Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’MOTIONS TO DISMISS THE INDIRECT PURCHASER COMPLAINT PAUL D. BORMAN, District Judge. This matter is before the Court on Defendants Reddy Ice Holdings, Inc. and Reddy Ice Corporation’s (“Reddy Ice”) Motion to Dismiss the Indirect Purchaser Plaintiffs’ Consolidated Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 207) and the joint motion of Defendants The Home City Ice Company (“Home City”) and Arctic Glacier Income Fund, Arctic Glacier Inc. and Arctic Glacier International, Inc. (“Arctic Glacier”) to Dismiss the Indirect Purchaser Plaintiffs’ Amended Class Action Complaint (Dkt. No. 208). The Indirect Purchaser Plaintiffs filed a joint brief in opposition to both motions to dismiss. (Dkt. No. 222.) Both Reddy Ice (Dkt. No. 230) and Home City and Arctic Glacier (Dkt. No. 231) filed replies. The Court held a hearing on March 8, 2011. For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the Defendants’ motions to dismiss. I. BACKGROUND This action is the lead case in the consolidated class action In Re Packaged Ice Antitrust Litig., No. 08-MD-01952. In this multidistrict litigation involving 68 consolidated actions, Plaintiffs are both direct purchasers (retail stores and gas stations who purchased from Defendants) and indirect purchasers (individuals who purchased from retail stores and gas stations) of packaged ice from Defendants in the United States. In this Opinion and Order, the Court addresses Defendants’ motions to dismiss the Indirect Purchasers’ Amended Class Action Complaint (“ACAC”). The Indirect Purchaser Plaintiffs (“IP Plaintiffs”) allege that Defendants Reddy Ice, Arctic Glacier and Home City conspired to allocate customers and markets throughout the United States, in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. The IP Plaintiffs’ ACAC seeks injunctive relief under the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 16, and also seeks compensatory damages (trebled where permitted) as well as punitive, exemplary and statutory damages under the antitrust and consumer protection laws of 30 (thirty) different states, a disgorgement of profits and costs and attorneys’ fees. The IP Plaintiffs also seek class certification pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. The Reddy Ice Defendants, and the Arctic Glacier and Home City Defendants now move to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ ACAC under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Arctic Glacier Income Fund and Arctic Glacier Inc. additionally move for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction. A. Procedural Background — The Multidistrict Litigation In 2008, a Department of Justice (“DOJ”) criminal antitrust investigation into the packaged ice industry in the United States surfaced via a search warrant execution and prosecutions. Multiple civil antitrust actions were subsequently filed against Reddy Ice, Arctic Glacier and Home City. On June 5, 2008, 560 F.Supp.2d 1359 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit.2008) Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (“MDL”) transferred all pending and subsequent related civil actions to this District, and ordered that they be assigned to this Court for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. (Transfer Order, Dkt. No. 1.) A total of 68 cases have been transferred and consolidated in accordance with the MDL Order. (Transfer Order, Conditional Transfer Orders 1-4, Dkt. Nos. 1, 9, 47, 70, 85.) Of the total cases filed and consolidated, the majority are direct purchaser actions filed by retail stores and gas stations. On July 1, 2010, this Court issued an Opinion and Order denying the Arctic Glacier and Reddy Ice Defendants’ motions to dismiss the direct purchaser class action, finding that the complaint stated a plausible claim for relief. In re Packaged Ice Antitrust Litig., 723 F.Supp.2d 987 (E.D.Mich.2010). On February 22, 2011, 2011 WL 717519, this Court granted Final Approval of a Class Action Settlement Agreement between Home City and the direct purchaser plaintiffs. (Dkt. No. 328.) A smaller percentage of the MDL cases, indirect purchaser actions, were filed by individuals who purchased packaged ice from retail stores and gas stations. On March 16, 2009, this Court held a hearing on motions to appoint interim lead counsel for both the direct (eleven motions) and indirect purchaser plaintiffs (two motions). On June 1, 2009, 2009 WL 1518428, this Court appointed a group comprised of Levitt and Kaiser, the Law Offices of Max Wild and The Perrin Law Firm as co-lead interim class counsel for the proposed Indirect Purchaser class. (Dkt. No. 175.) On July 17, 2009, the Court entered Case Management Order No. 1, directing the IP Plaintiffs to file a Consolidated Amended Complaint, setting forth deadlines for answering, moving or otherwise responding to the Consolidated Amended Complaint and for responding to any motions. (Dkt. No. 185.) On September 15, 2009, the IP Plaintiffs filed their ACAC. (Dkt. No. 199.) On November 23, 2009 the Reddy Ice Defendants (“Reddy Ice Mot./Br.”) and the Arctic Glacier and Home City Defendants (“AG Mot./Br.”) filed their motions to dismiss the ACAC. (Dkt. Nos. 207, 208.) On December 23, 2009, the IP Plaintiffs filed their combined response in opposition to the motions to dismiss. (Dkt. No. 222.) On January 22, 2010, Reddy Ice and Arctic Glacier and Home City filed their replies. (Dkt. Nos. 230, 231.) B. Factual Allegations 1. The Parties and the Claims Taking as true for purposes of this motion to dismiss the well-pleaded allegations of the IP Plaintiffs’ September 15, 2009 ACAC, the following factual matters are established. The named IP Plaintiffs and their state citizenship are: Linda Desmond and James Feeney (CA); Ron Miastkowski (FL); Perry Peka (IN); Lawrence J. Acker, Patrick Simasko and Wayne Stanford (MI); Brian W. Buttars (N.Y.); Amello Mancusi (a resident alien). The ACAC was filed approximately 18 months ago. The ACAC alleges the following claims: Count I-Section 1 of the Sherman Act (for injunctive relief only); Count II-Violation of State Statutes (Various Antitrust and Consumer Protection/Deeeptive Practices Acts/Consumer Fraud Statutes of 30 states): AZ (Antitrust & Consumer Protection Act); AK (Consumer Protection); CA (Cartwright Ach-Antitrusi/Restraint of Trade); DC (Antitrust and Consumer Protection); FL (Consumer Protection); ID (Consumer Protection Act); IA (Antitrust/Competition Law); KS (Antitrust and Consumer Protection); ME (Antitrust And Consumer Protection); MI (Antitrust and Consumer Protection); MN (Antitrust); MS (Antitrust); MT (Antitrust/Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection); NE (Junkin Act-Antitrust, Consumer Protection Act); NV (Antitrust/Unfair Trade Practices); NH (Antitrust, Consumer Protection); NJ (Consumer Fraud); NM (Antitrust and Unfair Trade Practices); NY (Donnelly Act>-Antitrust and Consumer Protection/Deeeptive Practices); NC (Antitrust and Unfair and Deceptive Practices); ND (Antitrust and Fraud/Misrepresentation Deceptive Practices); PA (Consumer Protection); RI (Consumer Protection); SD (Antitrust and Consumer Protection); TN (Antitrust); UT (Consumer Protection); VT (Consumer Protection); WV (Antitrust); WI (Antitrust) WY (Antitrust); Count III — Unjust Enrichment nationwide (no state statutes specified). The ACAC alleges that Reddy Ice is the largest manufacturer and distributor of packaged ice in the United States. According to the ACAC, Reddy Ice has over 80% of its packaged ice sales in territories where it is the leading manufacturer. ACAC ¶ 14. The ACAC alleges that Arctic Glacier is the second largest manufacturer and distributor of packaged ice in the United States. Arctic Glacier is and has been the leading manufacturer and distributor of packaged ice in the territories in which it operates. ACAC ¶ 15. The ACAC alleges that Home City is third largest manufacturer and distributor of packaged ice in the United States with sales that have grown to more than $80 million per year. ACAC ¶ 16. The IP Plaintiffs define the following proposed class of indirect purchasers: “All persons or other legal entities (excluding governmental entities, defendants, their officers, directors, subsidiaries or affiliates), who purchased packaged ice indirectly in the continental United States (except for the State of Ohio) and the District of Columbia between January 1, 2001 through March 6, 2008.” ACAC ¶ 18. The class is believed to number in the millions and the class members complain that they purchased packaged ice at artificially inflated prices because of Defendants’ wrongful conduct. ACAC ¶¶ 19-20. 2. The Structure of the Packaged Ice Industry The structural characteristics of the packaged ice industry are alleged in ¶¶ 24-32 of ACAC. The ACAC complains that direct customers of packaged ice, retailers such as supermarkets, mass merchants and convenience stores, are in a fiercely competitive industry and operate on slim margins with the ability to change prices to their customers frequently and cheaply. They cannot afford to absorb price increases and remain profitable. Therefore, they typically pass on entire price increases to their customers, such as the IP Plaintiffs and the class, rapidly after they receive them from manufacturers. ACAC ¶ 33. 3. Allegations as to the Illegal Market Behavior of the Defendants According to the ACAC, on June 7, 2008, Thomas E. Sedler, President and Chief Executive Officer of Home City, on behalf of Home City, pled guilty to violating Section 1 of the Sherman Act and swore under oath, before the Honorable Herman J. Weber, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (Western Division) that: [S]ince 2001, [defendant] participated in a conspiracy among packaged ice producers, the primary purpose of which was to allocate customers and territories of packaged ice sold in southeastern Michigan and the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. In furtherance of the conspiratorial activity, the defendant, through its officers and employees, primarily through its deceased vice president of sales and marketing, engaged in discussions and attended meetings with representatives of other packaged ice producers. During these discussions and meetings, agreements were reached to allocate customers and territories of packaged ice to be sold in southeastern Michigan and the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. ACAC ¶ 34. The ACAC further alleges that on or about March 4, 2008, a United States Magistrate Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas issued a warrant authorizing the Federal Bureau of Investigation to search Reddy Ice’s headquarters in Dallas, Texas. On September 15, 2008, Reddy Ice announced that it had suspended Ben D. Key, the company’s executive vice-president of sales and marketing, because the board found that Mr. Key “ha[d] likely violated Company policies and is associated with matters under investigation.” ACAC ¶¶ 35-36. The ACAC also alleges that Arctic Glacier initiated an internal investigation into allegations regarding an alleged antitrust conspiracy and suspended Frank Larson, Arctic Glacier’s Executive Vice President, Operations, and Gary Cooley, Arctic Glacier’s Vice President, Sales. ACAC ¶ 37. The ACAC alleges that in August 2008, Martin G. McNulty filed an action against his former employer, Arctic Glacier, claiming he was fired because he had refused to participate in an antitrust conspiracy among manufacturers of packaged ice. McNulty had been Vice President of Sales at Party Time Ice, which was acquired by Arctic Glacier in late 2004. ACAC ¶ 38. McNulty claims that while employed by Party Time he heard that Party Time and other packaged ice manufacturers were conspiring to allocate markets and fix prices. McNulty’s boss at Arctic Glacier, Keith Corbin, told him in January 2005 that Arctic Glacier was conspiring with Reddy Ice and Home City. McNulty claims in his complaint that Geoff Lewandowski— a former colleague of McNulty’s — told McNulty that he had spoken to an Arctic Glacier executive and that Arctic Glacier would rehire McNulty if he stopped cooperating with authorities. McNulty further claims that Joseph Riley, President of Tropic Ice (which was later acquired by Arctic Glacier) told him that Arctic Glacier, Home City and Reddy Ice had agreed that none of them would hire him. McNulty claims that Corbin told him that Arctic Glacier had a market allocation agreement with Home City and with Reddy Ice to geographically divide the United States. ACAC ¶¶ 38-41. Following his termination from Arctic Glacier, McNulty informed the federal government of the collusion in the packaged ice industry and began working with the DOJ and the FBI. When McNulty began looking for work in 2005, he was unable to find employment because, he was informed by Joseph Riley, he had been blackballed in the