Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER CHARLES P. SIFTON, Senior District Judge. Yuri Kuklachev and Dmitri Kuklachev (“plaintiffs”) commenced this action against defendants Mark Gelfman (“Gelfman”), Gelfman International Enterprises, Inc. (“Gelfman Inc.”), Yanis Gelfman, Tribeca Performing Arts Center, Ticketmaster.com, Palace of Fine Arts, Wilkins Theater at Kean University, Online-seats.com, Tillinger’s Concierge, Inc., Gwinnett Center, Napa Valley Opera House, The Ebell Operating Company, Seattle Repertory Theater, Yuri Potoski, Michael Zlotnikov, Andrey Yankovis, Stanislav Nemoy, Vladimir Krasnolozhkin, Vladimir Anisimov, Dmitry Krassotkine, other as yet unidentified persons and companies, and the State of New Jersey, on June 2, 2008. Plaintiffs make the following claims in their complaint against each of the defendants: (1) federal trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114; (2) false representation under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (3) unfair competition and false designation under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (4) trademark dilution under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c); ©cybersquatting in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d); (6) violation of privacy and publicity rights under the New York Civil Rights Law, Article 5, § 50 and § 51, N.Y. CLS Civ. R. § 50, 51; (7) injury to business reputation and trademark dilution under N.Y. GBL § 360—Z; (8) unfair competition and false advertizing under the New York Unfair Trade Practices Law, GBL § 349-50 and New York City Administrative Code § 20-700, § 20-701; (9) unfair competition under New York common law; (10) unjust enrichment under New York common law; (11) copyright infringement; (12) trade dress infringement under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (13) fraud; (14) conversion; (15) fraud in trademark application; and (16) prima facie tort. Now before the court is a motion filed on behalf of Gelfman Inc., Mark Gelfman (“Gelfman”), and Yanis Gelfman (the “Gelfmans” or “defendants”) to dismiss the entire complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.Pro. Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or, in the alternative, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.Pro 12(e), directing the plaintiffs to file a more definite statement. With respect to Claim XIII for fraud, defendants move to dismiss pursuant to Rule 9(b). Additionally, defendants move to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(3) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and improper venue based on an arbitration clause in a contract between Yuri Kuklachev and Gelfman, Inc. This is properly addressed as a motion to dismiss. For the reasons set forth below, the motion to compel arbitration is granted with respect to two claims and denied with respect to the remaining claims, the motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is granted in part and denied in part, the motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 9(b) is denied, and the motion to require a more definitive statement under 12(e) is denied. BACKGROUND The following facts are taken from the plaintiffs’ complaint and are taken as true for the purposes of the 12(b)(6) motion. Disputes are noted. The Parties Yuri Kuklachev (“Kuklachev”) is a Russian national who tours the world with his troupe of cats and clowns, putting on theatrical performances. Kuklachev performs in the shows, manages the troupe, and organizes performances. Dmitri Kuklachev is Yuri Kuklachev’s son, and is the artistic director and star performer of the troupe. Defendant Mark Gelfman is the president of Gelfman Inc., a promotional and management business for entertainments. Yanis Gelfman is Mark Gelfman’s son and the general manager of Gelfman Inc. All three of these defendants are collectively referred to as “the Gelfmans.” Defendants Palace of Fine Arts, Wilkins Theater at Kean University (an entity of the State of New Jersey), Gwinnett Center, Napa Valley Opera House, Wilshire Ebell Theater, and Seattle Repertory Theater are venues that plaintiffs claim hosted shows produced by the Gelfmans that allegedly infringed upon plaintiffs’ trademarks. Defendants Onlineseats.com and Ticketmaster.com are online ticket vendors that plaintiffs claim sold tickets to the allegedly infringing shows. Defendants Yuri Potoski, Michael Zlotnikov, Andrey Yankovis, Stanislav Nemoy, Vladimir Krasnolozhkin, Vladimir Anisimov, and Dmitry Krassotkine were performers and crew members in the production of the allegedly infringing show. Historical Background In the early 1970’s, plaintiff Kuklachev, a well-recognized clown, became known for public entertainments performed with his troupe of cat performers and clowns. Complaint at ¶ 44 (“Compl.”). Rather than training the cats to perform tricks, Kuklachev selected his cats for each role based on their individual skills and preferences, much like actors in a theater. Id. at ¶ 45. By the mid-1970’s, Kuklachev’s cat performances were a recognized success in various countries and in the United States. Id. at ¶ 46. Excerpts from Kuklachev’s shows have been shown on television stations in various countries, including the United States, and have been discussed in multiple entertainment news reports. Id. at ¶ 46. In the former USSR, Kuklachev’s performances were included in children’s television shows, official state concerts, and transmitted on Soviet television channels. Id. Busts and action figures of Kuklachev with his cats were created in Russia and exported to other countries. Id. Plaintiffs won numerous entertainment awards for their work. Id. at ¶ 49. The theater in Moscow is a popular tourist destination, and is apparently the only venue in the world that specializes in performances by cats. Id. at ¶ 50. Kuklachev first toured the United States in 1977, and returned to the United States again in 1980. Id. at ¶ 47. During plaintiffs’ 2001 tour of the United States, the Arizona Republic referred to the show as “Kuklachov’s Moscow Cat Theater.” Id. at ¶ 61, Ex. B. 2005 and 2006 Tours In 2005 and 2006, Kuklachev brought his performance to the United States for an extended tour, during which there were numerous successful performances, all under the name of “Moscow Cats Theatre.” Id. at ¶ 50. For these tours, Kuklachev hired defendants to assist the plaintiffs in arranging and marketing their performances. Id. at ¶ 59. There were no prior business relations between the plaintiffs and defendants. Id. Prior to commencing the 2005 tour, Yuri Kuklachev and Gelfman Inc. signed a contract. The contract designates Gelfman Inc. as “Promoter” and Yuri Kuklachev as “Artist,” and states that the document is a “performance agreement” for the performance of “Kuklachev’s Cat Theater,” which is called the “Show” (Dmitri Kuklachev was not a party to this contract). Gelfman Aff. Ex. A. The duration of the contract was from September 9, 2005 to September 9, 2007. The contract states that the “Promoter engages Artist to perform the Show,” and refers to the Show as a product of “[the Artist’s] theater.” Id. at 2. The Promoter agrees not to “contract with or promote any other performances [inside the United States] during the duration of this Agreement ... that utilizes animals as the essential and predominant part of their performance.” Id. The promoter “has no right to engage any other artist” to work in the Show or to be included in