Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION SAVAGE, District Judge. Introduction In this action brought under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), Cozen O’Connor (“Cozen”), a law firm, requested documents regarding terrorism-related designations of eighty-seven individuals, entities and foreign states that are in the possession of the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) and other government agencies. Cozen seeks these documents to assist it in prosecuting civil claims against those responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center Towers and the Pentagon. Moving for summary judgment, Treasury contends that its search, given the nature of the subject matter and the scope of the request, was adequate, and that it properly asserted the exemptions with ample descriptions of the documents it withheld. Additionally, with respect to requests concerning sixteen entities, Treasury refuses to admit or deny the existence or nonexistence of any responsive records pertaining to those entities. It asserts that the mere fact as to whether the records exist is exempt from disclosure because disclosing the existence or nonexistence of the records may indicate to one of those sixteen entities that Treasury may or may not have commenced an investigation into that entity. It emphasizes out that those charged with protecting the national security and implementing foreign policy are better equipped than the courts to evaluate the impact resulting from disclosure of the information it withheld. It also disputes that it acted in bad faith. Cozen counters that Treasury has not produced all documents responsive to its requests. It argues that Treasury conducted an inadequate search, improperly invoked exemptions, did not sufficiently describe withheld documents so one could determine if the asserted exemptions applied, and improperly refused to acknowledge that it did or did not have documents in certain instances. Cozen also claims that Treasury acted in bad faith as evidenced by its delay in responding and inadequate processing of the request. After reviewing Cozen’s requests and Treasury’s responses, and conducting an in camera review of classified declarations and a complete unredacted Treasury evidentiary file, I conclude that summary judgment cannot be granted at this time. There are questions regarding the adequacy of Treasury’s search. With respect to the asserted exemptions, Treasury’s withholding of the documents, with the exception of a few, was proper. Therefore, summary judgment will be denied, and Treasury will be given an opportunity to explain the parameters of its search to assure that it was adequate to find responsive documents. I. FOIA Request Cozen requested detailed intelligence and investigative information located in Treasury’s files relating to the designations of: Iran, Iraq, Sudan and Syria as state sponsors of terrorism; specific groups and organizations engaged in terrorist activity or having the capability and intent to engage in terrorist activity or terrorism; and, individuals and organizations providing material or financial support to, or associating with, designated terrorists. It also sought the identification of assets belonging to those so designated. The comprehensive scope of the request is set forth in Cozen’s letter of July 30, 2003, which reads: any and all documents, including, but not limited to: intelligence and research files, terrorism intelligence summaries, narcotics intelligence summaries, security files, reports and/or summaries of terrorism/nareotics investigations, memoranda (including, but not limited to, inter and intra-office communications), white papers, correspondence, records, analyses, graphs, reports, computer generated printouts or other matter, reports of consultants, surveys and studies supporting the designation.... The documents sought by Cozen are maintained by the Office of Assets Control (“OFAC”). OFAC is a part of the Treasury’s Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, which was created by statute as a law enforcement organization within Treasury. OFAC administers United States economic sanctions programs primarily directed against foreign states and nationals, including sponsors of global terrorism, by enforcing blocking orders, which segregate and freeze blocked assets, and by imposing certain restrictions on trade and financial transactions. OFAC administers approximately thirty economic sanctions programs, the majority of which are conducted under the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”) and various executive orders. 50 U.S.C.A. §§ 1701-1706 (2003 & West Supp.2008). Pursuant to the IEEPA, the President can issue executive orders imposing economic sanctions in order to combat threats to the national security, to enforce foreign policy, and to protect the economy. Id. § 1701(a). One form of sanctions is the blocking of assets to prevent their use in support of global terrorists’ plots. The executive orders can direct the blocking of property and property interests of persons designated as ’ terrorists or supporters of terrorism within the United States or within the possession or control of United States persons, wherever located. Blocking prevents assets from being transferred, withdrawn, exported, paid or otherwise dealt in by United States persons and entities without OFAC’s prior authorization. Before assets may be blocked, the owner must be designated by Treasury as a terrorist or a supporter of a terrorist organization. In the designation process, Treasury conducts an investigation by assembling information, classified and unclassified, from public and nonpublic sources. The evidence is summarized in an evidentiary memorandum that references the exhibits acquired during the investigation. To ensure that the designation is consistent with the operational and policy interests of other agencies as well as national security and foreign policy goals, there is inter-agency coordination in the designation process. Thus, information used in making the designation decision is generated by many agencies. Notifying the subject of an investigation before the process is concluded could subvert the effectiveness of the sanction. In the meantime, the subject could transfer, hide, sell or destroy assets, or otherwise obstruct the investigation. As a consequence, blocking of assets could not be accomplished, frustrating OFAC’s law enforcement efforts. Hence, Treasury will not release information that could reveal that a designation investigation and process is underway. II. FOIA Standards Enacted to assure transparency and accountability, FOIA requires the government and its agencies to disclose information to the public upon request. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(a)(3)(A) (2007). However, not all information must be disclosed. Recognizing that the public’s right to know may be outweighed by the government’s need to keep certain information confidential, Congress created nine exemptions. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(l)-(9) (2007); Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 925 (D.C.Cir.2003) (citing John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146, 152, 110 S.Ct. 471, 107 L.Ed.2d 462 (1989)). In the absence of an applicable exemption, the agency must disclose the requested information. Judicial review of an agency’s decision to withhold documents is different from the review of other agency decisions. The deferential substantial evidence standard does not apply. The agency’s decision is reviewed de novo, and the burden is on the agency to prove that it properly withheld the records. U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm, for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989); Sheet Metal Workers Int’lAss’n. v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 135 F.3d 891, 897 (3d Cir. 1998). During the review, the statutory exemptions, in light of the strong presumption in favor of disclosure, are construed narrowly. FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630, 102 S.Ct. 2054, 72 L.Ed.2d 376 (1982); Davin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 60 F.3d 1043,1049 (3d Cir.1995). When invoking an exemption, the agency must provide reasonably specific information that explains how the exemption applies. Am. Friends Serv. Comm. v. Dep’t of Defense, 831 F.2d 441, 444 (3d Cir.1987); Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981). It must describe the material being withheld, state the justification for non-disclosure, and cite each exemption asserted. Am. Friends Serv. Comm., 831 F.2d at 444; Casey, 656 F.2d at 738. It may do so by providing a detailed affidavit or submitting a Vaughn index. Gallant v. NLRB, 26 F.3d 168, 173 (D.C.Cir.1994). Conclusory affidavits that merely recite statutory standards or are vague will not suffice. Halpem v. FBI, 181 F.3d 279, 293 (2d Cir.1999); Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 30 (D.C.Cir.1998). Because the agency has full knowledge of the contents of the withheld records and the requester has only the agency’s affidavits and descriptions of the documents, its affidavits must be specific enough to give the requester “a meaningful opportunity to contest” the withholding of the documents and the court to determine whether the exemption applies. King v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 218 (D.C.Cir.1987). The agency can meet its burden by submitting a Vaughn index, which is a detailed affidavit correlating the withheld documents with the claimed exemptions. To pass muster, a Vaughn index must consist of one comprehensive document, adequately describe each withheld document or redaction, state the exemption claimed, and explain why each exemption applies. Afsharv. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1144-45 (D.C.Cir.1983) (quoting Founding Church of Scientology, Inc. v. Bell, 603 F.2d 945, 949 (D.C.Cir.1979)). The rule applies to each agency and does not require all agencies in the litigation to submit a joint Vaughn index. Id. at 1145. The single document rule is satisfied if the affidavits clearly link the information in each and were drafted with each other in mind. Id. An insufficient description of withheld records may instigate in camera inspection to afford meaningful judicial review. Patterson v. FBI, 893 F.2d 595, 599 (3d Cir.1990) (stating that in camera review also can verify agency good faith). The affidavits themselves may be submitted in camera where, due to the sensitive nature of the documents, the agency is unable to sufficiently detail the records in the public affidavits. Id. at 599-600. Nevertheless, before submitting in camera affidavits, the agency must present as much as it can in a public affidavit. Phillippi v. CIA 546 F.2d 1009, 1013 (D.C.Cir. 1976). If the agency demonstrates that the information is exempt, it is entitled to summary judgment in its favor. Am. Friends Serv. Comm., 831 F.2d at 444; Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at 738. On the other hand, if the agency’s explanation is contradicted by evidence in the record or if it acted in bad faith, summary judgment is inappropriate. Am. Friends Serv. Comm., 831 F.2d at 444; Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at 738. III. Adequate Search To prevail on summary judgment, the agency must show that its search was reasonably calculated to uncover relevant documents. Morley v. CIA 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C.Cir.2007). Conversely, the requesting party may defeat the agency’s motion for summary judgment by producing evidence that raises a substantial doubt that the search was adequate. Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C.Cir.1999). There is no prescribed search methodology. Whether it is done manually or electronically, the search must be adequate enough to reasonably assure that all files likely to contain the requested information have been searched. Morley, 508 F.3d at 1120-21; Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C.Cir. 1994). Although the search need not be exhaustive, it must be adequate. In determining whether an agency’s search was adequate, the test is not “whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request.” Abdelfattah v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 488 F.3d 178, 182 (3d Cir.2007). Thus, adequacy focuses on the appropriateness of the search methods used and not on what the search produces or does not . produce. Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 314 (D.C.Cir.2003). To support its claim that it conducted an adequate search, the agency’s affidavit must (1) contain reasonable detail; (2) set forth the search terms used; (3) describe the type of search performed; and (4) confirm that all files likely to contain responsive material were searched. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 314; ValenciaLucena, 180 F.3d at 326; Steinberg, 23 F.3d at 551. In determining whether a search was adequate, the court takes into account the circumstances of the case. Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C.Cir.1981); Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 834 (D.C.Cir.1979). The adequacy inquiry starts with the presumption that the agency affidavits and the related search were made in good faith. Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 771. However, the good faith presumption can be overcome by contrary record evidence or evidence of bad faith. Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at 738. To rebut the presumption, the requester must present more than purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of documents. Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 771. Speculation that uncovered documents may exist is insufficient to show that the agency’s search was unreasonable. Stein-berg, 23 F.3d at 552. On the other hand, a welldefined request coupled with facts, not speculation, that indicates materials do exist and were overlooked raises a substantial doubt whether an adequate search was performed. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 314. OFAC searched evidentiary files, previously released non-classified administrative records, and its aggregate database of blocked assets. Treasury emphasizes the time spent and volumes produced in the search. These quantitative factors do not render the search adequate. Nor are they dispositive of the adequacy issue. Despite the employment of many people over a lengthy period of time and the production of a large number of documents, the search still could be inadequate if it was not conducted properly and fully. Cozen challenges Treasury’s description of its search, claiming it did not explain how the search was conducted. It contends that the declaration of Virginia Canter, Associate Director of Research Management for OFAC, does not contain enough information regarding the file system and the breadth of the search. Specifically, Cozen argues that Canter does not specify how the database is organized or how limiting the search to entities’ names would yield all responsive documents. OFAC conducted its search in two phases. In phase one, OFAC did a page-by-page review of non-classified administrative records previously released in unrelated litigation challenging five designations under Executive Order Number 13,224. It then produced those non-exempt documents or referred them to originating agencies. Phase two involved the searching of materials in Treasury’s evidentiary files and aggregate database of blocked assets for additional material responsive to Cozen’s FOIA request and the processing of those materials. It is the adequacy of the search in the second phase that is at issue. In phase two, Treasury first checked to see if OFAC had designated the eighty-seven entities in Cozen’s request. Treasury notified Cozen that sixteen of the entities had not been designated by any agency; and, thus, it could not confirm or deny the existence of records with respect to these entities. Also, fifteen entities were not designated by Treasury and, as a result, Treasury did not maintain evidentiary files on them. According to Canter, Treasury processed and searched the evidentiary files on the remaining fifty-two entities. Treasury also searched OFAC’s aggregate database of blocked assets. The search of this particular database was adequate. However, it was searched only because Cozen specifically referred to it in its requests. The question arises whether Treasury could have searched other databases or files that likely contain information regarding the entities. If there were other databases and files that could have been searched and were not, the search was inadequate. Treasury represents that it “focused” its search in its evidentiary files pertaining to terrorism sanctions designations. These files “typically” contain a memorandum and exhibits bearing on the designation decision and “usually” contain material from classified and unclassified sources within and outside Treasury. Treasury asserts that a search outside evidentiary files “would not likely locate material.” That may be accurate. However, Treasury does not describe those other files or how it searched them, if at all, to ascertain whether they may have information. Nor does it explain why it concludes that those other files are “not likely” to contain responsive documents. Therefore, Treasury must clarify the scope of its search and, if so, verify that responsive information is not in files other than “evidentiary files.” In her declaration, Canter speaks only of “gathering” information without describing the methodology. Lacking the specifics of how the search was conducted, one cannot determine whether it was reasonably calculated to discover responsive documents. It may be that Treasury’s phase two search was adequate, but there is insufficient information in the record to conclude that it was. Therefore, Treasury will be given the opportunity to specify its search methodology. IV. Bad Faith Cozen alleges that Treasury acted in bad faith. While a failure to locate an identifiable document may only render the search inadequate, evidence that the agency failed to search certain offices, refused to interview officials who might have been helpful in finding the missing documents, ignored indications that documents found in its initial search pointed to additional documents elsewhere, and had reason to believe the document was in a particular file may raise a concern of bad faith. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315. In support of its claim of bad faith, Cozen cites a Treasury press release that discusses International Islamic Relief Organization (“URO”) and Abd AI-Hamid Sulaiman. None of the documents produced by Treasury contain information mentioned in the press release. This alleged discrepancy, according to Cozen, is indicative of an inadequate search and bad faith. Other indicators of bad faith, in Cozen’s view, are: (1) the phase one production did not include documents referred to other agencies; (2) there were unexplained missing pages in the phase one production, (3) Treasury did not produce on a rolling basis; (4) it delayed producing the Rabita Trust and AI Haramain documents that it had promised for five months; (5) it did not notify Cozen of another FOIA request for information on the Global Relief Foundation; and (6) by its own admission, it failed to locate the evidentiary file pertaining to Ramzi Binalshibh, an alleged ringleader of the 9/11 attacks. Where there is a claim of bad faith, each request and each response must be evaluated in light of the circumstances of the case. See Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 771. Factors to consider are the nature of the documents sought, the volume of documents that must be processed, the number of agencies involved, the exemptions implicated, and the reasonableness of the search. See id. at 771-772. Failure to discover or turn over a specific document does not render the search inadequate. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315. However, failure to produce known documents specifically identified by the requester that do not show up in the search the government claims was done tends to raise a question of the agency’s good faith. Id. at 315; Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 772. Delays in responding to a request are not, absent evidence of bad faith, grounds for discrediting affidavits. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315. A hastily conducted process could result in the inadvertent production of classified documents or the withholding of previously classified documents that no longer should be classified. Cf. Open America v. Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 547 F.2d 605, 616 (D.C.Cir.1976); The Wilderness Society v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, No. 04-0650, 2005 WL 3276256, at *6 (D.D.C. Sept. 12, 2005). A careful and thorough search requires time. Consequently, a delay in processing a request will not always signal bad faith. See Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315. Here, there is no evidence of bad faith. The length of time in responding to the requests was not inordinate considering the number of agencies involved, the nature of the information sought, the volume of documents to be searched and reviewed, and the sensitivity of many of those documents. Throughout the process, even though they disagreed, the parties communicated regarding progress. Treasury did not intentionally refuse to process the requests. It sought to refíne them so it could respond. Considering the complexity of the process in this case and the large number of documents implicating several agencies, it is not surprising that the responses were not always in ideal form. Of course, the presentation could have been better. But, the fact it was not does not evidence bad faith. Cozen argues that Treasury’s delay in referring the documents to originating agencies evidences bad faith. It claims that Treasury did not refer documents to the FBI and other agencies until May 2006, despite the January 2006 scheduling order. Later, Treasury requested a month extension in November 2006 because it had not received responses from other agencies. If an agency receives a FOIA request for a document that it received from another agency, it cannot refuse to respond and require the requester to submit a FOIA request to the other agency. McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1110 (D.C.Cir.1983). It must either respond directly, refer the request to the originating agency, or respond after consulting with the originating agency. Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1118 (D.C.Cir.2007). The agency may not request the originating agency to review the document to determine whether an exemption applies before responding if referral would significantly impair production or cause undue delay. Peralta v. U.S. Attorney’s Office, 136 F.3d 169, 175 (D.C.Cir. 1998); Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1118. When the agency refers the record to the originating agency for a response, it still must defend the originating agency’s decision to withhold the record. With respect to information in its files that originated from other agencies, Treasury’s explanation of the search process is troublesome because it leaves open whether all files were searched. Treasury sent the materials to the referring agencies with a request that they either respond directly to Cozen or return the information with appropriate FOIA responses. Canter explains that the “latter approach was usually taken with regard to classified information.” This carefully crafted statement fails to disclose how the other documents containing non-classified information generated by the other agencies were processed. Indeed, there is no verification that all the other agencies responded to the referrals. In her declaration, Canter states that Treasury in phase one referred 8,032 pages to the originating agencies that responded directly to Cozen. During phase two, Treasury focused its search in the “evidentiary files” and referred pages in those files to originating agencies with instructions “to either respond directly to plaintiff or return the information to Treasury with the appropriate FOIA responses.” The FBI’s declaration, prepared by David M. Hardy (“Hardy”), states that on May 4, 2006, OFAC advised the FBI that it had identified and sent 2,995 pages of material. The FBI responded directly to Cozen by letters dated May 4, May 15, and August 11, 2006. The FBI also consulted with the Bureau of Prisons, the IRS, and the United States Postal Service on certain documents that contained information supplied by those agencies. The State Department’s declaration indicates that it reviewed fifty-five documents and returned fourteen of the referred documents to Treasury because Treasury had “equities” in the documents. The State Department states that it withheld twenty-nine documents in full or in part and released two documents in full. The IRS declaration states that with respect to some of the documents “it left the final decision to OFAC as to the release” of the documents. It is unclear as to how the IRS responded to the request regarding the other documents. Although there are questions regarding Treasury’s referral process, there is no evidence of bad faith. Given the necessity of coordination among the various agencies and the nature of the documents to be reviewed, the time it took to process the documents referred to other agencies was not exceptionally lengthy. V. The Vaughn Indices Cozen’s protestations to the contrary, Treasury’s Vaughn index is more than sufficient. With a few limited exceptions, it comprehensively explains its reasons for withholding requested materials. It describes the nature of each document withheld in whole or in part, the specific exemptions asserted, and the reason for asserting each exemption. Although the reason given for invoking each exemption is not always specific, it does provide enough information, when considered with the document’s description and the accompanying affidavits, to allow one to determine whether the claimed exemption applies. The State Department explained its reasons for withholding various communications from overseas embassies and a visa report. The documents and the reasons for withholding them are more than adequately detailed. Similarly, the IRS declaration sufficiently explains the nature of the documents or parts of documents withheld, and the reasons for withholding them. CBP withheld portions of eighteen screen prints that contained arrival and departure information taken from travelers’ 1-94 forms, which were completed and submitted by travelers upon entry. The index sufficiently describes the basis for asserting each exemption. USCIS withheld one document that contained biographical information of an individual and his family. Its index explains that the document is exempt under Exemption 6 covering personal privacy. No further information is necessary. Treasury referred documents concerning three registered Islamic charities to the FBI. Of those 3,628 pages, the FBI withheld 178 pages in part and 960 pages in full. The FBI submitted its own Vaughn index and declaration to justify its withholding of those documents. In its declarations, the FBI represented that it had investigated those three organizations. The investigations, which used confidential sources and various investigative techniques, determined that the organizations were connected to terrorists. These findings were used by OFAC in deciding to freeze those organization’s assets. The FBI’s declaration clearly states the justification for withholding the documents. It correlates the documents on the FBI’s Vaughn index with the reasons given in the declaration. The FBI identified documents differently than Treasury, using different pagination. As a result, there is no correlation between the FBI and Treasury’s indices because Treasury utilizes a different coding system than the FBI. There is no way to match the documents the FBI cites to the documents Treasury states it referred to the FBI. In other words, one cannot determine whether Treasury and the FBI are talking about the same documents. Like the FBI, ICE did not correlate the documents it withheld with the documents on Treasury’s Vaughn index. Consequently, one cannot determine if the two agencies are referencing the same documents. Additionally, the document descriptions are too broad, and the reasons for withholding merely recite statutory language. Thus, with respect to the FBI and the ICE indices, they must be amended to provide a link between the documents on those lists with the documents on Treasury’s Vaughn index, and ICE’s Vaughn index must adequately state its reasons for withholding documents. VI. Redactions An agency may not withhold an entire document because a part of it is exempt. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b) (West Supp. 2008). FOIA requires an agency to redact only those parts that are exempt and to release the remaining portions of the documents. Id.; Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 765-66, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989). It may, however, withhold parts that cannot be segregated from the whole document because the exempt and nonexempt portions are inextricably bound, and disclosure of the nonexempt parts will reveal exempt information. Neufeld v. IRS, 646 F.2d 661, 665-666 (D.C.Cir.1981); Mead Data Central, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C.Cir.1977). When an agency redacts a document, it must justify its deletions as it would for an entire document in an affidavit or a Vaughn index. Abdelfattah, 488 F.3d at 186-87. Cozen argues that Treasury did not adequately justify why it redacted certain material, claiming that Treasury has not demonstrated why segregable portions were withheld. Cozen reiterates these arguments with respect to Exemptions 1, 3, and 4. Cozen also contends that Treasury redacted material that was available publicly. Cozen makes the same arguments with respect to the exemptions invoked for the redacted records as it does for the unredacted withheld documents. VII. Applicable FOIA Exemptions In many instances, Treasury asserts more than one exemption to justify withholding