Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER D. BROOKS SMITH, District Judge. Defendant GPU, Inc. moves for summary judgment on all counts of plaintiff Wilson Kepple’s action for employment discrimination based on Ms religion, age and gender. See dkt. no. 10. For the following reasons, I will grant summary judgment for defendant on plaintiffs federal religion claim, in addition to his state law discrimination claim under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”). I will deny summary judgment on plaintiffs federal claims of age and gender discrimination. I.FACTS A. Introduction This action arises out of two discrete events in Kepple’s employment history with defendant. Prior to its reorganization in 1995, defendant GPU was a non-operating holding company with three wholly-owned subsidiaries: Penelec, Met-Ed Corp. and Jersey Central Power & Light Co. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 1, at 1. Each of these subsidiaries operated independently, with separate management and areas of operation. Id. at 1-2. Plaintiff was employed initially by Penelec in April 1974 as a production performance engineer. Dkt. no 13, Exh. 28. Between 1974 and 1995, he held various engineering and management positions at Penelec’s Seward, Homer City and Conemaugh generating stations. Id. Plaintiff professes to be a Fundamentalist Christian. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 59. During defendants’ reorganization, the energy production function of these companies, including Penelec, was combined into one company, which was named Geneo and based in Johnstown, Pennsylvama. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 3, at 2. Other key functions were likewise consolidated into several different entities. Id. Each new entity is individually managed, has a separate labor relations policy and was staffed during reorganization primarily with incumbent employees selected through an elaborate drafting process. GPU, Inc. remains as the holding company. Id. Plaintiffs discrimination claims, although premised on the reorganization which left him without an engineering position at Gen-co, depend partly on much earlier events at Penelec. He alleges that religious discrimination motivated his demotion in 1987 and subsequently soured, his career opportunities at Geneo. Dkt. no. 19, at 8-13. He also alleges that gender and age discrimination worked against him in the 1995 Geneo staffing drafts. Id. at 14-22. The factual record of these events will be set forth seriatim. B. The 1987 Demotion After holding various engineering positions with Penelec, plaintiff became Station Engineer at the Seward Generating Station in 1979. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 33. He was promoted to Maintenance Superintendent at Seward in February 1981, id. at 38, and later, to Manager of Maintenance at Homer City in February 1985. Id. at 40. Homer City was a larger, more complex station which was partially owned by Nevv York State Electric and Gas Company; there, plaintiff supervised more employees and assumed greater responsibilities. Id. at 40-41; Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 41. Ron Lantzy, plaintiffs direct supervisor at Homer City, annually assessed plaintiffs performance. These reviews were also signed by John Herbein, then Penelec’s Vice President of Station Operations. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 24. Cognizant that plaintiff was new to the position and station, Lantzy testified that he gave plaintiff the benefit of the doubt. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 22. Accordingly, plaintiffs 1985 review contained average to high ratings (á rounded 4 out of 5) plus specific suggestions for improvement. Lant-zy thought Plaintiff a satisfactory performer, id. at 19, although, in the “Performance Factors” section of the review form, he noted: 1. Job Skills — “additional focus on the ‘managing of people’ aspect will improve this category.” 2. Decision-Making — “Makes effective 'decisions, normally. More exposure and experience will improve decision-making.” 3. Delegation — “Delegation needs to incorporate a feel for assignments, necessary instruction, authority and the need for follow-up progress reports to assure respected results are achieved. Responsibility does not fully transfer (if at all) when items are delegated.” 4. Communications — “ ... additional first hand communication with employees is needed in future.” 5. Leadership — “Ted can improve in this area after he gains experience and becomes more confident and assertive.” Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 24, at 00149 (excerpted). In addition, the “Accountabilities/Significant Projects” section encouraged plaintiff to improve maintenance expenditures, supply availability, daily maintenance programs and personnel relations. Id. at 00150. Finally, the “Supervisor’s Comments” section noted that “Ted has been faced with numerous challenges ... and he has handled them well. [He] needs to focus efforts on his ‘people managing’ role and to assume greater ownership of maintenance activities and deficiencies ...” Id. at 00151. Overall, there was only one unsatisfactory mark, a “2” rating for delegation. Despite these suggestions, the overall tenor of the review was favorable. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 22. In his 1986 Review, Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 25, plaintiffs rounded rating dropped to a 3 as a result of what Lantzy saw as “down sliding.” The unrounded decline, however, was only fifteen-hundredths of a point, from 3.45 to 3.30. In the “Performance Factors” section, plaintiff lost one point each in four categories (knowledge of procedures, decisionmaking, teamwork and quality); maintained eight others at average to above-average and gained a point in delegation, a previously flagged problem area. Lantzy specifically commented: 1. Job Skills — “Satisfactory. Needs to improve skills of managing people.” 2. Decision-Making — “Sometimes gets hung up on issues and misses the broader picture of what needs to be accomplished.” 3. Delegation — “Sometimes delegation is made without sufficient follow-up 4. Communication — “ Ted communicates well ... needs to practice more ‘emotions’ at appropriate times to better communicate approval/disapproval.” 5. Quality — “Quality of work suffers due to the effort to push out the quantity — better balance is needed.” Id. at 00145. In the “Accountabilities/Signif-icant Projects” section, Plaintiff lost a point in each of three areas: monitor/control expenditures, improve efficiency of maintenance personnel, provide guidance in improving quality; gained one point in two areas: assure supplies, member of big stack group; and held steady in four others. Id. at 00145-46. Lantzy’s only true cautionary comment was to “focus efforts on improving relations with supervisors.” Id. at 00146. The “Supervisor Comments” section of the review recommended that plaintiff improve his “cooperative skills to obtain needed support” in outage planning, stores, and supervisor/bargaining unit attitude and performance. Id. In the “Employee Comments” section, Plaintiff listed his achievements and future career goals without either questioning the review or discussing his plans for improvement. Id. In August 1987, a month before his next review, plaintiff attended an outside seminar entitled “Value of the Person” with three other people. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 95-96. This program had a religious theme, and was taught by a Christian instructor who made references to God. Id. at 113-114. Its message was essentially to treat others with respect, id. at 97; Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 90, or, as plaintiff put it, to “stop doing things mans’ way and to start doing things God’s way.” Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 114. Plaintiff told his management, specifically Lantzy, about this program. Id. at 91. In November 1987, John Skelly of Pene-lec’s Human Resources Department assessed the seminar for possible inclusion in Pene-lec’s training programs. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 22, at 26-27. Skelly ultimately rejected it, however, as incompatible with Penelec’s goals because it portrayed “top management as inherently dangerous and unappreciative of their people[,]” and organized labor as “anarchists who pushed against the wall.” Id. at 19-20. Although the speaker mentioned the Bible, Skelly could not recall any explicit religious focus. Id. at 25, 29. Lant-zy, for his part, recalled mention of Christian-based principles but did not think they were a significant component. Penelec never adopted the program. On September 4,1987, one month after the seminar and two months prior to Skelly’s rejection of it, Lantzy reviewed plaintiffs job performance a few weeks earlier than normal. Compare dkt. no. 13, Exh’s 24, 25 (reviews held in October 1986,1986) with id., Exh. 26 (documenting September 4, 1997 meeting regarding plaintiffs performance). Lantzy later documented the meeting in a September 11 letter which he sent, with a copy of the review, to plaintiff. Id., Exh. 26. On September 18, Lantzy prepared a second review containing more detailed criticism. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 27. Plaintiff, at that point, understood that his job was in danger. Dkt. no 13, Exh. 14, at 89. Lantzy’s letter requested “significant positive improvement” to maintain his position and flagged several key deficiencies, including “Decision-making, Communications, Leadership, Teamwork, and Quality” plus “five of [Plaintiffs] principal Accountabilities.” Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 26. The letter also stated: “Perhaps your overall lack of experience and managerial effectiveness have been responsible for the sub-standard level of your performance over the past two and one-half years in the position. Regardless, the managerial needs of Homer City Station have not been met to the extent that management changes will have to be made within the next six months if the situation warrants such change ... The seriousness of this situation cannot be stressed enough.” Id. The accompanying review contained an average rating of 2.7. Id. In the Performance Factors section, plaintiff lost a point each in five categories (Planning, Leadership, Teamwork, Employee Development and Timeliness) and two in Communication. Specific comments included: 1. Decision-making — “Needs improvement in making appropriate decisions.” 2. Communications — “Ted needs improvement in how' he transmits his ideas, concerns, etc. to others to maintain support to achieve goals. Needs to be firm in communication.” 3. Leadership — "Needs to demonstrate leadership, firmly lead subordinates.” 4. Teamwork — “Ted must improve his and his department’s interaction with others to build the necessary teamwork.” 5. Quality — “Quality of work is short of expectation and must improve.” Id. In the Accountabilities/Significant Projects section, plaintiff lost points in six categories. Specific criticism included: “[budget understanding and control not taken seriously;” “[s]hortcomings in Station Maintenance ... and teamwork has been a problem;” “Communication and teamwork falls short of target” and “assertiveness and determination to enforce Accountabilities falls short of needs.” Id. Plaintiffs efforts to assure that adequate tools and supplies were kept in inventory, however, were specifically praised. Id. The September 18th review contained identical ratings and comments but also included an extended Supervisor and Employee Comments section., Lantzy wrote: “Ted must assess his approach to managing ... and establish himself as a capable leader. He must also establish support of other departments as needed ... Performance deficiencies in Decision-Making, Communication, Leadership, Teamwork, Quality and five other principal Accounta-bilities must be corrected if Ted is to remain in his present position ... I have stressed the seriousness of the situation over and over again.” Id. Although plaintiffs final average rating was 2.7, down from 3.30 the previous year, his rounded rating remained at 3. In the section of the review form designated for the employee to relate his comments, goals and aspirations, plaintiff responded that he had already begun to rectify the problems noted by Lantzy and noted specific “measurable and noticeable improvements.” He also stated that he wanted a higher level management position and listed his accomplishments. Other members of Penelec management, some of whom would later be involved in the reorganization, knew about plaintiffs performance difficulties. Lantzy had asked Larry Gebhardt, a Penelec personnel representative, for advice on how to handle this type of problem. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 35-36. Herbein, although unfamiliar with Plaintiffs actual performance, signed his reviews and understood that Lantzy had specific criticisms of plaintiffs work. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 12, at 50-51. Lantzy ultimately recommended transferring plaintiff to the position of Station Engineer at the Conemaugh generating station. Plaintiff was summoned to meet with Lantzy and Herbein in Herbein’s office and was told that he was being transferred because of a budget overrun in his department. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 110. Fearful for his career, Plaintiff did not question these decisions. Id. Effective January 25, 1988, he was transferred with no salary or benefits change despite a drop in grade level from 22 to 17. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 29. Plaintiffs new direct supervisor was John Barron. Citing the proximity of his demotion to the “Value of the Person” seminar, plaintiff now asserts that Lantzy was motivated by disapproval of the seminar’s religious content and, by implication, by disapproval of plaintiffs own beliefs. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 92. He states that other seminar attendees told him of Lantzy’s disapproval, id. at 112, although the record does not contain their testimony. From the other attendees, plaintiff understood the seminar to be a “hot issue” with someone, most likely Lantzy. Id. Moreover, although he expressed no such sentiment at the time it was given, plaintiff now disagrees with the unfavorable 1987 review and, noting previous favorable assessments, alleges that Lantzy fabricated most of it. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 100-06. C. The 1994-95 Reorganization 1. The Drafting Process In 1994, the GPU companies underwent reorganization, the purpose of which was to streamline operations through functional regrouping, and a process which typically involved downsizing. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 20, at 21-22; Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 21. A team first identified the companies’ six core processes: 1) Produce Energy; 2) Modify Plant; 3) Growth; 4) Provide Fuels and Materials; 5) Collect and Disburse Money; and 6) Recruit and Develop People. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 20, at 23-24. The “Produce Energy” process became the responsibility of Genco. Each process had an “owner.” Herbein became the Produce Energy Proc.ess Owner, in other words, the person responsible for all of Gen-co’s power generation functions. Dkt. no.12, Exh. 13, at 4-5,13. Each individual generating station had six Local Process Owners (“LPOs”). At each station, the LPO of Produce Energy (“PEL-PO”) became the equivalent of the former Station Director. Dkt. no. 11, at 13. John Gritzer held that position at Conemaugh, where plaintiff was employed in 1995. Id. at 15. Together, these six local process owners formed the “Station Leadership Team.” At Conemaugh, this team included Barron (plaintiffs direct supervisor), Gritzer (Cone-maugh’s PELPO), John Humphrey, Carl Dodson and Debbie Kuhne. Id. An elaborate drafting system was put in place to staff Genco. See Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 1 to Exh. 20 (outlining the structure and goals of the drafting process). First, an evaluation team identified twenty areas of competency by which each employee would be assessed for his or her future capability to adapt to Genco’s new policy of employee self-direction. Id. at 12. These twenty competencies were developed “in lieu of using the [then-]current performance evaluation process.” Id. Thus, rather than simply referring to past reviews, each supervisor or group of supervisors was required to rate the employee “on the skill areas which are believed to be important to Genco.” Id. at 7. Employees were to submit personal data sheets and preferred duty stations. Supervisors then used the competency evaluations to assess and rank their direct reports within four separate, equally-sized quartiles. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 22. This evaluation was based solely on the raw score from the competency assessment. Station leadership teams then worked with the Modify Plant Leadership Team to further reassess the rankings. Id. at 24. This was required in order to eliminate rater bias and promote fair comparison of employees reporting to different supervisors. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 1 to Exh. 20, at 13-14. Quartile rankings from each of the three companies were then combined. After quartiling, two separate personnel drafts were held, one for technical positions and a second for production and administrative positions. In these drafts, the PELPOs and the Modify Plant Leadership Team selected employees in four rounds. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 20, at 75-76. In each round, these eighteen selectors filled one-fourth of the total positions per station. Selectors could pick regardless of quartile, but challenges to their selections were permitted. In the third or fourth rounds, any selection from other than the highest available quartile resulted in a mandatory challenge. Id. at 76, Exh.l to Exh. 20, at 15-16. Gary Moyer and Ron Smith from the Recruit and Develop People Process analyzed each round for disparate impact on race or gender. See Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 1 to Exh. 20, at 16. 2. The Technical Draft Engineers were selected in the technical draft held on September 4, 1995. Prior to that date, Conemaugh’s leadership team had determined that it could eliminate one mechanical and one electrical engineer. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 21-22. The Conemaugh selectors were accordingly aware that they had only fourteen positions for sixteen incumbents. Barron assessed and ranked his sixteen direct reports. See Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 31. Plaintiff placed sixth out of fifteen, falling into the second quartile with a score of 107. The station leadership team reviewed and debated these ratings. See Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 32. Each team member was familiar with each engineer, having relied on them in their own work. This reassessment changed the rankings, especially for eight engineers, five of whom increased and three of whom decreased. In particular, Brandick, a twenty-' four year old female, jumped up by three positions, from eighth to fifth. Of the three engineers who moved down, all were males over age forty. Jacoby lost three places, Lewis lost four and plaintiff was downgraded five places, from sixth to eleventh. .Klavuhn, a female aged thirty-four, was ranked thirteenth in both assessments with a score of 82. Id. Barron and Gritzer both testified about the changes. Although Barron had more personal knowledge of the engineers, he agreed that the re-rankings represented a considered consensus. Dkt. no 12, Exh. 8, at 26. The team members discussed each engineer on all twenty competencies, the goal being to “assess[ ] how these people will function and fit into the new Genco we’re creating” without actually comparing them. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 11, at 58. Conemaugh’s rankings were then combined with rankings from the rest of Penelec and the other two companies. Plain- . tiff was ultimately ranked in the third quartile and Ms. Klavuhn was ranked in the fourth. Two Conemaugh engineers, Plaintiff and Johnson, were unselected. Both were male and over forty years old. Gritzer, on behalf of Conemaugh, chose Ms. Klavuhn, a lower quartiled employee, over plaintiff. Gritzer defended this choice with specific reasons. He felt Klavuhn offered leadership, self-motivation, self-direction, communication, common sense and diversity more consistently than plaintiff did.' Dkt. no. 12, Exh.ll, at 62. Overall, the team saw her “as a person who was the future of Genco” and Gritzer “didn’t see [plaintiff] to be that same future.” Id. at 63. In contrast, Gritzer interpreted Plaintiffs known interest in labor relations positions as evidence that he was unsatisfied being a station engineer. Id. at 63-64. In that context, Gritzer testified that plaintiff had repeatedly removed the “Station Engineer” sign from his door because it was “a constant reminder of [his] demotion.” Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 127-129. When confronted, plaintiff said he did not consider himself to be a station engineer. Dkt. no. 12, Exh.ll, at 64. Plaintiff also frequently bid on non-engineering jobs for which both Grit-zer and Barron made reference calls on his behalf. Id. at 64-65. To Gritzer, these actions reflected poorly on plaintiffs motivation, leadership, and his commitment to his position. Id. at 63-64. Barron also testified that, although he had rated plaintiff higher than Klavuhn, he nevertheless agreed with Klavuhn’s selection. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 40-41. He, too, thought that she was constantly improving whereas plaintiff had “leveled-off.” Id. at 42. Barron specifically admitted that gender was a factor “that swayed the decision” in Kla-vuhn’s favor, id. at 46, but declared later in the deposition that gender played only a small role. Id. at 47. Barron’s expectation that plaintiff would be chosen by another station in the non-technical draft also weighed in Klavuhn’s favor. Id. at 49. Following the technical draft, plaintiff and Barron talked about plaintiffs nonselection. Plaintiff recalls one discussion in which Barron told him that he was deliberately ranked lower to “protect” Klavuhn. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 49. 3. The Production and Administrative Draft Unselected in the Technical Draft, plaintiff was then added to the production and administrative draft. A1 Slowick, the Produce Energy LPO at Homer City, apparently wanted him for a specific program, although Herbein had not yet approved it as an open position. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 23, at 19-20. Slowick’s plan to select plaintiff was common knowledge; Barron discussed it with Slowick and Slowick told plaintiff he wanted to draft him. Id. at 23. Slowick, however, said he later learned things about plaintiff at a meeting of his immediate subordinates that changed his mind. In particular, Slowick learned from employees Tremel, Sharbaugh and Dore about plaintiffs unsuccessful attempts to “develop certain management programs” at Homer City in the 1980s. Id. at 23-24. Slow-ick’s subordinates suggested that plaintiff would not “fit in” because he had a different style and was not a team player. Id. at 25. Because these men would have to work directly with plaintiff and were evidently not interested in doing so, Slowick believed that it would not “make sense to draft [plaintiff] into that situation.” Id. at 38. In addition, Slowick was aware of the station engineer sign incident, which he had heard from Grit-zer, and that plaintiff reputedly had “a strange way of doing certain things.” Id. at 30. Ultimately, Herbein did not approve the assignment as a separate position; it became an additional duty of another male employee over forty years of age, a Mr. Green. Id. at 21-22. Thus, plaintiff remained unselected after the second draft. U- The Aftermath Generally, unselected employees who, like plaintiff, were not old enough to retire were offered enhanced severance in return for a release of all employment-related claims. Dkt. no 13, Exh. 20, at 86-88. That was deferred in plaintiffs case, however, because Genco still had some temporary work assignments to fill. Accordingly, plaintiff was placed on a project known as the Plant Decommissioning Study, on which he still received his former salary and benefits. Id. at 108-09; Exh. 15, at 142. In April 1996, he took a bargaining unit position as coal handler at Homer City. Exh. 15, at 141-45; Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 1, at 2. In late 1996, he became Production Supervisor at Seward. Id., Exh. A. to Exh. 3. Plaintiff filed a discrimination charge with the EEOC on January 23, 1996, received a right to sue notice dated May 17 and filed this action on August 12 of that year. Following the close of discovery in August 1997, defendant filed the instant motion for summary judgment, which is now ripe for disposition. II. PRELIMINARY LEGAL ISSUES A. The Proper Defendant Defendant argues that GPU, Inc. is not the proper defendant in this case because that entity never employed plaintiff. Dkt. no. 11, at 31-34. Instead, the employment and reorganization decisions concerning plaintiff were made or controlled by management and executives of Penelec and Geneo, for which plaintiff actually worked. Defendant urges that Geneo or Penelec be named instead, and Plaintiff offers to stipulate that either is a proper defendant and liable for any judgment, dkt. no. 19, at 1. Defendant does not oppose plaintiffs offer, believes that the proper defendant “should be Geneo and will prepare the necessary stipulation.” Dkt. no. 22, at 1 n. 1.1 will allow that stipulation and proceed, for present purposes, as though Geneo had been the named defendant ab initio. B. Claims under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act In addition to his federal causes of action, plaintiff has asserted state law claims under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, 43 P.S. §§ 959, 962. Before a federal court can exercise jurisdiction over such a claim, the complainant must have exhausted his administrative remedies through the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission (“PHRC”). This requirement is not met by filing with the .federal EEOC. Woodson v. Scott Paper Co., 109 F.3d 913, 925-27 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 118 S.Ct. 299, 139 L.Ed.2d 230 (1997). Here, although he filed with and received a right to sue letter from the EEOC, plaintiff has not alleged that he filed a claim with the PHRC and makes no argument in his brief that he has effectively exhausted his state remedies. • See Dkt. no, 12, Exh.l, at 10; Dkt. no. 19. Thus, defendant is entitled to summary judgment on the state law claims. Woodson, 109 F.3d at 927. C. Summary Judgment Standard Summary judgment is appropriate where admissible evidence fails to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). If the nonmoving party bears the burden of persuasion at trial, the moving party must show that the non-moving party’s evidence is insufficient to carry that burden. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The nonmoving party can create a genuine issue of material fact by pointing to evidence in.the record sufficient to support a jury verdict in its favor at trial. Brewer v. Quaker State Oil Refining Corp., 72 F.3d 326, 330 (3d Cir.1995). Such evidence must be significantly probative and more than “merely colorable.” Armbruster v. Unisys Corp., 32 F.3d 768, 777 (3d Cir.1994). The nonmoving party is afforded the benefit of all reasonable inferences drawn from the record. Id. D.Legal Framework for Evaluating Employment Discrimination Claims Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on gender .and religion in employment. 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. Likewise, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”) prohibits age-based employment discrimination against any individual over forty years old. 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). The burden-shifting framework used under Title VII is also applicable to ADEA claims. Brewer, 72 F.3d at 330. Both Title VII and the ADEA require a plaintiff to establish a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination. That burden is not onerous. Texas Dep’t of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). Here, because defendant’s reorganization reduced the number of positions available to incumbent employees, it is appropriate to use the prima facie showing specifically developed for “reduction of force” cases. Thus, for each claim, plaintiff must show that: (i) he belonged to a protected class; (ii) he applied and was qualified for the available position; (in) he was laid off or passed over; and (iv) other workers not belonging to the protected class were retained. See Armbruster, 32 F.3d at 777. Once this prima facie showing is made, the nature of plaintiffs admissible evidence dictates the governing framework. Walden v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 126 F.3d 506, 513 (3d Cir.1997). Where direct, “smoking gun” evidence exists showing that an illegitimate criterion played a substantial role in the employment decision, the burden of both production and persuasion shifts to the defendant, id. at 512 (citing Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989)), which must then show that the same decision would have been made, even absent discriminatory animus. Id. at 512 (citing Armbruster, 32 F.3d at 778). On the other hand, if plaintiff offers only circumstantial evidence from which to infer discrimination, the burden-shifting paradigm of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) applies. Accordingly, once plaintiff establishes his prima facie case, the burden of production (but not the burden of persuasion) shifts to defendant to articulate a legitimate nondiseriminatory reason. Brewer, 72 F.3d at 330 (citing St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993)). If defendant adduces such evidence, the plaintiff can survive summary judgment only by pointing to pre-textual evidence in the record “from which a fact finder could reasonably either (1) disbelieve the employer’s articulated legitimate reasons; or (2) believe that an invidious discriminatory reason was more likely than not a motivating and determinative cause of the employer’s action.” Keller v. Orix Credit Alliance, Inc., 130 F.3d 1101, 1108 (3d Cir.1997) (in