Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER RICHARD J. HOLWELL, District Judge: In this case plaintiff DDR Construction Services, Inc. (“DDR”) sues several of its former associates in the construction, electrical subcontracting, and consulting industries in New York for violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961 et seq. (“RICO”), as well as for fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and several other state law claims. Currently pending are four motions to dismiss filed by different groups of defendants; DDR’s cross-motions to strike, to dismiss counterclaims, and for sanctions; and DDR’s cross-motion for leave to seek sanctions. DDR has also submitted a letter application seeking leave to file an amended complaint. For the reasons that follow, defendants’ motions are GRANTED; DDR’s cross-motion to strike and to dismiss, and for sanctions, is GRANTED IN PART and is DENIED IN PART; DDR’s cross-motion for leave to seek sanctions is DENIED; and, DDR’s letter application is DENIED. I. FACTUAL SETTING For the purposes of the present motions, the following facts, drawn from the complaint and the documents incorporated by reference therein, are taken as true. Because the complaint incorporates by reference a litigation involving many of the same parties and factual issues ongoing in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Queens, First Keystone Consultants, Inc. v. DDR Constr. Servs., No. 27095 2005 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.) (hereinafter the “Queens Action”), the pleadings and decisions in that matter are also described and considered. See Blue Tree Hotels Inv. (Canada), Ltd. v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 369 F.3d 212, 217 (2d Cir.2004) (“Our review is generally limited to the facts and allegations that are contained in the complaint and in any documents that are [] incorporated into the complaint by reference.... But we may also look to public records, including complaints filed in state court, in deciding a motion to dismiss.” (internal citations omitted)). A. The Parties Plaintiff DDR is a New Jersey corporation that provides consulting and other services to entities in the construction industry. (Compl. ¶¶ 8, 33.) Specifically, DDR brings together other construction industry entities in order to facilitate bidding, assists in arranging bids, and manages construction projects. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 25-26, 33-34.) As of 2001, DDR’s vice president, Clifford Weiner (“Weiner”), had affiliations with several construction-industry entities operating in the New York area, including defendants Schlesinger Electrical Contractors, Inc. (“Schlesinger”), and First Keystone Consultants, Inc. (“First Keystone”). (Id. ¶21.) In 2004, Weiner was also vice president of Schlesinger. (Id. ¶ 32.) Defendants Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. (“SEA”), and Siemens Industry, Inc. (“SII”), (collectively “Siemens”), are Delaware corporations that provide electrical, engineering, and automation solutions in the construction industry. (Id. ¶ 9; Siemens’ Defs.’ Mem. at 4.) DDR originally negotiated with Siemens because DDR sought to join forces with an established electrical contractor in submitting bids on “public improvement construction contracts” in New York. (Compl. ¶ 20.) Defendants Jeffrey Deurlein (“Deurlein”), Harry Volande (“Volande”), and Frank Krutemeier (“Krutemeier”), are officers and/or employees of Siemens, and are Georgia residents. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 17,18.) Defendant Schlesinger-Siemens Electrical (“SSE”), doing business as Schlesinger-Siemens Electrical, LLC, is a company formed by contractual agreement between Siemens and Schlesinger to bid on New York City Department of Environmental Protection (“NYCDEP”) “water pollution facility electrical upgrade” projects in New York. (Id. ¶¶ 32-34.) The company was formally established in August 2004, by an “Operating Agreement”; is organized under the law of Delaware; and is authorized to conduct business in New York as a limited liability company. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 35.) Under the Operating Agreement, Siemens and Schlesinger would split SSE profits 50%-50%, but Siemens retained control over SSE with a 51% member interest as compared to Schlesinger’s 49% interest. (Id. ¶¶ 36, 48; Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 5 n. 6.) SII, SEA, Deurlein, Volande, Krutemeier, and SSE are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Siemens Defendants.” Defendant Robert Rigsby (“Rigsby”), another Georgia resident, was general counsel to Siemens during the relevant period. (Compl. ¶ 16.) Defendants Schlesinger and Alison Consulting Group, Inc. (“Alison”) are New York corporations involved in the construction industry in New York, mostly in contracting, consulting, or accounting roles. (See id. ¶¶ 1, 10-12, 21, 23, 94-95, 150A.) Defendant First Keystone is a Pennsylvania corporation also involved in the construction industry in New York. (See id.) Defendant Jacob Levita (“Levita”) is the president of Schlesinger. (Id. ¶ 11.) Defendant Robert Solomon (“Solomon”) is the principal officer of First Keystone. (Id. ¶ 10.) Defendant Joseph Guddemi (“Guddemi”) is a principal of Alison. (Id. ¶ 12.) Levita, Solomon, and Guddemi are all New York residents. (Id. ¶¶ 10-12.) Schlesinger and Levita are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Schlesinger Defendants.” First Keystone and Solomon are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “First Keystone Defendants.” Alison and Guddemi are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Alison Defendants.” Not a party to this action is SFD Associates (“SFD”). SFD was a joint venture of Schlesinger, First Keystone, and DDR, formed in August, 2004, simultaneously with SSE. (Id. ¶ 36.) B. The Parties’ Relationships and the Litigation in Queens Between 2001 and 2004, Weiner assisted in arranging four construction project bids for Siemens, to be performed in collaboration with various New York construction industry entities including Schlesinger and First Keystone. (Id. ¶ 21.) By the spring of 2004, Weiner apparently desired to create a more formal relationship with Siemens. In August of 2004, therefore, two companies were formed. The first was SSE, a combination of Siemens and Schlesinger authorized to do business in New York as a limited liability company. (Id. ¶ 14). The second was SFD, a joint venture among Schlesinger, First Keystone, and DDR, through which those entities would (1) assist in the bidding and performing of Schlesinger’s part of SSE projects, and (2) split any profits Schlesinger earned from those projects in equal thirds. (Id. ¶ 36; Weiner Aff. Ex. A ¶¶ 1, 21). Under SSE’s Operating Agreement, Schlesinger was permitted to make two appointments to SSE’s five-member board of managers; one of those appointments was Weiner. (Compl. ¶¶ 51-52.) In January of 2004, before either SFD or SSE had been created, Schlesinger, First Keystone, and DDR collaborated in performing electrical work for an NYC-DEP project on Coney Island (the “Coney Island Project” or the “Coney Island Partnership”). (Id. ¶¶ 23, 25.) The bid for this project was formally made by a fifty-fifty joint venture between Schlesinger and First Keystone; First Keystone and DDR had a separate agreement by which they would split equally First Keystone’s profits on the project. (Id. ¶ 25.) In the spring of 2005, DDR accused Schlesinger and First Keystone of withholding some $300,000 allegedly owed to it. (Id. ¶ 28.) DDR demanded an