Marino v. Lurie (33 Cal. App. 4th 658, 1995)

Opinion

GODOY PEREZ, J.

Appellant Barbara Lurie Marino sought to enforce and modify a New York child support order in California pursuant to the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, Family Code section 4800 et seq. Under New York law, parents must support their children until the children turn 21, while in California the obligation ends at age 18. The family law court ruled that California’s age of majority applied and declined to increase support for appellant’s 20-year-old son. Appellant challenges that order, along with the denial of her request for attorney fees. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the order as to child support but reverse and remand for a determination as to the issue of attorney fees.

Facts and Procedural History

Barbara and Larry Lurie were married October 23, 1970, in New York. They had two sons—Eric bom in May 1972 and Aaron bom in November 1978. On November 28, 1984, a New York state court entered a judgment dissolving the marriage. The judgment arose from and incorporated a wide-ranging stipulation between Larry and Barbara concerning custody of the children, visitation, disposition of property and other matters. Barbara was granted sole custody of Eric and Aaron.

Relevant here is that part of the stipulation by which Larry agreed to pay $375 per child each month as child support “until each child is 21, emancipated, or sooner dies.” Under New York Domestic Relations Law section 32, a parent is obliged to support a child until he or she turns 21 or is emancipated. While the stipulation was incorporated into the divorce judgment, it did not merge with it and would “survive the effect of” the judgment.

Larry was laid off from his job in July 1985 and obtained a New York court-ordered suspension of his child support obligations until he got another job. He moved to California in November 1985 and became employed in Torrance sometime in 1986. Barbara moved to Pennsylvania and remarried.

On September 9, 1992, Barbara registered her New York divorce judgment in the Los Angeles County Superior Court pursuant to the provisions of the Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act of 1968, Code of Civil Procedure former section 1650 et seq. (RURESA). As part of her registration statement, Barbara declared that Larry’s child support payments were not in arrears.

On December 9, 1992, Barbara filed an order to show cause seeking to modify Larry’s child support obligations. She sought: reimbursement of certain medical expenses for Aaron, who had cystic fibrosis and diabetes; asked that Larry keep both children covered under his medical insurance policy; that he pay for all future uninsured medical expenses; pay the college expenses of both children; and pay an increased amount of child support for both children.

In response, Larry agreed to an increase in Aaron’s support payments. He also agreed to abide by the divorce judgment and his incorporated stipulation to pay college expenses as he was able. In accordance with California law, however, he rejected any obligation to pay child support beyond the age of 18. (§§3900-3901, 6500.) On March 24, 1993, Barbara filed an order to show cause seeking child support arrearages from Larry. The basis of this request was her allegation that Larry was working for six of the eleven months that his child support obligations were suspended based on his 1985 job layoff. As part of this application, Barbara also sought attorney fees and costs.

On June 15, 1993, the court increased Aaron’s child support to $949 each month, found that Larry was able to pay certain of Eric’s college expenses and ordered him to do so and also ordered Larry to reimburse Barbara for certain medical expenses which were not covered by insurance. The court took under submission the issues of attorney fees and whether the duration of Larry’s child support obligations should be determined by New York or California law. On July 30,1993, the court ruled that under URESA’s choice of law principles, it was obligated to apply California law and terminate child support when each child turned 18. As a result, no increase in support was permitted for the 20-year-old Eric. The court also held that even though it would like to award attorney fees to Barbara, such an award was prohibited by URESA.

Barbara contends on appeal that the federal constitutional principle of full faith and credit required adherence to New York law under the New York judgment, supplanting California’s earlier age of majority, and thus requiring the family law court to at least exercise its discretion and determine whether Eric was entitled to any increase in his child support. She also argues that while attorney fees were not allowed in connection with her initial registration of the New York judgment, they are allowed by California law in all subsequent proceedings to enforce or modify the judgment.

