Full opinion text
ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION GOLD, District Judge. THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction and Request for an Emergency Hearing [DE # 2, filed November 2, 2004] and their Corrected Memorandum in support thereof [DE # 9, filed November 2, 2004]. An emergency hearing was held on November 3, 2004 to discuss Plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary restraining order pending an evidentiary hearing on Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction. After hearing argument from the parties, I entered an Order Granting Temporary Restraining Order [DE # 15, filed November 3, 2004]. On November 5, 2004, I held an evidentiary hearing on Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction. Counsel for Plaintiffs presented testimony from Plaintiffs Fay Friedman, Adam Meyer, Daniel Benhaim and from representatives for Defendants Brenda Snipes, Constance Kaplan and Glenda Hood. Plaintiffs also proffered evidence from Sai Jahann, John Green-baum and Bonnie Daniels. I will discuss the testimony of each of the witnesses in greater detail below. Oral argument was held on November 9, 2004. 1. The Parties Plaintiffs, Fay Friedman, Adam J. Meyer and Daniel Benhaim (collectively the “Plaintiffs”) are three voters registered in the State of Florida. (Compl. — Injunc-tive Relief Sought at ¶¶ 1, 4-6.) Defendants are Brenda Snipes, the Supervisor of Elections of Broward County, Florida, Constance Kaplan, the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida, and .Glenda Hood, Secretary of State for the State of Florida (collectively the “Defendants”). (Id. at ¶¶ 7-9.) On November 2, 2004, Plaintiffs filed Complaint — Injunctive Relief Sought [DE # 1] in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for Defendants’ alleged violations of Plaintiffs’ rights under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B), and the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. (Id. at ¶ 25-27.) Plaintiffs allege that they each timely requested an absentee ballot but they (1) never received the requested absentee ballot or they (2) received the absentee ballot when it was too late for them to submit the absentee ballot to the Supervisor of Elections before 7 pm on the date of the election. (Id. at ¶¶ 10-11.) This action does not name, as a party-Defendant, the Supervisor of Elections of any other county in the State of Florida. During the hearing on the motion for temporary restraining order, Plaintiffs’ counsel acknowledged that this action was brought only on behalf of the three named Plaintiffs and that it was not a class action against Defendants. II. Relief Requested Plaintiffs filed their original Complaint [DE # 1] and Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction [DE # 2] on November 2, 2004. In the original Complaint and Motion, Plaintiffs made three requests of the Court. First, Plaintiffs asked the Court to issue a declaratory judgment that Defendants may not reject any of Plaintiffs’ absentee ballots and/or the ballots of any other qualified voters which are postmarked by November 2, 2004 but received by Defendants between 7 p.m. on November 2, 2004 and midnight on November 12, 2004. (Motion at 1). Second, Plaintiffs sought a temporary restraining order and/or preliminary injunction which would require Defendants Brenda Snipes and Constance Kaplan to segregate and preserve any absentee ballot postmarked by November 2, 2004 but received by them after 7 p.m. on November 2, 2004 and before November 12, 2004 at midnight. (Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction at 2.) Third, Plaintiffs requested that I conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether preliminary and/or permanent injunctive relief is appropriate. (Id.) Plaintiffs later filed a First Amended Complaint — Class Action [DE # 18]. In this amended complaint, Plaintiffs no longer request a preliminary injunction against Defendant Secretary of State Glenda Hood. Plaintiffs continue to seek a preliminary injunction against Defendants Brenda Snipes and Constance Kaplan on the same three grounds raised in their original Complaint. After reviewing the Amended Complaint, conducting an evidentiary hearing on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction, entertaining legal argument from the parties regarding Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction and reviewing the applicable case law and statutes, I conclude that Plaintiffs have not met the necessary burden to establish that they are entitled to a preliminary injunction in this matter. I find that Plaintiffs have not shown a substantial likelihood that they will succeed on the merits of any of their claims under the Voting Rights Act, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments or under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. III. Facts Established During Eviden-tiary Hearing A. Testimony from Plaintiffs 1. Fay Friedman Fay Friedman (“Friedman”) testified that she has been a registered voter in Broward County, Florida for seventeen (17) years. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 1; Evid. Hr’g at 5.) Friedman stated that she had intended to vote in person in the November 2, 2004 election in Florida, but that she sustained an injury “a number of weeks ago” while at her summer home in McKeesport, PA, which prevented her from returning to Florida. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 2; Evid. Hr’g at 6.) When Friedman realized she would be unable to return to Florida, she telephoned the office of the Broward Supervisor of Elections (“BSOE”) on Friday, October 22, 2004 and requested that an absentee ballot be sent to her summer address in McKees-port. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 2; Evid. Hr’g at 6.) Friedman testified that she telephoned BSOE’s office again on Thursday, October 28, 2004 when she still had not received her absentee ballot. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 3; Evid. Hr’g at 7.) The BSOE clerk with whom she spoke told her that her absentee ballot had been sent to her by mail on Monday, October 25, 2004. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 3; Evid. Hr’g at 7.) Friedman also testified that she was aware of news reports regarding problems with the United States Postal Service and the delivery of absentee ballots. (Evid. Hr’g at 12.) On Friday, October 29, 2004, Friedman received at her McKeesport, PA an address a card from the Broward Country Democratic Executive Committee, thanking her for requesting an absentee ballot; but the mail did not contain the absentee ballot itself. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 4; Evid. Hr’g at 7.) Friedman then attempted to contact BSOE again, phoning a number of times and at one point, waiting on hold for an hour. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 5; Evid. Hr’g at 7.) Friedman finally gave up, without being able to reach a live person at the BSOE. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 5; Evid. Hr’g at 7.) Friedman testified that later on the day of Friday, October 29, 2004, she spoke with her daughter, Diane Finston. (Compl.— Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) Friedman testified that her daughter, who lives in California, had been calling the BSOE on her behalf. