Full opinion text
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .432 II. BACKGROUND.433 A. Initial Investigation.433 B. June 16, 2003 Eavesdropping Warrant — Residence Telephone -1193 .435 C. July 15, 2003, Eavesdropping Warrant — Cellular Telephone -2285.436 D. Extension of June 16 Warrant (-1193).438 E. August 1, 2003, Eavesdropping Warrant.439 F. Extension of July 15 Warrant (-2285).443 G. Search Warrant.444 III.STANDARDS. ^ Ol to A. Eavesdropping Warrants ^ Ol to B. Search W arrant. ^ Ol cn C. Probable Cause. 4^ Ol ci IV. DISCUSSION.456 A. Moran.456 1. 2518 (l)(e), 2518(3)(c) — Need for Wiretap.456 2. Misstatements and Omissions — Wiretap Applications.461 3. 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5) — Minimization.464 4. Search Warrant.465 5. Miscellaneous Motions.466 6. GPS Device.467 B. Heffner.468 C. Lashway.470 D. Cook.473 E. Corigliano.478 1. Omnibus Motion.478 2. Motion to Dismiss the Indictment.479 V. CONCLUSION.481 A. Moran.481 B. Heffner.481 C. Lashway.482 D. Cook..'.482 E. Corigliano.482 MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER HURD, District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION The defendants were charged with narcotics trafficking offenses in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and 18 U.S.C. § 1 (1 count); 21 U.S.C. § 841 and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (7 counts); and 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(2) (1 count), in a second superseding indictment dated April 15, 2004. Defendant Robert P. Moran, Jr., Esq. (“Moran”) filed omnibus motions seeking miscellaneous relief including suppression of evidence derived from a telephone wiretap warrant issued on June 16, 2003, and thereafter extended; a cellular telephone wiretap warrant issued on July 15, 2003, and thereafter extended; a search warrant issued on August 17, 2003; and the war-rantless use of a GPS tracking device on his vehicle. Defendant Chance E. Heffner (“Heffner”) moved to suppress all physical evidence seized pursuant to the search warrant at his residence, 403 Fishing Rock Road, and from his vehicles (a 1997 Mercury sedan, a 1972 Winnebago, and a 1985 Harley Davidson motorcycle). Defendant Donald Lashway (“Lashway”) filed an omnibus motion on March 12, 2004, and a supplemental motion to suppress on May 28, 2004. Defendant David L. Cook (“Cook”) filed an omnibus motion on February 11, 2004. He subsequently withdrew that portion of the motion seeking discovery pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 16. Cook filed a supplemental motion to suppress on June 2, 2004. Defendant Thomas A. Corigliano (“Corigliano”) filed an omnibus motion on June 2, 2004. The government opposes each defendants’ motions. Oral argument was heard on June 22, 2004. Decision was reserved. On July 20, 2004, Corigliano filed a motion to dismiss the indictment. The government opposed. Corigliano’s motion was taken on submission without oral argument. II. BACKGROUND A. Initial Investigation In the spring of 2003 the Oneida County Sheriffs Department formed a gang intelligence detail, to which Investigator Keith C. Grogan (“Grogan”) was appointed. The gang intelligence detail was formed to gain, gather, and share intelligence regarding gang activity in and around Oneida County in cooperation with other law enforcement agencies. Grogan, a fourteen-year veteran of the Oneida County Sheriffs Department, developed a confidential informant (“Cl”) in April 2003, in the course of pursuing the goals of the gang intelligence detail. The Cl informed Grogan about local motorcycle clubs and the alleged distribution of methamphetamine. According to Dennis Tomasone (“Toma-sone”), a Special Investigator for the New York Attorney General’s Organized Crime Task Force, on April 16, 2003, two members of the Hell’s Angels Motorcycle Club (“Hell’s Angels”), Keith Gagnon (“Gag-non”) and Heffner, were seen exiting the Hell’s Angels Troy, New York, club house. They were followed to 403 Fishing Rock Road, Middleville, New York, where surveillance of them was discontinued because of the difficulties inherent in conducting physical surveillance of a rural location. It was later determined that Gagnon and Heffner were residing at 403 Fishing Rock Road. The telephone toll records for 403 Fishing Rock Road (315-891-3719) were obtained by subpoena. Review of the telephone log from February 6, 2003, through April 24, 2003, revealed calls to the Hell’s Angels’ Troy club house; two telephone calls to 315-336-1410 (“-1410”), Moran’s law office in Rome, New York; and ninety-eight (98) calls to 315-337-1193 (“-1193”), Moran’s residence at 6196 Hawkins Corners Road, Lee Center, New York (“Hawkins Corners residence”). Telephone toll records were also obtained by subpoena for Verizon cellular telephone 518-339-1890, which was listed to a Keith Gagnor, Palmyra, Me., an address sometimes used by Gagnon. There were twenty-two numbers in common between that cellular telephone and the 403 Fishing Rock Road telephone. A comparison of the telephone log for - 1193, also obtained by subpoena, revealed five numbers in common with Gagnon’s residence or cellular telephone for the time period March 1, 2003, to April 24, 2003. This review also revealed eighteen calls to the 403 Fishing Rock Road telephone. Five calls were made to 518-273-3230, a number listed to Flesh Jess Tattoos, which is owned by a member of the Troy Hell’s Angels. Twenty-two calls were made to 518-838-9967, a number listed to the girlfriend of Lashway, who is a Troy Hell’s Angel. Eleven calls were made to 518-589-0411, which was listed to an address that is the residence of Edward J. (“Har-tery”), a Troy Hell’s Angel. One call was made to 607-343-0391, a number listed to the wife of Timothy Mancini, the President of the Red Devils Motorcycle Club, a Hell’s Angels affiliate. Eight calls were made to numbers (cellular and home) listed to Robert W. Moran (“Bugsy Moran”), a Hell’s Angel in Rochester, New York. On April 20, 2003, New York State Trooper Daniel C. Snyder, Jr. (“Snyder”) observed a motorcycle with a loud exhaust, being driven by an operator displaying the Hell’s Angels’ colors, enter the parking lot of a convenience store in Marcy, New York. Snyder, intending to investigate the loud exhaust, parked across the street. The motorcycle operator sat on the curb and made a cellular telephone call when he saw the trooper. After waiting about forty minutes, Snyder pulled into the parking lot of the convenience store so that his partner could go inside. He observed the motorcycle to have New York Registration number 66DA83. He and the motorcycle operator engaged in a conversation, during which the motorcycle operator stated that he was lost and was looking for Lee Center, but that his friend was coming from Lee Center to get him. In a short time a Toyota Sport Utility Vehicle (“SUV”) with New York State registration CLC 7851 pulled up. The motorcycle followed the SUV to Rome, New York, when both vehi-eles pulled into a parking lot. Snyder then ended the surveillance. New York registration CLC 7851 is registered to Moran. Snyder later identified the motorcycle operator as Bugsy Moran. He also determined that New York State motorcycle registration 66DA83 was registered to Bugsy Moran’s wife. He also later determined that Bugsy Moran had been arrested on March 1, 2003, by the Wayne County Sheriffs Department and charged with possession of methamphetamine. Also at some time in April 2003, an investigator with