accounting, but no accounting was performed. (Id. ¶¶ 29-30.) Thereafter, Schlesinger and First Keystone allegedly began scheming to oust DDR from SFD. (Id. ¶¶ 89-91, 96.) First, on September 14, 2005, First Keystone and Schlesinger requested DDR to pay $100,000 to SFD as a “capital call” by the next day; and when DDR neither attended the next day’s meeting nor came up with the funds, Schlesinger and First Keystone informed DDR that it would be excluded from SFD profits. (Id. ¶¶ 119,121— 122). Second, on September 16, 2005, Weiner was replaced on the SSE board of managers by Levita, either after his resignation or after being forced out by Schlesinger and First Keystone. (Id. ¶¶ 100-101, 136.) Siemens, and specifically, Deurlein, allegedly knew of Schlesinger and First Keystone’s wrongful conduct but took no action to stop it. (Id. ¶¶ 105, 115-116, 126, 133.) The parties entered litigation in December of 2005 when the First Keystone Defendants sued DDR in New York Supreme Court in Queens. First Keystone (1) alleged that DDR had obtained certain profits from the Coney Island Project by fraud; and (2) sought a declaratory judgment that DDR was not entitled to share in profits SFD obtained through Schlesinger’s membership interest in SSE. (Id. ¶ 31); see First Keystone Consultants, Inc. v. DDR Constr. Seros., No. 27095 2005, 22 Misc.3d 1102(A), 880 N.Y.S.2d 223 (Table), 2008 WL 5431379 at *1 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Dec. 15, 2008). DDR counterclaimed against the First Keystone Defendants and asserted third-party claims against the Schlesinger Defendants for inter alia breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and unjust enrichment; and also sought accountings and dissolutions of the Coney Island Project and of SFD. (Kalish Deck Ex. S ¶¶ 87-132.) DDR also asserted these claims, as well as fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud, constructive trust, tortious interference with contractual relations, and tortious interference with prospective economic advantages, against SSE. (Bhoumik Deck Ex. B (the “Queens Comph”) ¶¶ 144-195); First Keystone Consultants, Inc. v. DDR Constr. Seros., No. 27095 2005, 25 Misc.3d 1217(A), 901 N.Y.S.2d 906 (Table), 2009 WL 3415282, at *1 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Oct. 5, 2009). On November 24, 2008, the Supreme Court, Queens County (Hart, J.) granted DDR “summary judgment as to DDR’s entitlement to an accounting” of SFD. (O’Connor Deck Ex. F at 4.) Then on November 26, 2008, that court enjoined First Keystone and Schlesinger from disbursing SFD funds. (Id. at 14.) Almost one year later, on October 5, 2009, the court dismissed all of DDR’s claims against SSE on the ground that DDR’s pleading failed to state a cause of action pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(7), and dismissed DDR’s breach of fiduciary duty claim against SSE on the additional ground that SSE had a defense founded upon documentary evidence pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(1). First Keystone, 2009 WL 3415282, at *3-4. As to the fiduciary duty claim, the court held that the SSE Operating Agreement and the SFD Joint Venture Agreement demonstrated that no fiduciary relationship existed between SSE and DDR. Id. at *3. After dismissing the remaining causes of action for failing to state claims under N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(7), the court denied DDR’s cross-motion for an order appointing a referee to conduct an accounting of SFD stating that DDR had already had ample opportunity for discovery. Id. at *5. On June 22, 2010, the Appellate Division, Second Department, affirmed the Supreme Court’s dismissal of all claims against SSE. First Keystone Consultants, Inc. v. DDR Constr. Servs., 74 A.D.3d 1135, 1137-39, 904 N.Y.S.2d 113 (NYApp. Div.2010). However, the Second Department reversed the lower court’s denial of the appointment of a referee for an accounting, stating: “the referees appointed by the Supreme Court in its prior orders ... never conducted such an accounting. DDR was a partner in SFD Associates, and is entitled to an accounting of that joint venture.” Id. at 1139, 904 N.Y.S.2d 113. ■ C. SSE’s Alleged Criminal Acts In 2005, SSE won bids for at least three NYCDEP projects including the “26th Ward Project,” the ‘Wards Island Project,” and the “Croton Facility Project.” (Compl. ¶¶ 80-83, 85.) However, in preparing its bids and performing the contracts, SSE allegedly engaged in broad-scale fraudulent activity “caus[ing] enormous harm to the profitability of the [projects].” (Id. ¶ 179.) For example, DDR alleges that SSE manipulated New York City’s Minority Business Entity (“MBE”) program, New York City Administrative Code § 6-129, by creating sham transactions in order to claim MBE credit. According to DDR, Siemens and Schlesinger caused an electrical subcontractor, J & R Rey Electrical (“JR”), to accept funds from Schlesinger and use those funds to purchase electrical equipment from Siemens. (Compl. ¶¶ 152-155.) SSE then counted JR’s costs in those purchases against its MBE requirements. (Id.) SSE thus charged at least $320,000 of fraudulent expenses incurred by JR in equipment purchases against the 26th Ward Project, along with at least $100,000 in legal fees in preparation for litigation with JR and “enormous” amounts in preparation for investigations by “several” State agencies. (Id. ¶¶ 150(a), 158, 159.) In order to secure JR’s cooperation, Siemens, Schlesinger, Deurlein, and Levita allegedly put financial pressure on JR and forced JR to hire SSE’s accountant Guddemi, nominally as an electrician, but in reality as a “fox guarding the henhouse.” (Id. ¶¶ 188-192.) The over $86,000 paid to Guddemi was also charged against the 26th Ward Project between January 2006 and January 2008. (Id. ¶ 194.) Additionally, through his position Guddemi was able to secure “enormous” profits for his company, Alison, which were all hidden from the Internal Revenue Service. (Id. ¶ 195). DDR also alleges that SSE, Siemens, Schlesinger, and First Keystone defrauded NYCDEP by forging documents in order to meet NYCDEP’s requirement that SSE employ a “Master Electrician” full time. (Id. ¶¶ 160-163.) Allegedly, between July of 2006 and April of 2008, SSE paid one Bronislav Ostrovsky (“Ostrovsky”) at least $36,000 to serve as SSE’s Master Electrician, but Ostrovsky was actually employed by another contractor, Five Star Electric, Inc., during that period. (Id. ¶¶ 163-170.) Not only were SSE’s payments to Ostrovsky charged to the 26th Ward Project so as to diminish the Project’s value, but, as with the MBE scheme, SSE has incurred “extraordinary costs and fees” due to State investigations of the Ostrovsky payments. (Id. ¶¶ 150(c), 166.) Finally, DDR makes several more general allegations including that SSE management along with Schlesinger and First Keystone (1) wrongfully diverted SSE funds to themselves; (2) intentionally falsified and confused SSE records; and (3) engaged in widespread nepotism. (See id. ¶¶ 182A-F.) D. This Litigation As described supra, on October 5, 2009, Justice Hart dismissed all of DDR’s claims pending against SSE in the Queens Action. First Keystone, 2009 WL 3415282, at *3^4. Then on November 17, 2009, DDR filed its complaint in this action. The complaint includes eight counts. First is a RICO claim. Then come several state law claims, confusingly based sometimes on one, sometimes on another, sometimes on both, and sometimes on neither version of its allegations as to the structure of the business entities so far described. The two structures can be summarized as follows: • The “DDR-in-SFD Entity”: In this version, described, inter alia, in Count Two, compl. ¶ 235, SSE is a joint venture. The joint venturers in SSE are Siemens and Schlesinger. SFD is another joint venture. The joint venturers in SFD are Schlesinger, First Keystone, and DDR. By virtue of the “Pre-Bidding and Joint Venture Agreement of SFD Associates,” DDR, as well as Schlesinger and First Keystone, each own one-third of Schlesinger’s one-half property interest in SSE. • The “DDR-in-SSE Entity”: In this version, described, inter alia, in Count Three, compl. ¶237, SSE is again a joint venture. But the joint venturers in SSE are Siemens, Schlesinger, First Keystone, and DDR. The existence of SFD is ignored in this version of DDR’s claims. The following two charts represent these entities graphically: “DDR-Ih-SFD* “DDR-in-SSE* DDR’s first count is for civil RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), against defendants SEA, Schlesinger, First Keystone, Deurlein, Volande, Krutemeier, Levita, Solomon, Rigs-by, and Guddemi. DDR alleges that those defendants ran SSE’s affairs though a pattern of racketeering activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c); and additionally that Siemens is separately liable for maintaining its interest in and controlling SSE through a pattern of racketeering activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(b). (Compl. ¶¶ 223-224.) As predicate racketeering activity, DDR points to the JR scheme, the payments to Guddemi and Ostrovsky, and the uses and transfers of the funds obtained thereby. (Id. ¶¶ 216-221.) DDR claims as damages the financial harm caused to SSE’s NYCDEP Projects by this conduct. (Id. ¶ 227.) These harms include (1) the payments and losses charged against the 26th Ward Project; (2) the legal costs incurred in preparing for and defending State investigations; and (3) the risk that those investigations threaten the very existence of SSE. (Id. ¶¶ 222, 228-230.) DDR’s second count is for a declaratory judgment that “[SSE] is and was a joint venture between [Siemens] and Schlesinger with the constituent venturers in SFD each owning 1/3 of the property interest of Schlesinger in the [SSE] venture.” (Id. ¶ 235.) Third, DDR alleges state law breach of fiduciary duty claims against defendants Siemens, Schlesinger, and First Keystone. (Id. ¶¶ 241-242.) The duty arises from DDR’s alleged rights as a joint venturer with Siemens, Schlesinger, and First Keystone in SSE. (Id. ¶ 237 (“As joint venture partners, [Siemens], Schlesinger, and [First Keystone] owed common law and statutory duties of fidelity and loyalty to DDR, ... to not deprive DDR of the benefits of its partnership rights in SSE.”).) Fourth, DDR asserts fraud against defendants SEA, Schlesinger, First Keystone, Levita, and Solomon and claims not less than $10 million in damages. (Id. ¶¶244, 250.) This fraud was that those defendants omitted information relevant to their alleged racketeering activity in documents provided to DDR in both its capacity (1) as joint venturer in SSE; and (2) as counterclaimant in the Queens Action. (Id. ¶¶ 244-247.) The at least $10 million in damages allegedly resulted from DDR and Weiner’s time and effort spent working on SSE bids and projects. (Id. ¶ 248.) Fifth, DDR asserts unjust enrichment against all defendants, claiming that defendants wrongfully distributed to themselves as much as $3 million from SSE, and that those funds should be returned to SSE and redistributed to SSE’s joint venturers. (Id. ¶¶ 252-255.) DDR alleges that all defendants are liable because “they participated in and profited from the wrongful expropriation of joint venture funds, and obtained money that in equity and good conscience should not have been obtained.” (Id. ¶ 256.) Sixth, DDR asserts “civil conspiracy” against SEA, Schlesinger, First Keystone, Deurlein, Volande, Krutemeier, Schlesinger, Levita, First Keystone, Solomon, Rigsby, and Guddemi. (Id. ¶ 259.) Without identifying any specifics, the complaint essentially states that those defendants had a common and malicious intent to harm SSE and DDR, and that those defendants carried out the acts supporting the first five counts. Seventh, DDR asserts conversion against all defendants, claiming that defendants wrongfully distributed to themselves an undetermined amount of funds from SSE, and that those funds should be placed in constructive trust for the benefit of DDR. (Id. ¶¶ 264-270.) Eighth and finally, DDR asserts negligence and negligent entrustment against SEA. DDR alleges that Siemens managed SSE’s finances — funds to which DDR was entitled to a one-sixth portion pursuant to the SFD and SSE agreements — and that Siemens failed to “prevent and detect” the conduct already described. (Id. ¶¶ 272-279.) DDR claims this negligence “created an unreasonable risk of harm to DDR’s property interests” in the NYCDEP Projects, and that that allowed upwards of $1.4 million to be embezzled from SSE. On December 24, 2009, the First Keystone Defendants filed their answer to the complaint and counterclaimed against DDR for (1) breach of contract entitling the First Keystone Defendants to $50,000 they were required to provide SSE when DDR failed to meet the September 2005 capital call; (2) fraud and breach of fiduciary duty entitling them to $75,000, which represents one-sixth of an amount SSE would allegedly have saved in equipment purchases had Weiner not delayed certain purchases; and (3) for the costs the First Keystone Defendants have expended in defending this suit. (First Keystone Defs.’ Answer ¶¶ 201-203.) The Siemens Defendants, the Schlesinger Defendants, the Alison Defendants, and Rigsby have each filed their own motion to dismiss. In response, DDR opposed the motions to dismiss and additionally cross-moved (1) to strike the First Keystone Defendants’ answer and dismiss their counterclaims; (2) for sanctions against the First Keystone Defendants; and (3) for leave to seek sanctions against the Schlesinger Defendants. DDR has also submitted a letter seeking leave to amend its complaint in light of documents allegedly newly revealed resulting from certain Freedom of Information Act requests and rulings in the pending state court accounting proceeding. II. DISCUSSION A. Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss On a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) the Court accepts as true all factual allegations in the complaint and draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. In re DDAVP Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litigation, 585 F.3d 677, 692 (2d Cir.2009). The complaint’s allegations, however, “must be enough to raise a right of relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955,167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Only a “plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” LaFaro v. New York Cardiothoracic Group, PLLC, 570 F.3d 471, 476 (2d Cir.2009). Thus courts are “not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” and “[tjhreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. —, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949-50, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Four motions to dismiss are currently pending, covering all defendants except First Keystone and Solomon. The Court addresses each of the several asserted grounds for dismissal in turn. 1. Procedural Issues a. Colorado River Abstention All moving defendants argue that the “Colorado River abstention doctrine” requires this Court to dismiss the present action because DDR is litigating its entitlement to the anticipated profits from SSE’s NYCDEP contracts in the Queens Action. Defendants