Full opinion text
ORDER BRITT, Senior District Judge. This matter is before the court on the Memorandum and Recommendation (“M & R”) of United States Magistrate Judge William Norton Mason filed 12 February 1999. Plaintiff filed objections to Magistrate Judge Mason’s M & R on 22 February 1999. Defendant Pennsylvania National responded to plaintiffs objections on 4 March 1999 and defendant Great American responded to plaintiffs objections on 5 March 1999. The court has conducted the required de novo review of the M & R, paying particular attention to those portions to which plaintiff objected. The court finds plaintiffs objections to be without merit and the same are hereby OVERRULED. The court adopts Magistrate Judge Mason’s M & R as its own, and for the reasons stated in recommendations 1, 2 and 3 therein, both defendants’ motions for summary judgment are GRANTED in them entirety, and this matter is hereby DISMISSED. MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION MASON, United States Magistrate Judge. THIS MATTER has been referred to the undersigned magistrate judge for a Memorandum and Recommendation on the Defendants’ separate Motions for Summary Judgment. The parties have submitted memoranda in support of their respective positions, and the Motions are, therefore, ripe for ruling. I. The insurance coverage claims at issue in this declaratory judgment action, brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57, stem from a deteriorated contractual relationship between Wm.C. Vick Construction Company (“Vick Construction”), the Plaintiff, and North Carolina Farm Bureau Federation (“Farm Bureau”). Vick Construction entered.into a construction contract with Farm Bureau on June 6, 1986, for the construction of an addition to Farm Bureau’s office building located in Raleigh, North Carolina (referred to hereinafter as “the Project”). Vick Construction was the General Contractor for the Project in 1986 and Í987. (William C.- Vick, Jr. Aff. ¶ 8.) The addition was to include a print shop, other facilities, an expansion of the cafeteria, and a plaza deck above the print shop and other facilities. (William C. Vick, Jr. Aff. ¶8.) Defendant Great American Insurance Company (“Great American”) insured Vick Construction under comprehensive general liability and excess liability policies covering the period from July 11, 1986, until July 11, 1987. (Compl.1I 7-8.) Defendant Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance Company (“Penn National”) insured Vick Construction under comprehensive general liability policies covering the period from July 11, 1987, until July 11, 1994. Penn National also covered Vick Construction under excess liability policies for the periods from July 11, 1987, until July 11,1988; and July 11, 1991, until July 11,1994. (Comply 9-10.) Vick Construction subcontracted with Chamberlin Company of. Raleigh, Inc. on November 18, 1986, to perform a portion of the roofing work for the Project which involved the installation of a waterproofing system. (See Compl. ¶ 12; William C. Vick, Jr. Aff. ¶ 9.) Chamberlin Company of Raleigh, Inc. was later acquired by, and renamed, Division 7 Contracting Company (“Division 7”). (Comply 14.) Problems arose when the waterproofing membrane on the plaza deck began leaking. Architect Frank Harmon’s Construction Log for the plaza deck waterproofing indicates that Division 7 applied the first coat of waterproofing to the deck on December 17, 1986, with a final coat applied on January 15, 1987. (See PL’s Appendix to PL’s Memorandums of Law [hereinafter “PL’s App.”]; Attach. 1.) Mr. Harmon completed a water test shortly thereafter on January 23, 1987, and reported that “water penetration was observed at junction of deck slab and parapet wall on east and south walls”. (PL’s App., Attach. 6.) In February 1987, Division 7 applied additional waterproofing as suggested by Mr. Harmon. (PL’s App., Attach. 5.) Mr. Harmon’s Field Report dated April 16, 1987, indicates that he visited the Project site after a heavy rain and saw leaks in the storage room, mechanical equipment room, corridor, the print shop ceiling and elevator equipment room. (File document (“FD”) 21, Ex. 3.) That report further noted that the “[l]eak-age in waterproofing must be repaired[ ]” and that “[ljeakage on N wall must be stopped.” (FD 21, Ex. 3.) On May 23, 1987, Mr. Harmon issued a Certificate of Substantial Completion. (Pl.’s App., Attach. 4.) Evidence of leaks and damage to the parapet was again noted in the Construction Log on June 16, 1987, which states: “Blistering occurs at vertical waterproofing at parapet[.]” (Pl.’s App., Attach. 5.) Less than one month later, on July 11, 1987, Vick Construction’s general and excess liability policies with Great American expired, and Vick Construction’s policies with Penn National took effect. . On August 3, 1987, the City of Raleigh Inspections Department issued a Certificate of Compliance authorizing occupancy of the Project addition. (FD 26, Éx. 7.) On August 10, 1987, Mr. Harmon and Aaron Vick, Vice-President of Vick Construction, discussed repairing certain leakage. Shortly thereafter, they met with representatives of Division 7 to discuss the same. (Pl.’s App., Attach. 5.) Subsequent repair work to remedy the leaks was “performed and completed in February of 1988.” (Aaron C. Vick Aff. ¶ 7.) In October 1988, however, Farm Bureau notified Vick Construction that the roof on the Project was again leaking. This new leak came down through the roof into the print shop, which is an area different from where the previous leaks occurred. (Aaron C. Vick Aff. ¶ 8-9.) On October 26, 1988, Mr. Harmon approved Vick Construction’s final Application and Certificate for Payment. (FD 26, Ex. 8.) On October 27, 1988, Mr. Harmon informed Vick .Construction about a leak over a window in the print shop, and the following day, Vick Construction removed the sheetrock at the site of the leak. (Pl.’s App., Attach. 5.) Mr. Harmon inspected the area and instructed Vick Construction to uncover the waterproofing in the area above the print shop window. (PL’s App., Attach. 5.) In a letter dated October 31, 1988, Vick Construction requested that Division 7 repair a leak at the southern side of the plaza deck where it abuts the parapet wall. (PL’s App., Attach. 11.) On November 9, 1988, Vick Construction uncovered defective waterproofing at the plaza deck above the print shop. An entry in the Construction Log notes that the area uncovered was approximately 200 square feet. (PL’s App., Attach. 5.) Vick-Construction claims that upon further inspection it determined that the waterproofing membrane “had been installed upside-down by Division 7 and, therefore, had not properly adhered to the concrete.” (PL’s Mem. at 5-6.; see Aaron C. Vick Aff. ¶ 8.) Division 7 later made some repairs and fixed certain leaks, though it did not replace the waterproofing, membrane as suggested by Vick Construction. On December 9, 1988, additional leaks, were reported at “column D6” in the print shop. (PL’s App., Attach. 5.) More generally, problems with leaks continued to occur in 1989 and 1990. By registered letter dated March 6, 1989, Farm Bureau demanded that Vick Construction remedy these recurring problems, citing the warranty provisions of the standard form ALA construction contract entered into between Vick Construction and Farm Bureau. (PL’s App., Attach. 