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) Friedman further testified that her daughter provided her with a BSOE “internal number.” (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) According to Friedman, she phoned this number and spoke to a BSOE clerk who informed her that she would fax a replacement absentee ballot for Friedman to Friedman’s son, Gary Friedman, who lives near McKees-port in Pittsburgh, PA. (Compl. — Injunc-tive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) According to Friedman, when no fax arrived, she phoned the same internal number and spoke to another clerk, who verified the fax number and informed her that the fax would be arriving shortly. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) Friedman testified that her son never received the fax. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 8.) Friedman testified that towards the end of the business day on Friday, October 29, 2004, she again spoke with her daughter. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 7; Evid. Hr’g at 9.) According to Friedman, her daughter informed her that she had spoken to BSOE and was assured that BSOE had sent Friedman an absentee ballot via Federal Express. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 7; Evid. Hr’g at 9-10.) Friedman testified that the absentee ballot did not arrive on Saturday, October 30, 2004, or on Monday, November 1, 2004. (Compl.— Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 8.) On November 2, 2004, Federal Express delivered Friedman’s absentee ballot to her McKeesport, PA address. (Compl.— Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 9; Evid. Hr’g at 10.) Friedman took about thirty (30) minutes to fill out the absentee ballot and then gave it back to Federal Express for delivery to BSOE. (Compl.— Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 10; Evid. Hr’g at 10.) The Federal Express delivery person indicated to Friedman that the ballot would reach the BSOE on Wednesday, November 3, 2004. (Compl. — In-junctive Relief Sought, Ex. A at ¶ 10; Evid. Hr’g at 10.) Friedman concluded her testimony by indicating that voting is her “civic duty” and an “obligation.” (Evid. Hr’g at 11.) She stated that voting is “extremely” important to her and that while she does not anticipate having to vote by absentee ballot again, she will vote by absentee ballot if necessary. (Id.) 2. Adam J. Meyer Adam J. Meyer (“Meyer”) testified that he is a registered voter in Miami-Dade County, Florida currently living in Gaines-ville, Florida where is he attending school. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at ¶ 1; Evid. Hr’g at 18.) Meyer testified that he knew he would not be able to vote in Miami and thus visited Miami-Dade’s website to search for a phone number for the elections department. (Evid. Hr’g at 18.) According to Meyer, he located the number and called the elections department. (Id.) While on hold, Meyer found an on-line absentee ballot request form. (Id. at 18-19.) Meyer stayed on the phone and when his call was answered, he asked the person at the Miami-Dade elections office several questions to ensure that he had filled out the on-line form properly. (Id. at 19.) Meyer also asked the gentleman with whom he spoke how long it would take to receive the ballot. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at ¶ 3; Evid. Hr’g at 19.) Meyer was informed that the Miami-Dade elections department was sending out absentee ballots everyday and that it would take two days for him to receive his ballot. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at ¶ 3; Evid. Hr’g at 19.) Meyer testified that he printed the absentee ballot request form on Wednesday, October 20, 2004 and deposited it in a United States Postal Service mailbox on the corner of West University Avenue and North-South Drive in Gainesville, Florida on Thursday, October 21, 2004. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at ¶ 2; Evid. Hr’g at 21-23.) During cross-examination, counsel for Defendant Constance Kaplan, the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida, asked Meyer if he could explain a postmark date of October 25, 2004 on his absentee ballot request form. (Id. at 22.) Meyer stated that he could not. (Id.) Meyer testified that he did not know when his absentee ballot request form was received by the Miami-Dade elections department. (Id. at 23.) Meyer testified that he still had not received his absentee ballot on Monday, November 1, 2004. (See id.) He then testified that around 12:30 p.m. on Monday, November 1, 2004, his girlfriend checked his mailbox but that there was no mail. (Id. at 23-24.) According to Meyer, he next checked his mailbox at 7:00 p.m. of that day and found that his absentee ballot had been delivered. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at ¶ 4; Evid. Hr’g at 24.) Meyer stated that the postmark date on the envelope containing his absentee ballot was October 30, 2004. (Evid. Hr’g at 24.) Meyer testified that he took about thirty-to-forty-five minutes to fill out his ballot. (Id.) He then searched the Federal Express website for drop-off points and times in order to try to overnight his ballot to the Supervisor of Elections. (Id.) Meyer concluded that it was too late for him to overnight his ballot. (Id.) Meyer testified that around 11:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 2, 2004, he went to a United States Postal Service office in Gainesville, FL and mailed his absentee ballot. (Id. at 20, 25; see also Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. B at 5.) Meyer explained that he knew that he was sending his ballot on Election Day but that he hoped that it would be counted regardless. (Id. at 21.) On cross-examination, counsel for Defendant Constance Kaplan, the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida, asked Meyer whether he had considered driving from Gainesville to Miami-Dade County in order to vote in person. (Id. at 24.) Meyer replied that he would not have been able to make the drive because he had class and work on November 2, 2004 and that it was a six-hour drive to Miami from Gainesville. (Id. at 25.) 3. Daniel Benhaim Daniel Benhaim (“Benhaim”) testified that he is a registered voter in Miami-Dade County, Florida currently living in Orlando, Florida, where he is a student at the University of Central Florida. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. C at ¶ 1-2; Evid. Hr’g at 26-27.) Ben-haim stated that in early October 2004, he requested an absentee ballot to be sent to his college address in Orlando. (Compl.— Injunctive Relief, Ex. C at ¶ 2.) Ben-haim testified that this absentee ballot request form was returned to his address in Miami-Dade County in mid-October because some of the information which Ben-haim had supplied was incomplete. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. C at ¶ 3; Evid. Hr’g at 28, 32.) According to Benhaim, he instructed his mother to complete the form on his behalf and to send it back to the elections department. (Evid. Hr’g at 28.) On cross-examination, Benhaim admitted that he had his mother sign his name on his behalf despite the fact that the form contains an oath that appears above the signature line. (Evid. Hr’g at 33.) On cross-examination, counsel for Defendant Constance Kaplan, the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida, also asked Benhaim whether he would dispute that his absentee ballot request form was postmarked October 26, 2004. (Id. at 33.) Benhaim replied that he thought his mother had mailed his absentee ballot request form on the week of October 24, 2004, but that he could not say for certain whether she mailed it on Sunday, October 24, 2004 or Monday, October 25, 2004. (Id. at 34.) Benhaim testified that when he had not received his absentee ballot by 12:00 p.m. or 1:00 p.m. on Friday, October 29, 2004, he called the Miami-Dade County office of the Supervisor of Elections and was told that it would send him an absentee ballot by overnight mail. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. C at ¶ 4; Evid. Hr’g at 28-29, 36-37.) Benhaim testified that he did not receive his absentee ballot on either Saturday, October 30, 2004 or Monday, November 1, 2004. (Compl. — In-junctive Relief Sought, Ex. C at ¶ 5; Evid. Hr’g at 29.) According to Benhaim, when he had not received his ballot by Monday, November 1, 2004, he contacted the Election Protection Hotline. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. C at ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 29.) Based on the advice he received from the Election Protection Hotline, Benhaim downloaded a federal write-in ballot, filled it out, and mailed it on Tuesday, November 2, 2004. (Compl. — Injunctive Relief Sought, Ex. C At ¶ 6; Evid. Hr’g at 29-30.) Benhaim explained that after he mailed in his federal write-in ballot, he received his absentee ballot, via regular mail, rather than priority or overnight mail, around 2:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 2, 2004; it was postmarked Saturday, October 30, 2004. (Evid. Hr’g at 30, 35.) Benhaim stated that he did not consider driving down to Miami-Dade County, Florida to vote in person because of his prior obligations at school. (Id. at 35.) Benhaim concluded his testimony by stating that it is “very important” that his vote be counted in this election. (Id. at 31.) He feels that it is his right as a United States citizen to vote and that as a registered voter, he has a right to have his “voice count.” (Id.) Benhaim anticipates having to vote by absentee ballot again because he is a student who does not reside at his permanent address in Miami-Dade County, Florida. (Id.) B. Testimony of Defendants’ Representatives 1. Mary Hall Mary Hall (“Hall”), director of the absentee ballot department of the Broward County Supervisor of Elections office, testified on behalf of Defendant Brenda Snipes. (Evid. Hr’g at 38-39.) Hall acknowledged that Fay Friedman was a qualified registered voter in Broward County and that she had requested an absentee ballot on Friday, October 22, 2004. (Id. at 39.) According to Hall, two absentee ballots were sent to Friedman, the second one via Federal Express. (Id.) But Hall stated that she could not provide any signed receipt or proof of delivery of the absentee ballot that was sent via Federal Express to Friedman from the Supervisor of Elections. (Id. at 40.) Hall testified that the department sent approximately 4300 absentee ballots on October 28 and 29, 2004 via Federal Express because of problems with the United States Postal Service’s delivery of absentee ballots. (Id. at 40-41, 58; see also id. at 62.) Hall stated that the department had a number of signed receipts for those that were sent out on October 28 and 29, 2004, and received on Saturday, October 30, 2004 and Monday, November 1, 2004. (Id. at 41.) But Hall was unable to testify as to how many signed receipts her department had in its possession. (Id.) Hall indicated that the department mailed approximately 9,000 absentee ballots on Saturday, October 31, 2004; none were mailed on Monday, November 1, 2004. (Id. at 42, 58, 62.) Hall, however, did not know how many of these 13,300 total absentee ballots were returned. (Id. at 62.) Counsel for the Plaintiffs, asked Hall whether Friedman’s ballot would be rejected if it had been received on Wednesday, November 3, 2004. (Id. at 42.) Hall indicated that Friedman’s ballot would be rejected because it would not be considered a “valid ballot.” (Id.) Hall explained that “[t]he law says that the ballot needs to be in the hands of the supervisor of elections by 7 p.m. on election day” and thus any ballot not received after 7 p.m. on Tuesday, November 2, 2004 would be rejected, regardless of whether it was postmarked before November 2, 2004. (Id. at 42-43.) Hall clarified, however, that the department has not processed any of the ballots received after the 7 p.m. deadline. (Id. at 42.) Hall testified that the BSOE received after 7 p.m. on Tuesday, November 2, 2004 and continues to receive overseas ballots that are postmarked on or before November 2, 2004 and that these ballots are counted. (Id. at 43.) According to Hall, BSOE will count these ballots will count these ballots up until midnight on the tenth day following the election. (Id. at 43-44.) It does not matter when the overseas voter received the ballot, Hall explained, as long as the ballot is received by midnight on the tenth day after the election. (Id. at 44.) It also does not matter, Hall stated, where the overseas voter is located; voters in Canada and Mexico are treated the same as overseas voters. (Id.) Counsel for the Plaintiffs then posed a hypothetical situation to Hall. (Id. at 44-46.) Counsel for Plaintiffs asked Hall to envision a voter in Detroit, Michigan and a voter across the bridge in Windsor, Ontario. (Id.) If both mailed their ballots on November 2, 2004 and both ballots arrived in the Broward County Supervisor of Elections office two days later, counsel for the Plaintiffs asked whether the ballot from Windsor, Ontario would count, but the ballot from Detroit, Michigan would not. (Id. at 45-46.) Hall stated that the Windsor, Ontario ballot would indeed count and that the Detroit, Michigan ballot would not. (Id.) Hall next testified that she was aware that a number of voters received their absentee ballots too late to return them by 7 p.m. on election day and that her office had received numerous complaints from voters that they did not receive their absentee ballots in a timely fashion. (Id. at 46.) Based on her past experience, Hall stated that she expected to continue receiving domestic absentee ballots from voters postmarked on or before November 2, 2004, but that these ballots would be rejected because they would have arrived after the 7 p.m. deadline on Tuesday, November 2, 2004; ballots from overseas absentee voters would be counted, however. (Id.) During cross-examination, Hall testified that after receiving complaints from people who had not timely received their absentee ballots, Defendant Brenda Snipes visited the United States Postal Service to discuss the problem. (Id. at 48.) Hall disputed that the number of missing absentee ballots was as high was what the local newspapers reported. (Id. at 62.) But Hall testified that her office was aware of a widely-publicized internal memo within the United States Postal Service that acknowledged the problems regarding the absentee ballots. (Id. at 59.) Hall testified that based on the problems with the United States Postal Services, Snipes decided to send via Federal Express absentee ballots to any Broward County registered voters who was out of the county who had requested an absentee ballot but who had not returned the absentee ballot by October 22, 2004. (Id. at 49-50.) Defendant Brenda Snipes continued to use the United States Postal Service for mailing absentee ballots to individuals who had requested them but who lived within Broward County. (Id. at 50.) Counsel for Brenda Snipes, the Supervisor of Elections of Broward County, Florida, entered into evidence a printout from the Broward County Supervisor of Elections office regarding the absentee ballot request screen. (Id. at 47.) Requesting that Hall examine the printout, counsel for Brenda Snipes, the Supervisor of Elections of Broward County, Florida, asked Hall to verify the dates on which Friedman requested an absentee ballot. (Id. at 