Discussion

1. URESA’s Choice of Law Principles Require Application of California’s Age of Majority

The purposes of URESA “are to improve and extend by reciprocal legislation the enforcement of duties of support and to make uniform the law with respect thereto.” (§ 4801.) URESA itself “creates no duties of family support but leaves this to the legislatures of the several states. The Act is concerned solely with the enforcement of the already existing duties when the person to whom a duty is owed is in one state and the person owing the duty is in another state. . . .” (9B West’s U. Laws Ann. (1987) RURESA, prefatory note, p. 382.) URESA’s scope is therefore limited to determining entitlement to support already established and enforcing such duties of support. (In re Marriage of Angoco & San Nicolas (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1527, 1533 [33 Cal.Rptr.2d 305].)

A duty of support can be one imposed or imposable either by law or by order, decree or judgment of a court in another state with a substantially similar reciprocal law. (§ 4802, subds. (a), (b).) This includes duties existing under statutory law even if it has never been litigated in court or reduced to an order or judgment but is instead litigated for the first time under URESA. (Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d at p. 584.)

URESA may be enforced both criminally (§§ 4810-4811) or civilly. Civil enforcement may be obtained by two methods. The first is enforcement by an action, which is commenced with the filing of a complaint in the state where the person owed support (the obligee) lives. (§ 4824.) That state (the initiating state) then determines whether the obligee is owed a duty of support. If so, the finding is certified to the responding state, where the duty is sought to be enforced. (§ 4827.) The obligor is then served with the complaint and the court of the responding state will determine whether a duty of support is owed and if so, how much. The responding court may order the obligor to furnish or reimburse support and subject his or her property to the order. (§§ 4831-4833, 4836.)

The second method of civil enforcement applies only if the duty of support is based on a foreign support order. In that case, the other state’s order may be registered in a California superior court “in the manner, with the effect, and for the purposes provided in this article.” (§§ 4848-4849.) The obligor must send certified copies of the foreign support order and other supporting information to the court clerk. When these are received, the clerk is to file them in a registry of foreign support orders. That filing constitutes registration of the foreign support order. (§ 4852.)

Once registered, the foreign support order “shall be treated in the same manner as a support order issued by a court of this state. It has the same effect and is subject to the same procedures, defenses, and proceedings for reopening, vacating, or staying as a support order of this state and may be enforced and satisfied in like manner.” (§ 4853, subd. (a).) The obligor has 20 days after notice of registration has been served to file a noticed motion requesting the court to vacate the registration or for other relief. No joinder or coordination of actions or cross-complaints are allowed and the claims or defenses are strictly limited to the obligor’s identity, the validity of the underlying foreign support order, or the accuracy of the obligee’s statement of unpaid support. If the obligor does not file such a motion within 20 days, the registered foreign support order is confirmed. (§ 4853, subd. (b).) The purpose of this alternate registration procedure is to provide a more efficient method of enforcing foreign support orders. (In re Marriage of Aron (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 1086, 1090 [274 Cal.Rptr. 357].)

Larry did not seek to vacate the registration order. Because only the order itself and not the statement of arrears is confirmed, he was free to contest any claimed arrears after the 20-day period elapsed. (In re Marriage of Aron, supra, 224 Cal.App.3d at p. 1091.) Once the order is registered, the obligor and the obligee are both free to seek modification of the support order. As to the obligor, modification is considered one of the “normal defenses” to a support order permitted by section 4853, subdivision (a). (224 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1090, 1091, fn. 4; In re Marriage of Straeck (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 617, 622 [203 Cal.Rptr. 69].)

URESA has it own choice of law provision, section 4820, which provides: “Duties of support applicable under this chapter are those imposed under the laws of any state where the obligor was present for the period during which support is sought. The obligor is presumed to have been present in the responding state during the period for which support is sought until otherwise shown.” The trial court’s ruling on the applicable age of majority here was based on this section and the following four decisions interpreting it.

In Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d 577, the issue was whether a 28-year-old New York resident who was mentally disabled was entitled to support from her father in California. No such obligation existed under New York law, but it did in California pursuant to Civil Code former section 206 (now § 3910). Under Code of Civil Procedure former section 1670, now section 4820, no conflict of law analysis was necessary. Since New York’s USDL contained a similar choice of law provision, this reciprocal adoption of the choice of law rule required application of California law. Accordingly, the father in California was required to support his disabled New York daughter. (Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d at pp. 584-586.)

In Elkind v. Byck (1968) 68 Cal.2d 453 [67 Cal.Rptr. 404, 439 P.2d 316], the husband and wife were divorced in Georgia. The wife moved to New York and the husband to California. The Georgia divorce decree required the husband to make a lump-sum deposit to establish a trust which would make payments in satisfaction of his child support obligations. Under Georgia law, such an award could not be modified. The wife brought a RURESA action in New York, which was transferred to California, seeking additional child support. Under RURESA’s choice of law provision, California law applied and the support order was modifiable. (Id. at pp. 455-457.)

In In re Marriage of Hyon & Kirschner (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 449, 454 [282 Cal.Rptr. 408], the former husband, after divorcing his wife in Florida, moved to California. The court held that California and not Florida law should determine his obligation to reimburse the state of Florida, which brought a RURESA action to collect for welfare payments to the husband’s children.

The final decision which the trial court relied on here was In re Marriage of Taylor (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 209 [175 Cal.Rptr. 716] (hereafter Taylor). Taylor arose from similar facts and Barbara contends that the trial court misinterpreted the decision and that the ruling in Taylor in fact supports her claim.

The wife in Taylor obtained a Missouri divorce in 1972, ordering the husband to pay $112.50 per month for each of their three children. The wife later moved to Virginia and the husband became a California resident. In April 1979, the wife registered the Missouri judgment in California pursuant to sections 4848-4849 (Code Civ. Proc., former §§ 1697-1698). The wife later brought a motion to compute child support arrearages and requested attorney fees. While Missouri law obligated the husband to support his children until they were 21, he contended California’s earlier age of majority applied. As a result, he contended that any payments already made by him for any child over 18 should be credited against any remaining child support obligation. The court confirmed the Missouri judgment as a California judgment and ordered the husband to pay an arrearage of $5,625 and to continue to pay support for the children who remained minors. The amount of the arrearage included payment of support for 2 of the children who had reached 18 but were not then 21. On appeal, the husband only contested the issue of the age of majority. (Taylor, supra, 122 Cal.App.3d at pp. 211-212.)

The appellate court held that as a sister state judgment, the Missouri divorce decree was entitled to be given full faith and credit under section 1 of article IV of the United States Constitution. Even the existence of RURESA and its choice of law provision could not override the doctrine of full faith and credit, stating it would be “patently ridiculous” to permit a child support obligor to unilaterally alter his duties under one state’s judgment by moving to another state. (Taylor, supra, 122 Cal.App.3d at p. 214.)

Standing alone, this portion of the decision makes it seem as if Taylor mandates application of New York’s age of majority here. When viewed in its factual context and alongside other portions of the decision, however, it is clear that Taylor does not apply and in fact supports the family law court’s order in dispute here.

At issue in Taylor were the husband’s obligations as to past due child support payments which had accrued under the Missouri judgment before that judgment was registered in California under URESA. The husband “claimed that he was not obligated to pay for any child over the age of 18 years and that any such payment made by him should be credited against any remaining obligation of child support. . . .” (122 Cal.App.3d at p. 212.) In short, the husband wanted to invoke California law as to past payments already made under the Missouri decree and apply those payments to offset his future obligations under the converted California judgment.