the Oneida County Drug Task Force advised Grogan that a Rome resident, thought to be a prospect for Hell’s Angels, had been physically beaten by the Hell’s Angels in Rochester. Information had been provided to that investigator and to the Rome, New York, Police Department, that the assault in Rochester occurred as the result of a money shortage on a drug deal. In mid-May 2003, Grogan supervised a controlled buy of methamphetamine. His Cl made a telephone call to -1193 to arrange the drug purchase. Grogan searched the Cl and found no drugs. Gro-gan then provided money with which the Cl would make the purchase. The Cl went to the Hawkins Corners residence. A female known to be Roberta Lynn Co-chis (“Cochis”), who was Moran’s girlfriend and resided with him, exited the residence and spoke to the Cl. The Cl entered the house to complete the drug transaction. Shortly thereafter the Cl provided Grogan with a small plastic bag containing a white powdery substance later identified as containing methamphetamine. The Cl had at least two additional telephone conversations regarding potential drug transactions with Cochis after the controlled buy. B. June 16, 2003 Eavesdropping Warrant — Residence Telephone -1193 On June 16, 2003, the Oneida County District Attorney applied to a New York State Court for an eavesdropping warrant for the -1193 telephone line. The application sought the warrant to secure evidence of certain conspiracy and controlled substances offenses under New York law against Moran, Coehis, and unidentified co-conspirators. The affidavits of Grogan, New York State Police investigator James E. Jecko (“Jecko”), and Tomasone; the supporting deposition of Snyder; a supporting deposition from the Rochester Police Department; and the sworn testimony of the Cl were submitted in support of the application. Grogan, Jecko, and Tomasone each delineated their experience as law enforcement officers. In each case the experience included investigating controlled substances trafficking. They each then outlined their part of the initial investigation. Grogan related his dealings with the Cl and noted that he had corroborated much of the information provided to him by the Cl. He stated that it is known that the Hell’s Angels are involved in the production and distribution of methamphetamine, and that he had been so informed by other law enforcement officers, such as Kevin Patrick McDonough of the Middle Atlantic-Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network. Grogan noted that Moran is an attorney, but any conversations sought regarding the possession and distribution of methamphetamine would not be protected by the attorney-client privilege. He stated that he had attempted to surveil the Hawkins Corners residence, but had been unsuccessful. He opined that such surveillance would be noticed by Moran, Coehis, or Hell’s Angels prospect Matthew Ortolano (who lives near the Hawkins Corners residence and dates Moran’s secretary). Grogan related information given him by other law enforcement personnel that Hell’s Angels conduct counter-surveillance, including photographs and video equipment that would allow them to identify surveillance equipment such as vehicles and pole cameras. Grogan opined that future traditional investigative techniques would be unyielding. Introducing an undercover officer would not be successful because Moran, due to his profession as an attorney, is familiar with most local undercover officers. Additionally, Moran would not sell methamphetamine to someone with whom he is unfamiliar. Further, given the nature of the Hell’s Angels organization, it would be impossible to introduce an undercover agent into the organization, and Grogan’s Cl was not in a position to infiltrate the organization. Finally, Grogan opined that Moran was being supplied methamphetamine by Hell’s Angels, and that deals and deliveries were being arranged via telephone. Jecko set forth his analysis of the toll records from -1193 for the period of March 1, 2003, to April 24, 2003. He then stated that historically it has been difficult to infiltrate the Hell’s Angels. They are a highly secretive group, who’s members often reside at locations owned or rented by others. They frequently use other person’s names to register vehicles and to obtain utilities and services in an attempt to remain unidentified by law enforcement They often reside in rural locations where surveillance would be easily detected. Additionally traditional investigative techniques are unfruitful. Hell’s Angels members monitor police frequency scanners. They use counter-surveillance techniques such as periodically photographing the areas surrounding their club houses and residences. The photographs are compared in order to determine the presence of law enforcement investigators. Hell’s Angels have an initiation process during which prospects are required to commit criminal acts or use narcotics. This initiation process is one way in which members can identify undercover law enforcement officers attempting to infiltrate the organization, because they would be unable to commit the criminal acts or use narcotics. For these reasons, Jecko stated that conventional methods of investigation into the criminal activities of the Hell’s Angels have been ineffective. Further, he opined that non-traditional investigatory methods, such as eavesdropping warrants, would be highly effective in furthering the investigation into the narcotics trafficking activities of the Hell’s Angels. Tomasone related the initial surveillance of Gagnon and Heffner, leading to review of the telephone toll records for 403 Fishing Rock Road and a comparison with, inter alia, the telephone toll records for - 1193, as detailed above. Tomasone noted that the rural location made surveillance of 403 Fishing Rock Road very difficult. He further noted that to date, conventional means of investigation had been unsuccessful in infiltrating the group. Snyder’s supporting deposition set forth the occurrences on April 20, 2003. On that day he observed Hell’s Angel Bugsy Moran in Marcy, New York, who then met and followed Moran into Rome, New York. The details of this incident are set forth above. The supporting deposition from the Rochester Police Department set forth background information on Bugsy Moran. Bugsy Moran is a member and current Sergeant at Arms for the Rochester Hell’s Angels. He has been a member since 1996. There is a physical description of him as well as other facts such as his residence and marital status. Bugsy Moran was arrested on March 1, 2003, and charged with possession of methamphetamine. He was last arrested by the Rochester Police Department on May 16, 2002, for two counts of third degree assault. The vehicles he uses are a 1986 van registered to his wife, a 1995 sedan, a 1999 Cadillac registered to his deceased father, a 2002 Harley Davidson motorcycle registered to his wife, and a 1969 dump truck registered to his wife. The deposition notes that members of motorcycle gangs including Hell’s Angels frequently use vehicles registered to non-members to avoid detection by law enforcement officials and rival motorcycle gang members. Based upon the facts set forth in the submissions (as related above), and the sworn testimony of the Cl, Acting Supreme Court Justice Barry M. Donalty (“Judge Donalty”) issued a warrant permitting the interception of telephone and electronic communications over the -1193 line for a period of thirty days (“June 16 Warrant”). The June 16 