argue, “[a] ruling in the Queens Action that DDR is not entitled to any profits from the SFD partnership would moot the instant lawsuit since DDR would be unable to sustain a claim for damages.” (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 12.) “The doctrine of abstention, under which a District Court may decline to exercise or postpone the exercise of its jurisdiction, is an extraordinary and narrow exception to the duty of a District Court to adjudicate a controversy properly before it.” Colorado River Water Conservation Disk v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 813, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). Unlike other abstention doctrines related to “considerations of proper constitutional adjudication and regard for federal-state relations,” Colorado River abstention “rest[s] on considerations of wise judicial administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and comprehensive disposition of litigation.” Id. at 817, 96 S.Ct. 1236. However, “[although duplicative litigation as between federal courts is ordinarily to be avoided, ... the pendency of an action in [ ] state court is no bar to proceedings concerning the same matter in [ ] Federal court ... [due to] the virtually unflagging obligation of the federal courts to exercise the jurisdiction given them.” Woodford v. Cmty. Action Agency of Greene Cnty., Inc., 239 F.3d 517, 522 (2d Cir.2001) (citing Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 817, 96 S.Ct. 1236). Thus Colorado River abstention permits dismissal only in the rare case when (1) the relevant state and federal actions are “concurrent” or “parallel” and (2) evaluation of a six-factor test weighs in favor of abstention. Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 16, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). The circumstances permitting dismissal are extremely limited, and “the balance [must be] heavily weighted in favor of the exercise of jurisdiction.” Id.; Jamaica Hosp. Med. Ctr. v. United Health Grp., Inc., 584 F.Supp.2d 489, 493 (E.D.N.Y.2008). “The Court’s task is not to find some substantial reason for the exercise of jurisdiction; rather, the task is to ascertain whether there exists exceptional circumstances, the clearest of justifications, that can suffice under Colorado River to justify the surrender of that jurisdiction.” Jamaica Hosp., 584 F.Supp.2d at 495 (emphasis in original). The threshold question in Colorado River abstention analysis is whether the state and federal actions at issue are “parallel.” Dittmer v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 146 F.3d 113, 118 (2d Cir.1998) (“[A] finding that the concurrent proceedings are ‘parallel’ is a necessary prerequisite to abstention under Colorado River.”); Farkas v. D’Oca, 857 F.Supp. 300, 303 (S.D.N.Y.1994) (“If the state and federal proceedings are not concurrent Colorado River abstention is unquestionably not appropriate.”). “Suits are parallel when substantially the same parties are contemporaneously litigating substantially the same issue in another forum.” Dittmer, 146 F.3d at 118 (quoting Day v. Union Mines Inc., 862 F.2d 652, 655 (7th Cir.1988)). “Complete identity of parties and claims are not required.” Stone v. Patchett, No. 08 Civ. 5171, 2009 WL 1108596, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2009). However, resolution of the state action must “dispose of all claims presented in the federal case.” Id. (emphasis in original). Defendants’ arguments for parallelism are (1) that DDR asserts fraud and fiduciary duty claims both here and in the Queens Action; and (2) that resolution of the question whether DDR is entitled to SFD profits, a question pending in the Queens Action, will dispose of DDR’s claims in this case. (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 13-14.) These arguments are misplaced. First, lawsuits are not parallel, and Cobrado River abstention is not appropriate, simply because some factual and legal issues involved in a later RICO action in federal court overlap with the issues involved in an earlier state court action. Wells Fargo Century, Inc. v. Hanakis, No. 04-CV-1381, 2005 WL 1523788, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. June 28, 2005) (“The mere existence of overlapping issues does not make the causes parallel.” (citing Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v. Young, No. 91 Civ. 2923, 1994 WL 88129, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 1994))). When “the nature of the claims” in question differs, cases are not parallel despite “the fact that both actions arise out of a similar set of circumstances.” Farkas, 857 F.Supp. at 303 (no parallelism when wife’s RICO claim alleged that marital assets were wrongfully diverted to husband’s mistress even though wife sought same property in state court action); see also New Beckley Mining Corp. v. Int’l Union, United Mine Workers of America, 946 F.2d 1072, 1074 (4th Cir.1991) (no parallelism when conduct supporting mining company’s RICO claim against union was identical to conduct supporting mining company’s state action against union for violations of state law because issues and claimed remedies were different); Carr v. Cimino, No. 4:01 CV 01258, 2001 WL 1471759, at *4 (N.D.Ohio Oct. 22, 2001) (no parallelism when, in addressing RICO claim, court confronted legal issues different from those confronted by state court in earlier state court partnership accounting action between same parties and involving same facts). Though this action involves much of the same factual material as the suit in state court in Queens, this action’s claims do not involve substantially the same legal issues as the claims remaining in the Queens Action; nor would resolution of the Queens Action dispose of all of DDR’s claims in this case. The mechanics and legal issues involved in the accounting of SFD, for example, turn on questions entirely different from, those governing the Court’s disposition of the RICO and other claims here. Moreover, how an accounting of SFD would resolve DDR’s ability to claim an ownership right in SSE (discussed infra) is unclear and defendants make no argument supporting that position. The Siemens Defendants argue that if Justice Hart “determines that DDR is not entitled to any of Schlesinger’s profits, DDR will not have suffered any injury.” (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 14.) However, DDR claims injuries here beyond those characterized by Siemens as arising out of Schlesinger’s profits. (See Compl. ¶250 (claiming $10 million in fraud damages), ¶ 253 (claiming $3 million in unjust enrichment damages).) Though related, the “nature of the claims” here and in the Queens Action is different. This action is, therefore, not parallel to the Queens Action, and Colorado River abstention is unwarranted. See Stone, 2009 WL 1108596, at *14. Abstention under Colorado River is unwarranted for the additional reason that invocation of that doctrine would dismiss several defendants — namely SEA, SII, Deurlein, Volande, Krutemeier, Rigs-by, Alison, and Guddemi — who are not parties to this Queens Action. Though abstention does not require that the parties in the relevant suits be identical, when dismissal of the federal proceeding would leave a defendant free from any proceeding on issues in question, abstention is unwarranted. Wells Fargo, 2005 WL 1523788, at *9 (noting that though state and federal actions “involve the same loans extended by Plaintiff, the fact that Hanakis is not a party to the State Court Action is a distinction far more significant than the similarity of subject matter.... [TJhat Hanakis would no longer be part of any action were the Court to abstain” precludes a finding that the two actions are parallel.). Defendants, collectively, cite three cases in discussing parallelism. None persuades the Court that this and the Queens Action are parallel. In In re Comverse Tech., Inc. Derivative Litig., No. 06-CV-1849, 2006 WL 3193709 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2006) the court found parallelism lacking because (1) it, as a federal court, had exclusive jurisdiction over plaintiffs Exchange Act claims so that those claims could not be brought at all in the state action; and (2) certain federal action defendants were not defendants in the state action. 