performances. Id. Id. at 5. The contract states that the Artist will provide the Promoter with information, photographs, and other information for the purpose of advertising the show. Id. at 6. The Promoter promises up to three minutes of video recording of the show for use in advertising. Id. The Promoter agrees to pay for living expenses, animal and veterinary expenses, travel expenses, laundry expenses, and commercial liability insurance. Id. at 7-9. Upon Kuklaehev’s arrival in the United States in 2005, major news outlets in the United States published stories about Kuklachev and his many years of work with the Moscow Cats Theatre. Id. at ¶ 55. In interviews on several television shows to promote his performances, Kuklachev related the history of how he had founded the Moscow Cats Theatre thirty years prior. Id. at ¶ 57. In 2005, the plaintiffs brought an extensive assortment of scenic stage materials and props into the United States from Russia, some of which were manufactured specifically for the Moscow Cats Theatre. Id. at ¶ 183. In late December 2006, Gelfman asked Kuklachev to store the scenic materials in the United States under Gelfman’s supervision, in order to save the money required to transport the materials. Id. at ¶ 186. Defendants thereafter used some of plaintiffs’ scenic materials for their shows, in particular, a background scene portraying a view of Paris out of a clown-artist’s studio, which was developed and ordered by Kuklachev in Moscow for use in his expected 2007 United States Tour. Id. at ¶¶ 167,189. The 2007 Tour In early 2007, plaintiffs began planning another tour of the Moscow Cats Theatre to the United States, expecting to continue their cooperation with defendants. Id. at ¶ 62. At that time, the plaintiffs learned that another cat based theatrical group was already performing in the United States under the name “Moscow Cats Theatre.” Id. at ¶ 67. The performances conducted by the Gelfmans are similar in nature to the ones performed by plaintiffs, using similar promotional methods. Id. at ¶ 74. The lead performer in defendant’s show acts in a similar manner to Kuklachev, dresses in a similar costume, and wears similar makeup and hairstyle, leading to cases of mistaken identity by the audience. Id. at ¶ 74. The Gelfmans’ stage set up, show themes, devices, and tricks are in many cases identical to those used by plaintiffs. Id. at ¶ 75. Examples include: using birdfeeders at stage right and left for the cats to hide in during the show, cats riding electric cars and pushing carts with other animals in them, cats jumping from a long pole into a small pillow in a clown’s hands, and cats on rockinghorses. Id. at ¶ 76, 77. One particularly elaborate sketch designed and used by the plaintiffs appears in the Gelfmans’ shows: a clown lies down to sleep and turns off a light, at which point an animal comes on stage and turns the light back on, angering the clown, who smashes the lamp bulb. Id. at ¶ 77. The animal returns to the stage and appears to eat the glass fragments. When the animal leaves the stage, the audience sees a light bulb shining under its tail. Id. For their performances, defendants conducted an advertising campaign that included the terms “Moscow Cats Theatre” and “Moscow Cats” in conjunction with plaintiffs’ likenesses and images and plaintiffs’ Moscow Cats Theater promotional materials. Defendant Gelfman used a poster showing an image of Dmitri Kuklachev with a cat doing a “front-paw stand” on his hand to show priority of the use of the trademark when making his application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Id. at ¶ 71. This poster advertised the 2007 Los Angeles and San Francisco tours of the allegedly infringing show. Id. This poster also contained the words “World’s Only” in front of the term “Mos-cow Cats Theatre.” Id. at ¶ 72. Additional posters and other performance-related materials bear portraits of Kuklachev and other references to plaintiffs. Id. at ¶ 73. The defendants also sold copies of promotional materials, including T-shirts, key chains, and recordings of plaintiffs’ performances, developed by plaintiffs. Id. at ¶ 168. These advertising and promotional materials caused actual confusion among the members of the audience, who thought that Kuklachev and his troupe were performing in Gelfman’s shows. Id. at ¶ 69. Confused audience members contacted the Moscow Cats Theatre in Moscow demanding their money back for performances that were conducted by defendants. Id. at ¶ 70. Following various allegedly infringing performances, defendants and various theaters hosting performances were contacted by audience members upset with the absence of the Kuklachevs, who had been advertised as performing. Id. at ¶ 80. A former employee of plaintiffs, defendant Vladimir Krasnolozhkin (“Krasnolozhkin”), was hired by defendants to perform in defendants’ show. Id. at ¶ 64, 65. Krasnolozhkin was discharged from the Moscow Cats Theatre in the 1990s, after which he toured remote areas of Russia with a show that he falsely presented as Kuklachev’s Cats Theater. Id. at ¶ 65. Krasnolozhkin, who physically resembles Kuklachev, dyed his hair and altered his dress in order to pass as Kuklachev himself. Id. Russian authorities familiar with the Kuklachev’s Theatre stopped these performances. Id. In 2005, Gelfman registered the domain name moscowcatstheatre.com for purposes of promotion and advertisement and advertisement of Kuklachev’s 2005 and 2006 tours. Id. at ¶ 68. In early 2007, defendants began using the domain to advertise the allegedly infringing performances. Id. Upon learning of the allegedly infringing show in the United States, plaintiffs sent a cease and desist letter to Gelfman. Id. at ¶ 79. Gelfman continued to use the trademark and likenesses of plaintiffs for advertizing, and new performances were scheduled by defendants following the letter. Id. Trademark Applications Neither plaintiffs nor defendants have a registered trademark for the “Moscow Cats Theatre” mark. On January 4, 2007, a few days after plaintiffs left the country following the 2006 tour, Gelfman filed a trademark application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, seeking to register the “Moscow Cats Theatre” trademark in his name. Id. at ¶ 63. In August and September of 2007, plaintiffs initiated proceedings before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board of the United State Patent and Trademark Office, opposing the registration of the “Moscow Cats Theater” trademark by Gelfman. Id. at ¶ 81. Both oppositions are currently pending before the Board. Id. Kuklachev has also applied for registration of his common law rights in the “Moscow Cats Theater” trademark, which registration is pending. Id. at ¶ 82. DISCUSSION I. Jurisdiction This Court has federal question jurisdiction over this the plaintiffs’ Lanham Act and Copyright Act claims, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1121, 28 U.S.C. § 1338 and 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and supplemental jurisdiction over the state law and common law claims, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. II. Standing This motion to dismiss was filed on behalf of defendants Gelfman Inc., Mark Gelfman, and Yanis Gelfman (for the purposes of this section only, “movants”). There is no indication that their counsel, James F. Woods, represents the other defendants in this action, and it appears from other submissions in this action that he does not. Movants assert