13.) Apparently, numerous meetings were held and efforts were made to remedy the leaks, and various parties hired experts to determine causation and suggest possible solutions. (Pl.’s Mem. at 4.) These efforts were unavailing, and on January 18, 1991, Farm Bureau commenced an arbitration proceeding against Vick Construction in accordance with' the terms of the construction contract. (See Demand for Arbitration, Pl.’s App., Attach. 14.) An arbitration hearing was held on September 13-17, 1993. On October 20, 1993, the arbitrator awarded judgment against Vick Construction in an amount in excess of $100,000.00. (ComplJ 20.) The arbitrator denied the counterclaim filed by Vick Construction. (See Award of the Arbitrator, FD 21, Ex. 13.) On July 14, 1994, the North Carolina Superior Court (Wake County) denied Vick Construction’s Motion to Vacate Arbitration Award Pursuant to N.C.G.S. Section 1-567.13. The North Carolina Court of Appeals, however, reversed the Superior Court’s denial of Vick Construction’s motion to vacate the award, citing the arbitrator’s failure to disclose significant business relationships and friendships with Farm Bureau’s counsel. See William, C. Vick Const. Co. v. North Carolina Farm Bureau Federation, 123 N.C.App. 97, 102, 472 S.E.2d 346, 349, disc. rev. denied, 344 N.C. 739, 478 S.E.2d 14 (1996). The North Carolina Supreme Court denied discretionary review, and thus the arbitrator’s award “has been effectively vacated and set aside.” (ComplJ 22.) It is in the context of this underlying construction dispute that Vick Construction is litigating a number of insurance coverage issues with its insurers, Defendants Great American and Penn National. Specifically, Vick Construction seeks recovery from the Defendants for allegedly breaching their respective duties to defend and/or pay for the defense of Vick Construction in the arbitration proceeding and subsequent state court action. Presently before the court in this diversity action are the Defendants’ separate motions for Summary Judgment. II. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A genuine issue of material fact exists where a reasonable jury could return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In deciding whether to grant summary judgment, a court must consider the evidence, and inferences drawn from it, in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See, e.g., Bailey v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Virginia, 67 F.3d 53, 56 (4th.Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1159, 116 S.Ct. 1043, 134 L.Ed.2d 190 (1996). Accordingly, in analyzing the parties’ motions for summary judgment, this court’s task is not to “weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. III. Although Great American and Penn National raise several of the same arguments against Plaintiff in their respective motions — and the Plaintiff, in turn, raises arguments against Great American that are similar to those it raises against Penn National — this case involves two separate coverage disputes. While similarities exist, the issues raised in each dispute are not identical. However, to the extent the issues coincide, the court will discuss them together herein. Before analyzing whether Farm Bureau’s claims against Plaintiff triggered a duty to defend under the Defendants’ respective policies, the court will address an antecedent argument raised by Penn National, which, if meritorious, would bar Plaintiffs recovery against Penn National even if Farm Bureau’s claims against Plaintiff fell within the scope of risks covered by Penn National’s policies. Specifically, Penn National contends that Plaintiff is barred from recovering against it because Plaintiff failed to give timely notice to Penn National of Farm Bureau’s claims. A. Penn National’s Late Notice Defense North Carolina law has long recognized the validity of notice provisions in insurance contracts. See South Carolina Ins. Co. v. Hallmark Enters., Inc., 88 N.C.App. 642, 645, 864 S.E.2d 678, 680, disc. review denied, 322 N.C. 482, 370 S.E.2d 228 (1988). The purpose of such notice provisions is “to protect the ability of the insurer to defend by preserving its ability fully to investigate the accidentf.]” Great American Ins. Co. v. C.G. Tate Const. Co., 303 N.C. 387, 396, 279 S.E.2d 769, 775 (1981), appeal after remand, 74 N.C.App. 424, 328 S.E.2d 891 (1985), rev’d on other grounds, 315 N.C. 714, 340 S.E.2d 743 (1986) [hereinafter “Great American I”]. When “the purpose of protecting the insurer’s ability to defend has been frustrated, the insurer has no duty under the contract.” Id. To determine whether the insured’s late notice has sufficiently frustrated the insurer such that the insurer is relieved of its duty to defend, the North Carolina Supreme Court has adopted the following three-step test: When faced with a claim that notice was not timely given, the trier of fact must first decide whether the notice was given as soon as practicable. If not, the trier of fact must decide whether the insured has shown that he acted in good faith, e.g., that he had no actual knowledge that a claim might be filed against him. If the good faith test is met the burden then shifts to the insurer to show that its ability to investigate and defend was materially prejudiced by the delay. Id. at 399, 279 S.E.2d 769, 279 S.E.2d at 776. This three-step test was applied by the North Carolina Court of Appeals in South Carolina Ins. Co. v. Hallmark Enterprises, Inc., 88 N.C.App. 642, 364 S.E.2d at 680, disc. review denied, 322 N.C. 482, 370 S.E.2d 228 (1988), which provides an analysis particularly useful to the instant case. In Hallmark, a woman named Gurtha Huggins fell and sustained injuries while on the premises of Bailey’s Tunnel Road Cafeteria (“Bailey’s”), the insured, on April 15, 1981. Bailey’s general manager prepared an accident report which was submitted to Bailey’s insurance agent. The insurance agent did not forward notice of the' accident to Bailey’s insurer, South Carolina Insurance Co. Nearly three years later, on February 3, 1984, Huggins filed a negligence suit against Bailey’s for the injuries she suffered in her April 15, 1981 fall. Shortly thereafter, pursuant to North Carolina statute, Huggins served process for her action by sending the summons and complaint to the office of the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State sent the documents to Bailey’s registered agent, E.O. Hall, at a Charlotte address listed by Bailey’s with the Secretary of State. However, Hall had moved to South Carolina more than ten years earlier and had failed to notify the Secretary of State as required by statute. As a result, the complaint and summons were returned to the Secretary of State marked “return to sender, not deliverable as addressed, unable to forward.” Id. at 644, 364 S.E.2d at 679. The trial court in the underlying action entered a default judgment against Bailey’s for $121,126. Approximately one year later, Huggins notified Bailey’s of the judgment and demanded payment. Bailey’s immediately contacted its insurance agent, which contacted Bailey’s insurer, South Carolina Insurance Co. The insurer denied coverage, arguing that Bailey’s failed to comply with the notice provisions in the insurance contract. In a declaratory judgment action on the issue of coverage, the trial court concluded that, as a matter of law, Bailey’s failure to forward the summons and complaint as required by the insurance contract prior to the entry of the default judgment