banc) (quoting Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 763 (3d Cir.1994)). To survive summary judgment under the first prong of the pretext test, the plaintiff must discredit the defendant’s reasons, not by “simply show[ing] that the employer’s decision was wrong or mistaken ... [but r]ather, the nonmoving plaintiff must demonstrate such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incohereneies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its actions that a reasonable fact finder could rationally find them unworthy of credence.” Keller, 130 F.3d at 1108-09 (quoting Fuentes, 32 F.3d at 765). If plaintiff uses prong two, he must identify evidence “allow[ing] the fact finder to infer that discrimination was more likely than not a motivating or determinative cause of the adverse employment action.” Id. at 1111 (quoting Fuentes, 32 F.3d at 762). Such evidence must prove discrimination “based solely on [its] natural probative force[.]” Id. E. Plaintiffs Qualifications The second prima facie element of a discrimination ease requires plaintiff to show that he applied for and was qualified for the position he unsuccessfully sought. In addition, he must identify for comparison the non-protected employees who were treated more favorably. Citing plaintiffs answers to interrogatories, dkt. no. 12, Exh. 4, at 10, defendant has identified eighteen employees whom it understands plaintiff to argue were treated more favorably than he was. Defendant disputes plaintiffs qualifications to compete for any of their positions. Dkt. no. 11, at 47-64. In response, plaintiff asks that a jury be permitted to determine the qualification issue but specifies only Ms. Brandiek and Ms. Klavuhn, both mechanical engineers, as favored employees for whose positions he was qualified. Dkt. no. 19, at 18-20. Thus, it could well be argued that plaintiff has waived the qualification issue as to all of the others. Nevertheless, I will consider whether plaintiff could be considered qualified to perform outside the mechanical engineering discipline. Plaintiff holds a variety of degrees, and by 1995 had amassed over twenty-two years of experience with Penelec. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 1973, for which he also took elective courses in electrical engineering and basic chemistry. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 7-8. After joining Penelec, plaintiff received further university training in electrical engineering but not in chemical engineering. Id. at 17-19. In 1984, he received a Masters of Business Administration, for which he took courses in accounting, statistics, labor relations, budgeting, finance, business and business theory. Id. at 9-13. In 1986, while Maintenance Manager at the Homer City generating station, plaintiff studied labor law, grievance resolution and took a variety of personnel management courses, earning a master’s degree in Industrial and Labor Relations. Id. at 14-16. Advancing through Penelec, Plaintiff was widely exposed to different jobs and frequently managed employees working in other disciplines. For his first four years, he was a production engineer at Seward, dispatched from headquarters to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems. Id. at 21-25. Later, as a boiler engineer, he inspected, modified and repaired coal-fired boilers. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 28. As a quality control engineer, plaintiff supervised quality control and contracted for repairs on boilers and equipment generally. Id. In 1979, he became Station Engineer at Seward, where he ensured regulatory compliance, maintained supplies and coordinated personnel training. He also participated in the start-up of a waste treatment facility. Id. In all of these positions, plaintiff functioned as a mechanical engineer. Dkt. no. 18, Exh. 14 at 34-35. In 1981, plaintiff became Maintenance Superintendent at Homer City, focusing more on management skills and less on engineering duties. Id. at 39. He “[supervised 50 union craftsmen through 7 supervisors[,]” prepared station budgets and oversaw maintenance activities. Dkt. no. 13, at 28. After plaintiffs 1987 demotion, he was again a station engineer, this time at Cone-maugh, where he monitored and. improved operations of pulvurizers and turbine deck equipment. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 44-45. Plaintiff characterized his work at' Cone-maugh as “electromechanical” since turbines have both mechanical and electrical components. Id. at 52. He worked alongside electrical and chemical engineers, although he acknowledged his dependence on chemical engineers for certain activities. Id. at 59-60. In the early 1990’s, Plaintiff participated in the start-up of a new scrubber plant. He also got increasingly more involved with personnel issues, becoming a trained “Team Facilitator” who organized meetings. Id. at 54-55. Mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering are three separate disciplines. Id. at 9. Plaintiff identified a progressive effort to integrate work within these disciplines at Conemaugh in the 1990s, primarily because generating operations are interdependent. Id. at 65, 69. Although each mechanical engineer had a specialty, they worked together to optimize equipment performance. Id. at 66-71. Moreover, engineers from different disciplines would often work alongside one another. Plaintiff claims that these work experiences, along with his diverse educational background, qualified him for a position as either a mechanical, electrical or chemical engineer. Id. at 167,169,175. At the prima facie stage, the court views plaintiff’s qualifications objectively, requiring, at a minimum, the experience and education necessary to be a viable candidate for the position. Sempier v. Johnson & Higgins, 45 F.3d 724, 729 (3d Cir.1995). The employer is entitled to establish the job requirements and the plaintiff must offer more than his own opinion that he is qualified. In re Carnegie Center Associates, 129 F.3d 290, 298 (3d Cir.1997). Plaintiff had been classified as an “Engineer Senior I” since his 1987 demotion. The 1993 job description for this position provided by-defendant states that “[t]his position provides engineering services and support in one of these disciplines: Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Instrumentation and Controls, or Mechanical Engineering.” Dkt. no. 12, Exh. A to Exh. 5, at 1 (emphasis added). Although the position requires knowledge of station operations and engineering principles, the description emphasizes that these requirements pertain to “[the employee’s] area of engineering expertise.” Id. at 1,2, 3. Defendant’s witnesses do not offer as expansive a view of plaintiffs qualifications as he does. Gritzer stated that engineers were typically compartmentalized in their specific disciplines and that plaintiff was not overly involved in other areas. