for the sexual offenses. (People v. Huber, supra, 181 Cal.App.3d at p. 631.) The enhancement under section 12022, subdivision (b), on count 8, robbery, was also properly imposed. (Ibid.) Although Culbreth would preclude enhancement of additional nonsex offenses for weapon use, all other such enhancements in the case were stayed. To hold that sentence on count 8 could not be enhanced because robbery is not an offense enumerated in section 1170.1, subdivision (i), would eviscerate the effect of that section to allow unlimited enhancement of sex offenses in addition to any other enhancements.

VI.

Sentencing Under Penal Code Section 667.6

Appellants were sentenced on counts 9 (sodomy in concert), 10 (sodomy in concert) and 12 (oral copulation in concert) under section 667.6, subdivision (c). This section then provided in pertinent part: “In lieu of the term provided in Section 1170.1, a full, separate and consecutive term may be imposed for each violation of subdivision (2) or (3) of Section 261, Section 264.1, subdivision (b) of Section 288, Section 289, or of committing sodomy or oral copulation in violation of Section 286 or 288a by force, violence, duress, menace or threat of great bodily harm whether or not the crimes were committed during a single transaction.” (Italics added.) The statutes defining the crimes of which appellants were convicted in these counts, by contrast, require a finding of perpetration “by means offorce or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person.” (§§ 286, subd. (d); 288a, subd.(d).) The jury was instructed in the language of the statutes defining the offenses and the verdict forms do not require a distinction whether the offenses were committed by means of force or fear. Consequently, it cannot be determined from the record whether the convictions were based on force or fear and, if the latter, whether fear of great bodily harm or the lesser degree of immediate bodily injury.

Appellants contend that sentencing under section 667.6 is impermissible without a jury finding that the offenses were perpetrated by the means which trigger application of the statute. We agree.

Several appellate court cases have determined that sentence under section 667.6, subdivision (c), or 667.6, subdivision (d), for violations of sections 286 or 288a may be imposed only upon specification in a jury’s verdict whether the conviction was based on force or fear and, if the latter, what degree of fear. (People v. Reyes (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 803, 813 [200 Cal.Rptr. 651]; People v. Foley (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 1039, 1057 [216 Cal.Rptr. 865]; People v. Riffey (1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 419, 425 [217 Cal.Rptr. 319]; People v. Reber (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 523, 535 [223 Cal.Rptr. 139].) The reason for this requirement is that sentencing under section 667.6 is authorized only where a defendant has been found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense triggering use of the section; for violations of section 288a perpetrated by means of threat or fear, this includes proof that the threat or fear was of great bodily harm. (People v. Riffey, supra, 171 Cal.App.3d 419, 425; People v. Foley, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d 1039, 1056-1057.)

As explained in People v. Foley, supra, at pages 1051-1052 and People v. Riffey, supra, at page 423, when subdivision (c) of section 667.6 was enacted, sections 286 and 288a also used language of “threat of great bodily harm.” Consequently, for convictions under these sections “[t]he consecutive sentence permitted by Penal Code section 667.6, subdivision (c), [was] based on the crime for which convicted; no additional factual finding incidental to another charge [was] necessary.” (Peoplev. Stought (1981) 115 Cal.App.3d 740, 742,743 [171 Cal.Rptr. 501].) Sections 286 and 288a were subsequently amended to use the present “immediate and unlawful bodily injury” language. Foley and Riffey view the resulting present disparity in language as a matter of legislative oversight. (Foley, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d at p. 1056; Riffey, supra, 171 Cal.App.3d at p. 424.) They refuse, however, to assume that the Legislature intended to transfer from jury to judge the factfinding function necessary to follow application of section 667.6, subdivision (c), and therefore require pleading and proof of great bodily injury, and clear jury instructions and findings, before the section may be utilized. {People v. Foley, supra, at pp. 1055-1057; People v. Riffey, supra, at pp. 424-425.)

Respondent argues that these cases were wrongly decided in that there was never a requirement in section 667.6 that the jury find the factual predicate for its application. The contention is based on the provision, in a different subdivision of 667.6, for a factual predicate determined by the court, and on respondent’s interpretation of the fact that the Legislature has now amended section 667 to use the “immediate and unlawful injury” language. (Stats. 1985, ch. 401.)

Subdivision (d) of section 667.6, which uses the same language as subdivision (c) regarding force or fear, makes mandatory the imposition of full consecutive terms for violations of the enumerated statutes “if the crimes involve separate victims or involve the same victim on separate occasions.” Respondent focuses on the fact that the court, not the jury, decides the question of separate occasions. This issue, however, is very different from that concerning the bodily in jury language appearing in both subdivisions (c) and (d). Sections 667.6, subdivisions (c) and (d) govern the court in sentencing upon convictions found by the jury. The separate occasion issue arises neither as part of the underlying conviction, nor as an additional fact upon which punishment is based, as in an enhancement, but as a direction akin to that in section 654 as to how punishment may be imposed. Section 654 prohibits multiple punishment for a single act or transaction; section 667.6, subdivision (c), allows multiple punishment for separate convictions by authorizing consecutive sentences “whether or not the crimes were committed during a single transaction,” and section 667.6, subdivision (d), requires multiple punishment when the crimes involve separate victims or occasions. Before the issue of punishment is ever reached, there must be a conviction; one element of the offense is that concerning force or fear of bodily injury.