that various claims listed in the complaint do not apply to defendant venues, and as such must be dismissed. Movants also make substantive arguments on behalf of venues sued by plaintiffs, particularly with regards to contributory trademark infringement. Additionally, movants protest the plaintiffs’ use of the term “the defendants” to refer at times to movants and at other times to all defendants in this action, stating that these references make the claims ambiguous. Movants do not have standing to move on behalf of other defendants to this action. See Ashcroft v. Dep’t of Corr., 2007 WL 1989265, at *8-9, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49079 at *24-26 (W.D.N.Y. July 6, 2007). This opinion will discuss only claims impacting the movants, and will only dispose of claims with respect to them. III. Standards 12(b)(6) Standard When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a trial court must “accept as true all factual statements alleged in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir.2007) (citation omitted), although “mere conclusions of law or unwarranted deductions” need not be accepted. First Nationwide Bank v. Gelt Funding Corp., 27 F.3d 763, 771 (2d Cir.1994). Indeed, conclusory allegations “will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.” Smith v. Local 819 I.B.T. Pension Plan, 291 F.3d 236, 240 (2d Cir. 2002). On a motion to dismiss, “[t]he issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” Villager Pond, Inc. v. Town of Darien, 56 F.3d 375, 378 (2d Cir.1995). To survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must meet the standard of “plausibility.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1970, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Although the complaint need not provide “detailed factual allegations,” id. at 1964; see also ATSI Commc’ns v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 n. 2 (2d Cir.2007) (applying the standard of plausibility outside Twombly’s anti-trust context), it must “amplify a claim with some factual allegations ... to render the claim plausible.” Iqbal v. Hasty, 490 F.3d 143, 157-158 (2d Cir.2007) (emphasis in original) (holding that the plaintiffs complaint adequately alleged the personal involvement of the Attorney General because it was plausible that officials of the Department of Justice would be aware of policies concerning individuals arrested after 9/11). The complaint must provide “the grounds upon which [the plaintiffs] claim rests through factual allegations sufficient ‘to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.’” ATSI Commc’ns, 493 F.3d at 98 (quoting Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1965). 9(b) Standard Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). However, “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of mind of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Id. The rule is “intended to ensure that each defendant is provided with reasonable detail concerning the nature of his particular involvement in the alleged fraud.” The Equitable Life Assurance Society v. Alexander Grant & Co., 627 F.Supp. 1023, 1028 (S.D.N.Y.1985). Fraud allegations in a complaint therefore must: “(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.” Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1128 (2d Cir. 1994). Although the scienter requirement need not be plead with particularity, “[i]n order to avoid abuse ... plaintiffs are required to allege facts that give rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.” Campaniello Imports, Ltd. v. Saporiti Italia S.p.A., 117 F.3d 655, 663 (2d Cir.1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The requisite “strong inference” of fraud may be established either (a) by alleging facts to show that defendants had both motive and opportunity to commit fraud, or (b) by alleging facts that constitute strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness. Shields, 25 F.3d at 1128. In cases involving multiple defendants, Rule 9(b) requires that the pleading identify the nature of each defendant’s participation in the alleged fraud. DiVittorio v. Equidyne Extractive Industries, 822 F.2d 1242, 1247 (2d Cir.1987); Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 54 (2d Cir.1986). 12(e) Standard Rule 12(e) allows for an order requiring a more definite statement when the pleading is so vague that the opposing party cannot reasonably be required to respond. Whether to grant a motion for a more definite statement is in the discretion of the court. 5A CHARLES A. WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1377 (2d ed. 1990); see also Vaden v. Lantz, 459 F.Supp.2d 149, 150 (D.Conn.2006). For a more definite statement to be warranted, the complaint must be “so excessively vague and ambiguous as to be unintelligible and as to prejudice the defendant seriously in attempting to answer it.” Kok v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 154 F.Supp.2d 777, 781-82 (S.D.N.Y.2001). The rule “is designed to remedy unintelligible pleadings, not to correct for lack of detail.” Dunlop-McCullen v. Local 1-S RWDSUAFL-CIO, 1994 WL 478495 at *1, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12245 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. September 1, 1994). When a complaint satisfies Rule 8, then the Rule 12(e) motion should be denied. Vapac Music Publ’g, Inc. v. Tuff ‘N’ Rumble Mgmt., 2000 WL 1006257, *2, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10027, *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2000). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 merely requires “a short and plain statement of the claim.” The preferred course is to encourage the use of discovery to inform the defendant of the factual basis of the complaint. Greater New York Auto. Dealers Ass’n v. Environmental Systems Testing, Inc., 211 F.R.D. 71, 77 (E.D.N.Y.2002). IV. A More Definite Statement is Not Required Defendants argue that Count I of the complaint, stating various Lanham Act claims, including trademark infringement, false representation, and damage to business reputation, is ambiguous and an improper combination of different theories of liability “that makes answering and defending ... virtually impossible.” Woods Decl. at ¶ 29. Defendants also argue that plaintiffs’ references to different marks throughout the pleadings, such as “Moscow Cats Theatre” and “Cats Theatre,” is unclear and ambiguous. Id. at ¶ 31. Defendants also argue with respect to numerous claims that the claims as to eo-defendants in this action are unclear, a claim that defendants lack standing to make. Defendants have not come close to showing that the complaint is “so excessively vague and ambiguous as to be unintelligible.” Kok, 154 F.Supp.2d at 782. The complaint clearly sets out distinct claims and the laws pursuant to which claims are made. The claims for trademark infringement, false representation, and damage to business reputation all arise under the same section of the Lanham Act and are governed by similar tests under caselaw. There is no inherent difficulty in defending against the first cause of action. Plaintiffs’ reference to the highly similar terms “Moscow Cats Theatre” and “Cats Theatre” does not render plaintiffs’ claims ambiguous. Defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuance to Rule 12(e) is denied. V. Arbitration Defendants claim that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims, due to the existence of an arbitration