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 11, at 20, 22. Gritzer doubted whether plaintiff could perform as an electrical or chemical engineer. Id. at 69-70. In addition, Gritzer characterized Ms. Klavuhn, a mechanical engineer by education, as a “thermal performance engineer” and did not think plaintiff could perform her job. Id. Plaintiff has offered. no evidence, other than his own assertion, that he was-capable of performing in any other discipline than mechanical engineering. This is insufficient. Absent some showing, for example, that persons with his background are commonly employed in such an interdisciplinary fashion in either the industry in general, or the company in particular, he cannot meet his prima facie burden of proving his qualifications. To put it in another context, an orthopedic surgeon is not qualified for employment as a neurologist, even if he or she has taken medical courses in that discipline and worked extensively in hospitals alongside neurologists. Hence, plaintiffs qualifications will be compared only to those of Klavuhn and Bran-dick, who, like plaintiff, were mechanical engineers at Conemaugh. Plaintiff was objectively qualified for a position as a mechanical engineer. At the beginning of the technical draft, there were six mechanical engineers at Conemaugh, including plaintiff. Of the five remaining, two were younger than plaintiff and one was female. Ms. Klavuhn was both. At this point, then, plaintiff has established a prima facie case of sex and age discrimination because Ms. Kla-vuhn was selected for a position for which he was also qualified. The record contains a discrepancy regarding Ms. Brandick. The draft records indicate that she was a chemical engineer in 1995, dkt. no. 13, Exh. 33, at 2, but the master list of mechanical engineers contains her name, Dkt. no. 12, Exh. B. to Exh. 5, at 2. Brandick, who was twenty-four during the draft, stated that she was trained as a chemical engineer and currently holds the Station Engineer position at Conemaugh, where her duties involve 40% management work and 60% Chemical Engineering. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 9, at 5, 13. Of her engineering duties, she estimated that 20% could be performed by a non-engineer. Id. at 24. At the prima facie stage, given the discrepancy in the record, I will conclude, for summary judgment purposes only, that plaintiff is qualified to hold Brandick’s station engineer position. Thus, plaintiff has made his prima facie showing of qualification regarding both Kla-vuhn and Brandick. III. PLAINTIFF’S SUBSTANTIVE CLAIMS A. Religious Discrimination Plaintiff alleges that his 1987 demotion and his failure to be selected in the 1995 drafts, as well as various intervening adverse employment events, were the result of, inter alia, religious discrimination. Defendant responds by arguing, first, that the 1987-95 pre-draft claim is time-barred and, second, that the 1995 draft claim fails on its merits. I will address these contentions seriatim. 1. Pre-Draft Claims and the Continuing Violation Theory Plaintiff admits, as he must, that his claim of religious discrimination predicated on conduct beginning in 1987 significantly predates the statute of limitations. He asserts, however, that he is nevertheless entitled to recover based on the “continuing violation” theory, to which I first turn. Title VII requires that plaintiff file his charge of discrimination within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory conduct. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5. The continuing violation theory, however, can extend this limitations period in certain limited circumstances. If the plaintiff alleges that at least one violation occurred within the 300-day period and the other requirements of a continuing violation are met, he can then offer evidence and recover for earlier, related discriminatory conduct that would otherwise be time-barred. See, e.g., West v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 45 F.3d 744, 754-755 (3d Cir.1995). To successfully assert a continuing violation, a plaintiff must establish, first, at least one discriminatory act occurring within the 300 day period, and second, that the discrimination is “more than the occurrence of isolated or sporadic acts of intentional discrimination.” Id. • at 754-755. Thus, a plaintiff must show an on-going pattern or practice of discrimination by the defendant. Id. The Third Circuit, in distinguishing between an on-going pattern of discrimination and unrelated, isolated events, examines the following factors: (a) subject matter — do the violations constitute the same type. of discrimination? (b) frequency — did the alleged acts recur throughout the relevant time period? (c) -permanence — should the nature of the violation trigger the employee’s awareness of the need to assert his rights and do its consequences continue even in the absence of a continuing intent to discriminate? Rush v. Scott Specialty Gases, Inc., 113 F.3d 476, 481-82 (3d Cir.1997) (citing Berry v. Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State Univ., 715 F.2d 971, 981 (5th Cir.1983)). The permanence factor is considered the most important of the three. Rush, 113 F.3d at 482. The continuing violation theory has been successfully invoked in sexual harassment claims, West, 45 F.3d at 755, and in eases involving the repeated application of discriminatory written policies. Courtney v. LaSalle Univ., 124 F.3d 499, 506 (3d Cir.1997). In contrast, it cannot be used to challenge discrete employment decisions, such as the failure to promote, if a plaintiff should have known that his rights were violated at the time of decision. See Rush, 113 F.3d at 483-84 (rejecting the continuing violation theory because failure to promote is a discrete incident). Plaintiff argues that since the 1987 seminar and subsequent demotion, there has been “an ongoing conspiracy by certain management personnel of the Defendant, the object of which was to adversely affect Plaintiffs employment with the Defendant.” Dkt. no. 19, at 2. He claims that religious discrimination motivated the demotion and was later used to deny him promotions and assignments. That religious animus was rekindled, he asserts, when decisionmakers familiar with his work- history did not select him during the 1995 reorganization. In sum, plaintiff claims that a pattern of religious discrimination existed and ultimately cost him a position at Genco. If this assertion is correct, plaintiff may introduce evidence dating from the 1987 demotion and recover for all religious discrimination that occurred subsequent to it. If the continuing violation theory is not applicable, he may challenge only decisions made during and after the 1995 reorganization. Plaintiff filed no charges with the EEOC over the 1987 demotion or any other employment decision before the reorganization, despite his professed belief that they were motivated by discriminatory animus. Based on Rush, I am constrained to reject the continuing violation theory. When plaintiff was demoted, “the continued existence of the adverse consequences of the act [were not] dependent on a continuing intent to discriminate.” Rush, 113 F.3d at 482. Thus, plaintiff knew or should have known of the permanency of the act, and the concomitant need to assert his legal rights, when the demotion occurred. Id. at 480-481. Nevertheless, I recognize that plaintiffs claims are intertwined and depend' partially on events predating the 1995 reorganization. Accordingly, I will evaluate, for purposes of deciding this motion, plaintiffs evidence of religious discrimination dating from the 1987 demotion, but only insofar as it is relevant to show that discriminatory animus based upon religion motivated his non-selection in the 1995 drafts. Recovery for that prior conduct, however, is barred by the statute of limitations. See Stoller v. Marsh, 682 F.2d 971, 978-79 (D.C.Cir.1982). 