Warrant further permitted installation of a pen register and caller identification devices on the -1193 telephone line. On June 24, 2003, Judge Donalty issued an amended eavesdropping warrant. The amended warrant included authorization for the New York State Attorney General’s Organized Crime Task Force and the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) to execute the warrant, in addition to the New York State Police and the Oneida County Sheriffs Department authorized by the original warrant. C. July 15, 2003, Eavesdropping Warrant — Cellular Telephone -2285 On July 15, 2003, the Oneida County District Attorney applied for an additional eavesdropping warrant for 315-534-2285 (“-2285”). This number (-2285) is for a cellular telephone subscribed to by Moran. The proposed eavesdropping warrant sought evidence of narcotics trafficking offenses by Moran, Cochis, Heffner, Bugsy Moran, Lashway, Gregory Heine a/k/a/ “Pep” or “Pepe” (“Heine”), Hartery, and other yet unknown co-conspirators. The proposed eavesdropping warrant also sought to identify other co-conspirators, and determine the ultimate source of the methamphetamine, the path of illegally gotten gains, and the structure of the distribution network for the sale and possession of methamphetamine. The following facts, derived from monitoring the telephone calls intercepted pursuant to the June 16 Warrant, were set forth in Jecko’s affidavit in support of the application, along with transcripts of some of the intercepted calls. On numerous occasions members of Hell’s Angels attempted to contact Moran at home (-1193) and were told to call him on his cellular telephone (-2285). On July 5, 2003, Cochis, and then Moran, carried on a conversation with Cheryl Hoecherl (“Hoecherl”), who was at her home in Arizona. Hoecherl is the girlfriend or wife of Heine, a Hell’s Angel of sixteen years. During the course of the conversation, Hell’s Angels business was discussed. On July 8, 2003, police in Arizona conducted a simultaneous raid on numerous Hell’s Angels club houses. Hoecherl called Moran at -1193 on that day, expressing concern about her own home being raided. She noted that she had tried to call him earlier on his cellular telephone (-2285) but did not get through. Also on that day Moran made an outgoing call from -1193 to a “Joe” regarding the raids that had occurred in Arizona. Moran left a message requesting a call back on his cell phone. On June 30, 2003, Heine placed a telephone call to -1193. Upon reaching Co-chis, Heine asked her: “does he (Moran) have something?” Cochis responded: “yeah, he should be here in about an hour and a half.” Within about two minutes Cochis phoned Moran’s cell phone (-2285) and left a message for Moran to contact Heine. Based upon his training and experience, Jecko opined that Heine was calling Moran’s residence and using encrypted coded language to inquire about the possession and possible sale of methamphetamine. On June 26, 2003, Hartery called -1193. Cochis told him that Moran was on his way to Albany. Hartery replied: “I’ll get him in his truck.” About twenty minutes later Moran called Cochis from -2285 and she asked him if Hartery had gotten through to him. He replied -that his phone had been turned off. She told him to give Hartery a call. Numerous calls on -1193 were intercepted that indicated Moran held some authority with members of Hell’s Angels and possibly within the Hell’s Angels organization. Heffner, Bugsy Moran, Lashway, and Heine (all Hell’s Angels) showed respect for and deference toward Moran during such calls. The first call made from Arizona regarding the raids on various Hell’s Angels club houses appeared to have been to Moran. He then disseminated the information to Bugsy Moran, Heff-ner, Lashway, and Heine. Moran’s place in the hierarchy of the alleged methamphetamine conspiracy became questionable. Therefore, Jecko opined, interception of Moran’s cellular communications would help establish the organization and Moran’s place in it. Jecko further noted that future traditional investigative techniques would not yield the needed evidence. Placing an undercover officer would not be successful because Moran is familiar with local undercover police officers and Moran would not sell to someone with whom he was not familiar. It would also be impossible to introduce an undercover agent into the Hell’s Angels organization. Jecko concluded that Moran used his cellular .telephone (-1185) to communicate with members of Hell’s Angels for purposes that further the possession and distribution of methamphetamine. Based upon the foregoing facts in support of the June 16 Warrant and, in addition, the facts gleaned from the calls on - 1193 intercepted pursuant to the June 16 Warrant as set forth in Jeeko’s affidavit and the transcripts, on July 15, 2003, Judge Donalty issued another eavesdropping warrant, for the -2285 cellular telephone line (“July 15 Warrant”). In addition to intercepting and recording telephonic and electronic communications on - 2285, the July 15 Warrant authorized pen register and caller identification devices to be installed. The July 15 Warrant was to expire after thirty days. The July 15 Warrant was amended on July 17, 2003. The amendment permitted interception of all communications to and from -2285, including communications made through Nextel Communications, Inc.’s Direct Connect/Dispatch, text messaging, and short messaging services (collectively “Nextel Direct Services”). These services permit communication with other Nextel subscribers' without dialing the telephone. D. Extension of June 16 Warrant (- 1193) On July 21, 2003, the Oneida County District Attorney applied for an extension of the June 16 Warrant. The purpose of the extension was to secure evidence of controlled substances crimes by Moran, Cochis, Heffner, Bugsy Moran, Lashway, Heine, Hartery, and other as yet unknown co-conspirators. Conversations intercepted as a result of the extension would purportedly deal with the sale of methamphetamine to the public; ordering and delivery times of methamphetamine; and distribution times from the Hawkins Corners residence and the known co-conspirators. Intercepted conversations would also purportedly disclose the identities of other participants; the location of the source of the methamphetamine; the monetary trail of the proceeds; and the hierarchy of the conspirators. All of the submissions supporting the June 16 Warrant were submitted for consideration of the extension application. The following facts regarding the continuing investigation were set forth by Jecko in an affidavit submitted in support of the application. On July 12, 2003, Moran took a commercial flight from Syracuse, New York, to Phoenix, Arizona. He took the airport shuttle to the Hilton Hotel. A female picked him up at the hotel and drove him to a local residence. A third party arrived with a duffle bag, stayed a short time, and left without the duffle bag. The female then drove Moran back to the Hilton Hotel. He purchased a return ticket (Phoenix to Syracuse with a stop in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) from priceline.com. Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) agents took the same flight. Moran arrived in Syracuse on July 13, 2003. A City of Syracuse police K-9 alerted on his luggage (indicating the presence of illegal substances), but declined to pursue an interdiction at that time in order to further the overall investigation. Moran returned to the Hawkins Corners residence. On July 14 Lashway, a Hell’s Angel, along with Hell’s Angels prospects David Lust (“Lust”) and Paul Cunningham (“Cunningham”), were observed by surveillance at Moran’s residence. Surveillance was conducted throughout the evening. At one point Lashway’s motorcycle was pulled into the garage. Lust departed in the late evening. In the morning of July 15, Lashway and Cunningham departed the Hawkins Corners residence. Surveillance placed them meeting Lust at the New York State Thruway (“Thruway”) near the Little Falls exit. Surveillance continued east on the Thruway to Troy. Eventually Lust and Lashway arrived at the Troy Hell’s Angels club house. Intercepted call # 1929 between Moran and Cochis revealed that Moran had money for Heine. On July 15, 2003, Moran drove to the New York City area to meet Heine. In another intercepted call Moran asked Cochis if his package was received, and stated he hoped the package was not light. Jecko opined that Moran was concerned about the package not containing enough product, specifically methamphetamine. Another intercepted call between Cochis and Moran occurred when Cochis borrowed Moran’s truck. Moran told Cochis that there was enough “shit” in the vehicle to put her away for life. Jecko opined that Moran was talking about his vehicle containing a large amount of an illegal substance. Jecko stated that probable cause existed to believe that eight named persons, members or prospects of Hell’s Angels, were co-conspirators with Moran. However, Moran’s position within the Hell’s Angels was as yet unknown. Jecko reiterated the deference and respect shown to Moran by members and prospects of Hell’s Angels during intercepted -1193 calls. E. August 1, 2003, Eavesdropping Wairant On July 30, 2003, Deputy Attorney General in Charge of the New York Attorney General’s Statewide Organized Crime Task Force J. Christopher Prather (“Prather”) applied for an eavesdropping warrant of cellular telephone 518-858-9967 (“Lash-way’s cell phone”). The stated purpose of the warrant was to secure evidence of narcotics trafficking offenses by Moran, Lashway, Cochis, Cunningham, Heffner, and Lust. Interception of calls from Lash-way’s cell phone would purportedly reveal to whom Lashway was distributing methamphetamine, his illegal activities in conjunction with Cunningham, Lust, Heffner, and other Hell’s Angels and prospects, and evidence relating to his distribution of cocaine. In addition to the affidavit of Assistant Deputy Attorney General James J. Mindell (“Mindell”), Prather submitted the affidavit of Tomasone dated July 30, 2003, in support of the application for an eavesdropping warrant. The following facts in support of the application were set forth by Tomasone. In May 2003, an informant reported to the DEA that one Samuel Galluzzo told the informant that he drove Lashway weekly to Utica, New York, and locations in Vermont where Lashway distributes large amounts of methamphetamine. Although this informant had not previously provided information to law enforcement, portions of the information given regarding Lashway distributing methamphetamine had been corroborated. In June 2003 a different informant provided information, corroborated by the FBI, to the FBI that one Brian Moulton (“Moulton”) sold cocaine for Lashway. The informant stated that Moulton sold cocaine in quantities of three ounces or more from the Nature’s Pub (also known as Adam’s Rib) in Troy. The informant also stated that Moulton steals motorcycles on behalf of Hell’s Angels. Moulton provided this information by statements to the informant. This informant has worked with the FBI in the past and some of the information tended to be corroborated by Lashway’s cell phone records. Tomasone related some investigation results linking Moran with methamphetamine distribution, such as a controlled buy from Cochis at the Hawkins Corners residence. Tomasone then proceeded to set forth facts linking Lashway to Moran and methamphetamine distribution. On June 25, 2003, three calls were made between Moran and Lashway (on his cell phone), while Lashway was attempting to locate the Hawkins Corners residence. In one call Lashway stated that he was on his way and Moran replied yeah, it’s here. Tomasone opined that they were discussing methamphetamine. Within two days of these calls law enforcement surveillance observed Heffner, Bugsy Moran, and Kyle NcNeil (“McNeil”), a Troy Hell’s Angel, at the Hawkins Corners residence. Toma-sone opined that they were at Moran’s house in order to either obtain methamphetamine or provide money with which Moran would purchase methamphetamine for them. On July 12, Moran went to Arizona and returned the following day. Details of this trip, as well as Moran’s visitors recently afterward, are set forth above. Those facts are repeated only insofar as they relate to Lashway, whose cellular telephone is the subject of the August 1 Warrant. On July 14, Lashway’s motorcycle (registered to Diane Kehn) was observed at the Hawkins Corners residence along with Lust’s and Cunningham’s motorcycles. At 11:22 a.m. on July 15, Lashway and Cunningham were observed traveling east on the Thruway. They met Lust at 12:11 and proceeded east. Lashway and Lust were observed arriving at the Troy Hell’s Angels club house later in the afternoon. Cunningham arrived shortly thereafter. The next day, July 16, a call between Moran and Cochis was intercepted during which they discussed arrival of a package for Moran. Tomasone related specifics about a conversation on July 17 between Moran and Cochis which indicated to him that Moran had a significant quantity of methamphetamine in the glove box of his truck. On July 19, a call was intercepted during which Lashway told Moran he was coming up. Moran jokingly responded we’re closed. He then said come on up. About two hours later Lashway was observed to arrive at the Hawkins Corners residence. Tomasone opined that Moran went to Arizona on July 12, paid for a quantity of methamphetamine, received some methamphetamine, and shipped some to New York State via the United States mail or a private carrier. He opined that the July 17 call regarding the truck glove box indicated that Moran’s package of methamphetamine had arrived from Arizona. Call detail analysis of Lashway’s cell phone from May 25 to June 24 showed 36 calls to Cunningham, 9 to Hunt, 6 to the Troy Hell’s Angels club house, 10 to 403 Fishing Rock Road (Heffner’s residence), six to Hell’s Angel John MacNeil, and 18 to the Hawkins Corners residence at - 1193, as well as to various other Hell’s Angels. The analysis also showed eight calls to Juan Rivera, who has a lengthy criminal record, between June 23 and June 25. Four of the calls to Juan Rivera were made before Lashway visited Moran on June 25, and 4 calls were made on June 25 after Lashway visited Moran. Hon. Joseph C. Teresi, (“Judge Teresi”), Supreme Court Justice for the Third Judicial District, issued the eavesdropping warrant on August 1, 2003 (“August 1 Warrant”). The August 1 Warrant authorized interception of conversations on Lashway’s cell phone from August 5, 2003, to September 3, 2003. On August 26, 2003, Prather applied for an amendment and an extension of the August 1 Warrant. In addition to seeking information regarding methamphetamine trafficking by Moran, Lashway, Cochis, Cunningham, Heffner, and Lust, the amendment application sought narcotics trafficking information about Hunt, Robert Sicley (“Sicley”), Bugsy Moran, and Har-tery. Prather again