Full opinion text
OPINION DONALD W. MOLLOY, District Judge. I. Introduction Alliance for the Wild Rockies is seeking judicial review under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706, of agency actions by the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service concerning the Grizzly Vegetation and Transportation Management Project (“Grizzly Project”), the Miller West Fisher Project (“Miller Project”), and the Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project (“Little Beaver Project”). The Complaint claims the agencies acted in violation of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533 et seq., the National Forest Management Act (“NFMA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1600 et seq., and the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq. Pending now are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below the motions are granted in part and denied in part. II. Factual Background A. The Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear population The grizzly was listed as a threatened species under the ESA in 1975. 40 Fed. Reg. 31736. The Fish & Wildlife Service approved a Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan in 1982 and then revised the Plan in 1993. AR 1-31-077. The revised recovery plan establishes four recovery zones, including the CabineNYaak Ecosystem in northwest Montana and northeast Idaho, which is partly on the Kootenai National Forest. Id. at 90. Roughly 90% of the CabinetYaak Ecosystem is federally owned. 64 Fed.Reg. 26725, 26728 (May 17, 1999). That recovery zone is divided into bear management units (“BMUs”), each of which approximates the size of a female grizzly’s home range and includes representations of all available habitat components. Cabinet Resource Group v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 465 F.Supp.2d 1067, 1072 (D.Mont.2006). The BMU’s are then divided into subunits called bear analysis areas. AR 1-31-041:6. The recovery goal for the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear population is 100 bears. AR 1-31-077:91. The 1993 Recovery Plan estimated the population size at 15-20 bears in the recovery zone. AR 1-31-077:92. By 2002, the Forest Service noted that the bear population had expanded outside the recovery zone. AR 2-3-104:3. By 2007, the estimated population of grizzly bears in the CabineWYaak Ecosystem was 45 bears. AR 1-31-034.2:2. While the population has increased over the past 15-20 years, a different picture has appeared recently. The most recent grizzly population trend analysis shows an 87.8% to 90.6% probability that the population is in decline. Id. at 66. The Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear population is not meeting recovery targets set forth in the 1993 Recovery Plan. For example, the Recovery Plan’s target for a six year average of females with cubs is 6, but the 2007 Monitoring Report found that the average was only 2.2, and the distribution of females with young is only 14 of 22, rather than the recovery target 18 of 22. AR 1 — 31— 034.2:18. Additionally, human caused mortality and human-caused mortality of females exceeded the Recovery Plan targets in the 2007 monitoring report. Id. The majority of human caused mortalities in the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear population do not occur on Forest Service Lands, but on other surrounding lands. Id. at 73. Outside the recovery zone, the Forest Service does not analyze bears using BMUs, but has categorized the areas used by bears as the “grizzly bear outside the recovery zone reoccurring use polygon” (“reoccurring use polygon”). AR 2-1-713:10. The 1993 Recovery Plan established that “the most crucial element in grizzly recovery is securing adequate effective habitat for bear populations.” AR 1-31-077:34. The plan also concluded that roads pose the “most imminent threat” to grizzly bear habitat. Id. The troubling mortality trends with the grizzly precipitated the Fish & Wildlife Service determination that the CabinetYaak grizzly population was so low it warranted reclassification from threatened to endangered in 1993. The Agency reaffirmed its finding in 1999. 64 Fed.Reg. 26725, 26733. The agency has not acted on this critical determination, contending the reclassification is precluded by work on higher priority species. Id. B. Procedural background of grizzly management in the Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystem The 1987 Kootenai Forest Plan adopted forest-wide standards relating to management of the grizzly bear. The Forest Plan requires that on “Management Situation 1 lands, “Management decisions will favor the needs of the grizzly bear when grizzly habitat and other land use values compete. Land uses which can affect grizzlies and/or their habitats will be made compatible with grizzly needs or such uses will be disallowed of ehminated.” AR 1-19-004:293. On Management Situation 2 lands, where grizzles may occasionally be present, “[t]he grizzly bear is an important, but not the primary, use on the area.” Id. Management Situation 3 lands are those where grizzly bear presence is possible but infrequent and grizzly “habitat maintenance and improvement are not management considerations.” The Forest Plan also set standards for, among other factors, average open road densities, which must be limited to .75 miles/square mile on Management Situation 1 and 2 lands. Id. at 301. The 1994 Interagency Grizzly Bear Taskforce authored a Report with goals and recommendations for parameters relating to the effects of motorized access on bears. AR 2-3-096. That Report urged analysis of total motorized route density, open motorized route density, and percentage of core area. Id. at 6. The first factor, total motorized route density, includes all motorized roads or trails, including those closed to the public. The second factor, open motorized route density, includes motorized roads and trails open to the public. Id. at 3. As to the third factor, the Report recommended analysis of the percentage of an analysis area that meets core area criteria, and it argued for establishing minimum sizes for core areas. Id. at 6. The Service determined that the 1987 Kootenai Forest Plan could cause “take” of the grizzly bears, a “take” which is prohibited under section 9 of the ESA. AR 1 — 31— 041:8. Consequently, in 1995, the Fish and Wildlife Service published a Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement for the 1987 Kootenai Forest Plan (“1995 Incidental Take Statement”). AR 1-31-041. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement reaffirmed the finding in the Recovery Plan that roads and road density “are among the most serious adverse impacts on the security of grizzly bear habitat and have negatively influenced grizzly bear population and habitat use patterns in numerous, widespread areas.” Id. at 3. The Take opinion then reviewed the recommendations in the Report by the 1994 Inter-agency Grizzly Bear Taskforce. Id. In doing so the Incidental Take Statement found that road density standards in the Forest Plan were exceeded in many BMU subunits, the bear analysis areas, and that the Forest Plan did not provide management guidance for total road density and core habitat within BMUs, factors that are necessary for adequate bear habitat security. Id. at 6. The Service then concluded there would be no jeopardy to the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear population and authorized incidental take of grizzly bears, provided the Forest Service adopted reasonable and prudent measures set forth in the Take Statement. Id. at 9. These measures required the Forest Service to construct access management standards to regulate open road, open motorized trail route density, and total motorized access route density, and to maintain and improve core habitat areas. Id. at 9-10. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement promulgated interim standards that would govern until the Forest Service adopted the required measures. The interim standards included a requirement that the Forest Service must comply with the Forest Plan. That meant the Forest Service would exceed the authorized level of incidental take if a proposed project “increases the density of open roads above the current Forest Plan Standard, increases the density of open motorized trails, increases the net total motorized access route density, or decreases the existing amount of core area in the affected BMU’s.” Id. at 11. The Selkirk/Cabinet-Yaak Subcommittee of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee issued the 1998 Interim Access Management Rule Set (“1998 Rule Set”) to govern motorized access in the Selkirk and CabineWYaak Ecosystems. AR 1-31-024. The interim 1998 Rule Set was limited in effect for a period of three years or until the applicable Forest Plans were revised. Id. at 1. It directed federal agencies to strive to provide a minimum of 70 percent habitat security (or habitat effectiveness) in each BMU, and to work to achieve 55 percent core habitat in Priority 1 BMUs, with “[n]o net loss” of core habitat in Priority 1, 2, and 3 BMUs. Id. at 2. The 1998 Rule Set also established a goal of “no net increase” in open motorized route density or total motorized route density on national forest lands within the recovery areas. Id. at 3. The Forest Service did not prepare a NEPA environmental analysis or undertake ESA consultation before adopting the 1998 Rule Set. Id. at 1. In a different lawsuit Plaintiff in this case sued the Kootenai and Idaho Pan handle National Forests for implementing the interim access rules without first amending their Forest Plans. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Bosworth, CV 00-13-M-DWM. The Forest Service settled the lawsuit in 2001 by agreeing to amend the Forest Plans to address grizzly bear habitat management and to consult with the Fish & Wildlife Service on the amendments. AR 4-1-005. In March 2002, the Forest Service issued a Final Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) on the amendment to the relevant Forest Plans (the “Access Amendments”). The Access Amendments relied on research known as the ‘Wakkinen study” identified as the best available science. The Wakkinen study used research data from radio-collared grizzly bears in the Selkirk and Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystems to help determine open and total road density and to help determine core habitat levels necessary to support the grizzly bear population. In June 2002, the Forest Service asked for formal ESA consultation with the Fish & Wildlife Service on its preferred alternative for the Access Amendments. After a time, in February 2004, the Fish & Wildlife Service issued a Biological Opinion on the proposed Access Amendments. It found that implementation of the proposed amendments was not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of grizzly bears in the Cabinefc-Yaak and Selkirk Ecosystem Recovery Zones. A short time later in March 2004, the Forest Service issued a Record of Decision adopting its preferred alternative, as modified by the incorporation of the terms imposed by the Biological Opinion. In December 2006, this Court set aside the Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision for the Access Amendments. See Cabinet Resource, 465 F.Supp.2d at 1101. The Record of Decision was set aside because the Forest Service failed to acknowledge and discuss the relevance of missing information in the Wakkinen study as required by NEPA. Id. at 1098-1100. Specifically, the agency did not discuss whether the bears in the Wakkinen study chose optimal habitat or whether they simply chose the best habitat available from a degraded landscape. Id. at 1098-1101. The issue was remanded to the Forest Service for preparation of a new environmental analysis, which “must take into account the misgivings of Fish & Wildlife Service biologists over the 33/26/55 standard, the findings of other studies measuring habitat parameters in other ecosystems, and the state of grizzly bear mortality in the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk Recovery Zones.” Id. at 1101. The Forest Service is currently in the process of conducting this new analysis, and a draft EIS on a second access amendment was issued in April 2009. AR 4-1-006. After the remand, a Forest Service wildlife biologist set forth six recovery objectives (the “2006 interim rules”) to be followed until the Forest Service adopted new Access Amendments AR 2-3-108. The standards are derived from the 1987 Kootenai National Forest Plan, Fish & Wildlife Service Consultations since 1987, the 1995 Amended Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement on the 1987 Kootenai National Forest Plan, and the Selkirk/Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear Areas Interim Access Management Rule Set. Id. at 1. They require 70% habitat effectiveness; open road density, determined at the BMU level, of less than .75 miles/square mile; no net increase in open motorized route density; no net increase in total motorized route density; and no net decrease in core area. Id. The Forest Service claims that these standards do not apply in the areas outside the recovery zone. Id. at 2. C. The Projects 1. The Grizzly Project The Grizzly Project is located on the Three Rivers Ranger District of the Kootenai National Forest, approximately 18 miles northeast of Troy, Montana. AR 1-33-001:17. The purposes of the project include vegetation restoration, road and trail management (in part to provide adequate grizzly bear habitat), watershed rehabilitation, fuels management, and timber production. Id. at 18. The Forest Service completed an EIS for the project, and after comments to the proposed action, adopted a modified proposal, Alternative 2a, in the final EIS. AR 1-33-006:7. The chosen alternative permits 907 acres of harvest using tractor and skyline methods, but it does not allow helicopter logging. Id. at 14. It calls for constructing 3.2 miles of temporary road, of which 1.4 miles will be new and 1.8 reconstruction of already existing road. Id. The project requires permanent decommissioning of 42.8 miles of road. Id. The road decommissioning is in areas of core habitat and would provide linkage between two areas of core. AR 1-33-005:120. The project is expected to last four to five years, with some follow-up work. AR 1-32-004:8. The Grizzly Project is located inside the recovery zone on portions of BMU 11 and BMU 14. Because the project is located in grizzly bear habitat, the Forest Service prepared a biological assessment pursuant to § 7 of the ESA to determine if the Project will affect grizzly bears. AR 1-32-004. The Biological Assessment concluded timber harvest would temporarily affect 280 acres of core, but the project requires the creation of 1,000 acres of replacement habitat by berming of roads. There may also be temporary impacts on 2,290 