The family law court calculated the arrearage owed by including support payments for 2 children who had reached age 18 but were not yet 21. No mention is made as to how the husband’s future support obligations would be determined, and the appellate court made it clear that this distinction was critical: “Under Missouri law, arrearage accrued under a judgment for the support of minors which has accrued after they are 18 or over but before the age of 21 is unmodifiable by the courts of that state. As to such accrued part of any judgment, it must be granted full faith and credit by the courts of this state. The support of minor children ordered by a court of the State of Missouri, under the law thereof, must be paid until age 21 or emancipation under the common law rule. [Citation.] [U The record at bench discloses no emancipation and no modification of the Missouri judgment. Nor is failure to modify in the present action an issue at bench. Husband has expressly disclaimed any issue of modification. He contends only that the law of California describing minors should be applied rather than the law of Missouri. But as we have explained above, under the federal constitutional demand for full faith and credit that must be accorded to the Missouri judgment, his contention is untenable, [f] It is significant that we are dealing exclusively with the accrued payments and not with future payments under the support order. As indicated, no issue for modification which would affect future payments has been presented to us. Therefore, we are not concerned with any different rule which might possibly apply under the doctrine of comity and which would allow the court of California to enforce the sister state support order with respect to future payment, but also permits the local California court to modify the support order under appropriate factual circumstances presented to the trial court. [Citation.]” (Taylor, supra, 122 Cal.App.3d at pp. 213-214, italics added.) The court later emphasized this distinction when it held that the Missouri judgment was “res judicata and as to the accrued and past due obligation of support must be given full faith and credit. . . .” (Id. at p. 214, italics added.)

The situation here is the obverse of Taylor. Barbara’s registration statement declared that there were no arrearages. She sought modification three months later, including a request for increased child support. The husband in Taylor sought to apply California law to past support payments already made under the Missouri judgment as an offset to future payments after that judgment was registered in California for treatment as a California judgment.

Barbara’s New York divorce has been registered under URESA and is now treated the same as a California judgment. It is also subject to the same defenses as a California judgment by section 4853, subdivision (a), which “invite[s] reference to state law principles concerning enforcement of child support duties . . . .” (In re Marriage of Aron, supra, 224 Cal.App.3d at p. 1090.) Section 3901 terminates a parent’s child support obligations at age 18, and this was a proper defense for Larry to raise under section 4853, subdivision (a). Combined with the choice of law principle set forth in section 4820, it seems clear that California law applies.

New York courts which have considered the issue presented here have similarly concluded that the law of the state where the obligor lives determines the duration of his child support obligation. In Ryan v. Ryan (1987) 128 A.D.2d 624 [513 N.Y.S.2d 25], and Danis v. Stillerman (1978) 66 A.D.2d 818 [411 N.Y.S.2d 353], the New York courts ordered fathers residing in that state to pay child support until age 21 under New York law even though the mothers and children lived in states where the support obligation ended at 18.

When the facts are reversed and faced with the situation presented here, New York has conceded that its age of majority rule is superseded by California’s. In Huffman v. Huffman (1978) 93 Misc.2d 790 [403 N.Y.S.2d 850], the court discussed how the correlative rights of entitlement to support and duty of support are determined: “However, in a recent informal opinion of the New York Attorney General entitlement and duty were merged as one concept. 1976 Op.Atty.Gen. 236. In a letter to the County Attorney of Orleans County, the Attorney General stated that ‘in a child support proceeding commenced in New York and forwarded to California pursuant to New York’s Uniform Support of Dependent’s Law, which is entitled to reciprocity because of its similarity to [URESA] adopted by California, California law applies in determining whether an 18-year old New York resident is entitled to support from her father who resides in California.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 853, italics added.) The same interpretation is included as a practice commentary to New York’s USDL. (See Sobie, Practice Commentaries, 14 McKinney’s Consol. Laws of N.Y. Ann. (1988 ed.) Domestic Relations Law, §34, pp. 187-189.)