2. Analysis of Plaintiffs Religious Discrimination Claim Allegations of disparate treatment on account of religion follow traditional Title VII analysis, although courts have altered slightly the prima facie case to require plaintiff to show that he informed his employer of his religious beliefs. See, e.g., Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup, Int'l, Inc., 82 F.3d 578, 581 (3d Cir.1996) (citing Protos v. Volkswagen, Inc., 797 F.2d 129, 133 (3d Cir.1986)); Vetter v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 884 F.Supp. 1287, 1302 (N.D.Iowa 1995). Plaintiff has adduced evidence to establish that, as a Fundamentalist Christian, he belongs to a protected class and that, despite being qualified, he was denied a position at Genco. At best, however, plaintiff has made a weak showing that Barron, Gritzer and Slowick knew his religious beliefs when they awarded positions in the 1995 drafts. Plaintiff admits he did not actively publicize those beliefs, but implicitly argues instead that his actions, most notably attending and advocating the 1987 “Value of the Person” seminar and authoring a book about Christian management techniques, made them known. Dkt. no. 19, at 8. Regarding the events surrounding the 1987 seminar and demotion, the record suggests that Lantzy, plaintiffs then-supervisor, may have been cognizant of plaintiffs religion at that time, although the record is far from conclusive on that point. Plaintiff'asserted the following as evidence of Lantzy’s knowledge: Q: How did Mr. Lantzy know that you were a Fundamentalist Christian? A: I. discussed the Value of the Person program several times with him. Q: And what occurred during the course of that conversation that would tell Mr. Lantzy that you’re a Fundamentalist Christian? A: Specifically, he would have had to approve the program. And the information on the program, the fliers clearly show that it is based on Christian principles. Q: Was there anything that identified the program as Fundamentalist Christian as opposed to some other kind of Christian? A. I don’t think the word Fundamentalist is used in the literature. Q: Anything else in the course of your conversations with Mr. Lantzy that would tell him that you were a Fundamentalist Christian? A Yeah. Various conversations we had about treatment of individuals. Q. And how .would he know that that was Fundamentalist Christian as opposed to some other kind of Christian, as opposed to Jewish, as opposed to Muslim? A You know, again, just based on the conversation. The word Fundamentalist that you keep referring to was probably not on the literature or probably didn’t come out in the conversation. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 88-89. Lantzy testified that he “recall[ed] some comments about” “the Christian-based principles that were associated with that program[,]” but “didn’t see [them] as being a significant ... issue” or focus of the seminar. To Lantzy, the “principles” were “really common sense[ ]” rather than religious. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 18, at 90. Lantzy was not asked whether he knew of plaintiff’s religious beliefs specifically and did not testify on that point. Although weak, this record could support an inference of Lantzy’s knowledge. Plaintiff suspects that Lantzy fabricated a poor review and ultimately demoted him because Lantzy disapproved of the seminar, Dkt. no. 13, Exh: 15, at 91, 98, 100-106. That claim, regardless of its merit, is time-barred for the reasons discussed supra. Thus, in the absence of evidence that this incident influenced later decisionmakers, it is immaterial to plaintiff’s prima facie showing. Plaintiff published Theory C, a book about Christian-based management principles, in 1990 while at Conemaugh. He gave copies of this work to, among others, Barron and McKenzie, who passed it to Slowick. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 4, at 12. The book received newspaper publicity and plaintiff appeared on a local Christian television station. Id. at 11. Thus, there is evidence to support a prima facie showing that Barron and Slowick were aware of plaintiffs religious beliefs, although plaintiff admitted in his deposition that Barron did not discriminate against him. See Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 85. Plaintiff never told Gritzer of his beliefs. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 86, 98. He suspects, however, that others did and also assumes that Gritzer saw the Theory C book that Plaintiff kept on his desk. Id. at 86. Gritzer denied knowing about the book and said he knew little about plaintiff before he came to Conemaugh, aside from plaintiffs previous position within the company. Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 11, at 85, 19. Thus, plaintiff has failed to make the prima facie showing of knowledge as to Gritzer, although he has done so regarding Slowick. Turning then to the remainder of the burden-shifting analysis, defendant has put forth a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for not selecting plaintiff, specifically that he was not as motivated and qualified as the other candidates. Plaintiff is accordingly required to come forward with evidence that this reason was a pretext for religious discrimination. I conclude that he has failed to do so. The record contains nothing other than speculation by plaintiff that religious discrimination played a role in his nonselection. The only possible link between plaintiffs religious beliefs and any adverse employment action is the proximity between the 1987 seminar and his subsequent poor review and demotion. That claim, as already discussed, is time-barred, but even assuming that Lant-zy"s 1987 review did reflect a discriminatory animus, plaintiff has not shown that Barron and Gritzer, who were specifically required to rank their employees solely on the results of the 1995 core competency evaluation, dkt. no. 13, Exh. 1 to Exh. 20, at 7, were influenced by it. The very design of the draft, with forward-looking competency evaluations, multiple levels of review and input from numerous individuals, militates against such an inference. Nor has plaintiff adduced evidence suggesting that other, non-Fundamentalist employees were favored. Thus, he cannot point to any implausibilities or inconsistencies in defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason nor has he offered sufficient evidence from which a factfinder could conclude that discrimination was more likely than not a motivating factor in his nonselection in the technical draft. See Fuentes, 32 F.3d at-765. The circumstances surrounding Slowick are slightly different. Slowick had read Theory C ánd presumably knew of plaintiffs religious beliefs. Moreover, in changing his mind about drafting plaintiff, Slowick credited Sharbaugh’s negative comment that plaintiffs management programs had not been well received. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 23, at 32. Slowick testified, however, that he was unfamiliar with those management theories, “had no idea” that they involved Christian principles and had forgotten about the religious content of plaintiffs book. Id. at 33-35. He defended his decision not to select plaintiff by voicing concern that plaintiff was not a team player or a Homer City incumbent, and that it did not “make sense to draft [plaintiff] into [a] situation ... [where] he’d have to work with people ... that were not interested in having him there.” Id. at 25, 36, 38. Sharbaugh, for his part, testified that he opposed plaintiffs selection because he was a nonincumbent, which would mean subjecting an existing station employee to layoff. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 21, at 12, 16. He was unaware that plaintiff had written on and attempted to implement so-called Christian-based management principles. Id. at 20-21. Finally, the job for which Slowick considered drafting plaintiff was ultimately never funded as a separate position; instead, its duties devolved upon another, existing employee. This evidence is not sufficient to support a rational finding that plaintiff was discriminated against because of his religion. Plaintiff has come forward with no evidence of anti-Christian animus on the part of the defendant and he offers no more than speculation about the connection between his religious beliefs, defendant’s knowledge of them and his nonselection in the drafts. Without more, plaintiff has not “meaningfully thrown into question” Slowick’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason. See Fuentes, 32 F.3d at 765. B. Age Discrimination 1. Direct vs. Circumstantial Evidence Plaintiff first argues that he has direct evidence of age-based discrimination such that application of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting formula is unnecessary. Dkt. no. 19, at 14-18. He purports to find this evidence in statements made by Herbein about the need for young blood and employees in better physical shape, and by Hafer that younger employees were more energetic. To apply the proper analytical framework, I must first identify the true nature of plaintiffs evidence. For a statement to constitute direct evidence, it must reflect a discriminatory animus on the part of a decisionmaker. Armbruster, 32 F.3d at 778. The general rule was distilled from Justice O’Connor’s concurrence in Price Waterhouse: Stray remarks in the workplace, while perhaps probative of [a discriminatory animus], cannot justify requiring the employer to prove that its [employment] decisions were based on legitimate criteria. Nor can statements by nondeeisionmakers, or statements by decisionmakers unrelated to the decisional process itself, suffice to satisfy the plaintiffs burden in this regard ... What is required is ... direct evidence that decisionmakers placed substantial negative reliance on an illegitimate criterion in reaching their decision. Armbruster, 32 F.3d at 778 (quoting Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 276 (O’Connor, J., concurring)). Statements made at a time remote from the decision itself are also afforded less weight. See Ezold v. Wolf, Block Schorr, and Solis-Cohen, 983 F.2d 509, 545 (3d Cir.1992). These age-related comments constitute only circumstantial evidence. Herbein, as the Vice-President of Station Operations at Penelee, signed plaintiffs annual reviews and was instrumental in his 1987 demotion. During the 1995 reorganization, as the Produce Energy Process Owner, he oversaw all Genco staffing decisions. In addition, it was Herbein who refused to authorize the position Slowick initially intended to offer plaintiff before the second draft. Thus,' while Herbein did not directly make decisions affecting plaintiff, he was in a position to greatly influence those who did. Prior to the draft, Herbein held station meetings to discuss the reorganization. Plaintiff, along with Barron and Gritzer, attended such a meeting at Conemaugh in the summer of 1995. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 14, at 154. Both plaintiff and Barron recall that Herbein made a statement to the effect that he might get in trouble for saying it, but defendant needed to get fresh young blood in the company in order to remain competitive. Id. at 156; Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 58-59. Plaintiff also viewed a tape of a different meeting from June 1995 during which Mr. Hafer allegedly said that younger employees are more energetic. Dkt. no. 13, Exh. 15, at 31. Plaintiff alleges that other employees told him that Hafer made similar comments at other meetings. Id. at 31-32. Neither Herbein or Hafer made selection decisions directly, nor did they participate in the initial ranking process. In addition, their statements were made several months before the drafts. Thus, they do not constitute direct evidence of age discrimination. Nevertheless, because Barron and Gritzer may have understood those statements as reflecting company goals or policy, they are relevant circumstantial evidence. See Brewer, 72 F.3d at 333 (“a supervisor’s statements about the employer’s employment practices or managerial policy is relevant to show the corporate culture in which a company makes its employment decision and may be used to build a circumstantial case of discrimination”). See also Lockhart v. Westinghouse Credit Corp., 879 F.2d 43, 54 (3d Cir.1989) (“when a major company executive speaks, people listen”). Accordingly, I will consider whether the statements constitute probative evidence of pretext in the third stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. 2. Analysis of Plaintiffs Age Discrimination Claim Plaintiff, who was forty-three years old at the time of the 1995 reorganization, has presented a prima facie claim for age discrimination and has identified Klavuhn and Brandick as favored younger employees. Once again, defendant asserts that plaintiff was not chosen because, based on his declining performance and disinterested attitude, other candidates were more attractive. Plaintiff offers three pieces of circumstantial evidence to cast doubt on defendant’s explanation. First, he points to the discrepancy between Barron’s initial rankings and the group’s re-ranking and subsequent reliance upon subjective qualifications, which allegedly resulted in the selection of younger employees. Specifically, Brandick (24) and Long (37) were moved up while Jacoby (46), Lewis (45) and plaintiff (43) were moved down. Second, plaintiff offers the comments of Herbein and Hafer as evidence of a discriminatory atmosphere that harmed the chances of older employees by improperly influencing the selectors. Plaintiff’s circumstantial evidence is sufficient, albeit barely, to rebut defendant’s articulated nondiscriminatory reason that it chose better-suited, not younger, candidates. The statistics, although “of little if any value[,]” Keller, 130 F.3d at 1112, appear to favor plaintiffs position that age was a factor. Of the thirteen engineers retained at Conemaugh, eight were over forty years of age, but of those unseleeted, all were over forty. Moreover, defendant’s age analysis reveals that of the sixty-two mechanical engineers in the technical draft, the average age of those selected was forty-two and of those not selected, forty-six. The drafting process turned on highly subjective evaluations. Thus, it is largely governed by Ezold. When Attorney Ezold sued for gender discrimination after being denied partnership, her employer cited poor legal analysis skills as the basis for the denial. The court noted that “barring discrimination, a company has the right to make business judgments on employee status, particularly when the decision involves subjective factors deemed essential to certain positions.” Id. at 527. While subjective judgments are not insulated from review, a court should not simply second-guess them, but instead focus on the qualification found lacking and determine if non-protected employees were treated more favorably. Waldron v. SL Indus., Inc., 56 F.3d 491, 500 (3d Cir.1995) (citing Ezold, 983 F.2d at 528). Barron testified that Klavuhn was chosen as the candidate better suited for the future. See dkt. no. 12, Exh. 8, at 41. He felt that plaintiff no longer wanted to be a station engineer and had “leveled off or actually gone down” in performance and motivation, while Klavuhn had recently gotten “her life in better order and was constantly improving.” Id. at 42. Gritzer testified that Kla-vuhn was “a fairly highly motivated person, willing to do whatever it takes to get the job done.” Dkt. no. 12, Exh. 11, at 63. She was seen “as a person who was the future of Genco,” id., while plaintiff was not perceived as representing that future, because of his lack of motivation, commitment and desire to be a station engineer. Id. at 63-64. The criticisms Barron and Gritzer leveled against plaintiff track those earlier voiced by Lant-z/s 1986 and 1987 reviews, which noted a similar failure to make fo