Citations

Full opinion text

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER IMPOSING DENYING MOTION TO FIND 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) UNCONSTITUTIONAL, IMPOSING SENTENCE, AND RECOMMENDING EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY

CASSELL, District Judge.

Table of Contents

Introduction.1230

I. Factual Background.1231

II. Legislative History and Judicial Interpretation of § 924(c) .1233

1235 III.Mr. Angelos’ Equal Protection Challenge to the Statute.

1235 A. Equal Protection Review of Criminal Statutes.

1235 1. General Equal Protection Principles.

1237 2. The Court’s Obligation to Search for a Rational Basis.

1239 B. The Irrationality of § 924(c) .

1239 1. Mr. Angelos Effectively Receives a Life Sentence Under § 924(c)

1239 2. Unjust Punishment from § 924(c).

1243 3. Irrational Classifications.

1243 a. Classifications Between Offenses.

1248 b. Irrational Classifications Between Offenders.

4. Demeaning Victims of Actual Violence and Creating the Risk of Backlash. tH LO oa

C. Justifications for § 924(c). OQ US