This holding does not violate the doctrine of full faith and credit. Instead, our courts consider adoption of URESA or similar reciprocal legislation to be in effect a waiver of that doctrine. For instance, the husband in Elkind v. Byck, supra, 68 Cal.2d 453, who was ordered by a California court under RURESA to pay more child support then permitted by Georgia law, challenged the support order on full faith and credit grounds.

The court said that while judgments for alimony to a divorced wife, which cannot be modified by the rendering state cannot be modified elsewhere, the same is not true of child support orders. “A divorce decree incorporating child support provisions, however, does not terminate the relationship of parent and child as it terminates the relationship of husband and wife. This case demonstrates why the divorce state should not be permitted to determine the welfare of the child for all time and in all states: More than ten years following the divorce, none of the parties appears to have any connection at all with Georgia; the mother and child reside in New York, and the father resides in California. [H Indeed, by the adoption of [URESA] in almost all states [citation], the federal system now espouses the principle that no state may freeze the obligations flowing from the continuing relationship of parent and child. [Citations.] The states now share the power over that relationship to the extent of the obligor’s presence in each .... [Citations.] In deference to the clearly articulated national policy of preserving the flexibility of support obligations, Georgia has expressly refrained from demanding that its judgment be conclusive elsewhere. The parties were therefore entitled to rely upon that judgment in Georgia alone.” (Elkind v. Byck, supra, 68 Cal.2d at pp. 459-460, fns. omitted.)

In Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d 577, where California’s statutory duty to support disabled children over age 21 was imposed on the California father of a New York woman, the court noted that New York’s choice of law provisions under its USDL were substantially the same as California’s version of URESA. (Id. at pp. 584-S85.) “This reciprocal adoption of the choice of law rule also evidences a willingness on the part of New York to waive whatever governmental interest it might have in application of its law in the underlying California support action.” (156 Cal.App.3d at p. 584.)

The Scott court then quoted from a New York appellate decision which endorsed this choice of law rule: “ ‘The presence of the obligor as a test of the choice of law applicable has worked well. It is simple. In the great majority of cases, it is often the application of the law of the responding state where the obligor is found and has his day in court. So in most cases, the court will be applying its own law.’ ” (Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d at p. 586, quoting Anonymous v. Anonymous (1963) 38 Misc.2d 961 [239 N.Y.S.2d 315, 317].) “Thus, the mutual adoption by California and New York of the URESA choice of law criterion for interstate child support enforcement is tantamount to a formal agreement between these states (and the 49 other states, the District of Columbia and Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands which have adopted either the original act or the Revised act of 1968) that in all child support matters involving these two states, the controlling choice of law criterion is the place where the alleged obligor is present. [^0 . . . Both California and New York expect, by virtue of their mutual adoption of the URESA choice of law criterion, that California law concerning child support obligations will be applied under the present circumstances. [Citation.] This promotes the stated purpose of the URESA to ‘improve and extend ... the enforcement of duties of support and to make uniform the law with respect thereto.’ [Citation.] To ignore this agreed criterion and engage in the standard evaluation of ‘comparative impairment’ [for conflict of laws analysis] would generate unwanted case-by-case rumination in a special area where the states have expressly agreed to a clear, simple, and consistent answer.” (Scott v. Superior Court, supra, 156 Cal.App.3d at p. 586.)

The decision in Taylor, therefore, does not mandate, as appellant contends, the application of full faith and credit principles to respondent’s future support obligations. While appellant has distinguished the decisions in Scott, Elkind. and Hyon & Kirschner on their facts, each clearly affirms the application of California law under URESA’s choice of law provision when the child support obligor is a California resident. Since child support payments cannot be ordered for a child over age 18, the family law court below acted properly in refusing to raise the amount of child support payable for Eric.

2. The Stipulation for Child Support to Age 21 Was Not a Stipulation for Support Beyond the Age of Majority

URESA’s choice of law principles notwithstanding, Barbara also contends that Larry’s stipulation to support the children until age 21, which the New York judgment incorporated, required the family law court to order support until that time. The court’s refusal to admit that stipulation into evidence was error which requires reversal, she argues.