48.) Hall testified that Friedman requested an absentee ballot on Friday, October 22, 2004 and that a ballot was mailed on Monday, October 25, 2004. (Id. at 48, 55.) Looking at the printout, Hall also testified that an absentee ballot was sent via Federal Express to Friedman on Friday, October 29, 2004. (Id. at 51, 55.) She then stated that if the absentee ballot had been sent via Federal Express on Friday, October 29, 2004, Friedman would have received it by Monday, November 1, 2004. (Id. at 56.) Hall then testified about a hotline that the Supervisor of Elections of Broward County, Florida set up to assist with the requests for absentee ballots. (Id. at 51.) Established at the EEOC, the hotline was staffed with county employees who took requests from anyone that called about an absentee ballot. (Id.) For each request, the Supervisor of Elections of Broward County, Florida sent out an absentee ballot, via mail or Federal Express, depending on the location of the person making the request. (Id.) The absentee ballots that were sent via Federal Express contained an envelope in which voters could place their ballots and return them to the office. (Id.) Both the outgoing Federal Express package and the return envelope were paid for by Broward County. (Id. at 52, 56.) According to Hall, voters who received their ballots and wanted to mail them back the same day could do that; all they would need to do is check the “same-day service” box on the FedEx return envelope. (Id. at 56.) Hall, however, was not aware of any absentee ballots that were returned via Federal Express’s same-day service. (Id. at 61.) Hall continued her testimony by explaining that there was nothing in the law that required absentee ballots to be mailed out within a particular time. (Id. at 54.) Hall testified that this was the first time in her experience where absentee ballots were sent via Federal Express in order to help voters receive them in a timely fashion. (See id. at 57.) Hall asserted that Defendant Brenda Snipes attempted to everything possible for all qualified voters to vote by absentee ballot. (Id. at 58.) On re-direct, counsel for the Plaintiffs asked Hall how she knew that Friedman’s ballot was sent via Federal Express on October 29, 2004. (Id. at 60.) Hall replied that she knew Friedman’s ballot was sent via Federal Express on this date because “that’s the date we were doing FedEx.” (Id.) But upon further questioning from Plaintiffs’ counsel, Hall could not state with certainty that Friedman’s ballot had indeed been sent via Federal Express. (Id.) On re-cross examination, Hall stated that the printout indicated that Friedman’s request for an absentee ballot was a “duplicate request.” (Id. at 63.) 2. Alicia Acosta Alicia Acosta (“Acosta”) testified on behalf of Constance Kaplan, the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida. (Evid. Hr’g at 64.) Acosta testified that Meyer is a properly registered voter in Miami-Dade County and that he timely requested an absentee ballot. (Id.) According to Acosta, the Miami-Dade Supervisor of Elections office mailed Meyer an absentee ballot on Friday, October 29, 2004. (Id.) This ballot was not returned to the office by the 7 p.m. deadline. (Id. at 65.) Acosta also testified that Benhaim is a properly registered Miami-Dade voter who requested an absentee ballot from the Supervisor’s office via mail. (Id.) According to Acosta, this ballot was sent on Saturday, October 30, 2004. (Id.) Like Meyer’s ballot, Benhaim’s was not returned to the office by the 7 p.m. deadline. (Id. at 66.) Acosta testified that the 7 p.m. deadline is a state law, rather than an internal office policy, and that it applies only to voters who mail their absentee ballot from within the United States; it does not apply to voters mailing ballots from outside of the United States. (Id. at 66, 72.) Canada, according to Acosta, is considered “overseas” and thus voters sending absentee ballots from Canada do not have to return their ballots by 7 p.m. on November 2, 2004, regardless of when they receive their ballots. (Id. at 67.) Counsel for the Plaintiffs asked Acosta whether the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida received any complaints from voters who did not receive their absentee ballots in a timely manner before the November 2, 2004 election. (Id.) Acosta replied that the office had received such complaints. (Id.) Counsel for the Plaintiffs also asked Acosta whether the office had mailed ballots on Saturday, October 30, 2004. (Id. at 68-69.) Acosta replied that ballots had been sent on Saturday, October 30, 2004, but that to her knowledge, none were sent on Monday, November 1, 2004. (Id. at 69.) Acosta then testified that she anticipated that she would continue to receive absentee ballots after the 7 p.m. deadline on November 2, 2004 and that some of these ballots would contain postmark dates prior to November 2, 2004. (Id.) Acosta explained that if the ballots received were from overseas voters, they would be counted up until ten days after the election but that if they were received from domestic absentee voters, they would not be counted. (Id. at 69-70.) On cross-examination, counsel for Defendant Constance Kaplan, Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida introduced into evidence Defense Exhibit # 2, which contained three pages — an absentee ballot request form, a copy of the envelope in which that form was received, and a printout of the information inputted into the Supervisor of Elections database. (Evid. Hr’g at 70.) Acosta then testified that the envelope which contained Meyer’s absentee ballot request form bore a postmark date of October 25, 2004 and that the office records indicated that this request was received by the Supervisor of Elections of Miami-Dade County, Florida at 6:58 p.m. on October 27, 2004. (Id. at 71.) Acosta further testified that the records revealed that Meyer’s absentee ballot was mailed to him on Friday, October 29, 2004. (Id.) Regarding Benhaim’s absentee ballot, Acosta examined the Defense Exhibit # 2 and stated that the postmark on the envelope in which he sent his absentee ballot request form was Monday, October 26, 2004, that the office received his request form on Tuesday, October 27, 2004 at 7:01 p.m., and that the office sent Benhaim an absentee ballot on Saturday, October 30, 2004. (Id. at 71-72.) 3. Sara Jane Bradshaw Sara Jane Bradshaw (“Bradshaw”), Assistant Director of the Division of Elections, testified on behalf of the Defendant Secretary of the State Glenda Hood. (Id. at 74-75, 77.) Prior to her testimony, counsel for the Defendant Glenda Hood presented this Court with a stipulation reached by Plaintiffs and Defendant Glenda Hood as to the scope of questioning of the Secretary of State’s representative. (Id. at 76.) In this stipulation, the parties agreed that Bradshaw would not testify to the law, only as to how the Secretary of State’s office interprets Florida Statute § 101.672 and Florida Administrative Code § 1S-2.013. (Id. at 77.) Bradshaw testified that the Secretary of State’s office instructs county Supervisors of Elections as to the laws regarding absentee ballots. (Id. at 78.) Bradshaw explained that under Florida Statute § 101.67(2), the Supervisors of Elections must reject the ballots from any person mailed within the United States if not received by 7 p.m. on Election Day. (Id.) Bradshaw further explained that this same subparagraph does not require the rejection of absentee ballots received from voters outside the United States if those ballots are postmarked on or before November 2, 2004. (Id. at 78-79.) Bradshaw