2006 WL 3193709, at *2-3, & n. 1. It is true that RICO claims, unlike those under the Exchange Act, are maintainable in state court, Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 -U.S. 455, 457-58, 110 S.Ct. 792, 107 L.Ed.2d 887 (1990); but nowhere does Comverse suggest any rule that federal actions invoking federal law not exclusively confined to federal jurisdiction are parallel to state actions in which the relevant claims might have been brought. The court in Kingsway Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Pricewaterhousecoopers, LLP., 420 F.Supp.2d 228 (S.D.N.Y.2005), another Exchange Act case, found parallelism lacking for the same reason. Finally, in Bernstein v. Hosiery Mfg. Corp. ofMorganton, Inc., 850 F.Supp. 176 (E.D.N.Y. 1994), the court found plaintiffs federal action to enforce a New York Supreme Court judgment parallel to plaintiffs state action to do the same. 850 F.Supp. at 178-79. Bernstein is distinguishable, however, as the facts, causes of action, legal issues involved, and relief sought were identical between the two actions there, and no federal defendant was not named in the state action. Id. at 183. Defendants also cite several cases to argue that “[cjourts routinely dismiss [federal] cases on grounds that they are nothing more than a tactical response to an adverse ruling in a parallel state proceeding.” (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 16.) In each case cited, however, the court found the federal and state suits parallel. See American Disposal Servs., Inc. v. O’Brien, 839 F.2d 84, 88 (2d Cir.1988); Telesco v. Telesco Fuel & Masons’ Materials, Inc., 765 F.2d 356, 362 (2d Cir.1985); Mann v. Alvarez, No. 96 Civ. 2641, 1996 WL 535540, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 1996); Weinstock v. Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, 815 F.Supp. 127, 131 (S.D.N.Y. 1993); Best v. City of New York, 654 F.Supp. 208, 210 (S.D.N.Y.1986). Because this Court finds the federal and state proceedings not parallel, whether DDR’s disappointment in the Queens Action motivated DDR to bring this suit is irrelevant. Because the Court finds this action not parallel to the Queens Action, it need not consider whether the six Colorado River factors weigh in favor of dismissal of this case. b. Res Judicata The Siemens and Alison Defendants, and Rigsby, argue that DDR’s claims are barred by principles of res judicata. The argument invokes Justice Hart’s October 5, 2009 dismissal of all claims then pending in that case against SSE. (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 21.) Res judicata, or claim preclusion, prevents a party from relitigating claims brought to final judgment on the merits in an earlier action. Bd. of Managers of 195 Hudson Street Condominium v. Jeffrey M. Brown Assoc., 652 F.Supp.2d 463, 472 (S.D.N.Y.2009). The party invoking res judicata must demonstrate that “an earlier decision was (1) a final judgment on the merits, (2) by a court of competent jurisdiction, (3) in a ease involving the same parties or their privies, and (4) involving the same cause of action.” Esquire Trade Finance, Inc. v. CBQ, Inc., 562 F.3d 516, 520 (2d Cir.2009). A judgment or decision not on the case’s merits, however, has no preclusive effect for res judicata purposes. Joseph v. HDMJ Restaurant, Inc., 685 F.Supp.2d 312, -316 (E.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Cloverleaf Realty of New York, Inc. v. Town of Wawayanda, 572 F.3d 93, 95 (2d Cir.2009)). Whether a state court judgment was or was not on a case’s merits is determined by the rendering state’s law. Cloverleaf Realty, 572 F.3d at 95 (“Federal courts must give to a state-court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be given that judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered.”). Under New York law, a dismissal pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(7), for failure to state a cause of action, is presumptively not on a case’s merits and lacks res judicata effect; indeed a Rule 3211(a)(7) dismissal is only on a cases merits if the rendering court explicitly says so. Pretzel Time, Inc. v. Pretzel Int’l, Inc., No. 98 Civ. 1544, 1998 WL 474075, at *3, *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 1998) (“C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(7) ... decisions are not on the merits for res judicata purposes unless the court expressly says so.”); see also Pereira v. St. Joseph’s Cemetery, 78 A.D.3d 1141, 912 N.Y.S.2d 121, 122 (N.Y.App.Div. 2010) (“[A] dismissal for failure to state a cause of action is not on the merits and, thus, will not be given res judicata effect.”); Djoganopoulos ■ v. Polkes, 67 A.D.3d 726, 727, 889 N.Y.S.2d 213 (N.Y.App.Div.2009) (dismissal under Rule 3211(a)(7) for inadequate factual pleading in the complaint “not on the merits, and the doctrine of res judicata does not apply”). Justice Hart’s October 5, 2009 opinion, dismissed all of DDR’s claims then pending against SSE. But other than for breach of fiduciary duty, Justice Hart dismissed all the claims solely pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(7), and without stating that the dismissals were on the merits. Moreover, though the Siemens Defendants assure the Court that Justice Hart’s issued his opinion “after careful analysis of the facts alleged in DDR’s [complaint], [SSE’s] Operating Agreement, and applicable New York law,” (Siemens Defs.’ Reply at 11), a review of that opinion, and of the Second Department’s opinion affirming it, demonstrates that Justice Hart only reviewed documentary evidence to dismiss the fiduciary duty claim. Because these dismissals were on Rule 3211(a)(7) grounds, they lack preclusive effect for purposes of res judicata. Djoganopoulos, 67 A.D.3d at 726, 889 N.Y.S.2d 213. On the other hand, Justice Hart’s dismissal of DDR’s fiduciary duty claim against SSE was pursuant to both Rules 3211(a)(7) and 3211(a)(1). Rule 3211(a)(1) allows dismissal on the ground that “a defense is founded upon documentary evidence.” N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(1). And unlike 3211(a)(7) dismissals, those based on Rule 3211(a)(1) and supporting documentary evidence are on the case’s merits. See Feigen v. Advance Capital Mgmt. Corp., 146 A.D.2d 556, 557-58, 536 N.Y.S.2d 786 (N.Y.App.Div.1989) (finding prior 3211(a)(1) and (a)(7) dismissal on the merits because lower court had dismissed claim based on review of relevant contract). Thus the fiduciary duty claim’s dismissal was a merits determination, and res judicata would bar relitigation of a breach of fiduciary duty claim against SSE in this action. DDR, however, does not bring any breach of fiduciary duty claim against SSE and instead asserts this claim only against Siemens, Schlesinger and First Keystone. While res judicata might not go to preclusion of DDR’s claims against these defendants, as the Court concludes in the next section, collateral estoppel does. c. Collateral Estoppel The Siemens Defendants argue that DDR’s claims for declaratory judgment, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence are collaterally estopped. The Alison Defendants and Rigsby, implicated only in the declaratory judgment claim, join in this argument. Specifically, defendants contend that in dismissing the fiduciary duty claim against SSE, Justice Hart ruled that SSE and SFD were not joint venturers and that DDR was not otherwise a joint venturer or member in SSE; and that therefore any claim requiring an affirmative answer on the issue whether DDR was or is a member of or joint venturer in SSE should be dismissed. (Siemens Defs.’ Mem. at 30-31.) Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, bars a party from relitigating in a subsequent proceeding an issue of fact or law that was clearly raised in a prior action where the party to be precluded ... had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, and a decision on that issue was necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits. Environmental Defense v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 369 F.3d 193, 202 (2d Cir.2004). The party invoking collateral estoppel must demonstrate that “(1) the identical issue was raised in a previous proceeding; (2) the issue was actually litigated and decided in the previous proceeding; (3) the party had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue; and (4) the resolution of the issue was necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits.” Indagro S.A. v. Bauche SA., 652 F.Supp.2d 482, 486 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Simon, 310 F.3d 280, 288-89 (2d Cir.2002)). Because of the “strong public policies] in economizing the use of judicial resources by avoiding relitigation,” a district court may consider whether collateral estoppel bars relitigation of any issue connected to any of a plaintiffs claims sua sponte. Doe v. Pfrommer, 148 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir.1998). As described supra, DDR asserts claims predicated on sometimes one and sometimes on another version of the business structure between the parties involved in this action. In the “DDR-in-SFD Entity” DDR is a joint venturer with Schlesinger and First Keystone in SFD; and DDR is indirectly entitled to one-third of Schlesinger’s profits arising from Schlesinger’s interest in SSE. In the “DDR-in-SSE Entity” DDR is directly entitled to a share of SSE profits as a joint venturer or LLC member with Schlesinger, First Keystone, and Siemens in SSE. In his October 5, 2009 opinion, Justice Hart wrote: “DDR did not allege sufficient facts showing that it was a partner or a fellow member with SSE. Moreover, the documentary evidence in this ease such as SSE’s operating agreement and SFD’s joint venture agreement establishes that DDR lacked such status.” First Keystone, 2009 WL 3415282, at *3 (emphasis added). Affirming that ruling, the Second Department stated: “[T]he documentary evidence ... conclusively established that DDR was not a member of SSE..... DDR’s argument that it was an intended third-party beneficiary of the SSE operating agreement was also refuted by the documentary evidence.” First Keystone, 74 A.D.3d at 1137, 904 N.Y.S.2d 113. These rulings now preclude DDR from claiming status as a partner, member, or joint venturer in SSE. Whether DDR was a member or partner in SSE for the purposes of its fiduciary duty claim against SSE in state court is identical to whether DDR was a member or partner is SSE for the purposes of its claims here. See 18 Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4421 (2d ed.2002) (when the controlling legal principals and the facts involved are the same, the issues are identical for purposes of claim preclusion). Resolution of the issue was also necessary to Justice Hart’s dismissal of DDR’s fiduciary duty claim. “An issue is necessary to a prior judgment for issue preclusion purposes if its disposition was the basis for the holding with respect to the issue and not mere dictum.” MTS, Inc. v. 200 East 87th Street Assocs., 899 F.Supp. 1180, 1184 (S.D.N.Y.1995); see also 18 Wright et al. § 4421 (invoked issue need not be but-for element supporting prior court’s decision; instead issue must be independently sufficient ground carefully considered by the prior court). The reasoning behind Justice Hart’s decision was (1) that the documentary evidence established that DDR was neither a member in SSE as an LLC nor a partner in SSE as an alleged joint venture; and (2) that therefore SSE and DDR were not in a fiduciary relationship. First Keystone, 2009 WL 3415282, at *3. DDR 'not being a partner or member in SSE was the basis for Justice Hart’s holding, and was thus necessary for Justice Hart’s judgment. In addition, as a dismissal pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3211(a)(1), the determination was final and on the merits. See Feigen, 146 A.D.2d at 558, 536 N.Y.S.2d 786. Finally, considering that the issue was necessary for Justice Hart’s decision, its seems highly unlikely that DDR did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue; in any event, DDR makes no argument that it. was denied such an opportunity. As the elements of collateral estoppel are thus met, DDR is precluded from relitigating the issue whether it was a member, partner, or otherwise a joint venturer in SSE. 2. Merits Issues a. RICO DDR’s first count is for RICO against the Schlesinger and First Keystone Defendants, SEA, Deurlein, Volande, Krutemeier, Guddemi, and Rigsby. All moving defendants’ argue that DDR cannot maintain its RICO claim because (1) its injury was not proximately caused by defendants’ conduct; and (2) it cannot claim as damages the anticipated diminution of profits on the principal contracts, as opposed to those losses presently realized. DDR responds that “[t]he unmistakable holding of the Second Circuit in Abrahams v. Young & Rubicam, Inc., 79 F.3d 234 (2d Cir.1996) and its progeny is that a plaintiff has standing to sue under RICO if he was the intended victim of a predicate act.” (PL’s Opp’n at 34 (emphasis added).) DDR also argues for proximate cause, again' citing Abrahams, by claiming that defendants intended that the conduct bring about the specific harms felt and that those harms are of the types the laws criminalizing the predicate acts are intended to prevent. (Id. at 37, 39-40.) “RICO provides a private cause of action for ‘[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter.’ ” Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New York, New York, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 983, 987, 175 L.Ed.2d 943 (2010) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c)). Standing under RICO requires that a plaintiff “plead, at a minimum, (1) the defendant’s violation of § 1962, (2) an injury to the plaintiffs business or property, and (3) causation of the injury by the defendant’s violation.” Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A, 318 F.3d 113, 120 (2d Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). Causation, in turn, requires that “the defendant’s injurious conduct is both the factual and the proximate cause of the injury alleged.” Id. at 120 (citing Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268, 112 S.Ct. 1311, 117 L.Ed.2d 532 (1992)); First Nationwide Bank v. Gelt Funding Corp., 27 F.3d ,763, 769 (2d Cir.1994) (RICO requires “a direct relationship between the plaintiffs injury and the defendant’s injurious conduct. This requires a showing not only that the defendant’s alleged RICO violation was the ‘but-for’ or cause-in-fact of his injury, but also that the violation was the legal or proximate cause.” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). Though no party cites it, the Supreme Court’s January 2010 decision in Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New York, New York, — U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 983, 175 L.Ed.2d 943 (2010) makes absolutely clear what is required to establish proximate cause in the RICO context, and what fails to meet that requirement. In that case Hemi, an online cigarette retailer based in New Mexico, was selling cigarettes to New York City residents. 130 S.Ct. at 987. New York State both levied a tax on cigarette sales and authorized New York City to impose its own similar tax; and the City did so. Id. When out-of-state vendors sold to in-state residents, however, it was the City’s burden to assess and recover the tax from consumers. Id. For assistance, the City relied upon the Jenkins Act, 63 Stat. 884, as amended by 69 Stat. 627. The Jenkins Act requires “out-of-state cigarette sellers to register and to file a report with [in-]state tobacco tax administrators listing the name, address, and quantity of cigarettes purchased by state residents.” Hemi Group, 130 S.Ct. at 987 (citing 15 U.S.C. §§ 375-378). The State and City, in turn, had an agreement to share information relating to cigarette tax revenues. Id. The City’s RICO claim was that Hemi sold cigarettes to City residents without filing Jenkins Act reports with the State; that these sales constituted a pattern of racketeering activity under RICO; and that the City lost tax revenues — its RICO “property” — by reason of that activity. Id. at 987-88. Assuming, without deciding, that Hemi’s activities constituted a pattern of racketeering activity, the Court held that the City did not have RICO standing because “any injury the City suffered” was not “’by reason of the alleged fraud.” Id. at 988 (quoting 18 U.S.C.1964(c)) (emphasis added). Reaffirming its decisions in Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 112 S.Ct. 1311, 117 L.Ed.2d 532 (1992), and Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 126 S.Ct. 1991, 164 L.Ed.2d 720 (2006), the Court stated, “[pjroximate cause for RICO purposes, we made clear, should be evaluated in light of its common-law foundations; proximate cause thus requires ‘some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.’ A link that is ‘too remote,’ ‘purely contingent,’ or ‘indirec[t]’ is insufficient.” Id. at 989 (quoting Holmes, 503 U.S. at 268, 271, 274, 112 S.Ct. 1311). The Court found the City’s claim insufficiently direct for two reasons. First, in failing to meet the standards articulated in Holmes, the damage to the City was not the “first step” of harm caused by Hemi’s conduct. Id. The “first step” harm was felt by the State as it was the State, not the City, that was deprived the information necessary to collect taxes by Hemi’s fraud. The City’s lost'tax revenues resulting from that deprivation required the Court to look beyond the “first step” harm and was therefore not sufficient to establish damages under RICO. Id. Second, in failing to meet the standards articulated in Anza, the City’s harm was caused by a set of actions ... entirely distinct from the alleged RICO violation. Id. at 990. Specifically, for Hemi’s fraud to harm the City, the City’s taxpayers had to make their own affirmative decision to not pay legally-required taxes. Id. In other words, “Hemi’s obligation was to file the Jenkins Act reports with the State, not the City, and the City’s harm was directly caused by the customers, not Hemi.” Id. Thus Hemi Group establishes twin requirements for RICO proximate causation: (1) the injury alleged must, generally, be the “first step” harm caused by the conduct invoked. Id. at 989 (the “general tendency of the law, in regard to damages at least, is not to go beyond the first step.” (emphasis added)). And (2) the alleged conduct must be “directly responsible” for the harm alleged rather than simply allowing that harm to come about more easily. Id. at 990. Though in Hemi Group the disconnect was between fraud on one non-party (the State) allowing a second non-party (the taxpayers) to more easily harm the plaintiff (the City), “direct responsibility” might be lacking even when the same party violating RICO — the defendant— also perpetrates the harm on the plaintiff. See Anza, 547 U.S. at 458-59, 126 S.Ct. 1991 (business rival defendant’s failure to charge state sales taxes, a. RICO violation, not responsible for its price slashing and thereby gain of a competitive advantage over plaintiff). At the same time, the majority of the Court explicitly rejected, as argued for by the dissent, any interpretation of RICO proximate cause that turned on (A) the alleged injury’s foreseeability; or (B) on the intent of the defendant in causing the injury; or (C) on whether the injury falls within the set of harms Congress meant to prevent by enacting RICO or the statutes whose violations form RICO “predicate acts.” Hemi Group, 130 S.Ct. at 991 (“If this line of reasoning sounds familiar it should. It is precisely the argument lodged against the majority opinion in Anza.”); see also id. at 996-97 (Breyer, J., dissenting). The Court also rejected the City’s attempts first to broadly define Hemi’s violation in order to assert a direct harm, and second to assert as fact in its complaint the legal conclusion that Hemi’s conduct “directly caused” its injury. Id. at 991-92. Finally, and without “opinfing] on whether” it would be possible, the Court “highlighted as relevant” to the inquiry the question “whether better situated plaintiffs would have an incentive to sue.” Id. at 990. The Courts of Appeals have addressed RICO proximate cause in light of Hemi Group only twice. In UFCW Local 1776 v. Eli Lilly and Co., 620 F.3d 121 (2d Cir.2010), “third-party payors,” or “TPPs,” alleged that the drug manufacturer Eli Lilly distributed false information about prescription drugs to physicians, who therefore prescribed Lilly’s drugs more often and at higher prices than they otherwise would, in turn causing the TTPs to overpay reimbursement costs for those drugs. 620 F.3d at 134. The Second Circuit rejected the TPPs’ characterization of the facts, and ruled proximate cause lacking. The court found the factual situation better stated as: Lilly distributes misinformation about Zyprexa, physicians rely upon the misinformation and prescribe Zyprexa, TPPs relying on the advice of PBMs and their Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees place Zyprexa on their formularies as approved drugs, TPPs fail to negotiate the price of Zyprexa below the level set by Lilly, and TPPs overpay for Zyprexa. Id. Thus, without the independent actions of several parties unaffiliated with Lilly the TPPs’ would not have been harmed, and TPPs’ injury was not proximately caused by Lilly’s fraud. Id. The Ninth Circuit found an even greater disconnect in Couch v. Cate, 379 FedAppx. 