Under section 3587, the court has the authority to approve a stipulated agreement by the parents to support a child past the age of majority. While section 3900 limits the duty of child support up to the age of majority, that section does not limit a parent’s ability “to agree to provide additional support or the court’s power to inquire whether an agreement to provide additional support has been made.” (§ 3901, subd. (b).) Respondent counters that: (1) the stipulation was only to provide support until the children attained their majority for support purposes under New York law; and (2) regardless, the stipulation could only be enforced by way of a separate action for breach of contract. Because we agree with the former contention, we need not discuss the latter.

Under New York law, “[t]o hold defendant responsible for child support beyond the age when the law ceases to expect it requires an express agreement in unmistakable terms to accept such responsibility [citation].” (Hoffman v. Hoffman (1986) 122 A.D.2d 583 [505 N.Y.S.2d 273, 274].) The father in Hoffman entered into a stipulation concerning his oldest child, then 21 but about to graduate from college, that she would be treated “ ‘as though she were emancipated.’ . . .” (Id. at p. 274.) The mother contended that under this stipulation, the father agreed to equate emancipation with college graduation, thus obligating him to support his remaining younger children until they graduated from college. The court rejected this interpretation under the rule quoted above. (Cf. Streuli v. Streuli (1978) 60 A.D.2d 829 [401 N.Y.S.2d 231, 232] [duty to support past age of majority found where father stipulated that support for each child would end respectively as that child either completes college or, if he does not attend college, turns 21]; Natalie M. v. Philip M. (1977) 90 Misc.2d 974 [396 N.Y.S.2d 752, 753] [father obligated to support retarded adult child incapable of self-support based on separation agreement in which it was agreed that support would cease upon the age of majority if the children “are capable of earning their own living . . ,”].)

California decisions are in accord with the New York rule of Hoffman. In In re Marriage of Lieberman (1981) 114 Cal.App.3d 583 [170 Cal.Rptr. 757], the wife sought to hold the husband liable for child support past the age of majority for their mentally disabled child based on an in-court stipulation. The parties stipulated that child support should be paid “until ‘the children die, become emancipated or reach majority.’ ” This was not sufficient to require support beyond the age of majority. (Id. at p. 586.) In contrast, the court in In re Marriage of Whitney (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 179, 182-183 [139 Cal.Rptr. 324], found an agreement to support beyond the age of majority when the husband agreed to support the children until they turned 21, died, married or were emancipated and that agreement was entered after the Legislature reduced the age of majority from 21 to 18.

Here, Larry agreed to support Eric and Aaron “until each child is 21, emancipated, or sooner dies.” The age of majority for child support purposes in New York was (and is) 21 and this stipulation includes no obligation beyond that imposed by law. On these facts, we do not see an express or unmistakable agreement to support the children beyond the age of majority. (Hoffman v. Hoffman, supra, 505 N.Y.S.2d at p. 274.) Nor do we see any difference between an agreement to provide child support until age 21 and an agreement to provide support until the age of majority when the two were synonymous when and where the agreement was made. Under In re Marriage of Lieberman, supra, 114 Cal.App.3d at page 586, we find no agreement for support beyond the age of majority.

Barbara does not contend that Larry intended to support the children beyond the applicable age of majority and the record includes no evidence to support such an interpretation. While appellant’s brief did not expressly say so, Barbara appears to contend that since Larry agreed to support the children to age 21 in accordance with New York law, then he should be similarly obligated here. By applying this reasoning, any agreement to provide child support up to the age of majority made in a state with a longer age of majority would render URESA’s choice of law provision meaningless under these circumstances. We reject this contention in favor of URESA’s clear mandate to apply the law of the state where the obligor lives.