acres within core habitat during road decommissioning at the beginning of the project. AR 1-32-004:7. On 2,050 acres affected by road decommissioning, work would take place during an eight week period in summer to avoid impacting bears from foraging in spring habitat and to avoid impacting bears during the season when huckleberries are available. Id. The Forest Service estimates that after the project, there will be 2,700 acres of additional core habitat in BMU 11. Id. at 6. While some of the road decommissioning must be completed prior to project implementation, other decommissioning will be done “when funding becomes available.” AR 1-33-001:24041. The Forest Service states that funding is “likely” to be available, and decommissioning of roads for which funding is not guaranteed is not required to ensure compliance with the ESA. AR 1-34-012:5-6. The impacts on grizzly bears were analyzed by applying the 2006 interim rules. Id. at 5; see AR 2-3-108. The chart below, taken from the biological assessment, summarizes the various habitat components before, during, and after the project in both BMU 11 and BMU 14: AR 1-32-004:8. Thus, by looking at each BMU as a whole, the habitat effectiveness standard will be met during and after the project, and following the project both BMUs will meet the core standard. Open road density will increase in BMU 11 during the project, but will remain in compliance with the standard in both BMUs during and after the project. Although both open motorized route density and total motorized route density will increase during the project, after completion, there will be no net increase in either of these factors. Id. at 8-10. The biological assessment also concluded there are no known den sites in the project area, and activities that take place in spring habitat will avoid the period of spring use. Id. at 11. In analyzing cumulative effects, the biological assessment noted one other on-going timber harvest project, the Obermayer Project, that is located near the Grizzly Project and would overlap in time with it. Id. at 13. Based on this review, the Forest Service concluded the project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear because it will increase core habitat and bring both BMUs into compliance with road density standards following the project and because displacement of bears is minimized by confining activities to a small area at any given time and limiting project activity during the bears’ active season. AR 1-32-004:14. The Fish and Wildlife Service concurred in the determination that the Grizzly Project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear. AR 1-32-005. 2. Miller Project The Miller Project is located on the Libby District of the Kootenai National Forest, near the Cabinet Mountain Wilderness and is in an area with past and present mining activity for metals such as copper and silver. AR 2-1-002:20. The stated purposes of the project include maintaining long-term productivity of forest stands, reducing hazardous fuels, providing forest products, reducing negative roads impacts, maintaining and improving the watershed, grizzly bear habitat and big game habitat, and improving recreation opportunities. Id. at 21. The Forest Service completed an EIS for the project, and the final EIS adopted an action alternative that will be completed in two phases. Id. at 57. The Forest Service chose this alternative in part to address cumulative effects from other activities, including the nearby Montanore Mine and the proposed power line for the mine and in part to protect and improve core habitat for grizzly bears. Id. The preferred alternative permits harvest of 1,898 acres through tractor, skyline, and helicopter logging, approximately 330 acres of which is helicopter logging. Id. at 57-59. The project will require construction of 3.9 miles of temporary road, and 1.13 miles of currently closed road would be reopened during harvest activities. Id. at 59, 490. The plan also authorizes road storage for 19.2 miles and decommissioning 1.43 miles of road. Id. at 61-62. The project is expected to last 2-5 years, including harvest and post-harvest activities. AR 2-1-001:33. The Miller Project is physically located in part on BMUs 6 and 7 within the recovery zone and in part on the reoccurring use polygon outside the recovery zone. AR 2-1-002:458-59. A biological assessment was prepared by the Forest Service to address the effects on grizzly bears both inside and outside the recovery zone. AR 2-1-713. The impacts on grizzly bears inside the recovery zone were analyzed by applying the 2006 interim rules. Id. at 10; see AR 2-3-108. In BMU 6, the project will cause temporary displacement, including displacement during the summer and fall in core habitat, on 1,323 acres during the first phase of the project and 3,772 acres during the second phase. AR 1-2-713:20. In BMU 7, the project will cause displacement on 208 acres. Id. The chart below, taken from the biological assessment, summarizes the various habitat components before, during, and after the project in BMU 6 and 7: AR 2-1-713:12. The biological assessment in BMU 6 concludes bears would be displaced by human activity and harvest activity, as well as helicopter activities. There would be helicopter logging in three harvest units during the active bear season, and additional helicopter logging during the winter season. Id. at 13. Road work would be completed during the active bear year. Both the helicopter logging and road work would decrease habitat effectiveness, although the helicopter logging scheduled during the active bear year is not in core habitat. Id. at 13, 19. The future prognostication is that additional core will be created in BMU 6 by road storage and decommissioning, but there will also be winter helicopter logging in core habitat. Id. at 14-15. The areas where winter helicopter logging will occur do not contain any known denning sites. Id. at 19. The Forest Service concluded the project complies with the open motorized road density and total motorized road density standards because there will be no net increase after project completion, even though the density will increase in both BMU 6 and 7 during the project BMU 6 is currently inadequate to meet the standard for total motorized road density. The density would increase from 32% to 34% over the course of the project, but would then improve to 31%, which still exceeds the standard, following the project. Id. at 15-16. While the project meets the standard for open road density on a BMU basis, in one subunit, or bear analysis area, of BMU 6, open road density exceeds the .75 miles/ square mile standard, and in two analysis areas it will exceed the standard during the project. Id. at 17. Outside the recovery zone, the Forest Service did not apply the 2006 interim rules. Instead, the Forest Service examined three factors that may contribute to taking of bears, as defined by § 9 of the ESA. These factors include access management, food attractants, and livestock presence. To analyze access management, the Forest Service looks at changes to the baseline condition of open road density and total motorized road density. Id. at 23. In this ease the Forest Service concluded the project would cause no changes regarding food attractants or livestock presence. Id. The baseline open road density is 2.2 miles/square mile and baseline total motorized road density is 3.9 miles/square mile. The biological assessment concludes the project would not cause any unauthorized take based on road densities because anticipated road construction would not increase the densities. Id. The particular biological assessment also discussed cumulative effects inside and outside the recovery zone. There is an ongoing timber harvest project of nearly 1,864 acres that began in 2008 and will continue through 2013. The EIS also addresses other federal actions, such as extensive mining in the area. On the other hand the biological assessment does not discuss the cumulative effects of mining activity. Id. at 24-25; AR 2-1-001:73-85. The biological assessment concluded the Miller Project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect grizzly bears. Id. at 25. The Fish and Wildlife Service concurred in the determination that the Miller Project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect grizzly bears. AR 2-1-006.1:1. 