supplemented his affidavit with those of Mindell and Tomasone in support of the application. In addition to interceptions of Lashway’s cell phone conversations, the application sought to intercept communications on the following cellular telephones: 585-370-5704 listed to Amy Warda and used by Bugsy Moran (“Bugsy Moran’s cell phone”); 518-858-0957 listed to Donna Snay and used by Sicley (“Sicley’s cell phone”); 518-210-3129 listed to Cunningham (“Cunningham’s cell phone”); and 518-378-1621 listed to Donna Snay and used by Hunt (“Huntfs cell phone”). Mindell set forth his background and the background of the current investigation, including the prior eavesdropping warrants on -1193 and -2285 and the August 1 Warrant; the need for the interceptions; and the previous court orders to obtain pen registers on Lashway’s cell phone, Cunningham’s cell phone, and the telephone listed to Shayne Bazinet at 403 Fishing Rock Road (Heffner’s residence). Tomasone set forth the facts upon which he based his opinion that probable cause existed to believe that evidence of methamphetamine trafficking (by Bugsy Moran, Sicley, Cunningham, Hunt, and Lash-way) would be obtained in conversations intercepted pursuant to the requested amendment and extension of the August 1 Warrant, as follows. He also noted that Cochis, Heffner, Lust, and Hartery were continuing to traffic in narcotics. Tomasone broke the facts about Bugsy Moran, Sicley, Cunningham, and Hunt into separate sections, but did not do so for Lashway since, as he noted, the facts about each of the others also applied to Lashway. Here, however, the facts are set forth chronologically. Tomasone related that of a call detail analysis for Hunt’s cell phone from June 25 to July 24 showed 3 calls to Hartery, 5 calls to Heffner, 2 to Kyle McNeil, 22 to Cunningham, 2 to Hell’s Angel Teddy Baldwin, 1 to the outlaw motorcycle gang Dominion Saints, and two to Hell’s Angel John “Scotty” MacNeil. He also set forth a call detail analysis of Sicley’s cell phone from June 26 to July 24. During that time he called the Nature’s Pub 14 times. The Nature’s Pub is the place where an informant said that Brian Moulton sold cocaine for Lashway. Sicley called Lashway’s cell phone once; Albert Blowers (a Troy Hell’s Angels prospect) once; and the Dominion Saints club house once. An informant told law enforcement officers that Sicley was formerly a member of the Dominion Saints, and he had been kicked out for using crack cocaine. The informant purportedly had first hand knowledge of the activities of outlaw motorcycle gangs in the Troy area. Tomasone repeated the mid-July occurrences. On July 12 Lashway called Moran, discussing meeting him at Heffner’s. Later that day Moran flew to Arizona. He returned on July 14. Heffner’s car was observed at the Hawkins Corners residence that day. Three hours later the motorcycles of Lust, Cunningham, and Lashway were observed at the Hawkins Corners residence. Upon leaving the Hawkins Corners residence the next morning, Lust, Cunningham, and Lashway traveled on the Thruway, eventually arriving at the Troy Hell’s Angels club house. In the next few days calls between Moran and Cochis were intercepted regarding Moran’s anticipating receipt of a package and what Tomasone opined was Moran storing narcotics in the glove box of his truck. Tomasone opined that on July 12 Moran was attempting to meet with Heffner and Lashway to obtain money to finance the purchase of methamphetamine in Arizona. He opined that upon Moran’s return on July 14 Moran met with Heffner, Lash-way, Cunningham, and Lust to discuss distribution of methamphetamine. On July 19, Lashway spoke with Moran on the telephone, telling him that he was coming up. Moran jokingly stated that we’re closed. About two hours later Lash-way arrived at the Hawkins Corners residence. A pen register analysis of Cunningham’s cell phone for August 5, 2003, to August 21, 2003, showed 15 calls to Albert Blowers, a Troy Hell’s Angels prospect; 8 calls to the Troy Hell’s Angels club house; 5 calls to Sicley; 12 calls to Hartery; 2 calls to David Brock, a Hell’s Angel. There were also 8 calls to Hunt’s residence, 1 to Hunt’s tattoo parlor, and 13 to Hunt’s cell phone. From August 5 to August 11 several calls occurred between Lashway and Sic-ley regarding Lashway’s planned trip to visit Moran. On August 11 Lashway did go to Moran’s. Sicley called Lashway while he was on his way and Lashway told him he would not be back until the next day. On August 12, after visiting Moran, Lashway tried to call Sicley several times but did not reach him. On August 15 and 16 Bugsy Moran had a series of calls with Lashway. Lashway stated that he believed Moran left, that he was in the air. Moran flew to Arizona on August 14 and returned on August 16. On August 16 a call took place between Lashway and Moran. Also, Lashway told Cunningham in a telephone call to come up right now, he wanted to speak with him right now. Later, when Lashway and Sicley were en route to the Hawkins Corners residence, Cunningham called Lashway saying that he was in Maryland, about ten miles from the club house, and he was safe. Lashway replied that he was on his way, and Cunningham knew where he was going. Later that night Lashway and Sicley arrived at the Hawkins Corners residence, stayed about one hour, then departed for the Rochester Hell’s Angels club house. On August 17, 2003, the search warrant was executed. Moran was arrested and several ounces of methamphetamine were recovered from the Hawkins Corners residence, Heffner’s residence at 403 Fishing Rock Road, and various other locations associated with Moran, the Hell’s Angels, and the Highwaymen Motorcycle Club (“Highwaymen”). On August 18, Cunningham called Lash-way. Cunningham talked but Lashway said nothing audible. One minute later Cunningham called Lashway using an unidentified cellular telephone. Lashway described the raid on Heffner’s house and Moran’s arrest, wondering if he and Cunningham would be next. Cunningham attempted to reassure Lashway, stating that when they conducted raids they executed all the warrants at the same time. On August 18, Lashway called Kyle McNeil, who said that he had talked to Hartery and they were working on everything. Lashway replied that he understood, and that it was hard to say anything on the phone. Kyle McNeil told Lashway to make sure somebody stayed at the club house, and that if there were important things in the paperwork in the office he might want to try to get that out. Lash-way replied that he would need help with that, and Kyle McNeil referred him to Hunt. Three minutes later Lashway called Hunt and Hunt agreed to meet at the clubhouse. Tomasone opined that the purpose of the meeting was to remove any incriminating documents from the club house. On August 19, using an unidentified telephone, Cunningham called Lashway, saying he was going to be in Baltimore, to let everyone know that, and stating that he would be doing our thing with them at one of their houses. On August 20, Lashway called Sicley, telling Sicley to meet him at the club house. Three minutes later he repeated the call and changed the meeting place to “Foot’s Garage.” Eight minutes later he called Sicley again and said stay there, stay there, I’ll come to you, I got them ah parts you needed. Judge Teresi issued the amended and extended eavesdropping warrant on September 2, 2003. The warrant authorized the interception of conversations over Lashway’s cell phone, Bugsy Moran’s cell