industry. ACAC ¶¶ 42-43. With regard to the business practices of the Defendants, the ACAC alleges that over the last several years, Arctic Glacier, Reddy Ice and Home City have grown through acquisitions and in doing so have agreed not to compete in their areas of expansion. According to the allegations of the ACAC, Arctic Glacier initially began entry into Reddy Ice and Home City territories in 1997 and shortly thereafter agreed that the three would not compete with each other in certain agreed upon territories. According to the ACAC, Reddy Ice agreed that Arctic Glacier could have California and that Reddy Ice could have Nevada. However, the ACAC alleges, in 2001 Reddy Ice withdrew from California, a market that had been profitable for it, and Arctic Glacier acquired six companies and expanded fully into California. By 2002 Arctic Glacier, who had a significant presence in Oklahoma and New Mexico, stopped competing in these two markets although it retained a production and distribution facility in the bordering states of Kansas and Texas. According the ACAC, the Defendants do not sell packaged ice in overlapping territories to this day, which would only be economically rational behavior if the firms had agreed to not compete throughout the country. ACAC ¶¶ 44-51. The ACAC alleges that beginning in about January 1, 2001, the prices that direct purchasers have paid defendants for packaged ice have increased each year at a rate that cannot be explained by increased manufacturing costs. Reddy Ice has conceded that it EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) has grown “substantially faster than revenue.” The ACAC alleges that Defendants obtained significant excess capacity during the class period and were able to increase prices greater than their marginal costs because of the conspiracy and agreements not to compete. ACAC ¶¶ 52-53. The ACAC also alleges that Defendants memberships in several trade associations, in particular the International Packaged lee Association (“IPIA”) of which Ben Key served as chairman of the executive committee, facilitated opportunities to conspire. The board for the IPIA included executives from Reddy Ice and Arctic Glacier and Thomas Sedler of Home City sat on the IPIA’s marketing committee. The IPIA holds regular meetings throughout the year. ACAC ¶¶ 54-55. 4. Allegations of Injury to the Class The ACAC alleges that price competition has been restrained, suppressed or eliminated in every state in the continental United States and the District of Columbia, the price of packaged ice has been raised, fixed, maintained or stabilized at supra-competitive levels in each and every state and the District of Columbia, indirect purchasers of packaged ice have been deprived of free and open competition for the sale of packaged ice in each and every state and the District of Columbia. The ACAC alleges that the IP Plaintiffs paid more for packaged ice than they would have paid absent a conspiracy. ACAC ¶¶ 56-57. The ACAC also alleges that Defendants’ conspiracy was inherently self-concealing and that Defendants also undertook affirmative acts of concealment including attending secret meetings and engaging in secret conversations. The ACAC alleges that the Defendants issued or caused to be issued public statements which falsely attributed the price increases for packaged ice to factors other than the illegal market allocation scheme among the Defendants. These statements were directed to consumers (including plaintiffs and the class) in each and every state in the United States and the District of Columbia. The ACAC alleges that this information could not have been discovered before news of the search warrant execution on Reddy Ice became publicly known on or about March 5, 2008. The IP Plaintiffs request the following relief: (1) Class Certification; (2) an Injunction preventing Defendants from continuing to implement their unlawful agreement; (3) Compensatory Damages under state statutes, trebled where permitted; (4) Punitive, exemplary, statutory under state statutes as permitted; (5) Disgorgement of profits; (6) Pre and post judgment interest; (7) Reasonable costs and attorneys fees. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of a case where the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. When reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must “construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir.2007). But the court “need not accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences.” Id. (quoting Gregory v. Shelby County, 220 F.3d 433, 446 (6th Cir.2000)). “[Ljegal conclusions masquerading as factual allegations will not suffice.” Eidson v. State of Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., 510 F.3d 631, 634 (6th Cir.2007). In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), the Supreme Court explained that “a plaintiffs obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level....” Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (internal citations omitted). Dismissal is only appropriate if the plaintiff has failed to offer sufficient factual allegations that make the asserted claim plausible on its face. Id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The Supreme Court clarified the concept of “plausibility” in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. —, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009): To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” [Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) ]. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Id. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Ibid. Where a complaint pleads facts that are “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it “stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’ ” Id., at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (brackets omitted). Id. at 1948-50. A plaintiffs factual allegations, while “assumed to be true, must do more than create speculation or suspicion of a legally cognizable cause of action; they must show entitlement to relief.” LULAC v. Bredesen, 500 F.3d 523, 527 (6th Cir.2007) (citing Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1965). Thus, “[t]o state a valid claim, a complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements to sustain recovery under some viable legal theory.” Bredesen, 500 F.3d at 527 (citing Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1969). In addition to the allegations and exhibits of the complaint, a court may consider “public records, items appearing in the record of the case and exhibits attached to defendant’s motion to dismiss so long as they are referred to in the [c]omplaint and are central to the claims contained therein.” Bassett v. NCAA, 528 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir.2008) (citing Amini v. Oberlin Coll., 259 F.3d 493, 502 (6th Cir.2001)); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir.1993) (“[A] court may consider an undisputedly authentic document that a defendant attaches as an exhibit to a motion to dismiss if the plaintiffs claims are based on the document.”) (citations omitted). B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that personal jurisdiction exists. Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 887 (6th Cir.2002). The Court has discretion to make a determination as to the existence of personal jurisdiction without an evidentiary hearing but plaintiff must, by affidavit, set forth specific facts demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction. Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458-1459 (6th Cir.1991). A court must consider the pleadings and affidavits submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. at 1458. Where there has been no evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only present a prima facie case in support of jurisdiction. Id. at 1458. III. ANALYSIS The Reddy Ice Defendants move to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ ACAC arguing that: (1) the IP Plaintiffs’ fail to plead their claims of a nationwide conspiracy with the specificity required by Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-556, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007); (2) the IP Plaintiffs lack standing to sue under the laws of states where no named Plaintiff resides; (3) the IP Plaintiffs’ state law antitrust, consumer protection and unjust enrichment claims are barred by or fail to state a claim under the laws of those jurisdictions. Arctic Glacier and Home City, in their joint motion to dismiss, make these same three arguments and Arctic Glacier makes the additional argument that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over the Canadian Arctic Glacier Defendants. A. The Threshold Question of Standing Both Reddy Ice in their motion and Arctic Glacier and Home City in their joint motion argue that the named IP Plaintiffs lack standing to bring suit under the laws of those states in which they do not reside. The named IP Plaintiffs reside in California, Florida, Indiana, Michigan and New York but bring claims under the antitrust and consumer protection statutes of thirty states, twenty five in addition to those in which they reside. The standing inquiry involves two issues: (1) whether the Court should address the standing issue at this stage of the proceedings or should defer its ruling on standing issues until after class certification; and (2) if the Court decides to address the standing issue now, whether the named IP Plaintiffs have standing to assert claims brought under the laws of states in which they do not reside. 1. The timing of the standing analysis. Article III standing is a threshold question in every federal case and “determin[es] the power of the court to entertain the suit.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). The fact that the IP Plaintiffs seek to proceed with their claims on a class basis does not change the fundamental requirement of standing. “That a suit may be a class action ... adds nothing to the question of standing, for even named plaintiffs who represent a class ‘must allege and show that they personally have been injured, not that injury has been suffered by other, unidentified members of the class to which they belong and which they purport to represent.’ ” Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (quoting Simon v. Eastern Ky. Welfare Rights Organization, 426 U.S. 26, 40, n. 20, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 48 L.Ed.2d 450, quoting Warth, 422 U.S. at 502, 95 S.Ct. 2197). “It is well settled that, at the outset of litigation, class representatives without personal standing cannot predicate standing on injuries suffered by members of the class but which they themselves have not or will not suffer.” Rosen v. Tennessee Comm’r of Fin. and Admin., 288 F.3d 918, 928 (6th Cir.2002) (citing Warth, 422 U.S. at 501, 95 S.Ct. 2197). The IP Plaintiffs do not deny their burden of establishing Article III standing. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). The IP Plaintiffs argue, however, that the Court should defer its decision on this important question in the instant case until after the Court has certified a class. (Pis.’ Resp. 10.) Recognizing that there is a split of authority on the timing of the Article III inquiry in the class action context, the IP Plaintiffs urge the Court to adopt the view of those courts that have held that the issue of class certification is necessarily a “logical antecedent” to the issue of standing. The Court rejects the IP Plaintiffs’ argument and concludes that deferring the standing issue is not always or necessarily “logically antecedent” to the issue of class certification. Federal courts are split on this issue. See generally Linda S. Mullenix, Standing and Other Dispositive Motions After Am-chem and Ortiz: The Problem, of “Logically Antecedent” Inquiries, 2004 Mich. St. L. Rev. 703, 729 (2004). The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not ruled on the issue. Within this district, courts have issued conflicting opinions on the subject. Compare Hoving v. Transnation Title Ins. Co., 545 F.Supp.2d 662, 668 (E.D.Mich.2008) (Lawson, J.) (finding that the decision as to class certification is logically antecedent to, and must be decided before, the determination of standing) with Smith v. Lawyers Title Ins. Co., No. 07-12124, 2009 WL 514210 at *3 (E.D.Mich. March 2, 2009) (Murphy, J.) (construing the “logically antecedent” language to permit consideration of standing issues prior to class certification). Two Supreme Court opinions, Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 831, 119 S.Ct. 2295, 144 L.Ed.2d 715 (1999) and Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997) are at the heart of the issue. In Ortiz, the Court addressed arguments regarding the Article III standing of members of a global settlement class who petitioners argued had not suffered an injury in fact. 527 U.S. at 831, 119 S.Ct. 2295. The Court determined, in that case, to address class certification issues before addressing questions relating to Article III standing, explaining: Ordinarily, of course, this or any other Article III court must be sure of its own jurisdiction before getting to the merits. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 88-89, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998). But the class certification issues are, as they were in Amchem, “logically antecedent” to Article III concerns, 521 U.S., at 612, 117 S.Ct. 2231, and themselves pertain to statutory standing, which may properly be treated before Article III standing, see Steel Co., supra, at 92, 118 S.Ct. 1003. Thus the issue about Rule 23 certification should be treated first, “mindful that [the Rule’s] requirements must be interpreted in keeping with Article III constraints.... ” Amchem, supra, at 612-613, 117 S.Ct. 2231. 527 U.S. at 831, 119 S.Ct. 2295. In Am-chem, the Court addressed the interplay between Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 and class settlements. The Court also, however, agreed with the Third Circuit’s decision not to address challenges to the plaintiffs’ Article III standing to assert their claims, finding the class certification issues “dispositive” and therefore “logically antecedent” to issues of standing in that case. This Court concludes, as the Ninth Circuit recognized in Easter v. American West Financial, 381 F.3d 948 (9th Cir.2004), that neither Ortiz nor Amchem requires that Article III standing issues be deferred until a class has been certified. In Easter, the court held that the district court had properly entertained a challenge to class plaintiffs’ standing prior to deciding the issue of class certification: The district court correctly addressed the issue of standing before it addressed the issue of class certification. Borrowers contend that Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 119 S.Ct. 2295, 144 L.Ed.2d 715 (1999) requires courts to consider class certification before addressing standing issues. Although the court in Fibreboard examined class issues before the question of Article III standing, it did so in the very specific situation of a mandatory global settlement class. Fibreboard does not require courts to consider class certification before standing. See id. at 831, 119 S.Ct. 2295 (noting that a “court must be sure of its own jurisdiction before getting to the merits”). Easter, 381 F.3d at 962. In In re Wellbutrin XL Antitrust Litig., 260 F.R.D. 143, 152-156 (E.D.Pa.2009), the court discussed the Article III standing issue presented in Amchem, and Ortiz in the context of a class action in which, like the case sub judice, the named plaintiffs sought to bring claims under the laws of states where no named plaintiffs were located. The court distinguished both Am-chem and OHiz as cases involving simultaneous issues of class certification and standing in the context of global settlements and noted that both cases dealt with the standing of absent class members, not the named plaintiffs. 260 F.R.D. at 153-154. Noting a split among the federal courts on the issue, the court concluded: In the midst of this circuit split and the divergence of opinion among district courts as to the application of Ortiz, no court explicitly states that Warth or Lewis has been overturned with respect to named plaintiffs’ standing requirements. Those earlier precedents, combined with the constricting language of Ortiz and Amchem and the unique posture of those global settlement cases, demonstrate that a standing analysis should not be deferred in this case. Every circuit to address the question has agreed that a named plaintiff must have individual standing to pursue a class action claim, including the Payton Court. A ruling as to the named plaintiffs’ standing depends in no way upon the standing of proposed class members. Thus, the named plaintiffs’ standing is not “logically antecedent” to the issue of class certification. By its terms, the Ortiz method of avoiding the adjudication of constitutional questions does not apply to this case. The alternative proposed by the plaintiffs would allow named plaintiffs in a proposed class action, with no injuries in relation to the laws of certain states referenced in their complaint, to embark on lengthy class discovery with respect to injuries in potentially every state in the Union. At the conclusion of that discovery, the plaintiffs would apply for class certification, proposing to represent the claims of parties whose injuries and modes of redress they would not share. That would present the precise problem that the limitations of standing seek to avoid. The Court will not indulge in the prolonged and expensive implications of the plaintiffs’ position only to be faced with the same problem months down the road. 260 F.R.D. at 155. In accord, In re Checking Account Overdraft Litig., 694 F.Supp.2d 1302, 1324-1325 (S.D.Fla.2010) (holding that “there must be a named plaintiff with constitutional standing to assert each particular claim,” and that therefore “Plaintiffs may only assert a state statutory claim if a named plaintiff resides in that state.”); In re Potash Antitrust Litig., 667 F.Supp.2d 907, 920-923 (N.D.Ill.2009) (providing a thoughtful discussion of Amchem and Ortiz and concluding that neither compelled the court to “postpone an inquiry into the threshold issue of justiciability,” proceeding with a standing analysis and concluding that plaintiffs lacked Article III standing to assert claims under the laws of states in which no named plaintiff resided); In re Graphics Processing Units Antitrust Litig., 527 F.Supp.2d 1011, 1026-1027 (N.D.Cal.2007) (“In re GPU”) (finding that Ortiz does not require consideration of class certification before standing and holding that no named plaintiff has standing to bring antitrust claims in those states where no plaintiff resides); Ford v. NYL-Care Health Plans of the Gulf Coast, Inc., 301 F.3d 329, 333 n. 2 (5th Cir.2002) (noting the limited exception enunciated in Ortiz and holding that Article III standing determination must proceed class certification issues); Temple v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., Nos. 06CVa5303 and 06CV5304, 2007 WL 2790154 at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2007) (declining to postpone the Article III standing issue in an antitrust consumer