next testified that the statute requires an overseas ballot to be mailed to absentee voter forty-five (45) days prior to the election. (Id. at 79.) Overseas, Bradshaw clarified, includes Canada, but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the United States Virgin Islands. (Id. at 79-80.) On cross-examination, Bradshaw stated that the Secretary of State does not have any discretion in applying Florida Statute § 101.67(2), nor does she have any discretion in applying Florida Administrative Code § 1S-2.013 or the consent decree. (Id. at 81.) On redirect, Bradshaw clarified that the Secretary of State has rule-making authority and that § 1S-2.013 was promulgated by the Secretary of State in compliance with the consent decree. (Id. at 82.) The consent decree, Bradshaw explained, did not specifically instruct the Secretary of State to promulgate § 1S-2.013; rather, it required the Secretary of State to create a plan of compliance and this was the method by which the Secretary of State chose to comply. (Id. at 82-83.) Following redirect examination, I asked Bradshaw whether the Secretary of State has any authority to instruct the Supervisor of Elections in a given county to count absentee ballots received after 7 p.m. on November 2, 2004. (Id. at 83.) Bradshaw responded that the Secretary of State does not have any discretion in this matter, nor does she have any rule-making authority or any other authority to so direct a Supervisor of Elections. (Id. at 83-84.) C. Additional Testimony Proffered by Plaintiffs Plaintiffs’ counsel proffered testimony from three individuals, Sai Jahann, John Greenbaum and Bonnie Daniels. (Evid. Hr’g at 84-89.) Defendants’ counsel objected to the proffered testimony of all three individuals. (Id. at 86, 87, 89-90.) In opposition to the proferred testimony, defense counsels stated that this was the first time that they had received notice of Plaintiffs’ intent to introduce this evidence, thus they had no opportunity to investigate these allegations. (Id. at 86, 87, 89-90.) Defense counsels also objected on the grounds that this testimony was hearsay. (Id. at 87, 89-90.) At the evidentiary hearing, I accepted the proffer subject to the objections. (Id. at 86, 88, 90.) After considering the arguments of the parties at the evidentiary hearing as well as in the briefs submitted, I decline to accept Plaintiffs’ proffered testimony. Plaintiffs attempted to introduce this testimony without notice to Defendants and the testimony was not based on any preliminary affidavit Plaintiffs provided to the Defendants or to the Court. This testimony also violates the hearsay rule, Fed.R.Evid. 802, and does not qualify under any hearsay exception. IV. Standard for Preliminary Injunction The Eleventh Circuit has stated that the “grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is a decision within the sound discretion of the district court.” Sierra Club v. Georgia Power Co., 180 F.3d 1309, 1311 (11th Cir.1999). The Eleventh Circuit requires the party moving for a preliminary injunction to meet four factors: (1) the moving party demonstrates a substantial likelihood on the merits; (2) the preliminary injunction is necessary to prevent irreparable injury; (3) the threatened injury outweighs the harm the preliminary injunction would cause to the non-moving party, and (4) the preliminary injunction would not be adverse to the public interest. See Parker v. State Bd. of Pardons and Paroles, 275 F.3d 1032, 1034-1035 (11th Cir.2001) (citing Zardui-Quintana v. Richard, 768 F.2d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir.1985); see also Warren Pub., Inc. v. Microdos Data Corp., 115 F.3d 1509, 1516 (11th Cir.1997); Teper v. Miller, 82 F.3d 989, 992 n. 3 (11th Cir.1996); Ingram v. Ault, 50 F.3d 898, 900 (11th Cir.1995) (citing Gresham Park Cmty. Org. v. Howell, 652 F.2d 1227, 1232 n. 7 (5th Cir.1981)); Northeastern Fl. Chapter of Ass’n of Gen. Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, Fl., 896 F.2d 1283, 1284 (11th Cir.1990) (citations omitted); Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Nelson, 872 F.2d 1555, 1562 (11th Cir.1989) (citing United States v. Alabama, 791 F.2d 1450, 1459 n. 10 (11th Cir.1986)); Canal Auth. of State of Florida v. Callaway, 489 F.2d 567, 572 (5th Cir.1974) (citations omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiffs must meet each of these four requirements before the Court can issue a preliminary injunction. Applying these well-established principles to the facts of this case, I conclude that Plaintiffs have not established sufficient evidence to support a finding in their favor on each of these four elements, and therefore, Plaintiffs are not entitled to a preliminary injunction. Y. Analysis Florida’s laws regarding electors and elections are set forth in Fla. Stat. §§ 100-107. Section 101.67(2) provides: “All marked absent electors’ ballots to be counted must be received by the supervisor by 7 p.m. the day of the election.” Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2). Florida Administrative Code § 1S-2.013 allows overseas absentee voters an additional ten (10) days after election day to return their ballots to the Supervisor of Elections in the county from which they requested the ballot in order for that ballot to be counted, provided that the overseas absentee ballot was postmarked by election day. Plaintiffs present three causes of action against Defendants. First, Plaintiffs claim that Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) deprives Plaintiffs of their rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B) and is actionable pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (First Amended Compl. at 7-8.) Second, Plaintiffs argue that Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) deprives Plaintiffs of the right to vote in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. (Id. at 8.) Third, Plaintiffs maintain that Florida Administrative Code § 1S-2.013(7), deprives Plaintiffs, domestic absentee voters, of their right to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment because their absentee ballots will not be counted unless they are received by the Supervisors of Election by 7 p.m. on election day. (Id.) In order to determine whether Plaintiffs have established that entry of a preliminary injunction is proper in this case, Plaintiffs must show that at least one of their three legal claims survives under all four prongs of the of preliminary injunction test. A. Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits The first factor of the preliminary injunction test requires Plaintiffs to show that there is a substantial likelihood that they will succeed on the merits of their claims. I will analyze each of Plaintiffs’ three claims in turn. 1. Violation of Voting Rights Act, U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B) The Eleventh Circuit has stated that “[t]he right to vote is ... a right of paramount constitutional significance, the violation of which permits federal court intercession.” Hall v. Holder, 117 F.3d 1222, 1231 (11th Cir.1997). While it is undisputed that the right to vote is fundamental, this right it not absolute; it is subject to control by the States. See, e.g., Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 104, 121 S.Ct. 525, 148 L.Ed.2d 388 (2000) (“The individual citizen has no federal constitutional right to vote for electors for the President of the United States unless and until the state legislature chooses a statewide election as the means to implement its power to appoint members of the electoral college.”) (citing U.S. Const., Art. II, § 1.); Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut, 479 U.S. 208, 217, 107 S.Ct. 544, 93 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986) (“The power to regulate the time, place, and manner of elections does not justify, without more, the abridgment of fundamental rights, such as the right to vote ....”); Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U.S. 330, 336, 92 S.Ct. 995, 31 L.Ed.2d 274 (1972) (stating that the “ ‘equal right to vote’ is not absolute; the States have the power to impose voter qualifications, and to regulate access to the franchise in other ways.” (internal citation omitted)). Thus, although I have an obligation to ensure that a state does not engage in the “arbitrary and disparate treatment of the members of its electorate,” Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. at 105, 121 S.Ct. 525, in assessing Plaintiffs claims, I must also not act in a manner that would contravene the well-established and long-held principle that States “ ‘have broad powers to determine the conditions under which the right of suffrage may be exercised.’ ” McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm’rs of Chicago, 394 U.S. 802, 807, 89 S.Ct. 1404, 22 L.Ed.2d 739 (1969) (quoting Lassiter v. Northampton County Bd. of Elections, 360 U.S. 45, 50, 79 S.Ct. 985, 3 L.Ed.2d 1072 (1959)). This is especially true in the context of absentee ballots, because there is no fundamental right to vote by absentee ballot. See id. Plaintiffs argue that Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) in tandem with Florida Administrative Code § 1S-2.013(7) results in disparate treatment for domestic and overseas absentee voters in violation of the Voting Rights Act. The Voting Rights Act provides: No person acting under color of law shall ... deny the right of any individual to vote in any election because of an error or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting, if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such individual is qualified under State law to vote .... 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B) (2003). This section, often referred to as “the materiality provision,” Schwier v. Cox, 340 F.3d 1284, 1297 (11th Cir.2003), was designed to eliminate practices that could encumber an individual’s ability to register to vote. According to the Schwier Court: 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B) of the Voting Rights Act ... forbids the practice of disqualifying potential voters for their failure to provide information irrelevant to determining their eligibility to vote. This provision was intended to address the practice of requiring unnecessary information for voter registration with the intent that such requirements would increase the number of errors or omissions on the application forms, thus providing an excuse to disqualify potential voters. See Condon v. Reno, 913 F.Supp. 946, 949-50 (D.S.C.1995). For example, one ‘such tactic[ ] [was to] disqualify[ ] an applicant who failed to list the exact number of months and days in his age.’ Id. Id. at 1294. In Schwier, voter registrants brought suit against the Secretary of State of the State of Georgia, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that Georgia’s requirement that prospective voters provide their social security numbers violated 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B). Id. at 1285, 1296. More specifically, the voter registrants in Schwier alleged that social security numbers were not relevant or “material” to determining their eligibility to vote under Georgia law. Id. at 1287. Other cases from other jurisdictions alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B) have similarly focused on the “material” issue. See, e.g., Hoyle v. Priest, 265 F.3d 699, 704 (8th Cir.2001) (holding that an Arkansas voting initiative procedure which required petition signers to be “qualified electors” was material and outside the scope of 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B)); Howlette v. City of Richmond, Virginia, 485 F.Supp. 17, 21-22 (E.D.Va.1978) (holding that a city referendum procedure which required that the signatures of qualified voters on a referendum petition be verified by a notary and subjecting those who take the oath to possible criminal liability for perjury was not “immaterial” and thus did not violate 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B)). Nothing in my review of the ease law in this jurisdiction or in other jurisdictions indicates that section 1971(a)(2)(B) was intended to apply to the counting of ballots by individuals already deemed qualified to vote. Nor does case law in this jurisdiction or in other jurisdictions set forth a test for determining a violation of § 1971(a)(2)(B). Nevertheless, based on the express language of the provision, I will assess whether Defendants denied Plaintiffs’ their right to vote because of any 1) error or omission; 2) on any record or paper; 3) relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting; 4) if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such individual is qualified under State law to vote. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants erred by omitting absentee ballots postmarked on or before November 2, 2004 but received between 7 p.m. on November 2 and 12 a.m. on November 12. (See Corrected Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and/or Preliminary Injunction and Request for an Emergency Hearing, DE 9, at 9.) In deciding whether section 1971(a)(2)(B) prohibits the Supervisors of Elections from rejecting absentee ballots received after 7 pm on November 2, I must look first to the plain meaning of the statute. See, e.g., Solis-Ramirez v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 758 F.2d 1426, 1430 (11th Cir.1985) (“[I]t is a well established axiom of statutory interpretation that in construing a statute, courts must first look to the plain meaning of the statute itself.”). Section 1971(a)(2)(B) prohibits states from disqualifying potential voters based on “an error or omission on any record or paper.” Plaintiffs do not allege that their ballots were rejected because of some error or omission in filling out the absentee ballots. Plaintiffs do not allege that the error or omission occurred on the ballot itself. What Plaintiffs contend is that Defendants erred by omitting the ballot as a whole from the batch of absentee ballots to be counted. In other words, Plaintiffs would have me read the provision as “an error or omission on any record or paper or any error or omission in the treatment, handling, or counting of any record or paper.” The plain meaning of section 1971(a)(2)(B) simply does not support the expansive interpretation which the Plaintiffs advocate. Plaintiffs next argue that the capacious definition of “vote” in section 1971(e) requires me to find that Defendants committed an error by failing to count Plaintiffs’ ballots. Section 1971(e) states: the word “vote” includes all action necessary to make a vote effective including, but not limited to, registration or other action required by State law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast with respect to candidates for public office and propositions for which votes are received in an election 42 U.S.C. § 1971(e) (2003). Plaintiffs argue that because the word “vote” in section 1971 “includes all action necessary to make a vote effective including ... having such ballot counted and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast,” Defendants’ refusal to count the absentee ballots postmarked