phone, Cunningham’s cell phone, and Hunt’s cell phone from September 2, 2003, through October 1, 2003. F. Extension of July 15 Warrant (- 2285) On August 13, 2003, the Oneida County District Attorney applied for an extension of the July 15 Warrant. The purpose of the extension was to secure evidence of controlled substances crimes by Moran, Cochis, Heffner, Lashway, Heine, Hartery, Kyle McNiel, Bugsy Moran, Cunningham, Lust, and other as yet unknown eo-con-spirators. Conversations intercepted as a result of the extension would purportedly reveal whether James Mathis, a known member of the Hell’s Angels affiliate. Highwaymen, was a participant in the methamphetamine conspiracy and the degree of his participation. Conversations to be intercepted would purportedly deal with the sale of methamphetamine to the public; ordering and delivery times of methamphetamine; and distribution times from the Hawkins Corners residence and the known co-conspirators. Intercepted conversations also would purportedly disclose the identities of other participants; the location of the source of the methamphetamine; the monetary trail of the proceeds; and the hierarchy of the conspirators. All of the submissions supporting the July 15 Warrant were submitted for consideration of the extension application. The Oneida County District Attorney’s affidavit in support states that he became aware that the DEA was conducting an investigation of individuals transporting methamphetamine from Mexico to Hell’s Angels members and/or associates in Arizona. He related the contents of a July 29, 2003, intercepted call made from Moran at -2285 to James Mathis (“Mathis”), a known member of the Highwaymen. He opined that extending the July 15 Warrant would assist in determining Mathis’s involvement in the conspiracy. He further stated that Bugsy Moran and Lashway (both members of Hell’s Angels) communicated on numerous occasions with Moran via Nextel Direct Services. The following facts regarding the continuing investigation were set forth by Joseph A. Lisi (“Lisi”), a Lieutenant and Investigator with the Oneida County Sheriffs Department, in an affidavit submitted in support of the application. Lisi was in charge of the Criminal Investigation Division of the Oneida County Sheriffs Department, and was co-case agent on the wiretap involving Moran and Cochis. Lisi reiterated that Lashway and Bugsy Moran have cellular telephones with Nex-tel Direct Services through which they can communicate with Moran at -2285 without dialing the telephone. On June 24, July 10, and July 11 Lashway contacted Moran at -2285 using Nextel Direct Services from cellular telephone 518-858-9967 (“-9967”). On June 29, 2003, Lashway again contacted Moran at -2285 using Nextel Direct Services from cellular telephone 518-858-2149 (“-2149”). On July 3, 2003, Lashway once again contacted Moran at -2285 via - 2149. On July 4, 2003, Bugsy Moran contacted Moran at -2285 using Nextel Direct Services from cellular telephone 518-370-5704 (“-5704”). On July 25, 2003, Moran made a call from -2285 to a Kim Zamiello regarding the fact that he had been contacted by a certain person for the first time in six months. Moran said he thought the person was looking for “shit.” Lisi opined that the person Moran referenced was someone seeking to obtain methamphetamine from Moran. On July 28, 2003, Bugsy Moran contacted Moran at -2285 using Nextel Direct Services. They discussed how the charter (believed to be the Hell’s Angels) needs money; that Moran owes Bugsy Moran money, which he should have by Friday; and Moran saw “brothers” (parlance used by Hell’s Angels meaning other members) at a Thruway rest area. Bugsy Moran asked if anything was going on up that way. Moran responded that he is working on it. Lisi noted that on July 28, 2003, Moran was en route to Hartford, Connecticut to fly to Phoenix, Arizona (and that while there Moran had contact with a known methamphetamine dealer and he returned to New York the next day). Also on July 28 Moran was contacted at -2285 by Lashway using Nextel Direct Services. They discussed whether Moran was going to go to Laconia. The Hell’s Angels have a compound in Laconia, New Hampshire. On the same day Moran talked to a “Jo” regarding his trip to Arizona. Moran told her he would need to use her truck for 4 hours while he was there. DEA agents surveilled Moran being picked up at the Phoenix airport by Jo, taken to a safe house, left after ten minutes, and returned to the airport driven by Jo. Moran did not use Jo’s vehicle while he was in Arizona. Jo is a known dealer of methamphetamine that is imported from Mexico. Lisi opined that Moran asking to use Jo’s truck for four hours was code for purchasing four pounds of methamphetamine. On the next day, July 29, Moran arrived at the Hartford airport. He drove toward New York City. While driving, he called Heine from -2285 regarding meeting Heine in Queens or Manhattan. He called Heine again from -2285 inquiring whether Heine could meet him in White Plains or Port Chester, New York. Also on July 29 Moran called Mathis, a known Highwayman, from -2285. On August 13, 2003, Judge Donalty issued the warrant extension. G. Search Warrant On August 17, 2003, the Oneida County Sheriffs Department applied for a search warrant. The application sought a warrant authorizing the search of designated persons, places, and vehicles at any time of the day or night without giving notice (“no-knock warrant”). In support, Grogan stated that there was reasonable cause to believe that evidence of the commission of certain delineated criminal offenses may be found. He set forth his law enforcement experience and his role in the investigation at issue here. He then set forth facts to support his assertion of probable cause, based upon his personal knowledge, review of the recordings and/or transcripts of intercepted communications, interviews with other law enforcement officers participating in the investigation, and his own investigation. Grogan first set forth background about the Hell’s Angels as set forth above, such as their participation in methamphetamine distribution and use of counter-surveillance. He then stated that the June 16 Warrant and July 15 Warrant had been issued and that it had been determined that Moran was frequently traveling to Arizona to obtain large quantities of meth-amphetamines for distribution to Heine, Heffner, Mathis, Corigliano, Lashway, Cook, Cochis, Jeffrey Cochis (“Jeffrey”), and others yet unknown. Grogan then related the following specific facts gleaned from review of the intercepted telephone calls, his conversations with law enforcement officers as set forth, and his personal observations made during the investigation. On June 24, 2003, Lashway contacted Cochis to obtain Moran’s facsimile number at his law office. On the same date Cochis acknowledged in a telephone call that Heffner was at the Hawkins Corners residence. Also on the same day Moran called Heine and they discussed Hell’s Angels, and the difficulty Heine had with his parole officer because he was wearing his gang jacket and associating with the Hell’s Angels. On June 25, 2003, at 12:25 a.m. Heffner called Moran. He discussed going to Troy and then hooking up with Moran the next evening. Law enforcement officers have observed weekly member meetings on Wednesdays at the Hell’s Angels club house in Troy. June 25, 2003, was a Wednesday. Also on June 25, Lashway called Moran twice for directions from the Thruway to the Hawkins Corners