clause in the contract between Yuri Kuklachev and Gelfman, Inc. (the “Contract”), which states that “[a]ll claims arising from this Agreement shall be settled by an arbitrator.” Contract at § 10(A). Defendants argue that the allegations underlying plaintiffs’ complaint “touch matters” governed by the contract, thereby triggering the arbitration clause. The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that “an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing controversy ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. Where a contract contains an arbitration clause, there is a “presumption of arbitrability.” AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986); ACE Capital Re Overseas Ltd. v. Cent. United Life Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 24, 28 (2d Cir.2002). In determining whether a contract contains an agreement to arbitrate, and whether that arbitration agreement applies to a given dispute, doubts must be resolved in favor of arbitrability. Id. at 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415; Concourse Village, Inc. v. Local S2E, 822 F.2d 302, 304 (2d Cir.1987). However, “a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A v. Blystad Shipping & Trading Inc., 252 F.3d 218, 224 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting AT & T Techs., 475 U.S. at 648, 106 S.Ct. 1415). A court asked to stay proceedings pending arbitration must make the following determinations: (1) whether the parties agreed to arbitrate; (2) the scope of the arbitration agreement; (3) whether Congress intended the federal statutory claims asserted by the plaintiff to be nonarbitrable; and (4) if not all of the claims in the case are arbitrable, whether the court should stay the balance of proceedings pending arbitration. See Genesco, Inc. v. T. Kakiuchi & Co., Ltd., 815 F.2d 840, 844 (2d Cir.1987). The parties do not contend that Congress intended the federal claims at issue here to be non-arbitrable. I proceed to consider the remaining determinations. A. Agreement to Arbitrate and Estoppel There is no dispute that Yuri Kuklachev and Gelfman, Inc. agreed to arbitrate disputes arising from their contract. The parties differ as to whether other parties to this action are so bound. Plaintiffs assert that Dmitri Kuklachev, being not a party to the contract, cannot be bound by its arbitration clause. Plaintiffs further argue that Mark Gelfman and Yanis Gelfman were not parties to the contract, and therefore Yuri Kuklachev did not agree to arbitrate disputes with them. “[A] party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” Louis Dreyfus Negoce, 252 F.3d at 224. However, a non-signatory may be es-topped from resisting arbitration if he has “derived other benefits under the agreement containing the arbitration clause.” Smith/Enron Cogeneration Ltd. P’ship v. Smith Cogeneration Int’l, Inc., 198 F.3d 88, 98 (2d Cir.1999); see also American Bureau of Shipping v. Pencara Shipyard S.P.A., 170 F.3d 349 (2d Cir.1999). Furthermore, “the signatory to an arbitration agreement is estopped from avoiding arbitration with a non-signatory when the issues the non-signatory is seeking to resolve in arbitration are intertwined with the agreement that the estopped party has signed.” Contec Corp. v. Remote Solution, Co., 398 F.3d 205, 209 (2d Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Additionally, “the acts of employees of a party to an arbitration agreement are arbitrable as long as the challenged acts fall within the scope of the [contract].” Mosca v. Doctors Assocs., 852 F.Supp. 152, 155 (E.D.N.Y.1993). There is no indication that Dmitri performed in any of the shows pursuant to the contract. It appears that the plan was for Dmitri to perform in the 2007 tour that did not take place. Affidavit of Dmitri Kuklachev dated October 21, 2008, at ¶ 14 (“Dmitri Aff.”). Defendants state that Dmitri Kuklachev is required to arbitrate as an employee of Yuri Kuklachev. However, the record is unclear as to the existence of such an employment relationship. In any case, the case cited refers to the “acts of employees;” the acts of Dmitri Kuklachev are not at issue in this case. Mosca, 852 F.Supp. at 155. Defendants suggest that Dmitri Kuklachev is a party to the contract as one of the “members” of Yuri Kuklachev’s troupe, but the contract does not indicate that ‘members’ are contracting parties. See Contract § 1. Defendants’ only plausible ground for estoppel is then-argument that Dmitri Kuklachev benefit-fed under the agreement when he gained publicity and exposure in 2005, at which time he made media appearances to promote his father’s show. Dmitri Kuklachev states in his affidavit that he appeared on national television and was interviewed by journalists from leading American media publications, including the Boston Globe and the New York times. Dmitri Aff. at ¶ 14. Defendants do not state specifically that Gelfman, Inc. arranged these appearances, but they do state that Dmitri Kuklachev gained benefits “through the publicity efforts” of Gelfman, Inc., made pursuant to the contract’s publicity clause. It is unlikely that Dmitri Kuklachev would have arranged his own media appearances. Accordingly, I conclude that Gelfman, Inc.’s actions conferred a benefit on Dmitri Kuklachev. Furthermore, to the extent that the Moscow Cats Theatre gained favorable reviews during the 2005 and 2006 tours, Dmitri Kuklaehev benefitted as a person with an economic stake in the theater. See Dmitri Aff. at ¶ 17 (describing the Moscow Cats Theatre as “my theater”). To the extent that claims must be arbitrated, Dmitri Kuklaehev is estopped from resisting arbitration and continuing in litigation. Regarding Mark and Yanis Gelfman, it is clear that the claims made by plaintiffs against Mark and Yanis Gelfman overlap substantially with claims made against Gelfman, Inc. The person who carried out the obligations of Gelfman, Inc. pursuant to the contract was Mark Gelfman, and Yanis Gelfman was his employee. Plaintiffs have made no distinction between Gelfman, Inc. and Mark Gelfman in their complaint. If any of plaintiffs’ claims against Gelfman, Inc. must be arbitrated pursuant to the contract, those claims as they pertain to Mark and Yanis Gelfman are intertwined with the contract between Yuri Kuklaehev and Gelfman, Inc. See Contec Corp., 398 F.3d at 209. Yuri Kuklachev is estopped from avoiding arbitration with Mark Gelfman and Yanis Gelfman. B. Scope of the arbitration clause 1. The Arbitration Clause is Broad If it is determined that parties agreed to arbitrate, a court must then determine the scope of the arbitration agreement. Oldroyd v. Elmira Sav. Bank, 134 F.3d 72, 76 (2d Cir.1998). An arbitration clause may be broad or narrow. The phrase “arising under” is the only phrase recognized by the Court of Appeals to be a narrow arbitration clause. Louis Dreyfus Negoce, 252 F.3d at 225. “[T]he phrase ‘arising from,’ as opposed to ‘arising under,’ in an arbitration clause suggests a broad scope.” ACE Capital Re Overseas Ltd. v. Cent. United Life Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 24, 32 (2d Cir.2002) (citing Louis Dreyfus Negoce, 252 F.3d at 226-227). In this case, the contract stated that all matters “arising from” the contract would be arbitrated, and as such the arbitration clause is considered broad. 