3. Little Beaver Project The Little Beaver Project is found on the Cabinet Ranger District of the Kootenai National Forest, west of Thompson Falls, Montana. It is on Forest Service lands in the Little Bear Creek drainage. AR 3-36-001:14. The project area involves almost 6,673 acres, and it is adjacent to privately owned lands within the wildland urban interface. Id. The project is meant to reduce hazardous fuels that may lead to high intensity wildfires. It does so by reducing dead and downed trees, reducing ladder fuels, reducing canopy densities, and promoting species that are better adapted to fire. Id. at 15-16. The Forest Service completed an Environmental Assessment (“EA”) for the project, and based on the preferred alternative, issued a Finding of No Significant Impact. Id. at 408. The preferred alternative involves mechanical treatments on approximately 1,185 acres. The mechanical treatment methods include tractor, skyline, and helicopter yarding systems. Id. at 27, 29. The project requires construction of 5.5 miles of new, permanent Forest Service roads, reconstruction of 2.3 miles of currently closed Forest Service road, and construction of 2.5 miles of temporary road that would be decommissioned following the project. Id. at 33. The Little Beaver Project is outside the grizzly recovery zone, but within the reoccurring use polygon. Id. at 176; AR 3-6-038:8. The Forest Service prepared a biological assessment because the Little Beaver Project area is located in grizzly bear habitat AR 3-6-038. The EA finds that grizzly bear presence is suspected in the project area. AR 3-36-001:175 (Table 3-47). However, the biological assessment states that grizzly bears are known to occur in the project area. AR 3-6-038:6 (Table 2). The biological statement also claims that there have been no recorded sightings of grizzly bears in the Little Beaver Creek drainage or the project area. Id. at 7. The Forest Service concluded the Little Beaver Project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear. Id. at 9, The biological assessment concludes the baseline road conditions for the reoccurring use polygon — .9 miles/square mile of linear open road density and 2.6 miles/ square mile of linear total road density— would not be increased by the project. Id. at 7. Another factor considered is that all roads constructed for the project will be gated to restrict public access, which the biological assessment then states will cause minimal habitat loss. Id. Timber harvest activities may temporarily displace grizzlies from approximately 3,269 acres, and road use and construction may temporarily displace grizzlies from approximately 2,265 acres. Id. at 9. The biological assessment does not specifically discuss whether or how helicopter logging will impact grizzly bears. The EA and biological assessment discuss cumulative effects by examining past, present and reasonably foreseeable activities within the reoccurring use polygon, primarily examining other timber projects. Id.; AR 3-36-001:178. The Fish and Wildlife Service concurred in the determination that the Little Beaver Project may affect but is not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear. AR 3-6-039. D. Plaintiffs claims Plaintiff makes several claims in its first amended complaint. First, it reasons the Forest Service and Fish & Wildlife Service were arbitrary and capricious and did not rely on the best available science when they concluded the projects are not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear, thus violating the § 7 consultation requirements of the ESA. Plaintiff insists the projects will adversely affect grizzly bears because (1) the projects cause unpermitted take and (2) there will be displacement of grizzly bears because of roads and helicopter logging. Plaintiff maintains the decisions made do not rely on the best available science because the science has changed since the 1995 Incidental Take Statement. They also contend the Wakkinen study is flawed. Second, Plaintiff holds the projects will violate § 9 of the ESA because they will cause unpermitted take both inside and outside the grizzly recovery zone. Plaintiff maintains there will be take because the projects do not comply with the requirements of the 1995 Incidental Take Statement inside the recovery zone for the Grizzly and Miller Projects. Outside the recovery zone, Plaintiff argues there is no incidental take statement, and the Miller and Little Beaver Projects will end up causing a take by increasing road densities and displacing grizzly bears. Third, Plaintiff asserts the Projects violate NEPA because the Forest Service did not take a hard look at the adequacy of the habitat standards it applied. Here the contention is that the EIS’s and EA do not consider the weaknesses in the Wakkinen study nor do they account for new science that has become available since the Wakkinen study, and they fail to assess whether standards are adequate outside the recovery zone. Fourth, Plaintiff reasons the Projects violate NEPA because the Forest Service did not adequately consider the cumulative impacts of the projects. In particular, Plaintiff claims the Forest Service did not consider the cumulative impacts of road construction and displacement, and other on-going road use. A secondary failure is the claim that construction is not disclosed or discussed as it should have been. Fifth, Plaintiff claims the Forest Service violated NEPA and the ESA because it did not conduct a NEPA analysis or ESA consultation before adopting the 2006 interim rules. Sixth, Plaintiff insists the Forest Service violated NFMA and NEPA because the projects allow activities that are not compatible with the needs of the grizzly bears, in violation of the Kootenai Forest Plan. The argument is that the NEPA documents do not disclose or address whether the Forest Plan requirements are met. They are also claimed to be inadequate because the projects violate NFMA in that the record shows that the projects are not, in fact, compatible with grizzly bears needs. III. Standard of Review A. Summary Judgment Standard Summary judgment is proper if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Summary judgment is a particularly appropriate tool for resolving claims challenging agency action. See Occidental Engr. Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 770 (9th Cir.1985). Summary judgment is appropriate in this case because the issues presented address the legality of Defendants’ actions based on the administrative record and do not require resolution of factual disputes. B. Standard of APA Review Judicial review of an agency’s compliance with the ESA, NEPA, and NFMA are governed by the judicial review provisions of the APA. Native Ecosystems Council v. Dombeck, 304 F.3d 886, 891 (9th Cir.2002). Agency decisions can only be set aside under the APA if they are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), overruled on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 97 S.Ct. 980, 51 L.Ed.2d 192 (1977)). Review under the arbitrary and capricious standard is “narrow,” but “searching and careful.” Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989). Agency action can be set aside “if the agency has relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983). In any event the issue is “whether the [agency’s] decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment ... [The court] also must determine whether the [agency] articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made. [The] review must not rubber-stamp ... administrative decisions that [the court deems] inconsistent with a statutory mandate or that frustrate the congressional policy underlying a statute.” Ocean Advocates v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 361 F.3d 1108, 1119 (9th Cir.2004) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In performing this legal obligation, a court may not substitute its judgment for that of the agency or merely determine it would have decided an issue differently. Or. Natural Res. Council v. Allen, 476 F.3d 1031, 1035 (9th Cir.2007). IV. Analysis A. Applicable Forest Service standards Because the parties disagree which standards should apply to the projects, the Court ordered supplemental briefing to clarify which standards apply. Both parties agree that when this Court vacated and remanded the Access Amendments in Cabinet Resource, the prior rules that were in place went back into effect. See Paulsen v. Daniels, 413 F.3d 999, 1008 (9th Cir.2005). That is the extent of their agreement. The Plaintiff takes the position that the standards set forth in the 1995 Incidental Take Statement are the only applicable standards. Additionally, Plaintiff insists that any reliance on the 1998 Rule Set is invalid because the 1998 Rule Set never went through a NEPA process or consultation with the Fish & Wildlife Service. Such consultation was required because the 1998 Rule Set constitutes a land management action that affects a listed species. See Pacific Rivers Council v. Thomas, 30 F.3d 1050, 1052-55 (9th Cir.1994). Plaintiff maintains the 1998 Rule Set is invalid because it was the subject of a lawsuit that settled, based on the condition that the Forest Service would amend the Forest Plan. However, Plaintiff concedes the settlement agreement did not expressly keep the Forest Service from implementing the entire 1998 Rule Set. According to Plaintiff, because Cabinet Resource vacated the prior Access Amendments and the Forest Service has not completed a new NEPA process for the Access Amendments, the 1995 Incidental Take Statement standards control until that process is complete. On the other hand Defendants reason that when this Court vacated the Access Amendments in the Cabinet Resource case, the prior rules, including the 1995 Incidental Take Statement, went into effect. Defendants state that it applies the 1995 Incidental Take Statement “as informed by” the best available science set forth in the 1998 Rule Set and that the 1998 Rule Set “provides guidance for implementing grizzly bear access management parameters.” Def.’s Supp. Br. at 1, 2. Defendants argue the 1995 Incidental Take Statement required the Forest Service to work with the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee to develop access management recommendations for open road, open motorized, and total motorized route density and core habitat, and the result is the 1998 Rule Set. Id. at 3 (citing AR 1-31-041:10). The 1998 Rule Set, in turn, states that it will remain in place until a revision of the Forest Plans, i.e. until the Access Amendments are complete. AR 1-31-024:1. Defendants insist the 2001 settlement agreement is no longer in effect because it lasted only until “final decisions regarding the [Access Amendments] become effective.” Def.’s Supp. Br. at 5 (citing AR 4-1-005:3^1). The contention is that the pri- or Record of Decision on the Access Amendments fulfilled this term of the settlement agreement, and that it is no longer enforceable. Regardless of whether the settlement agreement is still in force, Defendants state that the only provisions of the 1998 Rule Set the settlement agreement restricted it from using do not apply here. The best answer to this debate is that the 1995 Incidental Take Statement, as modified by the 1998 Rule Set, applies to the projects. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement directed the Forest Service to work with the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee to develop access management recommendations and to adopt those recommendations. AR 1-31-041:10. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement states that when the access management recommendations are adopted, “this incidental take statement will be amended to incorporate new information generated by the Committee.” Id. at 11. The Forest Service argues this is exactly what it did with the 1998 Rule Set. Plaintiffs argument seems to take umbrage with the process that led to the 1998 Rule Set and is, in effect, an attempt to re-litigate the case that resulted in the 2001 settlement agreement in order to vacate the 1998 Rule Set Assuming the 2001 settlement agreement is in effect, the Plaintiff concedes it does not actually prohibit the Forest Service from relying on the 1998 Rule Set, and if it is no longer in effect, there is nothing barring the Forest Service from relying on its management direction until the Forest Plans are amended by new Access Amendments. While the Plaintiff may not agree with the use of the 1998 Rule Set, that proposition is irrelevant here. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement contemplates that its guidance will be amended based on the access management standards developed by the Forest Service, working with the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, AR 1-31-041:11. For purposes of this case, the standards in the 1998 Rule Set control. B. Whether the projects will cause unauthorized take in violation of § 9 of the ESA 1. Legal Standard The ESA is designed to conserve the ecosystems upon which endangered and threatened species depend and to provide a program for the conservation of such species. 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). To this congressional end, § 9 of the ESA provides that no person may “take” a species listed as endangered. 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). The Fish and Wildlife Service has also applied the take prohibitions to the grizzly bear, which is on the threatened list. 50 C.F.R. § 17.40(b); see also 16 U.S.C. § 1533(d). “The term ‘take’ means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct.” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19). In the context of “take,” to “harass” refers to “an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.” 