residence. These calls occurred in the very early morning, at about 4:00 a.m. At about 9:00 a.m. on June 25, a call was made to -1193 from a Pete. Pete asked for Jeffrey, Roberta Cochis’s son who also lived at the Hawkins Corners residence. Jeffrey answered the phone with “Tony’s Pizza.” Pete asked for a large pepperoni with all the fixings. They agreed to meet in twenty minutes at a specific location in Rome, New York. A law enforcement officer observed three white males, one fitting the description of Jeffrey, meeting at the specified location. On June 26, Cochis spoke on the telephone with her sister-in-law, and said she might be by to visit later. The sister-in-law stated: “Better bring us a little crank.” Grogan noted that crank is street slang for methamphetamine. On June 27, Bugsy Moran called Moran and referred to him as the common denominator between their associates. They discussed Bugsy Moran stopping at the Hawkins Corners residence on his way to Albany. Bugsy Moran stated that he loves Moran and Moran acknowledges that he cherishes that love. Grogan noted that speaking of love is a typical manner in which members of Hell’s Angels end telephone conversations. On June 30, Heine called -1Í93, spoke to Cochis, and inquired if Moran has something. Cochis replied that Moran would be home in about an hour and a half. Shortly after that call, Cochis called Moran on -2285 and left him a message to call Heine. On July 1, 2003, Heffner placed a telephone call from -1193, the Hawkins Corners residence, to Timothy Mancini, President of the Southern Tier Chapter of the Red Devils Motorcycle Club, a Hell’s Angels affiliate. An Oneida County Sheriffs Deputy observed a gold 1997 Mercury four-door car with New York registration E538JA. This vehicle was registered to Betty Gaffney, who was believed to be related to Heff-ner’s live-in girlfriend Shayne T. Bazinet. This vehicle had been observed in excess of twenty times in the area of 403 Fishing Rock Road. Also on July 1, Cochis told Moran that she heard a click in the telephone. Moran told her the phone is tapped and the gig is over. On July 2, Moran told Heine that his cell phone was turned off because he did not pay the bill. He said the phone got turned back on without him paying the bill. He wondered if the “Feds” paid the bill, then said: “Thank you. I’ll send the rest of the bill, too.” Heine talked about a party on July 4. Moran said he would come down to save Heine the trip back and forth. Heine mentioned that Bugsy Moran was coming to the party, and Moran mentioned Har-tery. Moran talked about going to New York City to see Heine because Heine could not travel to Moran’s due to his parole. Heine’s parole was to end on September 11, 2003. On July 3, Moran called Cook. They discussed Heine’s impatience and Moran said he was not going anywhere until he sees everyone. On July 4, at about 11:30 a.m., Moran and Cook agreed to meet at about 2:00 p.m. At about 2:15 p.m. Cook called Moran. Moran told Cook he is not leaving until the next day so there is no rush. Cook said he’d see Moran at about 6:00 p.m. Aso on July 4, Moran called Mathis and said he needs to see him first then a few other people before he goes (to Arizona). Moran said he needed to be in Hartford, Connecticut by seven o’clock and he had wanted to leave yesterday. He also said he would make it the same thing as last time, sprint down and see him (Heine) and sprint up the other way. Grogan opined that this conversation follows Moran’s established pattern that he picked up money from the people that he supplied with methamphetamine before going to Arizona to replenish his supply. At 7:25 p.m. on July 4, Moran called Cook, a member of Highwaymen, which has a club house in Utica, New York. Moran talked about getting a quicker flight in the morning. They arranged a meeting for 8:00 to 8:15 p.m. That evening, Snyder observed the following: Moran’s SUV parked in front of the Highwaymen club house at 8:43 p.m., at 8:46 p.m. the SUV was no longer parked in front of the club house, at 8:53 p.m. Moran was operating the SUV fifty feet east of the club house, and then he dropped off a person wearing Highwaymen colors at the club house. At 7:51 p.m. on July 4, Corigliano called Moran, telling him that he was on the way to the Snubbing Post Bar (“Snubbing Post”), an establishment that he owns in Rome, New York. Moran asked if he wants to swing by first. Corigliano replied that the minute he walks in the door there’s usually fifteen people to — . Moran interrupted and said he had to get it first then. They discussed Moran going on vacation. Corigliano warned him that it is a bad time to travel and told Moran he could take a ride with him so he could hold off for a while. Corigliano mentioned emails he had received from Moran. Grogan opined that the cryptic mention of vacation was in reference to Moran’s planned trip to Arizona to purchase methamphetamine. He further opined that Corigliano was offering to take Moran to a local distributor of methamphetamine so that he could delay the Arizona trip. Finally, he opined that Corigliano’s statement regarding fifteen people waiting for him at the Snubbing Post was a reference to people waiting to purchase methamphetamine from him. Later on July 4 Corigliano called Moran again, asking if he would be available the next morning. Moran replied yes, he would probably be up until he leaves. Co-rigliano says he will see Moran in a little bit. Grogan opined that Moran’s statement about being up until he leaves referred to Moran being high on methamphetamine. Corigliano called Moran yet again to let him know he was on the way to the Hawkins Corners residence. On July 5, Cochis and Moran spoke with Hoeeherl (Heine’s girlfriend or wife). They discussed Hoecherl’s upcoming trip to Virginia. She said she wants her Arizona residence swept for bugs and to have cameras installed before Heine returns. She told Moran about a “brother” (Hell’s Angel) serving a federal sentence in Virginia who she wants him to see. Hoeeherl talks about the death of Hoover, the former president of an Arizona chapter of Hell’s Angels, and going to the residence of Sonny Barger, the founder of Hell’s Angels and a current member of an Arizona chapter. On July 7, Heffner called Moran and inquired if he ever got it (referring to a medical condition). Moran misunderstood and responded that he did not go yet. On July 8, at 11:46 a.m., someone called -1193 from Arizona telephone number 602-301-1492 and left a message for Bob to give Kiki a call. At 12:11 p.m. Moran dialed 1-602-301-1492 from -1193. Moran addressed the female who answered as Jo. She told him that they hit Cave Creek and Tucson. Jo referred to another guy who may have been up there. Moran told her he would spread the word. Grogan noted that on July 8 federal agents executed search warrants in Arizona that included a search warrant at the Cave Creek club house of the Hell’s Angels. Grogan also noted that Jo is now known to be Joanne Perez Arreola (“Arreola”), the target of an unrelated investigation in Arizona. Arreola is known to be a major distributor of methamphetamine imported from Mexico. The same day Moran called Heffner and told him about the federal raids at Hell’s Angels club houses in Arizona. In answer to a question from Heffner, Moran mentioned Cave Creek and Tucson. Moran told Heffner to spread the word and to check with Heine. Heffner left a message for Moran to check his email. July 11, Moran left a message for Cook that he is