materially prejudiced the insurer’s ability to defend against Huggins’ action. Id. at 645, 364 S.E.2d at 679. Consequently, the trial court held that the insurer “was not liable for any of Huggins’ claims or judgments against Bailey’s.” Id. The Court of Appeals affirmed and stated that “[a]s a result of Bailey’s delay, [the insurer] was prevented from either investigating or litigating Huggins’ action, and instead, was presented with a valid and enforceable default judgment.” Id. at 650, 364 S.E.2d at 682. Further, the Court “conelude[d] that Bailey’s delay materially prejudiced [the insurer’s] ability to protect its interests.” Id. Citing Hallmark Enterprises, Defendant Penn National contends that it is entitled to summary judgment because it was not notified of Farm Bureau’s claims against Plaintiff until August 1994, after the North Carolina Superior Court had already upheld the arbitrator’s award. (Penn Nath’s Mem. at 10; FD 21.) Nowhere does Plaintiff argue that Penn National was notified of Farm Bureau’s claims prior to August 1994. In fact, the Complaint specifically states that Plaintiff “placed Penn National on notice of the arbitration claim and award” on August 19, 1994. (Comply 27.) The evidence shows that Plaintiff contacted its former insurance agent, Collier Cobb, via letter dated May 30, 1989, and informed Mr. Cobb of Farm Bureau’s claims against Vick Construction. (See Collier Cobb Aff., FD 22, Ex. A.) Mr. Cobb had a telephone conversation with William C. Vick, Sr., president of Vick Construction, several days later on June 5, 1989, and advised him to notify his present liability carrier (ie., Penn National) of Farm Bureau’s claims. See id. A handwritten note, initialed by Mr. Cobb, at the bottom of the aforementioned May 30, 1989 letter memorializes Mr. Cobb’s conversation with William C. Vick, Sr. That handwritten notation states: “Talked to W.C. Vick 6-5-89. Told him he should also put present liability carrier on notice. He is calling on Neo Guard to perform.” Id. However, Plaintiff states that William C. Vick, Sr. and his sons, Aaron Vick and William (“Neil”) C. Vick, Jr. (both vice-presidents of Vick Construction), do not remember being told by Mr. Cobb that they should contact Penn National. (FD 29, Pl.’s Mem. in Opp. to Penn Nat’l., at 5.) Also, Plaintiff maintains that “[d]uring 1989-1993, none of the Vicks were ever told by any of their attorneys that they should make any more contact with Penn National.” (FD 29 at 5; see also Aaron Vick Aff. ¶ 16; William C. Vick, Sr. Aff. ¶ 10.) Pointing to deposition testimonies, Plaintiff states that “Neil Vick, Aaron Vick and Mr. Vick, Sr. all believed that contacting Collier Cobb would be sufficient to place both carriers on notice.” (FD 29 at 5; see Aaron Vick Aff. ¶15; William C. Vick, Sr. Aff. ¶ 7; William C. Vick, Jr. Aff. ¶ 14.) Plaintiff further states ' that the Vicks “believed that the end result of the arbitration would be favorable to Vick [Construction].” (FD 29 at 5.) After reviewing the parties’ arguments in light of the undisputed facts, the court finds that Penn National’s late notice defense has merit. Regardless of the Vicks’ intentions of placing Penn National on notice, or their beliefs that Penn National was notified, the undisputed fact remains that Penn National was not notified of Farm Bureau’s claims against Vick Construction until after the arbitration proceeding took place, and after the Superior Court had affirmed the arbitrator’s award. Based upon the authority of Hallmark, supra, this court is compelled to find that Plaintiffs failure to notify Penn National materially prejudiced Penn National as a matter of law. See also Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Cato Corp., 125 N.C.App. 544, 550, 481 S.E.2d 383, 387 (1997) (holding that where the insured did not notify the insurer of the underlying tort claim until more than a month after a default judgment had been entered against the insured, and after the time to appeal the default judgment had expired, the insurer had no duty to indemnify the insured as a matter of law). Much of Plaintiffs argument focuses on the Vicks’ good faith beliefs that their actions were sufficient to place Penn National on notice. Assuming that Plaintiff has proven the Vick’s good faith, under the three-step test in Great American I, “the burden then shifts to the insurer to show that its ability to investigate and defend was materially prejudiced by the delay.” 303 N.C. at 399, 279 S.E.2d at 776. Not only was Penn National never given the opportunity to defend Plaintiff on the underlying claim, it was never afforded the chance to help plan a defense strategy, nor was it able to participate in settlement negotiations. In short, based upon the holdings in Hallmark and Cato, the court concludes that Plaintiffs delay materially prejudiced Penn National’s “ability to protect its interests” as a matter of law. Hallmark, 88 N.C.App. at 650, 364 S.E.2d at 682. Thus, the Vicks’ good faith beliefs are not consequential, and Penn National should not be held liable for the costs of defending the Plaintiff in the underlying action with Farm Bureau. Cf. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Chicago Ins. Co., 782 F.Supp. 71, 73 (N.D.Ill.1991) (“An insurer should not be required to pay the cost of defending an action which it was never afforded an opportunity to defend in the first instance, particularly when the demand for reimbursement comes after the litigation has been concluded.”). Also, the court notes that although Hallmark and Cato are intermediate state court decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court has instructed that in cases where jurisdiction rests on diversity of citizenship, federal courts, under Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938), “must follow the decisions of intermediate state courts in the absence of convincing evidence that the highest court of the state would decide differently.” Stoner v. New York Life Ins. Co., 311 U.S. 464, 467, 61 S.Ct. 336, 85 L.Ed. 284 (1940); see West v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 311 U.S. 223, 237, 61 S.Ct. 179, 85 L.Ed. 139 (1940). Further, as recently stated by the Fourth Circuit: “Generally, only if the decision of a state’s intermediate court cannot be reconciled with state statutes, or decisions of the state’s highest court, or both, may a federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction refuse to follow it.” Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A v. Neil, 160 F.3d 997, 1003 (4th Cir.1998). Given the absence of convincing evidence to the contrary, this court concludes that it is bound to follow Hallmark and Cato, and on the basis of these decisions it is RECOMMENDED that Defendant Penn National’s Motion for Summary Judgment be GRANTED in its entirety. Should the District Court disagree with the court’s Recommendation as to the merits of Penn National’s late notice defense, the court has analyzed Penn National’s other arguments in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment infra, along with the merits of Great American’s Motion for Summary Judgment. B. An Insurer’s Duty to Defend Under North Carolina Law Under North Carolina law, “The duty of an insurer to defend its insured is based upon the coverage contracted for in the insurance policy.” Peerless Ins. Co. v. Strother, 765 F.Supp. 866, 869 (E.D.N.C.1990) (citing Mastrom, Inc. v. Continental Cas. Co., 78 N.CApp. 483, 337 S.E.2d 162 (1985)). The insurer’s duty to defend “arises prior to an adjudication on the merits of the claim.” County of Guilford v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 108 N.C.App. 1, 5, 422 S.E.2d 360, 363 (1992), aff'd per curiam, 333 N.C. 568, 429 S.E.2d 347 (1993). The duty to defend is “broader than [the] obligation to pay damages incurred by events covered by a particular policy[,]” Waste Management of Carolinas, Inc. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 315 N.C. 688, 691, 340 S.E.2d 374, 377, reh’g denied, 316 N.C. 386, 346 S.E.2d 134 (1986), and it “may attach even in an action in which no damages are ultimately awarded,” Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 124 N.C.App. 232, 242, 477 S.E.2d 59, 66 (1996), disc. review denied, 348 N.C. 497, 510 S.E.2d 383 (1998). A duty to defend arises when the claim against the insured sets forth facts representing a risk covered by the policy. See, e.g., Fieldcrest Cannon, 124 N.C.App. at 242, 477 S.E.2d at 66. To determine whether an insurer’s duty to defend arises under North Carolina law, the court employs a “comparison test,” wherein it compares the terms of the insurance policy at issue with the allegations in the complaint in the underlying action. See Strother, 765 F.Supp. at 869. As explained by the North Carolina Court of Appeals: The duty to defend is determined by the facts as alleged in the pleadings of the lawsuit against the insured; if the pleadings allege any facts which disclose a possibility that the insured’s potential liability is covered under the policy, then the insurer has a duty to defend. If, however, the facts alleged in the pleadings are not even arguably covered by the policy, then no duty to defend exists. Any doubt as to coverage must be resolved in favor of the insured. Wilkins v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 97 N.C.App. 266, 269, 388 S.E.2d 191, 193 (internal citations omitted), disc. review denied, 327 N.C. 145, 394 S.E.2d 189 (1990); see also St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Vigilant Ins. Co., 919 F.2d 235, 239 (4th Cir.1990) (stating that under North Carolina’s “ ‘comparison test’ ... the pleadings are read side-by-side with the policy to determine whether the events as alleged are covered or excluded. Any doubt as to coverage is to be resolved in favor of the insured.”); Duke Univ. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 96 N.C.App. 635, 637, 386 S.E.2d 762, 763-64 (“[A]ny doubt as to coverage must be resolved in favor of the insured.”), disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 595, 393 S.E.2d 876 (1990). An “insurer avoids its duty to defend only if ‘the facts are not even arguably covered by the policy[.]’ ” See Vigilant, 919 F.2d at 240. C. The Nature of Farm Bureau’s Claims Against the Plaintiff While the foregoing “comparison test” under North Carolina law involves comparing the allegations in a pleading to the language of an insurance policy to determine whether a duty to defend exists, the action underlying the instant case was an arbitration proceeding, and thus there is no formal complaint or other pleading to examine. Although this court has found no North Carolina cases applying the comparison test in this context, logic dictates that the court simply look at the nature of the claims set forth in the arbitration proceeding and compare those allegations to the policies at issue. On the American Arbitration Association’s (“AAA”) Demand for Arbitration form filed by Farm Bureau against Vick Construction, Farm Bureau described the “Nature of Dispute” as follows: “Recurring leaks from roof and through side walls and cracks in plaster of parapet walls of addition to main Farm Bureau office building, Raleigh, North Carolina constructed by Respondent.” (Pl.’s App., Attach. 14.) The “Trial Memorandum” submitted by Farm Bureau in connection with the arbitration proceeding sets forth in greater detail the substance of its claims against Vick Construction. (See Pl.’s App., Attach. 10) In the Trial Memorandum, Farm Bureau stated that it “seeks damages for the cost of repair of a defective waterproofing membrane on the plaza deck, which Vick [Construction] warranted to be free from defects in materials and workmanship.” (Pl.’s App., Attach. 10, at 1.) Farm Bureau also stated that it “seeks to recover the cost to repair cracks in the stucco wall.” Id. Further, Farm Bureau’s Trial Memorandum alleges that “the waterproofing membrane installed by Vick [Construction] on the plaza deck was defective in several respects, including that it contained pitted area, did not adhere to the concrete slab and was wrinkled.” Id Farm Bureau also contended that “[t]he defective system was the result of either defective materials or workmanshipf.]” Id. Farm Bureau alleged that it demanded that Vick Construction make the necessary repairs to the addition but Vick Construction refused to do so. Id. at 2. Farm Bureau stated that the estimated cost of repairs was $92,727.00, plus an extra cost to repair the stucco on the parapet wall that was not properly applied. It alleged that Vick Construction breached general and specific warranties contained in the Farm Bureau-Vick Construction contract, and framed the relevant legal issues as follows: A. Vick Has Breached Its Warranty as to the Waterproofing Membrane and Farm Bureau is entitled to damages in excess of $92,727.00 for breach of said warranty. B. Vick is Responsible for the Cost of Repairing the Defective Stucco Work Pursuant to Its General Contract Obligation and the Warranty of Workmanship. Id. at 6, 8. In sum, the essence of Farm Bureau’s claims was that it sought the costs of repairing the waterproofing membrane and the cracks in the stucco wall. D. The Insurance Policies The policies at issue contain essentially the same general insuring language pertaining to claims which the insurers must indemnify and/or defend against. The Great American policy states that, with respect to the coverage period: The company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of A. bodily injury or B. property damage “to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence, and the company shall have the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false or fraudulent ]....” (PL’s App., Attach 5, Sec.l) [hereinafter “Great Am. Policy”]. The Penn National policy similarly provides: We [the insurer] will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance applies.... This insurance applies only to “bodily injury” and “property damage” which occurs during the policy period. The “bodily injury” or “property damage” must be caused by an “occurrence.” The “occurrence” must take place in the “coverage territory.” We will have the right and duty to defend any “suit” seeking those damages[ ].... (PL’s App., Attach 22, Sec. 1(A)(1)(a)) [hereinafter “Penn Nat’l. Policy”]. Both insurers’ policies contain a number of exclusions, several of which are at issue in this case and are discussed infra. Under North Carolina law, the insured “has the burden of bringing itself within the insuring language of the policy.” Hobson Const. Co., Inc. v. Great American Ins. Co., 71 N.C.App. 586, 590, 322 S.E.2d 632, 635 (1984), disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 329, 327 S.E.2d 890 (1985). Further, “[o]nce it has been determined that the insuring language embraces the particular claim or