50 C.F.R. § 17.3. “Harm” refers to “an act which actually kills or injures wildlife. Such act may include significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding or sheltering.” Id. If a proposed action is likely to cause take, the Fish and Wildlife Service may issue “written statement” that sets forth the predicted impact to the listed species, reasonable and prudent measures necessary to minimize take, and terms and conditions for implementation of those measures. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4); 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(f). If the action agency complies with the terms and conditions of the incidental take statement, the expected take is exempted from the take prohibition. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(o )(2). 2. Take inside the Recovery Zone Plaintiff complains the Grizzly and Miller Projects violate the § 9 prohibition on take because neither project complies with the terms of the 1995 Incidental Take Statement, The applicable standards derive from the 1995 Incidental Take Statement, as amended by the 1998 Rule Set, If the Forest Service complies with these standards, then it is exempted from the § 9 take prohibition for these projects. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(o )(2). A specific challenge here is the projects violate the open road density standard applicable under the 1995 Incidental Take Statement, .75 miles/ square mile, because the EIS’s and Biological Assessments show the projects will not comply at the level of the bear analysis area, but instead they assess compliance only at the BMU level. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement does include a discussion of certain bear analysis areas which are exceeding the .75 miles/ square mile. E.g. AR 1 — 31— 041:6-7. However, it is incorrect to assert that the Forest Service must assess open road density by examining bear analysis areas. The 1995 Incidental Take Statement provides that “proposed projects within the [Cabinet/Yaak Ecosystem] ... would exceed the level of incidental take authorized in this incidental take statement if the proposed project increases the density of open roads above the current Forest Flan standard, increases the density of open motorized trails, increases the net total motorized access route density, or decreases the existing amount of core area in the affected BMU’s.” Id. at 11 (emphasis added). This substantiates that the 1995 Incidental Take Statement contemplated analysis at the BMU level, Moreover, the 1998 Rule Set, while it does not directly address open road density standards, holds that “[c]ore and density route calculations will be applied to Recovery Plan Bear Management Units.” AR 1-31-024:4. Looking at the BMU level, the Biological Assessments demonstrate that the Grizzly and Miller Projects meet the standard for open road density. In the Grizzly Project, the open density will increase in BMU 11 from .44 miles/square mile to .58-.57 during project activities and return to .48 miles/square mile after the project. In BMU 14, the open road density will increase slightly during the project from .57 miles/square mile to .58 miles/square mile, and return to .57 miles/square mile after the project. AR 1-32-004:10, For the Miller Project in BMU 6, the open road density will increase from .44 miles/square mile to a maximum of .63 miles/square mile, but decrease to .42 miles/square mile after the project. AR 2-1-713:12. In BMU 7, the open road density will increase from .31 miles/square mile to a maximum of .34 miles/square mile, but decrease to .33 miles/square mile after the project. Id. All of these densities, during and after the projects, comply with the .75 miles/square mile standard at the BMU level, as required under the 1995 Incidental Take Statement and the 1998 Rule Set. Plaintiff also claims there will be take because the 1995 Incidental Take Statement does not permit any decrease in the existing amount of core area, while the projects allow decreases of core area during their implementation. The 1998 Rule Set applies. It states that there will be “[n]o net loss of existing Core area.” AR 1-31-024:2. A standard permitting no “net” increase or decrease permits increase or decrease during the project, provided the parameter at issue remains the same or better after the project. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. U.S. Forest Service, CV 07-150-M-DWM at 27-28 (D.Mont. July 30, 2008). The Biological Assessments for the Grizzly Project and Miller Project reveal there will be no net loss of core grizzly habitat. In the Miller Project, there be no decreases even during implementation in either BMU 6 or BMU 7. AR 2-1-713:12. As to the Grizzly Project, core habitat will not decrease in BMU 11, but will remain stable during the project and it will increase to comply with the 55% core habitat standard following the project’s completion. AR 1-32-004:8. There mil be a one percent decrease in core habitat during the Grizzly Project in BMU 14, but it will not go below the 55% standard and it will return to its preproject level following completion of the project. Id. The projects comply with the 1998 Rule Set standards for changes to core habitat. Next, Plaintiff contends the 1995 Incidental Take Statement incorporated the recommendations from the 1994 Inter-agency Grizzly Bear Committee Taskforce Report regarding application of a minimum core habitat size and a minimum ten year duration for each core habitat block. Defendants respond that, while the 1994 Report by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Taskforce made recommendations as to core habitat size and duration, the 1995 Incidental Take Statement and 1998 Rule Set do not include any standards on these factors. On this question Defendants have the upper hand. The 1994 Report discussed core habitat size and duration, but the 1995 Incidental Take Statement does not set interim standards for size or duration, nor does it require the Forest Service to develop standards for these parameters. AR 2-3-96:5-6; AR 1 — 31— 041:9-11. Likewise, the 1998 Rule Set includes no requirements regarding core size or duration. The Projects do not violate § 9 because they do not consider core size or duration. 3. Take outside the recovery zone Plaintiff suggests the Miller and Little Beaver Projects will result in take in the reoccurring use polygon outside the recovery zone. They hold the 1995 Incidental Take Statement does not apply to the areas outside the recovery zone and, even if it did, the open road densities exceed the .75 miles/square mile standard required under the 1995 Incidental Take Statement and that the projects will increase the densities, causing additional take. The Defendants respond that the .75 miles/square mile standard applies only in the recovery zone and there will be no take because the projects do not increase the baseline road densities. In 2003, a Forest Service biologist completed a document entitled “Incidental Take Analysis for Grizzly Bears That Occur Outside Recovery Zones on the Kootenai and Idaho Pan handle National Forests and a Portion of Lolo National Forest.” AR 2-3-104:1. This paper recognizes that grizzly bears have expanded outside the areas identified as recovery zones in the 1993 Recovery Plan, and that the bears have taken up in the areas referred to as the reoccurring use polygon. Even though bears may be outside the recovery zone, the protections of the ESA, including the take prohibition, still apply. Id. at 3. To decide if incidental take is occurring in the areas outside the recovery zone, the document examined three factors: access management (i.e. road densities), food