2. The Need for Factual Analysis The strong federal presumption in favor of arbitrability applies with greater force when an arbitration clause is a broad one. See AT & T Techs., 475 U.S. at 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415. In the case of a broad arbitration clause, the court “will compel arbitration unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.” Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Building Sys., 58 F.3d 16, 19 (2d Cir.1995). If, however, the dispute regards a matter that is clearly collateral to the contract, then a court should test the presumption by reviewing the allegations underlying the dispute and by asking whether the claim alleged implicates issues of contract construction or the parties’ rights and obligations under it. If the answer is yes, then the collateral dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement; claims that present no question involving construction of the contract, and no questions in respect of the parties’ rights and obligations under it, are beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement. Collins, 58 F.3d at 23. The arbitrability analysis must “focus on the factual allegations in the complaint rather than the legal causes of action asserted.” Genesco, Inc., 815 F.2d at 846. Courts must examine the substance of claims, “shorn of their labels.” Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 388 (2d Cir.2007). “The mere fact that [a complaint alleges] a tort claim, rather than one for breach of [contract], does not make the claim any less arbitrable.” Collins, 58 F.3d at 23. Several formulations exist for assessing the relationship between the allegations in a complaint and a contract containing an arbitration clause. Defendants assert that the proper inquiry is whether the factual allegations in the complaint “touch matters covered by the parties’ agreements.” Genesco, 815 F.2d at 846. However, “[i]t is not particularly helpful ... to recite the various rules governing whether factual allegations subject a matter to arbitration: some of these rules ask, for example, whether the factual allegations ‘touch matters’ governed by the parties’ contracts; whether the allegations ‘arise from’ contract performance; whether they are ‘integrally linked’ to the contractual relation; or whether they somehow ‘pertain to’ it. None of these formulations itself yields a principled way of here deciding whether these claims should be sent to arbitration.” Leadertex, Inc. v. Morganton Dyeing & Finishing Corp., 67 F.3d 20, 28 (2d Cir.1995) (citations omitted). Instead, as with any contractual matter, the “main concern in deciding the scope of arbitration agreements is to faithfully reflect the reasonable expectations of those who commit themselves to be bound by them.” Id. at 28; accord XL Capital, Ltd. v. Kronenberg, 145 Fed.Appx. 384, 385 (2d Cir.2005). Taking together the Collins requirement to determine whether the plaintiffs claims require the court to evaluate the contract, and the Genesco directive to look at the factual allegations underlying the complaint, a court should determine whether the factual allegations that form the basis of a plaintiffs claims implicate construction of the contract or present questions respecting the parties rights and obligations under the contract. If the factual allegations that form the basis for the claims do not pertain to the contract, the matter is not arbitrable. The inquiry is fact-based and respects the parties’ reasonable expectations in forming the contract. 3. Application of Fact-Analysis to Plaintiffs’ Complaint Two questions must be considered in order to determine whether arbitration is required: (1) whether the existence of an exclusivity clause in the contract forbidding Gelfman, Inc. from promoting any other performances requires this matter to be arbitrated, on the theory that plaintiffs have pled facts that could give rise to a breach of contract claim; (2) whether, outside of the exclusivity clause, the individual claims in the complaint relate to the contract. (i) Exclusivity Clause Prior to conducting an analysis of the claims in the complaint, it must be noted that one of the facts underlying plaintiffs’ claims—that the Gelfmans promoted animal performances during the contract period—could support a breach of contract claim. The contract contains several exclusivity provisions, including one by which Gelfman, Inc. agreed that it would not “promote any other performances” involving animals as central performance elements in the United States during the duration of the contract and the ensuing option period, which the parties agreed would end on November 9, 2007. Contract § 2(C)(i). This clause was not noted or discussed in the parties’ submissions. Plaintiffs have based their claims on performances by the Gelfmans that took place both before and after this date. However, although plaintiffs’ claims include an allegation that the Gelfmans promoted animal performances during the contract period, this fact does not form the basis for plaintiffs’ claims. The allegations upon which the claims are based are broad in scope and do not pertain to the contract. The existence of the contract was not a factual predicate for this dispute. These points set this case apart from cases in which the courts have ordered arbitration based on the facts underlying the complaint. In Court of Appeals and District cases finding various claims not sounding in contract to be arbitrable, the plaintiffs’ claims relied heavily on factual allegations that implicated the parties’ contracts. In these cases, the claims could not have arisen had there not been a prior contract between the parties. In cases cited by defendants in which the courts found that the underlying facts required arbitration, despite the fact that the claims did not sound in contract, the facts alleged amounted to claims related to the contract—either breach of contract, conspiracy to deprive plaintiff of rights under the contract, or examining the parties’ performance under the contract. In these cases, the claims could not have arisen had there not been a prior contact between the parties. See Genesco, 815 F.2d 840 (where plaintiff alleged that defendants conspired to defraud it and supply it with defective goods pursuant to several sales agreements, court found that plaintiffs allegations all derived from the parties’ transactions under the agreements, and amounted to a claim that the goods sold did not meet the standards and prices of the parties’ agreements, and therefore claims were arbitrable); JLM Industries, Inc. v. Stolf-Nielsen, S.A., 387 F.3d 163 (2d Cir.2004) (where plaintiffs’ Sherman Act claims reduced to allegations that the price terms set forth in numerous contracts were artificially inflated as a result of a price-fixing conspiracy, and the claims could not have arisen absent the contracts, the claims were arbitrable); Collins, 58 F.3d 16 (where plaintiff claimed that defendant libeled its business, and the libel was made in furtherance of unlawful termination of a contract, claim was arbitrable); Mehler v. Terminix Int. Co., 205 F.3d 44 (2d Cir.2000) (where a termite exterminator punctured an oil line while performing service under the contract, thus failing to conform with its contractual agreement to perform its task in a certain way, claims for property damage and personal injury were arbitrable); Mann v. N.A.S.A. Int'l., Inc., 2000-2 Trade Cas. (CCH) P73,124, 2000 WL 1182823 (S.D.N.Y. August 21, 2000) (where defendant casino posted on its website that it was insured by Lloyd’s of London, in violation of a non-disclosure agreement in its