trying to get out of here soon, maybe tonight or tomorrow morning. On July 12, Cook called Moran and they arranged to meet. On July 12, Corigliano called -1193 looking for Moran. He asked Cochis if Moran went on vacation and Cochis replied yes. Cochis told Corigliano she thought her leg was broken and asked if he had any vali-um. He said no but he did have something to relax her. Later that evening he called Cochis and told her he was on the way over and he had some plant. On July 12, Moran flew to Arizona. His actions while in Arizona are set forth above regarding the Extension of the June 16 Warrant. Moran returned late in the evening on July 13. Law enforcement surveillance placed him about one-quarter mile from the Hawkins Corners residence at 1:15 a.m. on July 14. On July 14 Lashway, Lust, and Cunningham visited the Hawkins Corners residence. Law enforcement surveillance also observed a 1992 Chevrolet station wagon, New York registration CKL 1055, registered to Shayne T. Bazinet, Heffner’s live-in girlfriend. This vehicle had been observed by law enforcement surveillance over thirty times in the area of 403 Fishing Rock Road. At 10:19 a.m. on July 14, Mathis called Moran, teasing him about hoping they had fun checking Moran’s luggage on his return from Arizona. Laughing, Moran said it was filled with pornography. Moran said he would go to Mathis’s house after he made a court appearance. Grogan opined that before Moran’s trip to Arizona, Cook provided him with money to purchase methamphetamine for the Highwaymen, and that Moran delivered methamphetamine to Mathis for the Highwaymen. At 10:45 a.m. Cochis called Moran and told him he left his money at the house. Moran replied that it was Heine’s money, and warned her not to steal it. At 2:26 p.m. Moran called Heffner and told him to get down here. Heffner said he would see Moran in a while. At 10:55 p.m. Heffner called -1193, the Hawkins Corners residence, and asked for Lash-way. Heffner asked if he was up for it tonight, but Lashway was unsure because his girlfriend Diane was with him. On July 15, at 10:15 a.m. Lashway’s girlfriend made a call from -1193, then gave the phone to Cunningham. The ensuing conversation included a discussion of purchasing grating for covering the windows of the club house, angle iron, and diamond plating. Cunningham said that the purchase could not be in his name. Grogan noted that Hell’s Angels prospects, such as Cunningham, often are assigned menial tasks around the club house. Gro-gan also opined that this conversation shows the covert nature of Hell’s Angels’ behavior, and the measures they take to protect themselves from police searches, such as fortifying the Troy club house. He further opined that a no-knock warrant was required for the Hawkins Corners residence due to the protective measures utilized by Hell’s Angels and the easily disposable nature of methamphetamine. In the early evening of July 15 Jessica Robinson (“Jessica”), a former girlfriend of Jeffrey Cochis, called -1193. Cochis told Jessica that she would trade one for one to get marijuana from her. Cochis mentioned that Lashway and his girlfriend were at the Hawkins Corners residence. Grogan opined that Cochis was talking about trading methamphetamine for marijuana. On July 16, at 7:23 a.m. Cochis’s brother called asking her if she had any eye openers. She said she had a little. He asked how she could get it to him and they agreed to meet at a convenience store about one quarter mile from the Hawkins Corners residence. Grogan opined that Cochis agreed to give her brother methamphetamine. At 2:30 p.m. Moran left a message for Corigliano stating: What are you waiting for a formal invitation, this is it, you are formally invited to come to my house. At 3:28 p.m. Moran called Cochis and inquired if he received any packages yet. Cochis replied no, and Moran said he hoped they were not light. Cochis said she would watch out for any. Grogan opined that Moran was wondering if he had received a package of methamphetamine and hoped that the full quantity was present. At 10:07 p.m. Corigliano called Moran to say he would see him in a few minutes. On July 17, Moran placed a call from - 1193 to his cellular phone, -2285. Moran asked Cochis where she was, then told her there was “shit” in his truck and he had not been aware that she was taking his truck. He talked about her getting pulled over, and told her if the cops found that she would go to jail for life. Grogan opined that Moran had stored methamphetamine in his truck and that there was a sufficient quantity to justify a punishment of life in prison. He opined that Moran, as a criminal defense attorney who frequently represents drug dealers, would have an awareness of the law and punishment for possessing large quantities of methamphetamine. Grogan stated that this demonstrates that Moran uses his vehicle to hide methamphetamine and that he has probable cause to believe that Moran will continue to use his vehicle to store and transport methamphetamine. At 8:56 p.m. Moran arranged to meet Cook at a specified store in Herkimer, New York. A short time later Moran called Cook to inform him he was at the store. On July 18, Cochis’s sister-in-law called to ask if she could swing out for a buy. Cochis said yes, but they are stressing her out. Cochis asked how much, and her sister-in-law replied a twenty and have one ready. On July 23, Moran spoke with Corigli-ano. Corigliano said he tried Moran at - 2285 but it was out of service. Moran explained that he leaves the bill unpaid and it is about three months before they turn off service. He then pays the bill. He said he thinks the feds are paying the bill and there is a wiretap on it. Corigli-ano talked about a motorcycle show in Rome, New York, to be frequented by a lot of “red and white,” as well as a private event at the Hell’s Angels property in Laconia, New Hampshire. He told Moran that the Nomads wanted a booth at the Rome event. Grogan opined that “red and white” was a reference to Hell’s Angels. He noted that the Troy Hell’s Angels refer to themselves as the Nomads, and the Snubbing Post was an advertised sponsor of the Rome event. He opined that Corig-liano had a role as an organizer of the Rome event. On July 28, at 4:15 a.m. Mathis left a message for Moran on -2285 wondering if Moran was going to stop by. Less thah an hour later Moran returned Mathis’s call and told him he will be down in fifteen minutes. Grogan noted that Heine could be heard in the background. Late in the afternoon of July 28, Moran traveled to Arizona, flying from Hartford, Connecticut. Law enforcement surveillance in Arizona observed Arreola picking Moran up at the airport. She then took him to a “safe house.” The same third party female arrived as had on the trip of July 12. Moran stayed a short period of time and then was driven to a local hotel. He returned to Hartford on July 29. Moran called Cochis to let her know he had just gotten into his car and was going to meet knucklehead. Cochis asked him, who, Pep (Heine)? Moran replied that he did not want to say that. Cochis warned Moran to be careful. Grogan opined that Moran transported methamphetamine from Arizona for delivery to Heine, and he was concerned about saying his name over the telephone in case it was tapped. Further, Moran mentioned that he just got into the car, giving probable cause.to Gro-gan that Moran used both vehicles while engaging in methamphetamine activity. Several calls then took place between Moran and Hei