attractants, and livestock presence. Id. Based on the analysis of the existing road densities in the reoccurring use polygon, the Forest Service concluded “incidental take of grizzly bear[s] likely is occurring on those portions of the [Kootenai National Forest] outside the recovery area” and “the level of take is higher in these areas than inside the recovery zone,” Id. at 5. The document states it evolved from “a verbal agreement” with the Fish and Wildlife Service regarding the appropriate analysis methodology for the areas outside the recovery zone. Id. at 3. From a legal perspective it is most likely the case that the 1995 Incidental Take Statement does not apply outside the recovery zone. The Incidental Take Statement states that its “terms and conditions ... implement the reasonable and prudent measures” for the “Cabinet/Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone.” AR 1-31-041:10 (emphasis added). Grizzly bears were located only inside the recovery zone and there was no regular use by grizzly bears outside it at the time of the 1993 Recovery Plan and the 1995 Incidental Take Statement. AR 2-3-104:3. Defendants agree the 1995 Incidental Take Statement only applies to the recovery zone as to the road density standard, yet paradoxically they argue the 1995 Incidental Take Statement permits incidental take outside the recovery zone. They cannot have it both ways, The 1995 Incidental Take Statement permits take only if the Forest Service is following the measures specified therein, and the Forest Service itself states that it is not following these measures outside the recovery zone. Consequently, the 1995 Incidental Take Statement is not applicable outside the recovery zone, including both the .75 miles/square mile road density standard and the permit to commit incidental take. The 2003 paper regarding take outside the recovery zone is also insufficient to allow the incidental take. By the Forest Service’s own admission, there is take already occurring in the project areas outside the recovery zone due to existing road densities, and it will continue to occur during the Miller and Little Beaver Projects. AR 2-3-104:5. However, the 2003 document, based on a verbal agreement with the Fish & Wildlife Service, is not a “written statement” from the Fish and Wildlife Service authorizing such take, “specifying] those reasonable and prudent measures ... necessary or appropriate to minimize such impact,” or “sefting] forth the terms and conditions ... that must be complied with by the [Forest Service] to implement the measures.” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4). Because take is occurring without an incidental take statement, the take cannot be exempted from the prohibition of § 9. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(o )(2). The Forest Service urges the Miller and Little Beaver Projects will cause only de minimis increases in road density, and, while there is take occurring outside the recovery zones, no incidental take permit is needed because the minor changes from these projects will not affect the amount of take occurring. The parties offer various calculations of the road densities and whether they will increase. They also disagree as to whether private lands should be counted in the road density total and they disagree about how precise the road density calculations must be. Thus, while the road densities listed in the Biological Assessments show no increase in linear open road density, AR 2-1-713:23; AR 3-6-038:7, the Plaintiff offers calculations, based on the road density numbers in the 2003 document and the additional miles of road anticipated from these projects, to show that densities will increase. Pl.’s Reply at 10-11. The disagreement over the road densities and their level of change is nonetheless irrelevant. There is take occurring in the project areas now, and it will continue to occur during the projects, potentially caused by the projects. The ESA does not permit an agency to approve a project that will contribute to the taking of a species, even if the take remains at or near the current level. 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B), The ESA prohibits take, unless an agency is complying with a written incidental take statement from the Fish & Wildlife Service specifying the measures necessary to minimize take. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4); 16 U.S.C. § 1536(o )(2). There is no such exemption here for the areas outside the recovery zone. Consequently the inescapable conclusion is the projects thus violate § 9. C. Whether the decision that the Projects are not likely to adversely impact grizzly bears was arbitrary and capricious 1. Section 7 consultation requirements Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires federal agencies, in consultation with the Fish & Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service, to ensure that “any action authorized, funded, or carried out” by the agency “is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification” of the species’ critical habitat. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). In fulfilling the requirements of § 7(a)(2) of the ESA, agencies must “use the best scientific and commercial data available.” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). A federal agency proposing an action (the “action agency”) must first determine whether the action “may affect” a listed species or critical habitat. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a). If the action agency determines its proposed action “may affect” a listed species or critical habitat, it must then consult with the consulting agency, here the Fish and Wildlife Service. There are two forms of consultation: formal and informal. Formal consultation must take place where the action agency determines that a proposed action is “likely to adversely affect” a listed species. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14. Informal consultation “includes all discussions, correspondence, etc., between the Service and the [action] agency.” 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. Where the action agency determines, with the written concurrence of the consulting agency, that a proposed action “may affect,” but is “not likely to adversely affect” a listed species, formal consultation is not required. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(b)(1); 50 C.F.R. § 402.12(k)(1). The action agency can reach its no adverse effects determination through preparation of a biological assessment or informal consultation. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(b)(1). In this case, the Forest Service determined that all three projects may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect, the grizzly bear, following the preparation of a biological assessment. AR 1-32-004; AR 2-1-713; AR 3-6-038. The Fish & Wildlife Service concurred in each of the three determinations. AR 1-32-005; AR 2-1-006.1; AR 3-6-039. 