on or before November 2, 2004 but received between 7 p.m. on November 2 and 12 a.m. on November 12 constitutes an omission that violated the Voting Rights Act. Plaintiffs’ argument fails because courts will avoid an interpretation of a statute that “renders some words altogether redundant.” United States v. Alaska, 521 U.S. 1, 59, 117 S.Ct. 1888, 138 L.Ed.2d 231 (1997) (quoting Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 574, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995)). If “vote” means “all action necessary to make a vote effective including registration or other action required by State law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast,” then such a definition should include the more limited phrase “an error or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting.” Congress may well have been concerned about denials of the right to vote at all stages and components of the voting process' — from application to registration to casting to counting' — but section 1971(a)(2)(B) provides specifically for protections against denials based on errors or omissions on “records or papers” that are immaterial to the determination of an individual’s qualification to vote. The error and omission alleged here did not pertain to determining eligibility to vote. Plaintiffs’ application of “vote” and broader interpretation of section 1971(a)(2)(B) renders redundant the more narrow protection of the provision. Because the error and omission alleged here did not occur on any record or paper and did not occur in relationship to a determination of the Plaintiffs’ eligibility to vote, Plaintiffs have not established a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of a claim of violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B). As a result, Plaintiffs are not entitled to a preliminary injunction for alleged violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1971(a)(2)(B). 2. Violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution As I have concluded that Plaintiffs do not have a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of their Voting Rights Act claim, I must next analyze whether Plaintiffs have demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success on their claim that Defendants’ enforcement of Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) is a violation of Plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. I conclude that § 101.67(2) does not amount to a violation of Plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, therefore, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success under this claim. I previously discussed the constitutional significance of the right to vote and expand upon that discussion here. Although it is beyond dispute that “voting is of the most fundamental significance under our constitutional structure ... [i]t does not follow, however, that the right to vote in any manner and the right to associate for political purposes through the ballot are absolute.” Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 433, 112 S.Ct. 2059, 2063, 119 L.Ed.2d 245 (1992) (citations omitted). In fact, the Constitution itself provides that states may prescribe the “Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections” and the United States Supreme Court has recognized that states retain the power to regulate their elections. Id.; see also Siegel v. Lepore, 234 F.3d 1163, 1179-80 (11th Cir.2000); Art. I, § 4, cl. 1 of the Constitution. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Burdick, “[cjommon sense, as well as constitutional law, compels the conclusion that government must play an active role in structuring elections; ‘as a practical matter, there must be a substantial regulation of elections if they are to be fair and honest and if some sort of order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes.’ ” 504 U.S. at 433, 112 S.Ct. at 2063 (quoting Storer v. Brown, 415 U.S. 724, 730, 94 S.Ct. 1274, 1279, 39 L.Ed.2d 714 (1974)). All election laws result in the imposition of a burden on voters. Id. As a result, not every election law will be subjected to strict scrutiny by the courts. Id.; see also Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 788, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 1569-70, 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983). In Anderson v. Celebrezze, the United States Supreme Court established that a court considering a challenge to a state election law must instead weigh “the character and magnitude of the asserted injury to the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate. It must then identify and evaluate the precise interests put forward by the State as justifications forth burden imposed by its rule. In passing judgment, the Court must consider the extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiffs rights.” 460 U.S. at 789, 103 S.Ct. at 1570. Hence, whether an election law is subject to strict scrutiny or some lesser standard of review depends upon the extent to which the law burdens a plaintiffs First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Burdick, 504 U.S. at 434, 112 S.Ct. at 2063. If the election law imposes a “severe” restriction on a plaintiffs First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, the election law must be “narrowly drawn to advance a state interest of compelling importance.” Id. (citing Norman v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279, 289, 112 S.Ct. 698, 705, 116 L.Ed.2d 711 (1992)). If the election law impose “reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions” upon the plaintiffs First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, the “State’s important regulatory interests are generally sufficient to justify” the restrictions imposed by the election law. Id. (citing Anderson, 460 U.S. at 788, 103 S.Ct. at 1569-70). State election laws which regulate the mechanics of voting are “reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions” that are generally sufficient to justify any restrictions imposed by the election laws. See Burdick, 504 U.S. at 434, 112 S.Ct. at 2063; see also McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 345, 115 S.Ct. 1511, 1518, 131 L.Ed.2d 426 (1995) (applying strict scrutiny to election law which directly regulated free speech and which did not merely control the “mechanics of the electoral process”); Rosario v. Rockefeller, 410 U.S. 752, 93 S.Ct. 1245, 36 L.Ed.2d 1 (1973). In Burdick, the plaintiff was a registered voter who challenged Hawaii’s prohibition of allowing voters to vote for write-in candidates in primary or general elections. 504 U.S. at 430, 112 S.Ct. at 2061. Burdick claimed that Hawaii’s ban on write-in voting violated his First Amendment right of expression and association and asked the district court to enter a preliminary injunction ordering the state to permit and count write-in votes in the general election. 504 U.S. at 430-31, 112 S.Ct. at 2061-62. The district court later granted Burdick’s motion for injunctive relief. 504 U.S. at 432, 112 S.Ct. at 2062. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the district court decision, finding that although Hawaii’s ban on write-in voting placed some restrictions on Burdick’s right to vote, the restriction was justified in light of Hawaii’s broad powers to regulate elections and the specific interests advanced by the state. Id. Burdick appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Id. The United States Supreme Court agreed with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Id. The United States Supreme Court recognized that Hawaii’s election law did have an impact on Burdick’s right to vote, however the Court found that the ban on write-in voting did not unconstitutionally limit the right of voters to have candidates of their choice placed on the ballot. Id. at 434, 112 S.Ct. at 2064. The Burdick Court explained that although Hawaii did not allow write-in votes in general elections, Hawaii had established number of routes for a candidate to have his or her name appear on the ballot for general elections until a certain deadline. Id. In finding that Hawaii’s system provided easy access to ballots and that any burden on voters was limited to those voters who chose their candidate days before the election, the Burdick Court noted that it gives little weight to the interest a voter may have in “making a later rather than an early decision to seek independent ballot status.” Id. at 437, 112 S.Ct. at 2065. The United States Supreme Court held that to “conclude otherwise might sacrifice the political stability of the system of the State, with profound consequences for the entire citizenry, merely in the interest of particular candidates and their supporters having instantaneous access to the ballot.” Id. In affirming the Ninth Circuit’s decision vacating the injunction, the Burdick court concluded that “[rjeasonable regulation of elections does not require voters to espouse positions that they do not support; it does require them to act in a timely fashion if they wish to express their views in the voting booth.” Id. Similarly, in Rosario, the United States Supreme Court upheld another state election law which imposed a deadline by which voters were required to enroll in a political party in order to vote in a subsequent election. 410 U.S. 752, 754, 93 S.Ct. 1245, 1248, 36 L.Ed.2d 1. In holding that the New York election law did not constitute a ban on the voters’ freedom of association under the First Amendment, the Rosario court emphasized that the statute did not “absolutely disenfranchise the class to which the petitioners belong ... [r]ather, the statute merely imposed a time deadline on their enrollment, which they had to meet in order to participate in the next primary.” Id. at 757, 93 S.Ct. at 1249. The Court distinguished the limited restrictions on petitioners’ right to vote imposed by the law from those cases where a state’s election laws “totally denied the electoral franchise to a particular class or residents, and there was no way in which the members of that class could have made themselves eligible to vote.” Id. (referring to Carrington v. Rash, 380 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 775, 13 L.Ed.2d 675 (1965) (where the Texas constitution prohibited all servicemen from voting regardless of the length of residence in the state); Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15, 395 U.S. 621, 89 S.Ct. 1886, 23 L.Ed.2d 583 (1969) (state law prohibited residents who were not parents or property owners from participating in school board elections); Cipriano v. City of Houma, 395 U.S. 701, 89 S.Ct. 1897, 23 L.Ed.2d 647 (1969) (state law prohibited residents who were not property owners from voting in bond elections); Evans v. Cornman, 398 U.S. 419, 90 S.Ct. 1752, 26 L.Ed.2d 370 (1970) (state law prohibited residents of a national facility located in the state from voting in any election)). Since the voters could have enrolled in a party before the deadline in time to vote in the next election, the Rosario court held that the deadline imposed by the state did not constitute a ban on the voters’ First Amendment freedoms but was merely a time limitation on when the voters had to act in order for them to participate in the next election. Id. at 758, 93 S.Ct. at 1250. Plaintiffs suggest that this Court should review Fla. Stat. § 101.67 under a “strict scrutiny” standard whereby Defendants must show that a compelling state interest exists to justify their rejection of any domestic absentee ballots which were received after 7 p.m. on election day. Plaintiffs have not alleged that Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) is discriminatory on its face, however. Rather, Plaintiffs allege that “Defendants’ policies, practices and procedures of strictly applying the deadline set forth in Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) to plaintiff and members of the plaintiff class deprives, and will continue to deprive, plaintiffs of the right to vote, in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments.” (First Amended Compl. — Class Action at 8.) Plaintiffs misunderstand the standard to be applied in this case. As the United States Supreme Court held in Burdick, where a state election law imposes only “reasonable, nondiscriminatory” restrictions upon the right to vote, strict scrutiny is not required. 504 U.S. at 434, 112 S.Ct. at 2063. Because § 101.67(2) only relates to the mechanics of the electoral process, the correct standard to be applied in this case is whether Florida’s important regulatory interests are sufficient to justify the restrictions imposed on their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. See id.; see also Rosario, 410 U.S. at 752, 93 S.Ct. 1245; Green Party v. Weiner, 216 F.Supp.2d 176, 187 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (finding that lesser standard of review applied to election law which mandated that primaries for certain parties would be conducted on paper ballots rather than voting machines because law only regulated the “mechanics” of the election). Plaintiffs mischaracterize Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2). § 101.672(2) does not deny the right to vote to a class of persons. It merely imposes a deadline by which Plaintiffs must return their absentee ballots to the Supervisors of Election. § 101.67(2) proscribes the mechanics of voting by absentee voters in Florida, therefore, it is subject to a lesser standard of review under Burdick and Rosario. Defendants need only show that there are important regulatory interests which justify the limited restrictions imposed by § 101.67(2) on Plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Burdick, a state has a substantial interest in regulating their elections in order to make the elections “fair and honest” and to ensure that “some sort of order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes.” 504 U.S. at 433, 112 S.Ct. at 2063. At the hearing, a representative for Defendant Secretary of State Glenda Hood testified regarding the history and purpose of the deadlines in Fla. Stat. § 101.67(2) and Fla. Admin. Code § 1S-2.013(7). The representative testified that the 10 day extension of time for overseas absentee voters to return their ballots in § 1S-2.013 was created as a result of a consent decree entered into between the State of Florida and the United States for the purpose of allowing overseas citizens additional time to vote in elections due to the delay in delivery of overseas mail. The consent decree was the result of litigation brought by the Attorney General of the United States to compel the State of Florida to harmonize § 101.67(2) with the requirements of two federal laws — the Overseas Citizens Voting Rights Act of 1975, Pub.L. No. 94-203, 89 Stat. 1142 (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1973ff to 1973ff-6 (1994)), and the Federal Voting Assistance Act of 1955, 42 U.S.C. § 1973cc et seq. (1983). See Harris v. Florida Elections Canvassing Comm., 122 F.Supp.2d 1317, 1320 (N.D.Fla.2000) (discussing United States v. Florida, No. TCA-80-1055 (N.D.Fla.1982) — the case in which § 1S-2.013 wa