injury, the burden then shifts to the insuror [sic] to prove that a policy exclusion excepts the particular injury from coverage.” Id; see Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 68 N.C.App. 184, 188, 314 S.E.2d 552, 554, disc. review denied, 311 N.C. 761, 321 S.E.2d 142 (1984). Plaintiff, therefore, has the burden of demonstrating that its particular claim or injury fell within the scope of the aforementioned insuring language contained in the Defendants’ policies. Accordingly, the court must determine whether the claims in the underlying arbitration action fell within the meaning of “property damage” caused by an “occurrence” within the meaning of those policies, and within the coverage periods. E. Was There “Property Damage” Within the Meaning of the Insurance Policies? Defendants contend that there has been no “property damage” within the meaning of the insurance policies. The Great American policy defines “property damage” as follows: “property damage” means (1) physical injury to or destruction of tangible property which occurs during the policy period, including the loss of use thereof at any time resulting therefrom, or (2) loss of use of tangible property which has not been physically injured or destroyed provided such loss of use is caused by an occurrence during the policy period; (Great Am. Policy, Definitions sec.) The Penn National policy is substantially similar and provides: 12. “Property damage” means: a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property; or b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured. (Penn Nat’l. Policy, Sec. V.) In construing this policy language, the court is mindful of several well-established principles under North Carolina law governing the construction of insurance' policies. See, e.g., North Carolina Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 115 N.C.App. at 179-81, 444 S.E.2d at 467-68 (listing insurance policy interpretation considerations). It is clear under North Carolina law that “[t]he meaning of language used in an insurance contract is a question of law for the court, Guyther v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 109 N.C.App. 506, 512, 428 S.E.2d 238, 241 (1993), as is the ‘construction and application of the policy provisions to the undisputed facts.’ ” United States Fidelity & Guar. Co. v. Country Club of Johnston County, Inc., 119 N.C.App. 365, 371, 458 S.E.2d 734, 738 (quoting Walsh v. National Indem. Co., 80 N.C.App. 643, 647, 343 S.E.2d 430, 432 (1986)), disc. review denied, 341 N.C. 656, 462 S.E.2d 527 (1995). The “resoliition of [an insurance policy’s scope] involves construing the language of the coverage ... and determining whether events as alleged in the pleadings and papers before the court are covered by the policies. As such, it is an appropriate subject for summary judgment.” C.D. Spangler Const. Co. v. Industrial Crankshaft & Engineering Co., Inc., 326 N.C. 133, 141, 388 S.E.2d 557, 562 (1990) (alterations in original) (quoting Waste Management of Carolinas, Inc. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 315 N.C. 688, 691, 340 S.E.2d 374, 377 (1986)); see North Carolina Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Century Indem. Co., 115 N.C.App. 175, 179-80, 444 S.E.2d 464, 467 (same), disc. review denied, 337 N.C. 696, 448 S.E.2d 532 (1994). It is also “well settled that when construing an insurance policy a court must enforce the policy as written, ‘without rewriting the contract or disre--garding the express language used.’ ” Newton v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 98 N.C.App. 619, 623, 391 S.E.2d 837, 839 (1990) (quoting Fidelity Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Dortch, 318 N.C. 378, 380, 348 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1986)), disc. review denied, 327 N.C. 637, 399 S.E.2d 329 (1990); see York Indus. Center, Inc. v. Michigan Mut. Liability Co., 271 N.C. 158, 162, 155 S.E.2d 501, 505 (1967). If the policy language is clear and unambiguous, the policy must be interpreted according to its plain meaning. See, e.g., Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Grady, 130 N.C.App. 292, 502 S.E.2d 648, 651 (1998). If there is an ambiguity in the insurance policy, it must be resolved against the insurance company and in favor of the insured. See C.D. Spangler Const. Co. v. Industrial Crankshaft & Engineering Co., Inc., 326 N.C. 133, 154, 388 S.E.2d 557, 570 (1990) (“Court must give effect to reasonable interpretations which favor the policyholder[.]”); Woods v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 295 N.C. 500, 506, 246 S.E.2d 773, 777 (1978); York, 271 N.C. at 162, 155 S.E.2d 501 at 504-05 (“It is well settled that, in the construction of a policy of insurance, ambiguous provisions will be given the meaning most favorable to the insured.”) (internal quotations omitted). That a dispute surrounding the parties’ interpretation of the policy has arisen is “some indication that the language of the contract is, at best, ambiguous[.]” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Freeman-White Assocs., Inc., 322 N.C. 77, 83, 366 S.E.2d 480, 484 (1988). However, “ambiguity ... is not established by the mere :faet that the plaintiff makes a claim based upon a construction of [the policy’s]. language which the company asserts is not its meaning.” Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 276 N.C. 348, 354, 172 S.E.2d 518, 522.. (1970). Further, the North Carolina Supreme Court' has instructed that when interpreting the terms of an insurance contract, the “[u]se of the plain, ordinary meaning of a term is the preferred construction.” C.D. Spangler Const. Co. v. Industrial Crankshaft & Engineering Co., Inc., 326 N.C. 133, 151, 388 S.E.2d 557, 568 (1990). In light of these principles, the court finds that the arbitration claims brought by Farm Bureau against Plaintiff do not constitute “property damage.” Under the clear language of the policies, property damage requires either (1) a “physical injury to” or “destruction of’ tangible property, or (2) “loss of use of tangible property which has not been physically injured or destroyed[.]” These requirements, in this court’s opinion, infer that the property allegedly damaged has to have been undamaged or uninjured at some previous point in time. This is inconsistent with allegations that the subject property was never constructed properly in the first place. As noted supra, Farm Bureau’s arbitration claims against Plaintiff sought recovery for repairs for allegedly unworkmanlike construction. Moreover, Farm Bureau’s theories of recovery were premised solely allegations that Plaintiff never brought the quality of its work on the Construction Project up to the standard bargained for. Facing a similar issue in Hobson Construction Company, Inc., v. Great American Insurance Co., 71 N.C.App. 586, 322 S.E.2d 632 (1984), disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 329, 327 S.E.2d 890 (1985), the Court of Appeals held that no “property damage”' occurred -within the meaning of a CGL policy under facts analogous to the instant case. In Hobson, Hobson constructed a concrete arch dam pursuant to a contract it entered into with property owners Richard and Margaretta Wood. After the construction was completed, the registered professional engineer who designed and supervised the construction issued the certificate of completion in November 1976. In December 1976, it