2. Whether there will be take that is likely to adversely affect grizzly bears Plaintiff reasons that if the Court finds there will be a § 9 violation, then it follows that the projects are likely to adversely affect the grizzly bears, because a taking is by definition an adverse impact. Defendants do not dispute this characterization, but repeat their argument that there is no violation of § 9. A Fish & Wildlife Service Handbook regarding § 7 consultations defines “Is likely to adversely affect” in part to include actions where incidental take is anticipated to occur. AR 2-3-270:19. Because the projects involved will cause unpermitted take, the taking is an adverse effect, and the Forest Service’s and Fish & Wildlife’s determinations that the projects are not likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear violate § 7 of the ESA. 3. Whether the “not likely to adversely affect” determinations are arbitrary because of displacement, roads, and helicopter logging Next, Plaintiff insists the Forest Service and Fish & Wildlife Service violated the ESA and APA by concluding that displacement during logging and road building, open and closing of roads, and helicopter logging will not adversely affect grizzly bears. During the Grizzly Project, BMU 11 will lose 280 acres of core habitat, but the project requires creating 1,000 acres of replacement habitat by berming of roads. There may also be temporary impacts on 2,290 acres within core habitat due to road decommissioning, but that activity would take place during summer to avoid impacting bears from foraging in spring habitat and to avoid impacting bears during the huckleberry season. AR 1-32-004:7. The Grizzly Project also involves constructing 3.2 miles of temporary road, including 1.4 miles of new road and 1.8 miles of reconstructed road. AR 1-33-006:14. The Miller Project will cause temporary displacement in BMU 6, including displacement during the summer and fall in core habitat, on 1,323 acres during the first phase of the project and 3,772 acres during the second phase. AR 1-2-713:20. In BMU 7, the project will cause displacement on 208 acres. Id. The Miller Project involves construction of 3.9 miles of temporary road, and 1.13 miles of currently closed road would be reopened during harvest activities. AR 2-1-002:59, 490. The Little Beaver Project Biological Assessment states that there have been no recorded sightings of grizzly bears in the Little Beaver Creek drainage or the project area. However, the EA states that grizzly bear presence is suspected in the project area, and the Biological Assessment states that grizzly bears are known to occur in the project area. AR 3-36-001:175 (Table 3-47); AR 3-6-038:6 (Table 2). Little Beaver’s harvest activities may temporarily displace grizzlies from approximately 3,269 acres. Road use and construction may temporarily displace grizzlies from approximately 2,265 acres. AR 3-36-038:9. The project requires construction of 5.5 miles of new, permanent Forest Service roads, reconstruction of 2.3 miles of currently closed Forest Service road, and construction of 2.5 miles of temporary road that would be decommissioned following the project AR 3-36-001:33. In a different case this Court concluded that minimal, temporary displacement of grizzly bears due to road opening and closing likely does not constitute an adverse effect Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. U.S. Forest Service, CV 07-150-M-DWM at 29 (D. Mont July 30, 2008). However, if displacement is significant enough, “either due to the number of roads being opened and closed or their location,” there may be an adverse impact. Id. Because the project at issue in Alliance for the Wild Rockies involved construction of six temporary roads, totaling less than a mile in length, and also required closing other roads to protect bears, the impacts were not significant enough to adversely impact the bears. Id. In contrast, in yet another case this Court concluded that a mining operation within the CabineU-Yaak recovery zone would jeopardize grizzly bears by displacing them from approximately 7,000 acres. Rock Creek Alliance v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 390 F.Supp.2d 993, 1006-09 (D.Mont.2005). Similarly, a Washington district court concluded a plan to allow snowmobile activity in caribou winter habitat would cause jeopardy to a caribou population of 35-45 animals. Defenders of Wildlife v. Martin, 2007 WL 641439 at *2, 7 (E.D.Wash. Feb. 26, 2007). Because it was shown snowmobiling caused numerous negative impacts to caribou, including altering their distribution and affecting feeding and reproduction, and because of the small population size, the Washington court concluded the snowmobiling would jeopardize the already small population. Id. at *7. Plaintiff analogizes to Martin, and claims there is a very small population of grizzlies, and activities such as road building are known to have negative effects on bears. See e.g. AR 1-31-041:3. The argument goes on to contend the projects taken together, will potentially displace bears from more acreage than in Rock Creek. Defendants retort that, unlike Rock Creek, the displacement here is only temporary and it will not all occur at one time, and the projects require creation of additional core habitat for bears. The argument contends, as in Alliance for the Wild Rockies, the minimal displacement involved will not adversely affect bears. To top the argument off, Defendants argue no bears have been sighted in the Little Beaver Project area. The Plaintiff has a compelling argument that both the number and location of roads here show more significant impacts than in Alliance for the Wild Rockies and thus demonstrate bears are much more likely to be adversely affected. There is significantly more road building for the projects than in Alliance for the Wild Rockies, both individually and collectively. Further, the locations are also significant because there will be several miles of roads and potentially thousands of acres of displacement in core habitat. The Grizzly Project’s physical location is near another logging project, the Obermayer Project, that may also be causing displacement of bears, and the Miller Project is adjacent to the area where the Rock Creek Mine will potentially be built. AR 1-32-004:8; AR 2-2-030:35. It is difficult to reconcile the statement that there are no bears in the Little Beaver project with other statements in the EA. It is especially difficult to reconcile it with the Biological Assessment statement that bears are suspected or known to be in the area and with the conclusion that the project will displace bears from thousands of acres. Given the number and location of the roads, the large number of acres where bears will be displaced, and the small population size, the Plaintiff has a compelling argument that displacement and roads are likely to adversely impact the grizzly bears. Further, it is arbitrary for the agencies to conclude both that there are no bears in the Little Beaver Project area but that they will be displaced from thousands of acres. Even so, the agency is due deference for its conclusions. The question is whether it is reasonable for the agency to differentiate this case from Rock Creek and Martin, since the displacement from the involved projects will not occur all at once and will not be as long-lasting as from a mining operation. The agencies have taken steps to minimize the impacts to grizzly bears, for example by phasing the Miller Project in two stages to minimize impacts, creating replacement core habitat in the Grizzly Project, and requiring road decommissioning to create new habitat and mitigate the impacts of new or reconstructed roads. This is a close call. There are strong arguments to be made that the projects are likely to adversely affect the grizzly bears, but the agencies have provided a close look and reasons for their conclusions that the projects are not l