contract with Lloyd’s, plaintiff Lloyd’s Trademark infringement claim based on the posting was arbitrable); Flightdocs, Inc. v. Jackson, 2005 WL 2038588, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46469 (E.D.N.Y. August 23, 2005) (plaintiffs claim of tortious interference with contract, based on defendants alleged inducement of a contract breach, was arbitrable); Gidatex v. Campaniello Imports, Ltd., 13 F.Supp.2d 420 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (because plaintiffs unfair competition and misappropriation claims sought to protect goodwill developed while plaintiff was operating as distributor of defendant’s furniture under the contract, which would require assessment of performance under the contract, claims were arbitrable); Nor-com Electronics Corp. v. CIM USA Inc., 104 F.Supp.2d 198 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (where plaintiffs claim of tortious interference tracked allegations in its breach of contact claim, and other allegations directly related to provisions in the contract, claims were arbitrable). An example of a non-arbitrable claim involving factual allegations related to a contract is found in Leadertex, 67 F.3d 20, in which the court held that a libel claim concerned matters beyond the scope of the contract, despite the fact that the allegedly libelous statements were made pursuant to a delivery of goods under the contract. In Leadertex, plaintiff was a small textile converting business, which supplied raw materials to defendant for dyeing, after which plaintiff would sell the finished materials to third parties. Id. at 22. The relationship was governed by a contract with an arbitration clause. Id. at 22-23. A dispute arose concerning defective goods; plaintiffs customers returned goods to plaintiff, which then refused to pay defendant. Id. at 23. At some point, defendant made a defamatory statement to one of the third party customers who had rejected fabrics, claiming that plaintiff was dishonest and incompetent and that it acted with intent to defraud its customers. Id. at 28. The Court of Appeals recognized that the defamation claim was closely related to the contract claims, and that because truth is a defense to defamation, resolution of the claim would require examining evidence regarding contractual performance. Id. However, “at the same time, the defamatory statement also allegedly contained a number of charges extending beyond core issues of dyeing and finishing goods contracts.” Id. After finding unhelpful the usual metrics for judging the relationship between the allegations of a complaint and a contract, including the “touch matters” formulation, the Court found that the content of the allegedly defamatory statement extended to matters beyond the parties’ contractual relationship. Id. “There is nothing to indicate that, when [plaintiff and defendant] included an arbitration clause in them dyeing and warehousing agreement, they could reasonably have expected, or even contemplated, that the clause also would extend to a defamation claim based on statements about subjects other than [defendant’s] services for [plaintiff].” Id. at 28-29. On that ground, the Court upheld the District Court’s order denying defendant’s motion to compel arbitration. In this case, there is nothing to indicate that the exclusivity clause in the contract contemplated the possibility that Gelfman, Inc. would promote performances copying plaintiffs’ performances. In this case, the crux of plaintiffs’ complaint is not that the Gelfmans promoted animal performances during the contract period, but rather that the Gelfmans allegedly stole plaintiffs’ intellectual material. The agreement to arbitrate a dispute regarding exclusivity does not translate into an agreement to arbitrate a dispute regarding theft of intellectual property. (ii) Analysis of Individual Claims With two exceptions, plaintiffs’ claims and the factual allegations that underlie them do not relate to the contract, and thus are non-arbitrable. The claims can be divided into two broad categories: those concerning intellectual property, and the common law claims. As discussed further below, the fraud and conversion claims do relate to the contract, and must be arbitrated. Plaintiffs’ allegations pertaining to intellectual property and unjust enrichment do not pertain to the contract, and are non-arbitrable. Had there been no contract between the parties, defendants could still have taken all of the actions with respect to intellectual property that they are alleged to have taken in this case. There is no allegation that defendants exploited the contractual relationship in order to facilitate the alleged theft of intellectual property, such as by gaining access to proprietary materials. The intellectual property and unjust enrichment claims do not require assessment of performance under the contract, nor do they require the fact finder to investigate actions taken pursuant to the contract. As described in further detail below, the facts underlying plaintiffs’ intellectual property claims are not reducible to breach of contract claims, do not require interpretation of the contract, and do not implicate the parties’ rights and obligations under the contract. Instead, the alleged copying and intentional infringement by the Gelfmans was beyond the scope of anything discussed in or contemplated by the contract. I proceed to discuss the allegations of the complaint in further detail, mindful of the directive to consider whether the factual allegations underlying plaintiffs’ claims require interpretation of the contract or implicate the parties rights and duties under it. a. Two Different Shows: New York Tarnishment and Dilution Claim As a preliminary matter, it must be noted that the show that was the topic of the contract between Yuri Kuklachev and Gelfman, Inc. is a different show than the one giving rise to the dispute in this case. This is relevant to the analysis of plaintiffs’ seventh claim, in which plaintiffs allege that defendants have created a likelihood of injury to plaintiffs’ business reputation and of dilution of the distinctive quality of plaintiffs’ “Moscow Cats Theatre” trade name, due to the allegedly poor quality of the Gelfman performances. Defendants argue that because the contract confers artistic control over the show to Yuri Kuklachev, this claim amounts to a breach of contract claim and must be arbitrated. However, although both the contract and plaintiffs’ complaint concern the performance of cat theater, the two documents refer to two different shows. The contract pertains to a show called “Kuklachev’s Cat Theater” (the “Kuklachev Show”). Plaintiffs allege that the Gelfmans copied the costumes, tricks, style and advertising of plaintiffs’ show and used all of these materials to create their own show, which had an entirely different cast, crew, and leadership from the performances by plaintiffs (the “Gelfman Show”). In this case, the contract created rights and obligations pertaining to Kuklachev’s Show, whereas the dispute concerns Gelfman’s show. Yuri Kuklachev’s right to control the content of the Kuklachev Show did not extend to the Gelfman Show. That there are two different shows at issue sets this case apart from other cases in which the courts have compelled arbitration. In Norcom Electronics, 104 F.Supp.2d 198, a case relied upon heavily by defendants, the court found that a distribution dispute regarding a certain brand of embossing machine related to a