3. Recent Federal Child Support Legislation Does Not Compel a Different Result

On October 20,1994, President Clinton signed into law the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act, 28 United States Code section 1738B (the federal Act). The existence and effect of the federal Act were raised for the first time during oral argument and, at the court’s request, the parties provided additional letter briefing on this new law.

Predictably, each party contends the federal Act supports its own position, but both also agree that the new law does not operate retroactively and therefore has no effect on this appeal.

Both the statute and its legislative history are silent as to the effective date of the federal Act and whether it was intended to have retroactive or prospective effect. Absent an express legislative declaration, either in the statute or through its legislative history, federal laws take effect upon signature by the President and apply even when a change to existing law occurs during the pendency of an appeal. (DeGurules v. I.N.S. (9th Cir. 1987) 833 F.2d 861, 863; United States v. Shaffer (9th Cir. 1986) 789 F.2d 682, 686; United States v. Kowal (D.Conn. 1984) 596 F.Supp. 375, 376.)

While the federal Act therefore operates retroactively, we conclude, post, that the federal Act in no way alters the outcome under URESA. As a result, we need not determine the existence of an exception to the rule of retroactive operation: whether such application would result in an injustice. (DeGurules v. I.N.S., supra, 833 F.2d at p. 863.)

The federal Act is prefaced by certain congressional findings, including: the existence of a growing number of child support disputes between parents living in different states; the laws by which the different states determine their authority to establish support orders are not uniform; the inapplicability of full faith and credit principles to such orders encourages noncustodial parents to move to different states, increasing the difficulty in enforcing support orders and leading to decreased support levels based solely on the noncustodial parent’s choice of residence as well as a disregard of court orders and support obligations. The policy of the federal Act is to establish national standards by which the states can determine their jurisdiction to issue support orders and the effect to be given another state’s support orders. The purposes of the federal Act are to facilitate enforcement of child support orders among the states, discourage continuing interstate controversies over child support in order to promote financial stability and secure family relationships for the child, and to avoid jurisdictional competition and conflict among state courts in the establishment of support orders. (Pub.L. No. 103-383 (Oct. 20, 1994) 108 Stat. 4063-4066, 1994 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, No. 9, to be codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1738B, hereafter referred to as 28 U.S.C. § 1738B.)

Under 28 United States Code section 17388(a), each state “(1) shall enforce according to its terms a child support order made consistently with this section by a court of another State; and (2) shall not seek or make a modification of such an order except in accordance with subsection (e).” To modify a support order “means a change in a child support order that affects the amount, scope, or duration of the order and modifies, replaces, supersedes, or otherwise is made subsequent to the child support order.” (28 U.S.C. § 17388(b).)

A child support order is consistent with the federal Act if “(1) a court that makes the order, pursuant to the laws of the State in which the court is located— [D (A) has subject matter jurisdiction to hear the matter and enter such an order; and (8) has personal jurisdiction over the contestants; and HD (2) reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard is given to the contestants.” (28 U.S.C. § 17388(c).)

A state court which has made a support order has continuing exclusive jurisdiction over the order if the child or any contestant resides in that state, unless the court of another state, in accordance with subdivision (e), has modified the order. (28 U.S.C. § 17388(d).) The court of one state may modify the support order of another state if: “(1) the court has jurisdiction to make such a child support order; and [f] (2)(A) the court of the other State no longer has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of the child support order because that State no longer is the child’s State or the residence of any contestant; or [f] (B) each contestant has filed written consent to that court’s making the modification and assuming continuing exclusive jurisdiction over the order.” (28 U.S.C. § 17388(e).)

The court of a state which no longer has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction may still enforce its order with respect to nonmodifiable and unsatisfied obligations which accrued before another state modifies the order under subdivision (e). (28 U.S.C. § 17386(f).)

Finally, the federal Act contains a choice of law provision: “(1). . . In a proceeding to establish, modify, or enforce a child support order, the forum State’s law shall apply except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3). [