a specific document or part of a document. Several exemptions may apply to the same document. Where some of the asserted exemptions do not apply but others do, the document is exempt because it takes only one exemption to shield the information. Therefore, where at least one exemption covers a document, it is unnecessary to consider whether the other asserted exemptions apply. See 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b); see, e.g., Fund for Constitutional Gov’t v. Nat’l Archives & Records Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 864 n. 19 (D.C.Cir.1981). With respect to certain documents where Treasury asserts more than one exemption, Cozen challenges Treasury’s assertions of some exemptions but not others. In those instances, when the court has independently determined an asserted exemption that Cozen does not challenge applies to a document, it is not necessary to decide challenges to the remaining claimed exemptions. A. Exemption 1 — Information Protected by Executive Order An agency is not required to disclose information or records that have been ordered to be kept secret pursuant to an executive order in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and that are properly classified. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(1). To claim this exemption, the agency must demonstrate that the information is indeed classified and was properly classified in accordance with the classification procedures prescribed in the executive order. It must submit an affidavit that describes the withheld information, the justification for withholding it, and its connection to the national defense or foreign policy. McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227, 1243 (3d Cir.1993). The agency’s affidavit is accorded substantial weight regarding the classified status of a record. Id. Executive agencies responsible for national defense and foreign policy matters are uniquely qualified to assess the adverse consequences that may occur from disclosure. Id. (quoting Salisbury v. United States, 690 F.2d 966, 970 (D.C.Cir.1982)); Center for Natl Sec. Studies, 331 F.3d at 927 (quoting CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 179, 105 S.Ct. 1881, 85 L.Ed.2d 173 (1985)). Judges have neither the expertise nor the qualifications to determine the impact upon national security or international relations. Halperin v. CIA, 629 F.2d 144, 148 (D.C.Cir.1980). Thus, a court must not substitute its judgment for the agency’s regarding national defense or foreign policy implications. Executive Order Number 12,958, as amended, currently provides the standards governing the classification of documents that implicate national security. It “prescribes a uniform system for classifying, safeguarding, and declassifying national security information, including information relating to defense against transnational terrorism.” Section 1.1(a) sets forth the classification standards: (a) Information may be originally classified under the terms of this order only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) an original classification authority is classifying the information; (2) the information is owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control of the United States Government; (3) the information falls within one or more of the categories of information listed in section 1.4 of this order; and (4) the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure of the information reasonably could be expected to result in damage to the national security, which includes defense against transnational terrorism, and the original classification authority is able to identify or describe the damage. Exec. Order No. 13,292, § 1.1(a). Additionally, § 1.4 provides what type of information may be classified: [information shall not be considered for classification unless it concerns: (a) military plans, weapons systems, or operations; (b) foreign government information; (c) intelligence activities (including special activities), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology; (d) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States, including confidential sources; (e) scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to the national security, which includes defense against transnational terrorism; (f) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear materials or facilities; (g) vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, infrastructures, projects, plans, or protection services relating to the national security, which includes defense against transnational terrorism; or weapons of mass destruction. Id. § 1.4. Cozen does not challenge Treasury’s assertion of Exemption 1 on a document-by-document basis. Instead, it contends that Treasury has failed to demonstrate that it complied with the requirements of the executive order. In other words, Cozen complains that it cannot, on the basis of information supplied by Treasury, determine whether the executive order authorizes the classification of any of the documents withheld under Exemption 1. Treasury withheld evidentiary memoranda and supporting exhibits that reveal facts, analyses and conclusions used in the terrorist designation process. This information was gathered from various United States’ agencies and other sources throughout the world. If this information were disclosed, it could be used to frustrate and circumvent current and future investigations of known and suspected terrorists. The State Department and the FBI also invoked Exemption 1. The former withheld several communications received from embassies abroad. These documents, as described in Margaret Grafeld’s (“Grafeld”) declaration, identify foreign government sources and were properly classified under the executive order. The FBI, likewise, followed the classification procedure set forth in the executive order in classifying documents it withheld under Exemption 1. Those withheld documents contain foreign government information, intelligence activities and methods, intelligence sources and foreign relations activities, all matters defined by § 1.4 of the executive order as classifiable. The agencies’ classification authorities have determined that disclosure would endanger national security. Having reviewed the unclassified and classified declarations, I conclude that the requirements of the executive order have been satisfied. The information was classified by an original classification authority, is owned and under the control of the United States Government, and falls within a proper classification category as defined in § 1.4 of the executive order. Each agency’s classification authority reviewed each page of each document to determine if all or part of the document could be released without endangering national security. The classification authority determined that disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause serious or exceptionally grave damage to national security. Thus, after independently assessing the nature of the material and the potential effect of its disclosure on national security, I find that Exemption 1 was properly invoked by Treasury, the FBI and the State Department. B. Exemption 2 — Agency’s Internal Rules and Procedures Exemption 2 permits withholding of information relating solely to the agency’s internal personnel rules and practices. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(2). To successfully invoke Exemption 2, the agency must demonstrate not only that the material falls within the statutory language, but also that its disclosure will risk circumvention of an agency regulation or it relates to insignificant administrative matters having no public interest. Schwaner v. Dep’t of Air Force, 898 F.2d 793, 794 (D.C.Cir. 1990). Rules or practices that have an effect on the rights or actions of the public are not exempt. Schiller v. NLRB, 964 F.2d 1205, 1207 (D.C.Cir.1992). Nor are matters that generate “genuine and significant public interest” exempt. Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 369, 96 S.Ct. 1592, 48 L.Ed.2d 11 (1976). However, recognizing that almost every internal personnel rule and practice has some effect on the public, agencies are relieved of the burden of processing materials whose public effect is minimal and immaterial or concern matters in which the public has no real interest. Schiller, 964 F.2d at 1207; Schwaner, 898 F.2d at 795. Thus, where the internal material relates to an insignificant trivial matter having no conceivable public interest, the inquiry ends and the exemption applies. Rose, 425 U.S. at 369, 96 S.Ct. 1592. When disclosure of materials covering routine internal matters would enable circumvention of agency regulations, the information may be withheld. Id. at 369-70, 96 S.Ct. 1592; Damn, 60 F.3d at 1064; Schiller, 964 F.2d at 1207. The burden is on the agency to demonstrate how the material could be used to violate or avoid the law. OSHA Data/CIH, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 220 F.3d 153, 160 (3d Cir.2000); Founding Church of Scientology v. Smith, 721 F.2d 828, 831 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.1983). Invoking Exemption 2, Treasury redacted non-public telephone and fax numbers used by employees in performing their duties, and OFAC case assignment numbers. Likewise, the FBI deleted internal telephone and fax numbers, and confidential source identifying codes and symbol numbers. CBP withheld administrative record numbers, and database and computer codes. There is no public interest in the employees’ internal telephone and fax numbers. Publishing them could allow the public to use the numbers, interfering with the internal communications network. Having the OFAC case assignment numbers, the FBI confidential source codes and numbers, and the CBP database and computer codes, one could gain unauthorized access to the agencies’ records and circumvent their regulations. Exemption 2 applies to all the redacted information withheld on this basis. C. Exemption 3 — Statutorily Protected Materials Exemption 3 applies to documents that are specifically exempted from disclosure by another statute. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(3). Unlike other FOIA exemptions, Exemption 3’s applicability does not depend upon the contents of the documents. McDonnell, 4 F.3d at 1246. It is the nature of the document, not its contents, that makes it exempt. Thus, the agency need only show that the documents are within the category of documents specifically exempt from disclosure by the statute. There are two types of Exemption 3 statutes, one is non-discretionary and the other discretionary. The former categorically mandates that specified materials be withheld, leaving the agency no discretion. The latter type establishes particular criteria for withholding the materials or permits the agency to exercise discretion in assessing whether, the materials can be disclosed. Sims, 471 U.S. at 167,105 S.Ct. 1881. Wfiien a statute allows an agency to exercise discretion, the agency must provide guidelines for the exercise of that discretion. Id. at 167, 105 S.Ct. 1881; South Hills Health Sys. v. Bowen, 864 F.2d 1084, 1089 & n. 3 (3d Cir.1988). Cozen, apparently recognizing the statutory ban on disclosure imposed by the Bank Secrecy Act and the Internal Revenue Code, does not question Treasury’s withholding reports submitted under the former statute nor the IRS’s refusing to release third parties’ tax returns. It does challenge the FBI’s withholding of one document as grand jury material. Grand jury materials that would reveal the nature of the grand jury’s investigation are secret pursuant to Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 6(e) is a statutory mandate that automatically invokes Exemption 3. McDonnell, 4 F.3d at 1247 (quoting Am. Jewish Congress v. Kreps, 574 F.2d 624, 628 (D.C.Cir. 1978)). It is not discretionary. The cloak covers not just grand jury transcripts, but all matters that could tend to reveal what occurred or was occurring in the grand jury, including identities of witnesses, questions asked by prosecutors or grand jurors, testimony of witnesses, or anything that could reveal the course of the investigation. Fed.R.Crim.P. 6(e); McDonnell, 4 F.3d at 1246; Fund for Constitutional Gov’t v. Nat’l Archives & Records Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 869 (D.C.Cir.1981); SEC v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 628 F.2d 1368, 1382 n. 36 (D.C.Cir.1980). Just because information was either obtained by a grand jury subpoena or was submitted to a grand jury does not make it exempt. Senate of Puerto Rico v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 823 F.2d 574, 584 (D.C.Cir.1987). To be exempt, the information must reveal some aspect of the grand jury’s investigation. Id. Additionally, the connection to the investigation must be apparent, especially for documents created independent of and extrinsic to the grand jury investigation. Washington Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 863 F.2d 96, 100 (D.C.Cir.1988). Lacking this connection, the information must be disclosed. Cozen does not claim that the document withheld by the FBI under Exemption 3 is not protected grand jury material. Rather, it contends Treasury has not adequately described the document so that one could determine whether it qualifies as secret grand jury information. The document is an intra-agency communication of information provided pursuant to a grand jury subpoena. Identifying what information was produced in response to a grand jury subpoena certainly would reveal what the grand jury was investigating. Thus, Exemption 3 was properly invoked. D. Exemption 4 — Commercial or Privileged Information Exemption 4 protects privileged or confidential information supplied to an agency by third parties that contains commercial or financial information, or trade secrets. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(4). The information covered by this exemption is generated by third parties who provided it to the agency because they were required or requested to do so. Judicial Watch, Inc., v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 148 (D.C.Cir.2006). Hence, unlike most information subject to an agency’s control, materials implicating Exemption 4 are not developed within the agency. Id. To qualify as Exemption 4 material, the information must: (1) be either trade secrets, or commercial or financial information; (2) have been obtained from some source outside the agency; and (3) qualify as privileged or confidential. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(4). The exemption protects both the interest of the government in garnering useful information and the interest of those submitting data in preventing competitive disadvantages that could result from dissemination of the information. Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 975 F.2d 871, 877 (D.C.Cir.1992). In essence, the inquiry is whether disclosure of material generated by the third party will discourage or curtail future reliable submissions. Critical Mass, 975 F.2d at 878 (citing Washington Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Serv., 690 F.2d 252, 268-269 (D.C.Cir.1982)). Exemption 4 applies only to commercial or financial information and trade secrets that are privileged and confidential and provided to the agency by a person outside the government. Gulf & Western Indus., Inc. v. United States, 615 F.2d 527, 529 (D.C.Cir.1979). Information generated by the federal government is not included. See 5 U.S.C.A. § 551(2) (2007); Fed. Open Mkt. Comm. v. Merrill, 443 U.S. 340, 360, 99 S.Ct. 2800, 61 L.Ed.2d 587 (1979). However, information derived from another government agency may fall under Exemption 5. Fed. Open Mkt. Comm., 443 U.S. at 360, 99 S.Ct. 2800. Agency summaries of information obtained from a person outside of the government that meet the requirements of Exemption 4 are exempt. OSHA Data, 220 F.3d at 162 n. 23; Gulf & Western Indus., 615 F.2d at 529-30. For example, if a Treasury employee received a licensing application and then summarized the information contained in that application in an internal memo, the commercial and financial information within that memo is exempt even though the document was created by an employee of the federal government. See, e.g., Gulf & Western Indus., 615 F.2d at 529-30. For purposes of Exemption 4, the test of confidentiality differs depending upon whether the information was required by, or was voluntarily provided to, the agency. Critical Mass, 975 F.2d at 879. Compelled commercial or financial information is confidential for purposes of Exemption 4 if its disclosure is likely to either significantly impair the government’s ability to obtain similar information in the future or cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the provider of information. Id. at 878 (citing Natl Parks and Conservation Ass’n v. Morton, 498 F.2d 765, 770 (D.C.Cir.1974)). The agency’s ability to carry out its statutory purpose is impaired, if disclosure of the information affects the quality or reliability of future submissions. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Export-Import Bank, 108 F.Supp.2d 19, 30 (D.D.C.2000). Conversely, if disclosure of the information will not affect the agency’s ability to receive reliable information in the future, it is only confidential if its release would cause substantial competitive harm to the provider of that information. See Ctr. to Prevent Handgun Violence v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 981 F.Supp. 20, 23 (D.D.C.1997). The provider need not show actual competitive harm. Citizen Health Research Group v. FDA, 704 F.2d 1280, 1291 (D.C.Cir.1983). Evidence of actual competition and a likelihood of substantial competitive injury by use of the information by competitors is sufficient. CNA Financial Carp. v. Donovan, 830 F.2d 1132, 1152 (D.C.Cir.1987); Pub. Citizen Health Research Group v. FDA 704 F.2d 1280, 1291 (D.C.Cir.1983). The agency, not the provider, determines whether disclosure will cause impairment. See, e.g., Hercules, Inc. v. Marsh, 839 F.2d 1027, 1030 (4th Cir.1988); McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 215 F.Supp.2d 200, 206 (D.D.C. 2002) (“The agency from which disclosure is sought is in the best position to determine whether an action will impair its information gathering in the future.”). Providers of information cannot prevent disclosure. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 215 F.Supp.2d at 206. However, they are not shut out of the process. Executive Order Number 12,600 requires an agency to give the provider of the requested information an opportunity to show what potential competitive harm would result from disclosure. Exec. Order No. 12,600, 52 Fed. Reg. 23781 (June 23, 1987). The test is not one of certainty, but of probability. Pub. Citizen, 704 F.2d at 1291. The disclosure of voluntarily submitted information is more restrictive. Release of such information could jeopardize the government’s ability to obtain similar information in the future from the same source or of a similar type if providers feared competitors getting the information. Critical Mass, 975 F.2d at 879. In other words, providers would be reluctant to voluntarily hand over competitive information, thus impairing the government’s ability to obtain complete and accurate information. Id. Given this concern, to justify withholding the information, the agency need only demonstrate that the financial or commercial information voluntarily provided is the kind that the provider would not customarily release to the public. Baker & Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 473 F.3d 312, 320 (D.C.Cir.2006); Critical Mass, 975 F.2d at 879. Cozen argues that Treasury has not adequately described the documents it withheld as commercial information and has not demonstrated how disclosure of that information would cause actual harm. It objects to the indefiniteness of the descriptions of “commercial databases” and “blocked asset reports,” but does not question the descriptions of the other documents Treasury listed under Exemption 4. For example, Cozen does not claim that matters relating to licensing applications are insufficiently described. The “commercial databases” are not defined in the Vaughn index or the declaration. However, for reasons cited in its invocation of Exemption 7(E), Treasury withheld any further identification. Although this description may be inadequate in assessing the propriety of Exemption 4, it may be excused under 7(E), which will be discussed later. As to the harm requirement, all but one of the providers of the databases objected to their release because the information was confidential business information “normally provided exclusively to paying customers of the commercial database operators and is not allowed to be redistributed.” Treasury then determined that release would cause “substantial competitive harm” to those operators. There is no basis for this conclusion. What the providers appear to say is that they want to be paid for the redistribution. They do not even suggest that disclosure would cause competitive harm. Therefore, unless Treasury provides an adequate description of the databases qualifying them for exemption under 7(E), they must be released. The blocked asset information was supplied by holders of blocked property pursuant to a regulation that explicitly designates the reports as “privileged and confidential.” 31 C.F.R. § 501.603(a)(2). Financial institutions submitted these reports under an assurance of confidentiality. Most of them objected to the release of the information because it would discourage customers from doing business with them if it became known that the institutions did not maintain confidentiality. Not only would disclosure adversely affect the banks, it would alert terrorist financiers to avoid those financial institutions that report to Treasury. Therefore, the blocked asset information was properly withheld. Cozen also challenges the State Department’s withholding of one document under Exemption 4. Because that document, a telegram from an embassy discussing information received from confidential sources regarding local commercial organizations’ links to Osama Bin Laden, is exempt under Exemption 1, there is no need to consider Exemption 4’s applicability- Cozen does not object to Treasury’s withholding materials related to licensing applications submitted by persons or entities seeking permission to engage in activities that are prohibited by sanctions regulations. The applications contain information regarding the applicant’s proposed commercial transactions. Revelation of the contents could cause competitive harm because the applicant’s business plan and financial strategies would be exposed. Hence, even if Cozen had objected, the licensing applications need not be disclosed. E. Exemption 5 — Non-Discoverable Inter-Agency and Intra-Agency Privileged Communications Exemption 5 withholds from disclosure inter-agency and intra-agency communications that would not be discoverable in litigation with the agency. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(5); Dep’t of the Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060, 149 L.Ed.2d 87 (2001). Designed to protect the decision-making processes of governmental agencies, the exemption applies to documents that are privileged in the civil discovery context, such as communications protected by the attorney-client, work product and deliberative process privileges. NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 149-150, 95 S.Ct. 1504, 44 L.Ed.2d 29 (1975). The deliberative process privilege shields predecisional confidential intraagency advisory opinions that reflect the consultative functions of the government. Id. at 150, 95 S.Ct. 1504. Without protection from disclosure, officials would be reluctant to freely exchange ideas and proposed policies. Klamath, 532 U.S. at 8-9, 121 S.Ct. 1060; Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health and Human Serv., 839 F.2d 768, 776 (D.C.Cir.1988). Thus, the privilege fosters open and frank discussion among those who contribute to and make decisions. Klamath, 532 U.S. at 8-9, 121 S.Ct. 1060. To invoke the deliberative process privilege, the agency need not identify the specific policy decision related to the document. Sears, Roebuck, 421 U.S. at 153 n. 18, 95 S.Ct. 1504. The privilege turns on the process, not the result. Documents may be privileged even though the recommendations and discussions contained in them did not result in final action or decision. See id. Consequently, even though the process does not result in a final decision, the documents generated during that process are exempt. The deliberative process privilege goes to conceptualizing and not to the gathering of facts. Documents that contain only factual material, even though used in the deliberative process, must be disclosed. Wolfe, 839 F.2d at 774 (citing Mead Data Cent., 566 F.2d at 256). However, when factual material exposes the deliberative process, it can be withheld unless the agency can redact the exempt material without revealing the thought process. Id. The exemption shields only predecisional communications that disclose the deliberative process. Sears, Roebuck, 421 U.S. at 151-52, 95 S.Ct. 1504. Postdecisional communications that explain decisions are not exempt. Id. Given this distinction, Exemption 5 permits the withholding of documents that reflect the thought process in developing law and policy, but requires disclosure of all opinions and interpretations implementing the agency’s law and policy. Id. at 152-53, 95 S.Ct. 1504. Once an agency references or inserts a document into a final opinion, the document loses its exempt status unless it is exempt under another exemption. Id. at 161, 95 S.Ct. 1504. Citing Exemption 5, Treasury withheld draft versions of evidentiary memoranda, personal notes, and inter-agency documents containing pre-decisional analyses and discussions provided to OFAC in its decision-making. It claims that the information is protected by the deliberative process privilege. Cozen contends Treasury has not provided sufficient information regarding the nature of the documents and the process in which they were developed to make a determination that the privilege applies. It suggests that the Vaughn index must include the same detailed information that is ordinarily included in a privilege log in civil discovery. All the exhibits withheld under Exemption 5 are covered by Exemption 1. Because Treasury properly withheld these documents under Exemption 1, it is not necessary to analyze the applicability of Exemption 5. Nevertheless, the Vaughn index indicates that the documents or redactions do reflect the deliberation process and are covered by Exemption 5. There is ample information showing that the Treasury materials were the type produced during the decision-making process. There were drafts of documents and reports of discussions leading up to the decisions to designate entities as terrorist organizations. These documents are covered by Exemptions 1, 2, 6 and 7(C). Some of them are also covered by Exemptions 4, 7(A), 7(D) and 7(E). The FBI withheld a draft of a probable cause affidavit in support of a warrant to seize the assets of a suspected terrorist organization. It was not signed, notarized or filed with a court. The FBI declaration coyly concludes that “absent confirmation” that the affidavit was ever signed, it is a draft. The FBI is certainly in a position to determine if it was signed. If a final version was actually filed, Treasury must produce that final version unless another exemption applies. In the meantime, the FBI must demonstrate that it searched its records to determine if the warrant was ever signed and issued. Even if it was, Exemption 7(D) may shield the document. The document withheld by the State Department, a telegram from an embassy, has already been determined to be exempt under Exemption 1. Hence, there is no need to consider whether Exemption 5 also applies to it. Cozen argues that Treasury failed to demonstrate the harm to the deliberative process that would result from disclosure. Because these documents have been classified under an executive order and they are covered by Exemption 1, harm to national security has been demonstrated. Additionally, disclosure would negatively affect Treasury’s decision-making in the designation process. Hall v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 552 F.Supp.2d 23, 29 (D.D.C.2008) (quoting Mead Data Central, 566 F.2d at 258). Thus, with the exception of the probable cause affidavit draft, the documents withheld under Exemption 5 need not be produced. F. Exemption 6 — Personal Privacy Exemption 6 covers personnel, medical and similar files where disclosure would invade personal privacy. 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(b)(6). The exemption protects “individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 599, 102 S.Ct. 1957, 72 L.Ed.2d 358 (1982); Sheet Metal Workers, 135 F.3d at 897. The focus of the exemption is the individual’s interest, not the government’s. During information gathering and compilation, government agencies may coincidentally receive personal and private information that has no bearing on their decision-making or operations. In those instances, the relationship of the information to the individual is not pertinent to the government’s workings. Thus, exposing the individual’s private and confidential information would serve no legitimate purpose under FOIA sufficient to warrant invading the individual’s privacy. Not all personal information is exempt. U.S. Dep’t of Defense v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 496, 114 S.Ct. 1006, 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994); Rose, 425 U.S. at 372, 96 S.Ct. 1592; Sheet Metal Workers, 135 F.3d at 897. There may be a need to disclose the information to explain the agency’s operations. Sheet Metal Workers, 135 F.3d at 897. The individual’s information may implicate the government’s action that is at issue. In that instance, the public interest in disclosure might outweigh the person’s expectation of privacy. See Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 773,109 S.Ct. 1468. Applicability of the exemption does not depend on the kind of file in which the information is contained. Rather,