was determined that the dam would not retain water, and state authorities ordered the impounded water to be completely drained. The Woods sued Hobson and the engineer in Superior Court “seeking to recover damages in the nature of repair cost and cost of completion of the project.” Id. at 587, 322 S.E.2d at 633. The action was based on the alleged failure of Hobson and the engineer to perform their obligations under contracts with the Woods, “including Hobson’s alleged failure to construct the concrete arch dam in a workmanlike manner and alleged actionable negligence on the part of Hobson and [the engineer].” Id. Hobson was insured under a CGL policy issued by Great American Insurance Company (“Great American”). Great American defended Hobson on the negligence and contract claims under a reservation of rights. At trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the Woods on the contract claim only. Great American refused to satisfy the judgment against Hobson, and a declaratory judgment action on the issue of coverage ensued. The trial court in the coverage action ordered that Great American’s CGL policy did not obligate Great American to satisfy the judgment against its insured. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 591, 322 S.E.2d at 635. After reviewing the definition of “property damage” in the Great American policy — which is virtually identical to the definition in the Great American policy in the instant case — the Court of Appeals determined that the pleadings in the underlying action alleged that the insured incurred damage “ ‘in the nature of repair and cost of completion of the project.’ ” Id. at 590-91, 322 S.E.2d at 635. The Court stated: The pleadings do not allege physical injury or destruction of tangible property which might be compensable under the first quoted policy definition, nor do the pleadings allege “loss of use” of tangible property which has not been physically injured or destroyed due to an occurrence which might be compensable under the second quoted definition. Id. at 591, 322 S.E.2d at 635. Hobson argued for the first time on appeal that compensable “property damage” occurred when the Woods lost the use of their tangible property, the dam. However, the Court rejected this argument, stating that “[t]he damages awarded by the jury at trial were awarded on the basis of repair and completion costs and not on the basis of loss of use.” Id. Ultimately, the Court concluded that Hobson failed to bring its particular injury within the insuring language of the policy, thus affirming the trial court’s disposition of the case. See id. Not only does the plain language of the policies at issue in the instant case suggest that no “property damage” has taken place, the clear holding in Hobson further compels this court to reach the same conclusion. Hobson indicates that damages based solely on shoddy workmanship (ie., damages seeking repair costs and/or completion costs) are not “property damage” within the meaning of a standard form CGL policy similar to those issued to Plaintiff. It is also significant to note that Farm Bureau did not allege, nor does Plaintiff, that the damages sought in the arbitration were based on “loss of use” of the building addition. In fact, Farm Bureau only set forth two categories of damages it sought to recover in the arbitration — both of which were based on costs of repair. First, the figure in excess of $92,-727.00 set forth in Farm Bureau’s arbitration memorandum (“Trial Memorandum”) represented “[t]he costs of replacing the waterproofing membrane so as to give Farm Bureau what it contracted ... as quoted by R.N. Rouse & Company, Inc.” (Pl.’s App., Attach. 10, at 2, 4.) Second, the figure in excess of $5,000.00 was based on what it cost Farm Bureau to have Dellinger Plaster repair the stucco wall. See id. Farm Bureau claimed that Plaintiffs failure “to install fiberglass matting before the final coat of stucco” had caused the wall to crack. See id. In sum, it is clear to this court that Farm Bureau’s entire basis of recovery against Plaintiff in the underlying action was for repair costs necessitated by Plaintiffs allegedly poor workmanship. Cf. Reliance Insurance Co. v. Mogavero, 640 F.Supp. 84, 86 (D.Md.1986) (“Property damage” has been defined to exclude defective work performed by the insured.). Accordingly, based on the foregoing argument and authority it is RECOMMENDED that Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment should be GRANTED in their entirety on the basis that there was no “property damage” within the meaning of the insurance policies at issue. However, should the District Court disagree with this court’s conclusion and find that Summary Judgment is inappropriate on this basis, the court has analyzed herein the Defendants’ other arguments in support of their respective Motions. F. Was There An “Occurrence” Within the Meaning of the Insurance Policies? Assuming for purposes of this Memorandum & Recommendation that Farm Bureau’s claims sufficiently alleged “property damage” within the' meaning of Defendants’ policies, such property damage must have been “caused by an occurrence” in order to trigger coverage. “Occurrence” is defined in the Great American policy as follows: “occurrence” means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured; (Great Am. Policy, Definitions sec.) .The Penn National policy states: “Occurrence” means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions. (Penn Nat’l. Policy, Sec. V(9).) As previously stated, Farm Bureau sought to recover costs solely in connection with repairing Plaintiffs allegedly shoddy workmanship. This court has found no North Carolina cases dealing with the issue of whether the defective workmanship of an insured, standing alone, constitutes an “occurrence” or “accident” within the meaning of an insurance contract, and the parties cite no North Carolina law on this particular issue. The plain language of the policies indicates that an “occurrence” is foremost an “accident.” Neither policy defines the term “accident.” The North Carolina Supreme Court, however, has defined “accident” in the context of a general liability policy to mean “an unforeseen event, occurring without the will or design of the person whose mere act causes it; an unexpected, unusual, or undesigned occurrence; the effect of an unknown cause, or, the cause being known, an unprecedented consequence of it; a casualty.” Tayloe v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 257 N.C. 626, 627, 127 S.E.2d 238, 239-40 (1962); see Waste Management of Carolinas, Inc. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 315 N.C. 688, 694, 340 S.E.2d 374, 379, reh’g denied, 316 N.C. 386, 346 S.E.2d 134 (1986). A common element in the Supreme Court’s definition of “accident” is the notion that an accident is “unforeseen,” “unexpected,” “unusual,” “undesigned,” the effect of an “unknown cause,” or an “unprecedented consequence.” In Indiana Ins. Co. v. Hydra Corp., 245 Ill.App.3d 926, 185 Ill.Dec. 775, 615 N.E.2d 70, appeal denied, 152 Ill.2d 559, 190 Ill.Dec. 889, 622 N.E.2d 1206 (1993), the Illinois Appellate Court applied a similar definition of “accident” to an insurance coverage dispute stemming from the contractor-insured’s defective workmanship. Specifically, the insured, Hydra, contracted to build an industrial building for B.K. Production Specialties (“B.K.”). B.K. filed an arbitration action against Hydra pursuant to their construction contract, claiming that numerous cracks had appeared on the concrete flooring and that the building’s exterior paint had become loose and unsightly. The arbitrator found for B.K., and Hydra later sought defense and indemnity from its insurer in a subsequent action brought by B.K. to enforce the arbitrator’s award. The insurer denied coverage, contending that the damages suffered by B.K. were not caused by an occurrence. The trial court granted the insurer’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in the insurer’s declaratory judgment action on the issue of coverage. Id. at 72. The Appellate Court affirmed. Id. at 75. Citing Illinois case law, the Appellate Court stated: The use of the word “occurrence” in insurance policies broadens coverage and eliminates the need to find an exact cause of damages as long as they are neither intended nor expected by the insured. However, the occurrence must still be accidental. An accident is “an unforeseen occurrence, usually of an untoward or disastrous character or an undesigned sudden or unexpected event of an inflictive or unfortunate character.” The natural and ordinary consequences of an act do not constitute an accident. B.K’s damages were not the result of an accident. Id. at 73. Applying this definition of “accident,” the Court held that there was no “occurrence” within the meaning of the insurance contract, explaining that “the cracks in the floor and the loose paint on the exterior of the building are the natural and ordinary consequences of installing defective concrete flooring and applying the wrong type of paint.” Id. The court finds the logic in Hydra persuasive, noting that a similar argument can be applied in the instant ease. The natural and ordinary consequences of improperly applying a waterproofing membrane and failing to apply fiberglass matting in stucco construction could very well be a leaky membrane and cracked walls. Such a result would not typically be thought of as an “accident” as that term is defined by the Supreme Court in Tayloe, supra. See also C.D. Spangler Const. Co. v. Industrial Crankshaft & Engineering Co., Inc., 326 N.C. 133, 151, 388 S.E.2d 557, 568 (1990) (“Use of the plain, ordinary meaning of a term is the preferred construction.”); cf. Jakobson Shipyard, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 961 F.2d 387, 389 (2d Cir.1992) (“An accident, given its dictionary meaning, is ‘an event or condition occurring by chance or arising from unknown or remote causes.’ Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 11 (1981). We might add that in common parlance an external force of some kind is usually involved.”). Several other courts have similarly held that defective workmanship does not constitute an “occurrence.” See, e.g., Dreis & Krump Mfg. Co. v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 548 F.2d 681, 688-89 (7th Cir.1977) (holding that property damage to industrial press brake resulting from defective manufacture is not an occurrence within meaning of CGL policy); Jakobson, 961 F.2d at 389 (“Were we to construe the words ‘accident’ or ‘continuous .or repeated exposure to conditions’ as encompassing damage to a product resulting from the product’s failure to perform according to contract specifications, we would expand the agreed-upon coverage.”); Hamilton Die Cast, Inc. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 508 F.2d 417, 419-20 (7th Cir.1975) (holding that defective manufacture of tennis racket frame is not an occurrence); United States Fidelity & Guar. Corp. v. Advance Roofing & Supply Co., 163 Ariz. 476, 788 P.2d 1227, 1233 (Ct.App.1989) (“In our opinion, the better reasoned authorities hold that mere faulty workmanship, standing alone, cannot constitute an occurrence as defined in the policy, nor would the cost of repairing the defect constitute property damages.”); Hawkeye-Security Ins. v. Vector Constr., 185 Mich.App. 369, 460 N.W.2d 329, 334 (1990) (holding as matter of first impression under Michigan law that the “defective workmanship” of the insured “was not the result of an occurrence within the meaning of the insurance contract”); McAllister v. Peerless Ins. Co., 124 N.H. 676, 474 A.2d 1033, 1036 (1984) (Souter, J.) (“The fortuity implied by reference to accident or exposure is not what is commonly meant by a failure of workmanship.”). Hamilton Die Cast, supra, provides a particularly useful analysis. See Monticello Ins. Co. v. Wilr-Freds Constr., Inc., 277 Ill.App.3d 697, 214 Ill.Dec. 597, 661 N.E.2d 451, 455-57 (1996) (citing Hamilton Die Cast and holding that construction defects do not constitute an occurrence within meaning of CGL policy). In Hamilton Die Cast, an insured-manufacturer of tennis racket frames sold frames to Midland Sporting Goods (“Midland”). Midland sued the insured-manufacturer, claiming that the frames were defective and below the quality contracted for. The insured-manufacturer tendered the defense to its insurer, which had issued a CGL policy to the insured-manufacturer. The insurer refused to defend the insured-manufacturer, asserting, inter alia, that there had been no “occurrence” to trigger coverage. 508 F.2d at 419. The Seventh Circuit, applying Ohio law, agreed with the insurer and held that the negligent manufacturing of a tennis racket is not an accident. Id. at 420. The Seventh Circuit stated: If one of the completed rackets had broken during normal use due to the defective frames and a person or an item of property had been harmed, it seems clear that there would have been an “occurrence” and that defendant would have had responsibility for plaintiffs defense. Such a situation would clearly be “an accident.” The policy does not, however, cover “an occurrence of alleged negligent manufacture”; it covers negligent manufacture that results in “an occurrence.” [The insured-manufacturer’s] strained interpretations aside, the Midland complaint would not support a reasonable belief that Midland’s damages were the result of “an occurrence” within the definition of the policy in suit. Id. The same logic applies herein. If, for example, Farm Bureau sued Vick Construction for damages caused to office furniture due to leaks in the newly constructed building addition, or if faulty construction caused the ceiling to collapse thereby causing injury to a person standing inside the new addition, such an event may very well constitute an “accident” triggering coverage, though these issues are not before the court. See id; Wil-Freds, 214 Ill.Dec. 597, 661 N.E.2d at 457; Weedo v. Stone-E-Brick, Inc., 81 N.J. 233, 405 A.2d 788, 796 (1979) (holding that CGL policy “does not cover an accident of faulty workmanship but rather faulty workmanship which causes an accident”). However, it is clear that Farm Bureau’s claims against Plaintiff were based solely on the costs of repairing Plaintiffs allegedly faulty workmanship, and thus, there was no “occurrence” within the meaning of the policies. In sum, although there is no North Carolina authority on point, given the North Carolina Supreme Court’s interpretation of the term “accident” in Tayloe, this court concludes that an insured’s poor workmanship does not fall within the meaning of that term, and thus does not constitute an “occurrence.” See also Reliance Insurance Co. v. Mogavero, 640 F.Supp. 84, 86 (D.Md.1986) (“ ‘[0]ccurrence’ does not include the normal, expected consequences of poor workmanship. While over the