contract for the earlier distribution of that same brand of embossing machine, and therefore arbitration was required. Similarly, in Gidatex, 13 F.Supp.2d 420, there was a dispute regarding the distribution of furniture, following an agreement for the distribution of that same brand of furniture. Both Norcom and Gidatex consider disagreements where the subject of the contract was the same item as the subject of the disagreement, unlike in this case. b. Rights to the Moscow Cats Theatre Mark Plaintiffs’ first claim alleges that defendants infringed on plaintiffs’ “Moscow Cats Theatre” mark by promoting and conducting a tour of cat performances produced by Gelfman under the name “Moscow Cats Theatre.” The contract makes no mention of the “Moscow Cats Theatre” mark, nor does it mention intellectual property rights. Plaintiffs allege that they own the “Moscow Cats Theatre” mark, that defendants used this mark in commerce, and that confusion resulted. Two submissions by plaintiffs offered in conjunction with plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction against defendants indicated that audience members were confused by the Gelfrnan Show based on their long-term familiarity with the plaintiffs’ performances, not due to performances that took place during the 2005 and 2006 seasons while plaintiffs were performing pursuant to the contract. See Letter from Natalya Goncharova, Affidavit of Nina Mavrodi. Therefore, the facts underlying the “Moscow Cats Theatre” claim do not implicate the contract. No contract interpretation is required to adjudicate the parties’ rights to the mark, nor does plaintiffs’ claim of rights to the “Mos-cow Cats Theatre” mark present any question as to the parties’ rights and duties under the contract. c. Copyright Claim eleven of the complaint alleges that defendants copied plaintiffs’ performances, including tricks, sketches, themes, stage set up and design, costumes, promotional materials, and scenic elements, thereby causing confusion among audience members. Nothing in the contract pertains to the assignment of copyrights in plaintiffs’ performance or promotional materials. There is no description in the contract of the nature of the tricks or other allegedly copyrighted materials, nor does the contract make any statement as to their ownership. The contract does not grant any proprietary access to defendants of secrets behind the tricks, or any information that would permit defendants to steal the tricks. Instead, defendants allegedly hired performers familiar with plaintiffs’ performances in Russia, and paid close attention to the tricks as they were performed. There is no relationship between the contract and the copyright claim, nor do the factual allegations underlying the claim implicate the parties’ rights or obligations under the contract. d. False Representation, Advertising, and Unfair Competition Claims The second, third, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth and twelfth causes of action in the complaint make claims under the Lanham Act and New York law, alleging that defendants falsely represented that the Gelfman Show and the performances listed on the moscowcatstheatre.com website were sponsored, endorsed, or authorized by plaintiffs, with the intent of confusing audiences. The contract stated that Yuri Kuklachev agreed to provide Gelfman, Inc. with “press information, photographs, public appearances, artwork, and a bibliography for the purpose of marketing and advertising the Show.” Contract at § 6(A). The contract further provided for royalty payments to be paid between the parties on the sale of merchandise. Id. at § 7(A). In their cybersquatting, publicity, and advertising claims, plaintiffs allege that defendants used their images and the moscowcatstheatre.com domain name in order to advertise infringing performances and sell merchandise, causing actual confusion amongst consumers who thought that plaintiffs were associated with the Gelfmans’ performances. Defendants argue that these claims must be arbitrated, because they relate to the contract’s section on publicity material. Regarding cybersquatting, nothing in the contract’s section on publicity material refers to the moscowcatstheatre.com web domain or any other domain or website. The cybersquatting claim alleges that defendant intentionally misused the “Moscow Cats Theatre” domain name to confuse audiences into thinking that the Gelfman Show was associated with the plaintiffs. That the domain was originally used to advertise plaintiffs’ show does not have any bearing on the question of whether defendants thereafter used the domain in bad faith to confuse the public about the creative forces behind the Gelfman Show. The Cybersquatting claim does not pertain to the contract’s advertising clause or any other clause in the contract. Regarding the use of plaintiffs’ names and images for promotion of Gelfman’s Show, the Gelfmans claim that the contract could be read to give them rights to use photographs of plaintiffs, pursuant to the advertising clause. Whether or not the Gelfmans had the right to use these photographs is irrelevant to plaintiffs’ claim, which alleges that defendants used plaintiffs’ names and images to intentionally confuse audiences into thinking that plaintiffs had something to do with German’s Show. The source of the photographs is immaterial to this claim. The factual allegations underlying the claim do not implicate the contract. However, to the extent that plaintiffs’ claims rest on the allegation that defendants had no right to use plaintiffs’ photographs in any circumstance, they must be arbitrated, as such a claim would require interpretation of the contract to determine whether Yuri Kuklachev conferred upon Gelfman, Inc. any rights to use photographs of himself or Dmitri Kuklachev beyond the conclusion of the working relationship between the parties. Trade dress is not mentioned in the contract in any form, and defendants do not refer to this claim in their briefs. The facts underlying the claim are that defendants allegedly dressed their performers in clothes resembling those worn in plaintiffs’ shows, and designed their posters to resemble plaintiffs’ posters, all in an attempt to confuse audiences into believing there was a connection between the shows. Plaintiffs allege that the distinctive features of their trade dress have been in place for many years, long before the contract was formed. These facts do not implicate the contract or the parties’ rights or obligations under it, and is therefore non-arbitrable. Plaintiffs’ unfair competition claims overlap strongly with their false advertising and false representation claims, as they allege that defendants intentionally confused audience members. Plaintiffs contend that they have built up goodwill in their names and the Moscow Cats Theatre mark over the course of thirty years, and that defendants have intentionally confused audience members into imputing that goodwill to their own performances. The factual underpinnings of this claim do not pertain to the contract. However, to the extent that the unfair competition claims rely on goodwill developed during the 2005 and 2006 tours, those aspects of the claims are arbitrable. Gidatex, 13 F.Supp.2d at 426. To the extent that the goodwill was created before the formation of the contract, the claims are non-arbitrable. e. Cases Cited by Defendants are not to the Contrary Defendants cite six cases for the proposition that Lanham Act, copyright, unfair