560 (9th Cir.2010). In that case, inter alia, a prison guard argued that his physical and emotional injuries, related financial costs, and a subsequent inability to find employment, were proximately caused by the California Department of Correction’s (“CDC”) policy of providing preferential treatment to certain prisoner’s known as “peacekeepers” in return for those prisoner’s disciplining of the inmate population at large. Couch, 379 Fed.Appx. at 566; see Couch v. Cate, No. CV F 08-1621, 2009 WL 307279, at *2, *25 (E.D.Cal. Feb. 6, 2009). Invoking their “authority,” the peacekeepers had attacked a certain inmate and the prison guard plaintiff intervened, sustaining physical and emotional injuries. Couch, 2009 WL 307279, at *2. Relying on Hemi Group and the lower court’s finding that plaintiffs injuries resulted not from the CDC’s policy but from the realities of his occupation, the Ninth Circuit found, inter alia, plaintiffs theory of causation “far too attenuated to confer standing” under RICO. Couch, 379 Fed.Appx. at 566. With this slim guidance, the Court is left with two essential lessons from Hemi Group. First, a theory of causation that either (A) requires the Court to look much beyond the “first step” of harm caused, or (B) in which the alleged violation is not “directly responsible” for the injury but rather allows it to have occurred more easily, cannot meet RICO’s standing requirements. Hemi Group, 130 S.Ct. at 989-90. And second, that theories of causation based on foreseeability, on intention, or on whether the injury alleged is of the type Congress meant to protect, are not sufficient for standing under RICO. Id. at 991. DDR’s arguments on proximate cause fail because (1) the Supreme Court in Hemi Group explicitly rejected all three of the measures of proximate causation DDR invokes; and (2) DDR’s injury is insufficiently direct for the two reasons explained in that case. First, DDR’s injuries caused by defendants’ conduct were, at best, harm in the fourth step. DDR can claim its injury only as a partner in SFD and not as a member or partner in SSE; for the reasons discussed supra, DDR is collaterally estopped from alleging partnership or membership in SSE. And any harm to the value of SSE’s NYCDEP contracts caused by payments to JR, Ostrovsky, or Guddemi was felt first by SSE, not by DDR. Before DDR can claim injury, the harm must flow through SSE; then to Schlesinger as a member in SSE; then to' SFD pursuant to Schlesinger’s relationship with SFD; and finally to DDR as a partner in SFD. As in Hemi Group, “[bjecause [DDR’s] theory of causation requires [the Court] to move well beyond the first step,” and indeed to the fourth step of the harm, “that theory cannot meet RICO’s direct relationship requirement.” 130 S.Ct. at 989. Second, DDR’s proximate cause theory fails because defendants’ RICO violations were not “directly responsible” for DDR’s injury. First, to the extent that the injury’s value equals amounts SSE has charged against the NYCDEP contracts in fighting investigations or litigation pursued by JR, these charges are of the type precisely rejected as a basis for proximate causation in Anza and Hemi Group. The alleged predicate acts, defrauding New York City concerning MBE and Master Electrician requirements and extorting JR, were not directly responsible for the investigation and litigation expenses. Instead the decisions of the City and JR to pursue those avenues are the acts directly responsible for SSE’s incurring of the related expenses. As “the cause of [DDR’s] harm was a set of actions [ (charging expenses against the contract accounts) ] entirely distinct from the alleged RICO violation (defrauding the [City and extorting JR]) [t]he alleged violation ... [did] not le[a]d directly to the plaintiffs injuries.” Hemi Group, 130 S.Ct. at 990 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The same is true regarding the direct costs of the activities. For DDR to have felt any injury, several intervening acts share responsibility with defendants’ pursuit of the JR and Ostrovsky schemes. For example, SSE — not facing a RICO claim from DDR — must have decided to charge the costs of its members’ RICO-violating schemes against the NYCDEP contracts as opposed to elsewhere. Again, merely because defendants’ predicate acts created a situation in which DDR sustained injury does not satisfy RICO’s standing requirement; defendant’s acts must instead have direct responsibility for the injury. Id. Finally, there are several other parties with an incentive to sue for the violations described. As the direct target of the predicate schemes, the City seems to have such an incentive. Moreover, as any harm felt by DDR would be felt equally by Schlesinger and First Keystone as co-partners in SFD, those parties would have incentive to sue Siemens and its officers as well. Indeed, the only difference between DDR’s position and that of Schlesinger and First Keystone is that DDR was, allegedly, forced out of SFD. But DDR’s expulsion, or withdrawal, from SFD is not claimed as a predicate act, nor does it seem it could be. Any extra injury to DDR, not felt by Schlesinger or First Keystone, was caused by that act — its expulsion from SFD — and not by the predicate acts DDR relies on to support its RICO claim. Thus, DDR’s injury is not caused by the predicate RICO acts, but instead of by facts “entirely distinct” from those violations. The cases and arguments DDR invokes to avoid this result are inapposite. DDR does not discuss Hemi Group, Anza, or Holmes, or any of the requirements contained in those cases. Instead DDR focuses on foreseeability, defendants’ intent, and whether the predicate act statutes are meant to prevent the predicate acts alleged. But as the Supreme Court in Hemi Group explicitly rejected these three measures of proximate cause, DDR arguments based on them have no force. See 130 S.Ct. at 991. Furthermore, the cases cited by DDR either provide no support for its position or else the rules stated in those cases were overruled by Hemi Group. See Baisch v. Gallina, 346 F.3d 366, 374-75 (2d Cir.2003) (Second Circuit finding proximate causation in the three specific measures rejected in Hemi Group); Abrahams, 79 F.3d at 238 (not intended target); In re American Express Co. Shareholder Litig., 39 F.3d 395, 399-400 (2d Cir.1994) (same); Hecht v. Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 897 F.2d 21, 24 (2d Cir.1990) (same); Sperber v. Boesky, 849 F.2d 60, 65-66 (2d Cir.1988) (not foreseeable result). Finally, at oral argument DDR pointed to the Court to Sykes v. Mel Harris and Associates, LLC, 757 F.Supp.2d 413, 2010 WL 5395712 (S.D.N.Y.2010), for the proposition that “[t]here is no requirement that [DDR] be directly harmed.” (Tr. of Hr’g of Feb. 3, 2011 (“Oral Arg. Tr.”), at 49.) In that case defendants bought portfolios of defaulted debts and then sued plaintiff debtors in New York state court, bringing over 100,000 actions over the course of three years. Sykes, 757 F.Supp.2d at 419, 2010 WL 5395712, at *2. After paying a process server to “attempt” to serve process, but never actually finding out whether process had been served, defendants filed for default judgments. Id. After obtaining those judgments, defendants would use them to freeze plaintiffs’ bank accounts and other property, and garnish plaintiffs’ wages. Id. at 420, at *3. The court found that those injuries were proximately caused by the alleged fraudulent conduct. Id. at 427, at *9. While it is true that Sykes does not explicitly state that proximate cause under RICO requires any direct harm, see id. at 425, 427, at *6, *9, the causation in that case satisfies Hemi Group’s requirements. The first harm after the alleged predicate acts — defendants’ enforcement of fraudulently-obtained default judgments against plaintiffs, id. at 427, at *9 — was that plaintiffs’ accounts were frozen and that plaintiffs were otherwise deprived of personal property. In addition, those injuries required no intervening conduct on the part of any third parties. Accordingly, reliance on Sykes does not rescue DDR’s RICO claim. Because DDR’s injury was not proximately caused by defendants’ alleged predicate acts, DDR’s civil RICO claim is dismissed in its entirety as against all Mov