years the definition of occurrence has been broadened to include ‘continuous or repeated exposure to conditions’ as well as sudden catastrophes, it still connotes the idea of ‘accident’ which is included in its policy definition.”). Thus, it is RECOMMENDED that the Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment should be GRANTED in their entirety on the basis that there has been no “occurrence” within the meaning of the insurance policies. G. Did an “Occurrence” Causing “Property Damage” Occur Within the Policy Periods ? Assuming that the District Court disagrees with this court’s Recommendation and finds that Farm Bureau’s underlying claims against Plaintiff constituted “property damage” caused by an “occurrence,” such an event must still have taken place within the policy period in order to trigger coverage. North Carolina has adopted the “date of discovery” or “manifestation” rationale which holds “that for insurance purposes property damage ‘occurs’ when it is first manifested or discovered.” West Am. Ins. Co. v. Tufco Flooring E., Inc., 104 N.C.App. 312, 318, 409 S.E.2d 692, 696 (1991), disc. review granted, 330 N.C. 853, 413 S.E.2d 555, disc. review denied as improvidently granted, 332 N.C. 479, 420 S.E.2d 826 (1992); see Peerless Ins. Co. v. Strother, 765 F.Supp. 866, 870 (E.D.N.C.1990) (applying, under North Carolina law, a “discovery” trigger of coverage theory). While Plaintiff suggests that an exposure theory of coverage might be more appropriate in this case, citing Imperial Casualty & Indemnity Co. v. Radiator Specialty Co., 862 F.Supp. 1437, 1443 (E.D.N.C.1994), aff'd per curiam, 67 F.3d 534 (4th Cir.1995); (see Pl.’s Mem. in Opp. to Great Am. at 18-19, FD 30), the court finds Plaintiffs argument to be without merit. In Imperial Casualty, the District Court, applying and predicting North Carolina law, held that North Carolina’s courts “would not adopt the manifestation rule in asbestos-related injury cases.” 862 F.Supp. at 1443. Application of the exposure theory of coverage advanced by Imperial Casualty, however, appears to be limited to the unique nature of asbestos-related diseases, in that “there is universal medical agreement that the time when asbestosis manifests itself is not the time when the disease occurred.” Id. (quoting Insurance Co. of N. Am. v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc., 633 F.2d 1212, 1219 (6th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1109, 102 S.Ct. 686, 70 L.Ed.2d 650 (1981)). In addition, the North Carolina Court of Appeals has recently reaffirmed the discovery rule first adopted in Tufco. See Home Indem. Co. v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 128 N.C.App. 259, 494 S.E.2d 764, disc. review denied, 348 N.C. 71, 505 S.E.2d 868 (1998). In Home Indemnity, the Court explained that “[i]n adopting the discovery rule, the Tufco decision did not limit its holding to its facts or otherwise restrict its application to situations in which the occurrence date is unknown.” Id. at 264, 494 S.E.2d at 767. Moreover, the Court clearly stated that “Tufco ... determined that the discovery rule applies for insurance purposes.’ ” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, this court declines to extend Imperial Casualty to this insurance coverage dispute and further finds that the “date of discovery,” or “manifestation,” trigger of coverage theory controls in the instant case. Plaintiff essentially argues that, because Farm Bureau’s arbitration demand “is vague as to when the leaks began and which leaks resulted in the damage being sought[,]” (FD 30 at 17; see also FD 29 at 14), and that “[t]he Demand for Arbitration ... is silent as to when the property damage that Farm Bureau was seeking recovery for is alleged to have been discovered.” (FD 30 at 18), under North Carolina’s comparison test, both insurers had a duty to defend because there was a mere possibility that the damages occurred during their respective policy periods. Plaintiffs argument, however, assumes that the court must first address the duty to defend issue before reaching the issue of whether there is in fact coverage. This assumption is similar to the one made by the defendant-insured in Imperial Casualty, where it was argued that the insurer “still ha[d] a duty to defend the insured regardless of the dispute concerning coverage since the insurer’s duty under North Carolina law is much broader than its obligation to pay damages under the policy.” 862 F.Supp. at 1440-41. Judge Dupree rejected the defendant-insurer’s argument and indicated that it is appropriate to decide the issue of coverage first in certain instances, stating: While the court is mindful of North Carolina’s liberal policy of requiring the insurer to defend the insured in questionable cases regarding coverage, there is nothing implicit in the language of the cases relied on by defendant[-insured] to support its contention that the court must first address the duty to defend issue. As noted in Waste Management, [315 N.C. 688, 340 S.E.2d 374, reh’g denied, 316 N.C. 386, 346 S.E.2d 134 (1986),] the insurer’s refusal to defend is at its own peril and it will be responsible for the costs of the defense if the evidence subsequently presented at trial establishes that the claim in question is covered. This is not to say, however, that the issue of coverage cannot be decided first under certain circumstances. Id. at 1441. Overall, it may be immaterial whether the duty to defend issue is analyzed independent of the issue of coverage, at least in the context of determining which policy period was triggered, because this court finds that the faulty workmanship, as alleged in the arbitration claims, manifested itself during the Great American policy period, and possibly during the Penn National policy period as well. With respect to the Great American policy, it is undisputed that problems with the waterproofing membrane to the plaza deck were discovered as early as January 23, 1987, when the architect reported that “water penetration was observed at junction of deck slab and parapet wall on east and south walls[.]” (Pl.’s App., Attach. 6.) Leakage was again noted on April 16, 1987, (FD 21, Ex.3), as well as blistering on the “vertical waterproofing at parapet” on June 16, 1987, (Pl.’s App., Attach.5). All of these problems manifested themselves within the Great American policy period (July 11, 1986, through July 11, 1987), thus triggering the Great American policy. Great American contends, inter alia, that the date of discovery should be fixed at November 9, 1988, when Vick Construction removed a portion of the roof deck to “expose what was determined to be a failing roof.” (FD 36, Great Am. Reply Mem. at 7-8.) The court finds this argument unpersuasive. Under North Carolina case law, the trigger date for coverage is the date of discovery or manifestation of damages, not when the alleged cause of those damages is discovered. It is clear to this court that the problems with water leakage manifested themselves prior to November 9, 1988, and more importantly, prior to July 11, 1987. Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that, to the extent Great American seeks Summary Judgment solely on the basis that there was no event triggering coverage during its policy period, Great American’s Motion should be DENIED. Applying the same logic, Penn National argues that any “occurrence” would have manifested itself prior to July 11, 19