competition and other intellectual property claims generally fall within the scope of broad arbitration clauses. Defendants overlook the context dependency of the findings in these cases; none of the cases cited require a finding that plaintiffs’ intellectual property claims are arbitrable. In Kamakazi Music Corp. v. Robbins Music Corp., 684 F.2d 228 (2d Cir.1982), the Court noted that an arbitration clause was broad enough to encompass copyright claims that required interpretation of the contract; no such interpretation is required here. In American Diagnostica of Conn., Inc. v. Centerchem, Inc., 1996 WL 71494, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1722 (S.D.N.Y. February 20, 1996), the Court found that a clause in the contract could be interpreted to control trademark claims, and therefore those claims must be arbitrated; no such clause exists here. In Mann, 2000-2 Trade Cas. (CCH) P73,124, 2000 WL 1182823, the Court found that, where defendant’s violation of a non-disclosure clause in the contract by placing the name of Lloyd’s insurance on its website gave rise to plaintiffs’ trademark claim, the trademark claim related to the contract and was arbitrable; there is no such connection in this case between defendants’ actions and the contract. In Gidatex, 13 F.Supp.2d 420, the Court found that plaintiff sought to protect goodwill developed during the contract period, and therefore the unfair competition claim related to the contract. In this case, plaintiffs’ unfair competition claims are founded on the defendants’ usurpation of goodwill that plaintiffs have developed over thirty years, a period far beyond the scope of the contract. The two remaining cases cited by defendants, Meadows Indemnity Co. Ltd. v. Baccala & Shoop Ins. Sens. Inc., 760 F.Supp. 1036 (E.D.N.Y.1991) and Flightdocs, 2005 WL 2038588, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46469, do not concern intellectual property. f. New York Common Law Claims In their tenth, thirteenth, and fourteenth claims, plaintiffs allege that defendants were unjustly enriched, that defendants committed fraud by inducing plaintiffs to leave their scenic materials in the United States when defendants knew that plaintiffs would not return for a 2007 tour, and that defendants converted plaintiffs’ scenic materials to their own use. The conversion and fraud claims relate to the contract, and must be arbitrated. The unjust enrichment claim does not relate to the contract and is therefore non-arbitrable. The Contract included a clause whereby Kuklachev agreed to “provide all props and extras necessary for the performance of the Show.” Contract at § 8(E)(ii). Plaintiffs state that for the 2005 season, they brought an extensive assortment of scenic stage materials and props into the United States from Russia. Plaintiffs allege that in late December 2006, Gelfman requested that, in preparation for the 2007 tour, Kuklachev store all of the scenic materials used in the show in the United States under Gelfman’s supervision, for the purpose of saving transportation costs between the United States and Russia. Plaintiffs allege that at the time Gelfman made this request, he was already inviting other performers to perform under plaintiffs’ name and likeness, and that defendants have since used plaintiffs’ scenic materials for their allegedly infringing performances. In particular, plaintiffs allege that defendants took a background scene decoration, portraying a view of Paris out of a clown-artist’s studio, that plaintiffs allege was developed and ordered by Kuklachev in Moscow for use in his expected 2007 United States Tour. The scenic materials were brought to the United States pursuant to the contract, and were stored by Gelfman in anticipation of the 2007 tour that would take place under the contract’s requirements. Whether Gelfman misrepresented the purpose of storing the materials and whether he kept them beyond the time he was entitled to do so are questions that relate directly to the contract. The fraud and conversion claims must be arbitrated. Plaintiffs allege that defendants were unjustly enriched by the profits of Gelfman’s Show, whose success depended on copying the name, tricks, and style of Kuklachev’s Show. These profits came at plaintiffs’ expense, since plaintiffs would have been able to tour in the United States in 2007, were it not for Gelfman’s pending trademark application, which made it impossible for plaintiffs to persuade venues to host their show. Compl. at ¶ 209. This claim does not require construction of the contract, nor does it pertain to the parties’ rights and duties under it. The matter of whether defendants’ profits should be disgorged to plaintiffs based on actions neither described nor anticipated in the contract is outside the scope of the arbitration clause. g. Facts Unrelated to Plaintiffs’ Claims Defendants point to additional factual allegations in the complaint that they claim relate to the contract, but which do not underlie plaintiffs’ claims, nor do plaintiffs seek to recover from defendants based on these allegations. Instead, they are extraneous information not relevant to the suit (plaintiffs’ extensive complaint contains 214 paragraphs and occupies 46 pages). Defendants point to plaintiffs’ statement that they hired Mark Gelfman to assist them in arranging their 2005 tour, which defendants imply is in tension with the contract’s description of the promoter/artist relationship. Whether plaintiffs’ hired Gelfman, or whether Gelfman hired plaintiffs is immaterial to plaintiffs’ claims, and does not serve as a foundation for them. Defendants next point to the statement in the complaint that “[Mark] Gelfman breached his duties to Kuklachev,” and argue that any duties owed arose out of the contract. There is no indication that plaintiffs used the word “duties” in the sense of invoking a contractual obligation. Mark Gelfman was not a party to the contract. None of the claims are based on the theory of breached duties, nor does the contract impose upon Gelfman a duty not to infringe upon plaintiffs’ trademarks. h. Trademark Dilution, Fraud in Trademark Application, Tort Because I find that these claims must be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), as discussed further below, I do not consider whether they must be arbitrated. 4. Conclusion With the exception of the conversion and fraud claims, plaintiffs’ claims are nonarbitrable, except to the extent that they seek to protect goodwill generated during the course of the contract, and to the extent that they allege that defendants did not have a right to use plaintiffs’ photographs for any purpose. C. Stay Pending Arbitration Pursuant to the FAA, if a matter is arbitrable, a stay of the litigation as to that matter is entered pending completion of the arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 3. In addition, issues not subject to arbitration may be stayed “pursuant to the power inherent in every court to control the disposition of the cases on its docket with economy of time and effort for itself, for counsel, and for litigants.” WorldCrisa Corp. v. Armstrong, 129 F.3d 71, 76 (2d Cir.1997) (internal quotation omitted). “Broad stay orders are ... appropriate if the arbitrable claims predominate the lawsuit and the nonarbitrable claims are of questionable merit.” Genesco, 815 F.2d at 856. In this case, the majority of plaintiffs’ claims are non-arbitrable. The two claims requiring arbitration are unrelated