Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER GENE CARTER, District Judge. Plaintiff Paul E. Dali, a former employee at The Chinet Company, has moved pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 for summary'judgment on Counts V and VI of his Second Amended Complaint. Defendants Chinet, The Chinet Company Salaried Employees’ Retirement Plan, and Group Insurance for Employees of The Chinet Company have filed a cross motion for partial summary judgment on Count VI. BACKGROUND ' The following undisputed material facts are taken from Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts”) and the exhibits attached thereto, Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts In Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts”), and Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts. The facts are largely not in dispute as they are documented in written communications between the parties. These communications are attached as exhibits to Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts. Dali was formerly employed as a Manager of Materials and Product Technology at Keyes Fibre Company’s (now Chinet’s) Wa-terville manufacturing facility. Due to a corporate downsizing, Dali was terminated on May 6, 1994, at age fifty two after working for Chinet and participating in The Chinet Company Corporate Salaried Employee’s Retirement Plan (“the Plan”) for twenty-eight years. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 1-2; Defendants” Statement of Material Facts (Docket No. 32) at ¶¶ 1-4. In 1992, 1993, and 1994, Chinet amended its benefits plan to provide early retirement opportunities to designated employees as part of its corporate downsizing effort. In each year, the company offered increased medical benefits and gap payments to be paid until the retiring employee qualified for social security. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts (Docket No. 22), Exhibit 21 (“the Amended Plan”) at §§ 5.4, 5.5, 5.6. The 1992 benefits were originally offered to Waterville plant employees who were aged sixty and over and who had worked for the company for at least fifteen years. Id. § 5.4. According to the Amended Plan, however, these benefits ultimately were not limited to Wa-terville employees and were offered to all Chinet employees who qualified. Id. The 1993 and 1994 early retirement benefits were offered to employees aged fifty five and older who had worked for the company for fifteen years. Id. §§ 5.5, 5.6. The Plan was also amended in 1993 with a new retirement benefit formula. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 3. Chinet employed Hewitt Associates to prepare summaries of the modifications made to the Plan in 1993. Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts ¶ 11. These brochures are entitled, Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance and the 199S Early Retirement Window. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 4, 7. The first four counts of Plaintiffs Complaint in this action alleged that Chinet violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. (“the ADEA”) and the Maine Human Rights Act, 5 M.R.S.A § 4572 et seq. (“the MHRA”), by offering enhanced early retirement benefits only to persons who were age fifty-five or older and otherwise qualified. Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts ¶ 8. This Court affirmed the Recommended Decision of the Magistrate Judge granting Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss all the age discrimination claims on October 6, 1997. Order Affirming the Recommended Decision of the Magistrate Judge (Docket No. 11). The remaining two claims — Counts V and VI — allege violations of ERISA’s disclosure requirements and fiduciary obligations. These are the substance of Counts V and VI. According to the record, Dali made several requests, starting in, 1993, for modifications that were made to the Plan in years 1992, 1993, and 1994. In early 1993, Dali wrote Chinet requesting copies of “all plan documents filed with the U.S. Department of Labor.” Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 1. In response, Chinet supplied Dali with a copy of the Plan effective January 1, 1987 (the “1987 Plan”). Id. ¶2, Exhibit 2; Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts ¶ 9(a). Chinet did not enclose summaries of any modifications made to the plan since 1987. Id. On April 6, 1993, Chinet informed all employees, including Dali, that its board of directors had approved a number of amendments to the Plan and that all employees would soon be receiving information about the changes. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 3. As promised, Chinet distributed to all employees a second letter describing changes made to the Plan that would become effective on June 1, 1993. Id. at Exhibit 4. Chinet explained that the 1993 amendments were described in the enclosed brochure, Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance. Id. It is undisputed that Dali received a copy of this brochure. Id. ¶ 5; Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts (Docket No. 37) ¶ 13. The parties disagree whether Chinet’s letter of April 6 disclosed to employees that the Plan had also been amended to provide an early retirement opportunity to employees age fifty five or older with fifteen or more years of service. Plaintiffs Reply to Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts at 2-3; Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts ¶¶ 9(b), 12. In plain language, the letter advises, “[y]ou will be hearing more about a voluntary retirement opportunity for salaried employees who are eligible to retire in 1993 (age 55 or older with at least 15 years of service). Employees electing to retire within a certain period in 1993 will receive the improved benefits from the Retirement Plan and the Retiree Medical Plan in effect before June 1, 1993. If eligible, you will receive additional information about this opportunity in your package.” Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 3. Furthermore, the Your Retirement Benfits ... A Better Balance brochure, which all employees received, notes on the front page that for those employees eligible to retire in 1993, “the company is offering a unique retirement opportunity.” Id. at Exhibit 5. Hence, this Court finds that Chinet informed its employees of the existence of the 1993 early retirement opportunity and told them that they would receive more information if eligible. It is further undisputed that Chinet distributed information regarding the 1993 early retirement plan to the eligible employees later that month. Id. ¶ 7. Dali was not an eligible employee. After receiving the Your Retirement Benefits .. .A Better Balance brochure in May, Dali requested in writing what he termed the “Retirement Plan Amendment Report.” Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 8, 9, 10. Dali did not specifically request information regarding the amendments made to the Plan in particular years, despite the fact that the April 6, 1993, letter from Chinet advised him of the existence of particular amendments made in 1993. Id. In response to his inquiry, Chinet informed Dali, first by phone and then by mail, that such a report did not exist and that there was no requirement for the plan administrator to file such a report with the Department of Labor. Id. at Exhibit 10. Chinet explicitly told Dali that the brochure, Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance, which Dali had already received, was the summary of material modifications required by the Department of Labor to be distributed to employees. Id. Dali made no further requests until almost a year later when, on April 14, 1994, after Dali’s employment was terminated, Dali wrote Chinet and complained that he still had not been provided with updated information that included modifications to the Plan adopted in 1993. Id. at Exhibit 12. Dali also inquired whether a rumor that pension plan money had been transferred to a medical benefits account was true. Id. Chinet promptly informed Dali that no such transfer had occurred or had ever been contemplated. Id. at Exhibit 13. Dali wrote Chinet three more times. He requested the latest annual report, a plan description, and a summary plan description, and expressed his concern that he never received the “summary description of material modifications” that he had requested back in 1993. Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 15,17, 19. Its tone growing more impatient, Chinet informed Dali that he was already in possession of the 1993 revisions to the Plan; they were summarized in the brochures, Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance brochure and 1993 Early Retirement Window. Id. at Exhibit 16. Chinet sent Dali copies of both brochures on February 2, 1995, and again on March 21,1995. Id. at Exhibits 16, 19. Finally, on April 6, 1995, Chinet sent Dali a copy of the Amended Plan. Id.' at Exhibit 21. DISCUSSION Summary judgment is appropriate when the record shows there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Once the moving party has come forward identifying those portions of “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any” which “it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact,” the adverse party can avoid summary judgment only by providing properly supported evidence of disputed material facts that would require trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2551-52, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The trial court must “view the entire record in the light most hospitable to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor”. Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904 F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir.1990). The Court will not, however, pay heed to “conelusory allegations, improbable inferences [or] unsupported speculation.” Medina-Munoz v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir.1990). If no genuine issue of material fact emerges, then the motion for summary judgment may be granted. I. COUNT V: FAILURE TO DISCLOSE In Count V, Dali argues that he requested summaries of modifications made to the Chi-net Plan in 1992, 1993, and 1994, and that Chinet failed to send him the information he requested. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 4-8. Chinet contends that it sent Dali all of the information available and that it fulfilled ERISA’s disclosure requirements. Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 8-16. ERISA imposes on plan administrators numerous obligations to provide information to their participants in and beneficiaries of employee benefit plans. For purposes of the instant motion on Count V, there are two pertinent statutory provisions: section 1024(b)(1) provides that a plan administrator must automatically furnish summaries of “all modifications and changes” to a plan within 210 days after the end of the plan year in which the change is adopted, 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1); and section 1132(c) provides that a court may, in its discretion, fine a plan administrator who fails to furnish within thirty days requested information required to be furnished under the statute up to $100 a day from the date of such failure, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c). It is clear that when an organization modifies its plan, ERISA’s notice requirements are quite loose. There is no requirement that anyone notify plan participants in advance of plan adoption or simultaneously with plan adoption. See 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1)(B). Instead, an ERISA plan administrator is automatically obligated to furnish all participants with a summary of the material modifications made to a plan no later than 210 days after the end of the year wherein the changes were to go into effect. 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1). If, however, a plan participant requests that the plan administrator furnish him or her with information required to be furnished under section 1024(b)(1) automatically, section 1132(c) is triggered and an administrator has thirty days to respond. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c) (an administrator who fails or refuses to comply with a request for “any information which such administrator is required. .. to furnish” to a participant may, in the court’s discretion, be liable to such participant) (emphasis added); Crotty v. Cook, 121 F.3d 541, 548 (9th Cir.1997) (holding that if a participant requests information, he is automatically entitled to the civil enforcement penalty provided for by 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1)); Brooks v. Metrica, Inc. 1 F.Supp.2d 559, 564-65 (E.D.Va.1998) (holding that violation of ERISA disclosure section 1024(b)(1) results in penalties under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)); James v. New York City District Council of Carpenters’ Benefit Funds, 947 F.Supp. 622, 633 (E.D.N.Y.1996) (applying 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c) penalty to administrator who failed to supply information required to be furnished to plan participants under 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1)). Thus, although the administrator has 210 days after the end of the plan year to automatically disclose to participants a change to the plan made in that year, if a participant to the plan specifically requests something he was entitled to receive automatically, then the civil penalty provision, section 1132(c), applies and the administrator has thirty days to comply with the request. The 1992,1993, and 1994 amendments to the Plan made by Chinet are material modifications, summaries of which are required to be furnished to participants pursuant to section 1024(b)(1). In order to trigger the section 1132(c) civil penalty, Dali must demonstrate that he requested the 1992, 1993, and 1994 modifications to' the plan and that Chinet failed to comply with his request within thirty days. This Court finds that in regard to the 1992 and 1993 amendments, Dali requested the information and Chinet failed to respond within thirty days of his request. With respect to the 1994 amendments, this Court finds that Dali never specifically requested the information. A. 1992 Amendment Chinet modified the Plan in 1992 to provide an early retirement opportunity to employees sixty years of age and older with at least fifteen years of service at Chinet with a social security gap payment to be paid until the employees reach age sixty two. Amended Plan at § 5.4. Dali contends that he should have received information regarding this opportunity in response to his written requests for plan information. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 6, 10. Chinet concedes that it did not send Dali a summary of the 1992 early retirement opportunity but argues that Dali never properly requested the information and, in any event, he was not entitled to receive it. Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 8-15. The first issue for the Court to determine is whether Dali properly requested a summary of the 1992 amendment. A written request for documents under section 1024(b)(4) implicates the penalty provision of section 1332(c)(1) only if the request gives the administrator clear notice of exactly what information is sought. Faircloth v. Lundy Packing Co., 91 F.3d 648, 655 (4th Cir.1996); Anderson v. Flexel, Inc., 47 F.3d 243, 248 (7th Cir.1995); Moothart v. Bell, 21 F.3d 1499, 1503 (10th Cir.1994); Williams v. Caterpillar, Inc., 944 F.2d 658, 667 (9th Cir.1991); Brooks, 1 F.Supp.2d at 567. The Court will thus examine the requests Dali sent to Chinet to determine whether those requests put Chinet on notice that Dali sought a summary of the 1992 material modification. Dali requested a summary of the 1992 amendment in his May 6, 1993, letter in which he asked for “the Retirement Plan Amendment Report.” Although a specific document entitled “Retirement Plan Amendment Report” did not exist, this phrase was sufficient to put Chinet on notice that Dali was interested in receiving information regarding amendments made to the Plan.- Chi-net admitted in its written response to Dali that it understood him to be requesting information regarding modifications to the Plan, albeit for modifications made in 1993. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts at Exhibit 10 (correcting Dali and asserting that all plan participants must receive a “summary of material modifications” for substantive plan changes within 210 days of the close of the plan year). This letter indicates that Chinet was aware that Dali was requesting changes made to the Plan. Chinet knew that the only completed document in the hands of participants was the 1987 version. Dali’s request for an amendment report was sufficient to. put Chinet on notice that he wanted to receive amendments made to the Plan since the 1987 version. Accordingly, this Court finds that Dali requested information pertaining to the amendment made to the plan in 1992 in his letter of May 6,1993. Chinet does not dispute Dali’s contention that it failed to send Dali a summary of the 1992 early-retirement opportunity. Chinet admits that “there was no proper summary plan description or summary of material modifications employed in enhancing early retirement benefits to nine participants in 1992 who were over the age of 60.” Defendants’ Reply to Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Docket No. 57) at 5. Nonetheless, Chinet insists that it was not required to provide Dali with information about benefits for which he was not eligible. Defendants’ Opposition to Summary Judgment at 14. This argument, however, does not persuade the Court given the purposes of ERISA’s disclosure provisions. A participant to a plan who requests amendments made to the plan may be interested in determining whether or not he or she is eligible for the new benefits that are the subject of the amendment. -Likely, this is the purpose of most plan participants’ information requests. The purpose of the reporting and disclosure provisions are to insure that plan participants are able to obtain information about the benefits which they are eligible to receive. Arsenault v. Bell, 724 F.Supp. 1064, 1066 (D.Mass.1989). The drafters of ERISA recognized, “a need for a more particularized form of reporting so that the individual participant knows exactly where he stands with -respect to the plan— what benefits he may be entitled to, what circumstances may preclude him from obtaining benefits, [and] what procedures he must follow to obtain benefits.” House Committee on Education and Labor, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, H.R.Rep. No. 533, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. 11 (1973), reprinted in 1974 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 4639, 4649. It would thus belie logic to interpret the ERISA disclosure requirement as extending only to documents describing benefits for which the administrator unilaterally determines the requesting participant is eligible. Here, Dali’s written request for an amendment report was a sufficient request for information regarding the 1992 amendments made to the plan. Hence, Chinet was clearly required to send Dali a summary of the early retirement opportunity, regardless of whether, in fact, Dali was eligible, within thirty days of May 6, 1992. Chinet also argues that as long as a plan administrator provides copies of all the plan documents available to him, he has adequately fulfilled the information request. ERISA, however, requires benefit plans to operate pursuant to a written document. 29 U.S.C. § 1102(a). As discussed supra II(B)(2), from this provision a rule has been judicially fashioned, that requires amendments to be adopted in writing. This rule would be seriously undermined if a plan administrator could avoid statutory penalties for failure to respond to an information request because the plan sponsor has not formalized the amendment in writing. Chinet’s argument that because it had not properly prepared a summary of the 1992 early retirement opportunity, it is excused from the disclosure requirement is thus unpersuasive. Dali argues that Chinet has failed to comply with his request for a summary of material modifications. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 7. This is despite the fact that Dali received a copy of the Amended Plan on April 6, 1995, that included a description of the early retirement benefits offered in 1992. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 20, 21. Notwithstanding his receipt of the Amended Plan, Dali argues that this document is not a summary of material modifications required to be provided to participants upon their request. Dali’s contention on this point appears to be about form rather than substance. He fails to explain why the Amended Plan’s description of the 1992 amendment is deficient in any substantive respect. Dali has now received a summary of the 1992 amendment in its final form. Therefore, this Court finds that Dali requested a description of the 1992 early retirement program on May 6, 1993, and did not receive a summary of the program until April 6, 1995 — almost two years after Chinet was statutorily required to furnish him with the document. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c). B. 1993 Amendments Chinet also amended the Plan in 1993. The 1993 amendments provided for an early retirement opportunity for employees age fifty five with fifteen years of service with a social security gap payment to be paid to age sixty two from plan assets. Amended Plan at § 5.5. The Plan was also amended in 1993 to provide a new retirement formula and a new death benefit. Id. §§ 4.2, 8.8. Unlike in 1992, Chinet hired Hewitt Associates to prepare two summaries of the amendments made to the Plan in 1993. Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts at ¶ 11. As previously discussed, one document was entitled “Your Benefits ... A Better Balance” and the second was entitled, “1998 Early Retirement Window.” Id; Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 5, 7. Dali made a request to examine the “Retirement Plan Amendment Report” in his letter dated May 6, 1993. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 8. Chinet responded by informing Dali that all information regarding “amendments made in 1993” was provided to him in April of 1993. Id. at Exhibit 10. The Court understands Chinet’s reply as an admission that Dali’s letter of May 6, 1993, was a request for information regarding 1993 amendments. The issue is whether Chinet adequately responded to Dali’s request of May 6, 1993, when it sent him only the first of the two brochures. The Court determines that it did not. Because it is undisputed that Dali was given the brochure, Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance, and this Court finds that no genuine dispute exists that Dali was told about the existence of a 1993 early retirement opportunity for which he was ineligible, the issue is narrowed to whether Chi-net was required to send Dali a copy of the 1993 Early Retirement Window brochure to fulfill his request for information. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts ¶¶ 5, 13, Exhibits 3, 4. For the same reasons discussed supra 1(A), the Court holds that Chinet was required to send Dali this information even though it pertained to benefits for which he was unquestionably ineligible. Dali requested all amendments made to the Plan. Accordingly, Dali was entitled to receive the 1993 Early Retirement Window brochure in response to his request for an amendment report made on May 6,1993. The next issue is on what date Dali’s request for the brochure entitled 1993 Early Retirement Window was fulfilled. Dali claims that he first received the brochure from Chinet on February 2, 1995. Chinet’s position is unclear. Although Chinet claims in its memorandum that it “sent Dali another copy” of the brochure on February 2, 1995, implying that this was not the first time it sent the brochure to Dali, Chinet provides no evidence that it sent a copy of 1993 Early Retirement Window to Dali on a date before February 2,1995. Lee Affidavit (Docket No. 33) ¶ 10 (emphasis added). Therefore, the Court finds that Chinet first sent Dali a copy of the brochure, 1993 Early Retirement Window, on February 2, 1995. C. 1994 Amendment In 1994, Chinet amended its Plan to offer an early retirement opportunity to employees fifty five years old or older with at least fifteen years of service with Chinet. Amended Plan at § 5.6. The Court finds that Dali did not properly request a copy of the 1994 amendment and, thus, ERISA’s thirty-day response requirement was not implicated. DaU’s general requests for information made in 1993, although arguably for all amendments to the plan, were made before the 1994 amendments to the plan had become effective. Hence these letters will not be read as a request for the change to the Plan made in 1994. Dali’s requests for information made in 1994 are also not requests for the 1994 amendment. Dali’s letter of April 14, 1994, inquires about his prior requests made during the year of 1993. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts at Exhibit 12. Dali’s letter of December 28, 1994, inquires about an alleged transfer of plan assets and requests an annual report, a plan description, and a summary plan description. Id. at Exhibit 15. Dali’s February 6, and March 15, 1995, letters request a copy of the amended Plan upon its completion and reiterate his interest in a copy of “the changes approved ... in January 1993.” Id. at Exhibits 17, 18. When Dali referred to amendments in this correspondence, he specified the amendments made to the Plan in 1993. Therefore, because Dali did not request a summary of the 1994 amendment, Chinet was not required to provide them to Dali. D. Penalties Having determined that there is no genuine dispute whether Chinet violated ERISA’s disclosure requirements, this Court grants summary judgment in favor of Dali on Count V. The next issue concerns the appropriate amount of the penalty. Dali asks this Court to impose the maximum penal sum on Chinet for the above-discussed violations— $100 a day. Chinet has not suggested an alternative figure because it stalwartly asserts that it did not violate the disclosure requirements of ERISA. Imposition of penalties for failure to provide documents to participants is committed to the discretion of the court. Celi v. Trustees of Pipefitters Local 537 Pension Plan, 975 F.Supp. 23, 28 (D.Mass.1997) (citing Rodriguez-Abreu v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 986 F.2d 580, 588 (1st Cir.1993)). The Court may properly consider prejudice and bad faith as factors in deciding whether to impose penalties. Id; see also Tucker v. General Motors Retirement Program, 949 F.Supp. 47, 56 (D.Mass.1996) (awarding no penalties because plaintiff was not prejudiced and Defendants’ actions did not evidence bad faith nor an intent to undermine the plaintiffs rights). Here, Dali has not shown any bad faith on the part of Chinet. Furthermore, as this Court discusses in depth in regard to Dali’s breach of fiduciary duty claims, Dali’s allegations of prejudice to him as a result of Chinet’s failure to provide him with summaries of retirement benefits for which he was ineligible are unpersuasive. See supra 11(C). This case is thus very similar to Tucker, in which the court determined that the imposition of fees was not appropriate. Tucker, 949 F.Supp. at 56. In that case, the plan administrator failed to fully respond to the plaintiff’s request for information. The court found that GM’s failure to provide all of the documentation requested left plaintiff without the information necessary to file an immediate appeal. Id. However, because the appeal was ultimately unsuccessful and GM was not motivated by malice or neglect, the Court found that penalties were not warranted. Id. In this case, Dali did not miss any opportunity to appeal benefits denied him. In fact, the information that Dali sought did not pertain to benefits for which he was even eligible. Moreover, here, as in Tucker, although Chinet failed to fully respond to Dali’s requests, in responding Chinet sent those documents the plan administrator believed in good faith to be most pertinent. Having carefully considered the facts and circumstances involved, the Court finds that this is not a situation where the imposition of a penalty is warranted. Accordingly, Dali’s request for penalties pursuant to section 1132(c)(1) shall be denied. II. COUNT VI: BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY In Count VI, Dali claims that Chinet breached its fiduciary duty under section 1109 of ERISA in a variety of ways regarding its amendment to, and administration of, the Plan and has requested various equitable relief. 29 U.S.C. § 1109(a) (a fiduciary “who breaches any of the responsibilities, obligations, or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this subchapter ... shall be subject to other such equitable or remedial relief as the court may deem appropriate”). Under § 1132(a)(3), individual plan participants may sue directly for a breach of fiduciary duty so long as they seek an equitable remedy. Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 505, 116 S.Ct. 1065, 1079, 134 L.Ed.2d 130 (1996). A. Chinet’s Fiduciary Status The fiduciary duties imposed by ERISA apply only to those people or entities properly classified as fiduciaries. 29 U.S.C. § 1104; Beddall v. State Street Bank and Trust Co., 137 F.3d 12, 18 (1st Cir.1998); Boucher v. Williams, 13 F.Supp.2d 84, 90 (D.Me.1998); Santana v. Deluxe Corp., 920 F.Supp. 249, 253 (D.Mass.1996). Chinet asserts that it is entitled to summary judgment on Count VI because Dali has failed to establish that any of the named defendants in the complaint are fiduciaries with respect to the conduct alleged to be wrongful. Chinet further contends that the Retirement Committee, which refers to itself as the “Benefits Committee” and the “Employment Committee,” is the fiduciary who should be named as the defendant to Count VI. Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 6. Dali argues that he properly named Chinet as the fiduciary and that the Retirement Committee does not, in fact, exist and therefore could not be named in the Complaint. Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 3. Dali flatly asserts that Chinet is the plan fiduciary because it is the plan administrator. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 8; Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 3. Dali points out that the summary plan description names Keyes Fibre Company (now The Chinet company) the plan administrator. Furthermore, in his Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VI, Dali blanketly asserts that Chinet as “plan administrator has fiduciary duties to the plan.” Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 8. However, title alone does not always confer fiduciary status. A plan administrator and a fiduciary are defined separately under ERISA. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(16)(A) (plan administrator) and 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A) (fiduciary). Fiduciary status does not depend on whether one is titled “plan administrator.” See Boucher, 13 F.Supp.2d at 91; see also Blatt v. Marshall & Lassman, 812 F.2d 810, 812 (2d Cir.1987) (whether an individual or entity is an ERISA fiduciary must be determined by focusing on the function performed). A person is a fiduciary under ERISA if the person is “named [as the fiduciary] in the plan instrument, or who, pursuant to a procedure specified in the plan is identified as the fiduciary.” 29 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2); see also 29 U.S.C. § 1105(c)(1) (permitting allocation of fiduciary responsibility pursuant to the plan instrument). Thus, the Court must first look at the Plan document to determine who it designates as the fiduciary. The 1987 Plan specifically provides that the “Retirement Committee” is “the named fiduciary within the meaning of Title I of ERISA.” 1987 Plan § 12.1. Furthermore, the 1987 Plan provides that “except as to powers and duties and the determination of questions herein expressly reserved to the Company or given to the Trustee, the Retirement Committee shall have full charge of the administration of this Plan.” The 1987 Plan § 12.2. Hence, with respect to amending the Plan, the Retirement Committee is clearly the named fiduciary. In addition to named fiduciaries, ERISA extends fiduciary status to functional fiduciaries — persons who act as fiduciaries. Beddall v. State Street Bank and Trust Co., 137 F.3d 12, 18 (1st Cir.1998); Boucher, 13 F.Supp.2d at 90-91. ERISA provides that a person is a fiduciary if he has discretionary policy-making power respecting management of the plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A). In this regard, section 1002(21)(A) of ERISA provides that: a person is a fiduciary with respect to a plan to the extent (i) he exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary control respecting management of such plan or exercises any authority or control respecting management or disposition of its assets; (ii) he renders investment advice for a fee or other compensation, direct or indirect, with respect to any moneys or other property of such plan, or has any authority or responsibility to do so, or (iii) he has.any discretionary authority or discretionary responsibility in the administration of such plan. Such term includes any person designated under section 1105(c)(1)(B) of this title. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A). “The key determinant of whether a person qualifies as a functional fiduciary is whether that person exercises discretionary authority in respect .to, or meaningful control over, an ERISA plan, its administration, or its assets.” Beddall, 137 F.3d at 18; see also Varity, 516 U.S. at 498, 116 S.Ct. at 1071. Accordingly, whether an individual or entity is an ERISA fiduciary must be determined by focusing on the function performed. Boucher, 13 F.Supp.2d at 91. Therefore, the Court, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Plaintiff must consider whether Chinet possesses the requisite discretionary powers to render it a functional fiduciary. The Court concludes that it does. The 1987 Plan gives Chinet the explicit authority to amend the Plan. Section 10.2 of the 1987 Plan document provides that “the Company reserves the right to amend, modify, or terminate the Plan at any time by the action of its Board of Directors.” The 1987 Plan at § 10.1. According to the 1987 Plan the Retirement Committee has the “right to amend or modify the Plan by vote of its members ... if such amendments are administrative in nature, or mandated by any applicable law, and do not increase the costs of the Plan”. Id. Because Chinet’s board of directors had authority under the Plan to approve or disapprove of amendments made to the Plan, it had discretionary policy-making authority regarding the harms alleged in this action that primarily relate to whether the Plan was properly amended and the amendments disclosed. Consequently, Dali’s claim does not fail because he did not name the Retirement Committee as Chinet claims it must. Chinet is a properly named fiduciary in this action. B. Breach of Fiduciary Duties An ERISA fiduciary, properly identified, must employ “the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiarity with such matters would use.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B). The fiduciary must also act “solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries,” and his overarching purpose should be to “provid[e] benefits to the participants and their beneficiaries.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1). Several issues present themselves on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. Dali asserts several theories of how Chinet breached its fiduciary duty: First, he argues that Chinet arbitrarily and capriciously amended the plan by providing benefits to employees based on age rather than length of service. Second, he contends that Chinet improperly adopted the 1992, 1993, and 1994 amendments in violation of ERISA’s requirement for amendments to be in writing and formally adopted. Third, Dali points out that Chinet failed to notify plan participants of the changes according to the disclosure requirements of ERISA. Fourth, Dali argues that Chinet fell short of the fiduciary obligations required under ERISA and breached the terms of the Plan because it failed to properly authorize a plan administrator. Finally, Dali contends that Chinet failed to properly qualify the Plan’s trust under the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code because it submitted an incorrect application to the IRS. In addition to disputing whether its actions constituted a breach of its fiduciary duties, Chinet counters that it is entitled to summary judgment because Dali lacks standing to assert the claims because he has not shown that he suffered harm or prejudice as a result of Chinet’s alleged breaches. The Court addresses each argument in turn. 1. Arbitrary and Capricious Dali complains that “Chinet acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner by operating under a structurally deficient plan.” Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 14. Essentially, Dali contends that the amendments to the Plan are substantively arbitrary and capricious because they offer gap payments and lifetime medical benefits to employees of a certain age without regard to length of service at the company. Id. at 14-15. According to Dali, Chinet acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it chose to pay “extraordinarily high” benefits to “a chosen few” according to “an age-based standard” which resulted in the exclusion of a high number of employees from the program. Id. at 15. The amendments, Dali asserts, indicate that “Chinet ignored its fiduciary obligations to utilize plan assets for the exclusive benefit of the participants in fulfilling its own business motives.” Plaintiffs Reply to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment at 12. The crux of Dali’s contention is that by amending the Plan in this manner, Chinet breached its fiduciary obligation to discharge its duties solely in the interest of the Plan’s participants and beneficiaries. Chinet counters that its decision to amend the Plan in this manner is a business decision of plan design and is not subject to the fiduciary obligations under ERISA. Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 18-20. This Court agrees with Chinet. This Court found, swpra section 11(A), that under the 1987 Plan, Chinet was both an employer and the Plan’s fiduciary as ERISA permits pursuant to section 1108(c)(3). 29 U.S.C. § 1108(c)(3) (nothing in this section “shall be construed to prohibit any fiduciary from ... serving as a fiduciary in addition to being an officer, employee, agent, or other representative of a party in interest”); Varity Corp., 516 U.S. at 498, 116 S.Ct. at 1071. Chinet thus is responsible for both administering its benefit Plan and for its design. ERISA’s fiduciary obligations govern the administration of the benefit plan and not its precise design. Haberern v. Kaupp Vascular Surgeons Ltd. Defined Benefit Pension Plan, 24 F.3d 1491, 1498 (3rd Cir.1994). ERISA allows an employer who acts as a plan administrator to wear two hats, and it assumes fiduciary status only when and to the extent that it functions in its capacity as plan administrator and not when it conducts its business, including design of its employee benefit plan. This Court finds that when Chinet amended the Plan to provide early retirement benefits, it was designing its employee benefit plan and is not subject to ERISA’s fiduciary obligations in regard to this decision. In finding that Chinet’s decision to amend the Plan to provide an early retirement opportunity to certain employees was a business decision, this Court applies the well-settled rule developed in cases clarifying that when an employer decides to amend a benefit plan, as opposed to managing any assets of the plan and administering the plan in accordance with its terms, its actions are not to be judged by fiduciary standards. Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Schoonejongen, 514 U.S. 73, 78, 115 S.Ct. 1223, 1228, 131 L.Ed.2d 94 (1995) (Employers are generally free under ERISA, “for any reason at any time, to adopt, modify or terminate welfare plans.”);see also Haberern, 24 F.3d at 1497-99; Elmore v. Cone Mills Corp., 23 F.3d 855, 860-61 (4th Cir.1994) (en banc); Averhart v. U.S. WEST Management Pension Plan, 46 F.3d 1480, 1488 (10th Cir.1994) (“an employer does not act as a fiduciary when it amends or otherwise sets the terms of the plan”); Pope v. Central States Southeast and Southwest Areas Health and Welfare Fund, 27 F.3d 211, 213 (6th Cir.1994) (citing cases); Smith v. Hartford Ins. Group, 6 F.3d 131, 141 n. 13 (3d Cir.1993); Belade v. ITT Corp., 909 F.2d 736, 737-38 (2d Cir.1990); Landry v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Intern., AFL-CIO, 901 F.2d 404, 414-15 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 895, 111 S.Ct. 244, 112 L.Ed.2d 203 (1990); Sutton v. Weirton Steel Division of National Steel Corp., 724 F.2d 406, 410 (4th Cir.1983) (holding that an employer may change nonvested employee benefits without violating ERISA); Jackson v. Truck Drivers’ Union Local 42 Health and Welfare Fund, 933 F.Supp. 1124, 1142-43 (D.Mass.1996) (“from the outset, it is important to note that ERISA’s fiduciary duties generally do not govern a plan sponsor’s decision to terminate a welfare plan”). It is clearly established that when an employer sets or amends the terms of its benefit plans or terminates the Plan altogether, it is not acting as a fiduciary under ERISA. Hence, when Chinet decided to amend the plan to provide an early retirement benefit to some, but not all, employees, it was making a business decision regarding plan design and was not acting as a fiduciary subject to ERISA’s obligations. Because Chinet was not acting as a fiduciary, it was not obligated to amend the plan for the benefit of participants or beneficiaries pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1104. “[A]n employer is free to develop an employee benefit plan as it wishes because when it does so it makes a corporate management decision, unrestricted by ERISA’s fiduciary duties.” Averhart, 46 F.3d at 1488. The fact that the early retirement opportunities were not available to Dali and other employees does not give rise to a breach of an ERISA obligation. ERISA simply does not mandate that employers provide any particular benefits, and does not itself proscribe discrimination in the provision of employee benefits. Id. (citing Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 91, 103 S.Ct. 2890, 2897, 77 L.Ed.2d 490 (1983)); accord Owens v. Storehouse, Inc., 984 F.2d 394, 398 (11th Cir.1993) (“[i]t is insufficient merely to allege discrimination in the apportionment of benefits under the terms of the plan.”); McGann v. H & H Music Co., 946 F.2d 401, 408 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, Greenberg v. H & H Music Co., 506 U.S. 981, 113 S.Ct. 482, 121 L.Ed.2d 387 (1992) (“ERISA does not broadly prevent an employer from ‘discriminating’ in the creation, alteration or termination of employee-benefit plans”). Thus Chinet’s decision to amend the Plan to provide early retirement benefits for some, but not all, of its employees does not offend the fiduciary requirements of ERISA, and Dali’s breach of fiduciary duty claim based on this decision fails as a matter of law. 2. Improper Amendment of the Plan Dali contends that Chinet violated ERISA, and the terms of the Plan, because it failed to properly and formally adopt the 1992 and 1994 amendments. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 10-12. Because the amendments were improperly adopted, Dali claims that Chinet violated ERISA and the terms of the Plan because it distributed early retirement benefits according to informally enacted amendments. Id. at 14. The 1987 Plan document requires a vote of the board of directors to amend the Plan in any way when a plan amendment increases the costs to the Plan. 1987 Plan § 10.1. Dali asserts that the record demonstrates that Chinet never formally voted on the 1992 or 1994 early retirement windows. Dali also complains of substantive differences between the informal memorandums purporting to adopt the 1992, 1993, and 1994 amendments and the final form of the amendments as included in the Amended Plan. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 11-12. Because this Court concludes that Chinet failed to formally amend the Plan because it did not have a timely board vote, it need not examine these discrepancies between the drafts and final forms of the amendments. Although ERISA does not require benefit plans to adopt a particular amendment procedure, ERISA expressly provides that “[e]very employee benefit plan shall be established and maintained pursuant to a written instrument,” 29 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(1). Relying primarily on this provision, case law has fashioned the rule that an ERISA welfare plan may not be amended informally. Pursuant to this rule, ERISA prohibits oral" and informal written amendments to welfare benefit plans. Smith v. National Credit Union Admin. Board, 36 F.3d 1077, 1080 (11th Cir.1994) (“ERISA prohibits not only oral modifications, but informal written amendments of employee benefit plans as well.”); Hozier v. Midwest Fasteners, Inc., 908 F.2d 1155, 1162 (3rd Cir.1990) (“ERISA precludes oral amendments to employee benefit plans.”); Pizlo v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 884 F.2d 116, 120 (4th Cir.1989) (stating “that “informal” or “unauthorized” modification of pension plans is “impermissible” under ERISA”); Moore v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 856 F.2d 488, 492 (2d Cir.1988) (“An ERISA welfare plan is not subject to amendment as a result of informal communications between the employer and plan beneficiaries.”); Mohalley v. Kendall Health Care Products Co., Inc., 903 F.Supp. 1530, 1536 (M.D.Ga.1995) (“Any modification or amendment to an existing ERISA plan may not be adopted or applied ... unless the amendment is in a formal, complete, and written form.”). Accordingly, amendments to an ERISA welfare plan must be adopted in writing and in the manner required under the benefit plan. Chinet asserts that the 1994 amendment was properly enacted. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Docket No. 57) at 5. However, it concedes that it did not formally amend the Plan in 1992 until it did so retroactively in 1994 when it revised the Plan document and the board properly adopted the amendments. Id. Chinet points to a resolution of Chinet’s board of directors, dated December 16, 1994, that memorializes in writing the formal adoption of the 1992, 1993, and 1994 amendments to the Plan (“the 1994 Resolution”). Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Affidavit (Docket No. 54), Exhibit 1. The Resolution states, [t]he Employer amends, restates, and adopts the Plans in substantially the form annexed hereto, together with such changes as the proper officers of the Employer, or any of them, deem necessary or appropriate to reflect the intentions of the Board. Annexed to the 1994 Resolution is a copy of the Amended Plan document which includes the 1992,1993, and 1994 amendments in their final form. Id. Chinet does not dispute that the final versions of the 1992 and 1993 amendments, as they appear in the Amended Plan, differ slightly from the content of the interoffice correspondence pursuant to which the amendments were implemented. Dali and Chinet disagree on whether the Plan permits retroactive amendment. Regardless of whether the Plan permits the company to amend the Plan retroactively, this Court will adhere to the principal articulated in National Credit Union Administration Board, 36 F.3d at 1081, that there is no legally significant distinction between an oral amendment and an oral amendment which is formalized in a writing later and retroactively applied to the time of the oral amendment. The Eleventh Circuit reasoned that, “[b]ecause we find oral amendments impermissible, we likewise conclude that subsequently formalized and retroactively applied oral amendments are impermissible.” Id. In National Credit Union, the employees were given notice of the amendments at the time they were informally adopted but the court held that informal written modifications cannot save oral amendments from the requirements of ERISA. Id. According to this rule, any modification or amendment to an ERISA plan may be implemented or applied only after the amendment has been appropriately adopted in a formal, complete, and written form. The Court finds the reasoning in National Credit Union persuasive here. The purpose of ERISA — to protect the interests of employees in employee benefit plans — would be undermined if this Court were to permit subsequently formalized amendments to take effect as of their informal genesis. Here, Chinet told employees who were qualified about the early retirement opportunity. The record demonstrates that these amendments changed slightly in substance from the memoranda at the time of Chinet’s implementation and Amended Plan version. Furthermore, as demonstrated supra section II, when employees requested information regarding changes to the plan, Chinet did not provide information about the early retirement options in response. Therefore, the problems resulting from retroactive amendment exist in this case. Without formal adoption of the amendments, plan participants are unable to compare notices of modification they might receive with the amendments themselves and are precluded from determining their rights and obligations at the time the amendments are informally adopted. In order to defeat summary judgment, Chinet must present conclusive evidence that the Chinet board properly voted on the 1992 and 1994 early retirement opportunities before they were implemented. There is no evidence in the record that the 1992 and 1994 amendments were properly enacted. The Chinet board did not vote on these amendments until December 16, 1994. The record shows that the 1994 early retirement opportunity were effective on January 1, 1994. The Amended Plan § 5.6(a) and the 1992 early retirement opportunity was effective on February 1, 1992. Amended Plan § 5.4(a). Thus, the early retirement opportunities in 1992 and 1994 were implemented before they were formally adopted by the Chinet board. Accordingly, Chinet breached ERISA’s requirement that amendments to an employee benefit plan be formally adopted in writing. 3. Failure to Disclose the Early Retirement Opportunities to Plan Participants. Dali also argues that Chinet breached its fiduciary duty because it failed to disclose material modifications made to the Plan in 1992, 1993, and 1994 to Plan participants. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 15-16. As part of this argument, Dali further complains that because Chinet failed to disclose the early retirement opportunities, employees were constructively denied their opportunity to protest the use of Plan assets to fund the benefits. Id. at 16-17. Furthermore, Dali contends that at least one employee who was eligible for the early retirement option was unable to assert his eligibility because he was unaware of the benefits. Id. at 17. Chinet concedes that it failed to disclose the 1992 amendments to plan participants. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum in Support of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 5. However, it asserts that it fulfilled these requirements for the 1993 and 1994 amendments when it distributed the Your Benefits ... A Better Balance and 1993 Early Retirement Window brochures and the Amended Plan. ERISA requires that a plan administrator furnish a summary description of a modification or change to participants and beneficiaries “not later than 210 days after the end of the plan year in which the change is adopted to each participant, and to each beneficiary who is receiving benefits under the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(1). Chinet fulfilled its notification requirements in regard to the 1993 and 1994 amendments to the Plan. On April 22, 1993, Chinet distributed the Your Retirement Benefits ... A Better Balance brochure to all participants in and beneficiaries of the Plan, informed them about the early retirement opportunity, and told them that they would receive more information if they were eligible. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 3, 4. The company also distributed to eligible participants the brochure, 199S Early Retirement Window, that contained information about the early retirement benefits. Id. ¶ 7. This Court holds that by distributing the brochures describing the 1993 amendments in April of 1993, Chinet fulfilled the automatic disclosure mandate of section 1024(b)(1) regarding the 1993 amendments. In regard to both amendments, Chinet automatically disclosed their contents within 210 days of the end of the year in which they went into effect. Accordingly, Chinet followed the proper disclosure protocol for the 1993 and 1994 amendments but admits it violated ERISA’s disclosure requirement in regard to the 1992 amendments to the Plan. 4. Failure to Properly Authorize A Plan Administrator Dali also contends that Chinet breached the terms of the Plan because it operated with an unauthorized plan administrator. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 18. Dali’s argument is that Margaret Lee, the designated Corporate Benefits Administrator, is acting as the plan administrator and is not duly qualified because she is not a member of the Retirement Committee. The 1987 Plan provides that the Retirement Committee is the plan administrator. 1987 Plan § 12.1 (“general administration of the Plan shall be carried out by a Retirement Committee... which shall act as the ‘plan administrator.’ ”). Under the Plan, the Retirement Committee has the authority “to delegate to one of its members the duties and responsibilities of plan administrator.” Id. Dali points to memoranda in the record signed by the three-member Retirement Committee that do not contain Margaret Lee’s signature as proof that Margaret Lee is not a member of the Retirement Committee. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibits 39, 40, and 41. This evidence is undisputed by Chinet and Chinet does not specifically respond to Dali’s contention. This Court finds that Lee was not a plan administrator acting without authority under the Plan. The Retirement Committee must appoint one of its own members as plan administrator. 1987 Plan § 12.1. It is undisputed that Lee is not a member of the Retirement Committee. However, the Plan permits the Retirement Committee “to appoint or employ individuals to assist in the administration of the Plan.” 1987 Plan at § 12.3. There is no evidence that Lee acted without the authority of the Retirement Committee. Furthermore, Dali admits that Lee was administering the terms of the Plan “on behalf of the Plan Administrator.” Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 18. Finally, Dali does not point to any evidence that shows that Lee had any power beyond that of an employee assisting with the administration of the Plan. The only evidence of her role with the company is that she responded to Dali’s information requests. Even viewing the evidence in Dali’s favor, this Court finds that the Retirement Committee was the plan administrator and Lee was an employee hired to assist in the administration of the Plan. Accordingly, Chinet did not violate the Plan in this regard. 5. Failure to Properly Qualify the Trust Under the Internal Revenue Code Finally, Dali complains that Chinet failed to act in a prudent manner by not assuring qualification of the Plan under the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code because the Plan Determination Letter filed by Chinet on March 31, 1995, contains numerous and substantial errors. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 12-14. Chinet denies that the Plan Determination Letter contains errors or that the trust is improperly qualified. Section 1104(a)(1)(B) of ERISA provides that “a fiduciary shall discharge his duties with respect to a plan ... with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use ....” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B). Specifically, Dali argues that Chinet provided misinformation in its application with the Internal Revenue Service for tax exempt status (“Tax Exempt Status Application”). Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 36. Dali argues that two errors were made in the application that resulted in an incorrect actuarial determination of the “average benefit test” which resulted in an incorrect favorable determination letter by the IRS. Plaintiffs Statement of Material Facts, Exhibit 37. The first alleged error is that Chinet failed to report to the IRS that an early retirement opportunity was offered to employees in 1993. The second error is that Chinet failed to note that Dali’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filing was pending against the company. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 13. Because this information was not provided to the IRS, Dali argues that the IRS determined that the Plan was qualified for tax exempt status on an incorrect factual basis. Chinet squarely disputes Dali’s contention that the qualification application contained errors and argues that it is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law because Dali has not shown that the trust is not properly qualified. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment at 7-9. This Court need not sort through the alleged errors in the application for tax exempt status. Assuming the application contains the errors Dali contends, Dali has failed to present evidence on part of his contention— that the errors resulted in a faulty determination of Chinet’s tax exempt status. In fact, all that Dali contends is that the errors resulted in “a questionable” favorable determination letter by the IRS and that qualification is not “assur[ed].” Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment at 13. Dali has not presented evidence that demonstrates that Chinet acted in an imprudent manner that resulted in a faulty qualification of the trust. Consequently, he has failed to meet his burden at summary judgment in regard to this claim. The Court will grant summary judgment for Chinet on this part of the breach of fiduciary duty claim. In sum, this Court finds that Chinet did not breach its fiduciary duty by providing an early retirement opportunity to designated employees based on age rather than length of service with the company. In addition, Chinet did not fail to meet its obligations under ERISA by operating with an unauthorized plan administrator. Nor has Dali proven that Chinet failed to qualify the trust. However, Dali managed to uncover several technical violations of ERISA during discovery regarding his discrimination claims. The record demonstrates that Chinet failed to properly amend the Plan in 1992 and 1994 in the manner required under ERISA and failed to disclose the material modifications made to the Plan in 1992. Consequently, Chinet breached ERISA’s requirements. C. The Prejudice Requirement The Court’s inquiry into whether Chinet breached its fiduciary obligations, however, does not end with its finding that Chinet’s actions constituted technical violations of ERISA. Evidence of Chinet’s failure to comply with ERISA’s procedural provisions, standing alone, is insufficient to entitle Dali to equitable relief. Generally, substantive remedies are not available under § 1132(a) for violations of ERISA’s procedural requirements without a showing of harm, some significant reliance on, or possible prejudice flowing from, these violations. Veilleux v. Atochem North America, Inc., 929 F.2d 74, 76 (2d Cir.1991); Govoni v. Brick layers, Masons, Plasterers International Union of America, 732 F.2d 250, 252 (1st Cir.1984); United Paperworkers International Union v. International Paper Company, 777 F.Supp. 1010, 1019 (D.Me.1991) (citing eases). This Court holds that the prejudice requirement for equitable relief applies to failures of a fiduciary to properly amend ERISA plans and notice violations. In United Paperwor