As for the 1985 change in the language of section 667.6, respondent contends that the Legislature’s amendment by means of urgency legislation “to immediately clarify legislative intent and avoid unnecessary loss of justified enhancements” (Stats. 1985, ch. 401, §2) indicates that Reyes, Foley, and Rijfey were incorrect as to the requirement of jury findings. On the contrary, the effect of the amendment is to assure once again that a conviction of violation of sections 286 or 288a will in and of itself trigger application of section 667.6.

We agree with the courts in Reyes, Rijfey and Foley that sentencing under section 667.6, subdivision (c), is authorized only where a defendant has been found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense triggering use of the section. For violations of sections 286 and 288a, this includes a finding of great bodily harm. Reyes, Rijfey and Foley, however, do not discuss a standard of review for the erroneous use of section 667.6, subdivision (c). Where it is clear from the evidence and jury findings that the jury could only have found that the offenses were committed by force or fear of great bodily harm, we would hold the error harmless and would not preclude sentencing under section 667.6, subdivision (c).

Reyes illustrates the significance of the conflict between sections 268 and 288a, on the one hand, and section 667.6, subdivision (c), on the other, because it is a case where the evidence might have supported a finding that the sex offenses were perpetrated by means of a fear of less than great bodily harm. The case involved victims aged 9 and 12 who testified, for example, that the defendant “told” or “made” them perform the acts in question, and threatened to “hit” them. The Reyes court was thus faced with uncertainty as to the jury’s findings on the means by which the offenses were perpetrated and on the degree of any threat used. (153 Cal.App.3d at p. 811.) Specificity in jury findings was necessary before section 667.5 could be used because the offenses charged could be “committed in alternative ways” (id., at p. 813), while section 667.6, subdivision (d), required certain means of perpetration.

In the present case, by contrast, the evidence could support only findings of either force or fear of great bodily harm. The victims testified that appellants perpetrated the various sex offenses over a period of hours in which the victims were confined in their apartment. Both men brandished knives throughout this time, and both used the knives to cut off the victims’ undergarments prior to commission of the sex offenses. Ramirez tied Vivian to the bed with electrical cords and hit her in the face. Gomez threatened to slit Carol’s throat, to kick her in the stomach, cut off her breast or cut out an eye; and to cut the baby out of her stomach if she moved.

On this evidence, if the jury believed that the sex offenses were perpetrated by inducing fear, it must have believed that the fear was of great bodily injury: there was simply no evidence to support a finding of threats of only a lesser degree of harm. Consequently, specificity in jury findings is not essential. Under any standard of review, the trial judge was justified in sentencing under section 667.6, subdivision (c).

VII.

Statement of Reasons for Sentencing Choices

In sentencing appellant Gomez, the trial court first imposed consecutive indeterminate terms on the conspiracy counts. Counts 3,4, 7, 8 and Gomez’s violation of probation were then sentenced under section 1170.1, with counts 3, 4, and 8 the aggravated terms and the total sentence run concurrently with the indeterminate term. The aggravated terms were imposed because the court found that the record was “replete with factors in aggravation” and that “the factors in aggravation predominate.” Finally, the sex offenses were sentenced under section 667.6. Aggravated terms were imposed upon all but count 10; the court at the outset listed the factors in aggravation upon which it would rely in sentencing both appellants on these counts, stating that the number of such factors was greater than the number of counts to receive aggravated terms. Sentences on counts 1,2, 5, 6 and 10 were imposed consecutively; those on counts 9, 11 and 12 were imposed concurrently with each other and the other sex offenses; and the total section 667.6 term was run consecutively with the indeterminate sentence. The court followed a similar pattern in sentencing appellant Ramirez, but imposed an additional six years because of the “extraordinarily serious nature of the defendant’s priors.”

Appellant Ramirez contends that the trial court erred in failing to state reasons for sentencing the sex offenses under section 667.6 rather than section 1170.1, and for imposing consecutive rather than concurrent sentences. Appellant Gomez contends that the court erred in failing to clarify which reasons were stated to support the decision to impose aggravated terms and which to support consecutive sentencing, that insufficient reasons were stated to support the choice of upper term consecutive sentences under section 1170.1, and that no reasons were stated to support imposition of the consecutive indeterminate sentences.

We need not address each of these contentions in detail, as the case must in any event be remanded for resentencing in accordance with previous portions of this opinion. We therefore simply state in general terms the relevant rules.

First, it does not appear that the court gave reasons for utilizing section 667.6 rather than section 1170.1 or for imposing consecutive sentences. While sentencing under section 667.6, subdivision (d), does not require a statement of reasons, because the section is mandatory in situations where it applies (People v. Craft (1986) 41 Cal.3d 554, 559