class action, rejecting plaintiffs’ attempt to analogize the case to “the mass-tort global asbestos settlements at issue in Amchem and Ortiz ”); In re Ditropan XL Antitrust Litig., 529 F.Supp.2d 1098, 1106-1107 (N.D.Cal.2007) (rejecting plaintiffs argument that Ortiz required the court to defer ruling on plaintiffs’ standing to bring claims in states where they did not reside and finding no Article III standing under the laws of those states); In re Terazosin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litig., 160 F.Supp.2d 1365, 1371 (S.D.Fla.2001) (addressing Article III standing issues at the pleading stage and noting that “named plaintiffs cannot rely on unidentified persons within those states [in which they do not reside] to state a claim for relief’); In re Flonase Antitrust Litig., 610 F.Supp.2d 409, 418-419 (E.D.Pa.2009) (addressing standing at the pleading stage, prior to a decision on class certification, and concluding that named plaintiffs had standing only in states where they were located); Smith, 2009 WL 514210 at *3 (construing the “logically antecedent” language to permit consideration of standing issues prior to class certification). The IP Plaintiffs cite a string of cases holding that the issue of class certification may be addressed prior to the threshold issue of standing. None of these cases is from the Sixth Circuit and none is binding on this Court. This Court chooses to follow what it finds to be the better-reasoned opinions on this issue which recognize and refuse to abandon the fundamental prudential standing requirements of Article III. See, e.g., Easter and Wellbutrin. The Court concludes that many of those courts that have adopted the “but for” approach, and put off for another day this fundamental inquiry, ignore the limited context in which Ortiz and Amehem permit the Article III standing analysis to be deferred. As in Wellbutrin, “[t]his case does not present an issue that is “logically antecedent” to a standing inquiry. The standing issue in Ortiz and Amehem related to proposed class members, i.e., persons who were not yet parties to the case. It would be illogical to find that a non-party lacks standing to pursue a claim precisely because they are not pursuing a claim. Thus, the question of whether the proposed class members could become parties to the case was logically antecedent to the question of whether they had standing to make claims against the defendants in those cases. In this case, however, the Court reviews the standing of actual, not proposed, plaintiffs.” Wellbutrin, 260 F.R.D. at 154. In cases such as the instant case, where the putative plaintiffs’ injury is in doubt, Article III standing issues should be resolved in the first instance. 2. The Named IP Plaintiffs Lack Standing to Assert Claims Under the Laws of States in Which They Do Not Reside The named IP Plaintiffs in the instant case reside in California, Florida, Indiana, Michigan and New York, yet they assert claims in 26 additional states in which admittedly none of them resides. To demonstrate standing, “named plaintiffs who represent a class must allege and show that they personally have been injured, not that injury has been suffered by other, unidentified members of the class to which they belong and which they purport to represent.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 347, 116 S.Ct. 2174. As held in the many cases discussed above in which courts have chosen to address the standing issue prior to class certification, named plaintiffs lack standing to assert claims under the laws of the states in which they do not reside or in which they suffered no injury. See, e.g. Wellbutrin XL, 260 F.R.D. at 156; In re Checking Account Overdraft, 694 F.Supp.2d at 1325; In re Potash, 667 F.Supp.2d at 923; In re GPU, 527 F.Supp.2d at 1027; In re Ditropan, 529 F.Supp.2d at 1107; In re Terazosin, 160 F.Supp.2d at 1371; In re Flonase, 610 F.Supp.2d at 419; Temple, 2007 WL 2790154 at *8; Smith, 2009 WL 514210 at *3. See also Cornelius v. Fidelity Nat’l Title Co., No. 08-754, 2009 WL 596585 at *9 (D.Wash. March 9, 2009) (holding that plaintiffs who do not allege that they suffered the invasion of a legally protected interest under the laws of any state other than Washington did not have standing to represent unnamed out-of-state plaintiffs: “The ‘out of state [Consumer Protection Act]’ claims of this Complaint do little more than name the preserve on which Plaintiffs intend to hunt.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); In re Actimmune Marketing Litig., No. 08-02376, 2009 WL 3740648 at *17 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 6, 2009) (dismissing plaintiffs’ claims brought under the consumer protection statutes in states where they do not have a representative plaintiff residing); In re Flash Memory Antitrust Litig., 643 F.Supp.2d 1133, 1163-1164 (N.D.Cal.2009) (where representative plaintiff lacking from a state, claims based on that state’s laws must be dismissed); In re GPU, 527 F.Supp.2d at 1027 (same). The IP Plaintiffs do not appear to seriously contest the injury requirement (although they urge the Court to defer ruling on it, along with Article III standing, until after class certification) but attempt to distinguish these cases by arguing that the ACAC does in fact assert injury in each and every state whose laws they seek to invoke with the following single paragraph in their Complaint: “Plaintiffs purchased packaged ice indirectly from one or more of the defendants at retail establishments throughout the United States, including but not limited to their home states.” (Compl. ¶ 13; Pis.’ Resp. 10). The Court concludes that this sole allegation, stated in a conclusory manner in paragraph 13 of the ACAC, cannot withstand a Twombly challenge to the sufficiency of the allegations of injury suffered by these IP Plaintiffs in states other than their home states. These named IP Plaintiffs apparently would have the Court infer that they roved the United States during the class period, purchasing packaged ice along the way, covering among them each of the 30 states whose laws they seek to invoke in their claims. This is simply not plausible. The allegation on which they rely — “including but not limited to their home states” — gives no suggestion in which of the states, other than their home states, they might have made such purchases. There simply is not enough factual matter asserted regarding injury allegedly suffered by these IP Plaintiffs in their non-home states to plausibly suggest a viable claim in those states. In the absence of such an allegation as to each and every state whose laws they seek to invoke, the IP Plaintiffs lack standing in states other than their “home states.” In In re Wellbutrin, the court addressed this issue, concluding that plaintiffs residing in one state may not, absent allegations of individual injury in those states, assert the rights of unidentified plaintiffs in other states: The allegations of injury are described above. These allegations present no facts that would connect injuries specific to the plaintiffs, as opposed to injuries against competitors and purchasers nationwide, to any cause arising in states where no named plaintiff is located and where no member of a named plaintiff purchased Wellbutrin XL. The amended complaint, therefore, provides no facts on which to find a connection between an alleged injury and some wrongful conduct that would implicate the laws of those states in which no plaintiff, or any of their reimbursed members, resides. Despite this lack of facts demonstrating injury, causation and redressability, the plaintiffs argue that they may properly assert claims of proposed class members who were injured in those states regardless of their own standing to assert the same claims. This is essentially a recasting of the argument that the Court need not make a determination of the parties’ standing at this stage of the litigation. 260 F.R.D. at 157. The IP Plaintiffs simply cannot establish the necessary “connection” through the conclusory allegation that they purchased ice in a number of non-speeified states in which admittedly they do not reside. This allegation fails to “nudge” their claims of injury in the states in which they do not reside from “conceivable” to “plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The Court agrees with Defendants that this “oblique suggestion” is “formulaic” and insufficient to plausibly suggest that the named IP Plaintiffs suffered injuries in those states. (AG Br. at 8.) The IP Plaintiffs’ claims under the antitrust and consumer protection act claims of states in which they do not reside do “little more than name the preserve on which they intend to hunt.” Cornelius, 2009 WL 596585 at *10. While their reference to injury suffered “in their home states” may be sufficient as to the states in which they reside, appending the phrase “not limited to” does not win them the day as to the remaining 26 states, none of which the IP Plaintiffs mention by name in their injury allegations in the ACAC. The ACAC simply fails to name plaintiffs who have suffered the injuries giving rise to claims under the laws of any of the states in which the named Plaintiffs do not reside. The current Plaintiffs have no standing to bring those claims. The IP Plaintiffs’ claims under the laws of the states of Arizona, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming are dismissed. B. The IP Plaintiffs Have Plausibly Plead a Nationwide Conspiracy Under Twombly The Arctic Glacier and Reddy Ice Defendants make the same arguments in the instant motions that they made in their motions to dismiss the direct purchasers’ complaint and in fact incorporate their briefs in support of those motions by reference. For the same reasons that the Court rejected those arguments in denying the motions to dismiss the direct purchaser complaint, it rejects them here and concludes that the IP Plaintiffs have plausibly pled a nationwide conspiracy under Twombly and that the indirect purchasers’ claims are not subject to dismissal on this basis. See In re Packaged Ice Antitrust Litig., 723 F.Supp.2d at 1003-1014 (discussing at length the plausibility, under the pleading requirements of Twombly, of the claims of a nationwide conspiracy among the Defendants). Defendants argue, however, that “much has changed” since this Court denied the Defendants’ motions to dismiss the direct purchaser’s Complaint on this basis, referring principally to the decision of the Department of Justice to close its investigation into the packaged ice industry without further indictments. However, the DOJ investigation was but one consideration of many which led this Court to conclude that the direct purchasers had stated a plausible claim of a nationwide conspiracy. The government’s decision not to pursue further criminal charges against any of the Defendants does not substantially alter this Court’s conclusion that the civil claims in these related cases are supported by a plausibly pled theory of a nationwide conspiracy. The Court denies Defendants’ motions to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ claims for failure to allege a plausible nationwide conspiracy. C. The Implications of Shady Grove on the IP Plaintiffs’ Claims in Those States That Prohibit Class Actions Under Their Antitrust and/or Consumer Protection Laws Defendants argued in their motions to dismiss that class actions are prohibited under the antitrust laws of Mississippi and New York (Reddy Ice Br. at 6) and under the consumer protection laws of Idaho, Kansas, Montana and Utah (AG Br. at 14). Subsequent to the parties’ filing of their original briefs, the Supreme Court decided Shady Grove Orthopedic Assoc., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 1431, 176 L.Ed.2d 311 (2010), and addressed the issue of whether Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, which governs class actions, conflicted with N.Y. Civ. P. Law § 901(b), which precludes class actions that seek “penalties” or statutory minimum damages. Plaintiffs in Shady Grove filed a putative class action in federal district court to recover statutory interest under New York insurance laws that would have been barred in New York state courts by operation of § 901(b). Justice Scalia authored an opinion in which Justices Roberts, Thomas and Soto-mayor joined. Justice Ginsburg filed the dissenting opinion, in which Justices Kennedy, Breyer and Alito joined. Justice Stevens concurred in the opinion of Justice Scalia thereby creating a 5 Justice majority, but not a majority opinion. Justice Stevens wrote separately to express his opinion that the plurality opinion had erred in focusing solely on the issue of whether § 901(b) regulated procedure. “Justice Scalia believes that the sole Enabling Act question is whether the federal rule ‘really regulates procedure,’ which means, apparently, whether it regulates ‘the manner and the means by which the litigants’ rights are enforced.’ I respectfully disagree.” Id. at 1452 (internal citations omitted). Justice Stevens urged a different approach which would instruct courts to consider whether the federal rule would work to displace a state law that while procedural in title “is so intertwined” with the right or remedy that it defines the scope of the right. Justice Stevens agreed with the dissent that there are some state procedural rules “that federal courts must apply in diversity cases because they function as part of the State’s definition of substantive rights and remedies.” 130 S.Ct. at 1445. Justice Stevens concluded that “an application of a federal rule that effectively abridges, enlarges, or modifies a state-created right or remedy violates” the Rules Enabling Act. Id. at 1451. Justice Stevens wrote that a federal rule “cannot govern a particular case in which the rule would displace a state right or remedy that is procedural in the ordinary sense of the term but is so intertwined with a state right or remedy that it functions to define the scope of the state-created right.” Id. at 1452. “When a state chooses to use a traditionally procedural vehicle as a means of defining the scope of substantive rights or remedies, federal courts must recognize and respect that choice.” Id. at 1450. Justice Stevens agreed, under his suggested analysis, that § 901(b), which appears in New York’s procedural code and applies to class actions brought under numerous sources of substantive law, was not so intertwined with a state-created right as to prohibit the application of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23. Id. at 1448. “The mere fact that a state law is designed as a procedural rule suggests that it reflects a judgment about how state courts ought to operate and not a judgment about the scope of state-created rights and remedies.” Id. at 1457. Justice Stevens found that the text of § 901(b) “expressly and unambiguously applies not only to claims based on New York law but also to claims based on federal law or the law of any other State.” Id. Both factors compelled the conclusion that application of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 did not violate the Rules Enabling Act. Courts interpreting the Shady Grove decision, and searching for guidance on this issue, have concluded that Justice Stevens’ concurrence is the controlling opinion by which interpreting courts are bound. See McKinney v. Bayer Corp., 744 F.Supp.2d 733, 746-48 (N.D.Ohio 2010) (finding that Justice Stevens’ opinion was controlling on the “narrowest grounds rule” which instructs that when no single rule explaining the Court’s result obtains the approval of five Justices, the opinion of the Court is that taken by those members who concurred on the narrowest grounds) (citing Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193, 97 S.Ct. 990, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977)); In re Wellbutrin XL Antitrust Litig., 756 F.Supp.2d 670, 675-76, 2010 WL 5186052 at *5 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 22, 2010) (same); Bearden v. Honeywell Int’l Inc., No. 09-1035, 2010 WL 3239285 at *10 (M.D.Tenn. Aug. 16, 2010) (same); In re Whirlpool Corp. Front-Loading Washer Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 08-65000, 2010 WL 2756947 at *1-3 (N.D.Ohio July 12, 2010) (same). Cf. United States v. Cundiff, 555 F.3d 200, 208 (6th Cir.2009) (“the narrowest opinion refers to the one which relies on the least doctrinally far-reaching-common ground among the Justices in the majority: it is the concurring opinion that offers the least change to the law.”). Thus, after Shady Grove, state laws that categorically prohibit the maintenance of class action lawsuits no longer will be an effective bar to such suits if the state law that prohibits them is procedural in nature and is not “so intertwined” with the right or remedy that it defines the scope of the right. Because the Court has dismissed on standing grounds the IP Plaintiffs’ claims in five of the six states in which Defendants claim class actions are barred, i.e. Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana and Utah, the Court examines only Defendants’ claim that class actions are prohibited under New York law. The IP Plaintiffs claim that Defendants have violated the New York antitrust laws, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 340(1), (“the Donnelly Act”). Defendants respond that New York Civil Practice Rule § 901(b), which prohibits class actions in suits seeking penalties or statutory minimum damages, bars a private litigant from maintaining a class action under the Donnelly Act. Cox v. Microsoft Corp., 290 A.D.2d 206, 737 N.Y.S.2d 1 (N.Y.App.Div. 2002) (so holding). Nor, Defendants argue, can the IP Plaintiffs waive the treble damages provision under the Donnelly Act to escape application of the § 901(b) bar. Asher v. Abbott Labs., 290 A.D.2d 208, 208-209, 737 N.Y.S.2d 4 (1st Dep’t 2002) (holding that “private persons cannot bring a class action under the Donnelly Act because the treble damages remedy provided in General Business Law § 340 is a ‘penalty’ within the meaning of CPLR 901(b), the recovery of which in a class action is not specifically authorized and the imposition of which cannot be waived.”). While Defendants’ argument was well taken when their brief was filed, it has since been undermined by the Supreme Court’s decision in Shady Grove. Under a Shady Grove analysis, the IP Plaintiffs’ class action claim asserted in federal court under the New York antitrust laws is no longer barred by § 901(b). See In re Wellbutrin, 756 F.Supp.2d at 679, 2010 WL 5186052 at *9 (finding that § 901(b) does not survive Shady Grove as applied to a class action antitrust claim); In re Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) Antitrust Litig., No. 07-01819, 2010 WL 3069329 at *1-3 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 3, 2010) (allowing an amendment after Shady Grove to assert a class action claim under the Donnelly Act); Sheet Metal Workers Local 441 Health & Welfare Plan v. GlaxoSmithKline, PLC, 737 F.Supp.2d 380, 398-99 (E.D.Pa.2010) (recognizing this and permitting amendment to add such a claim which it had earlier dismissed). D. The IP Plaintiffs’ Florida, Michigan and New York State Law Antitrust and Consumer Protection Claims The IP Plaintiffs assert claims under numerous states’ antitrust and consumer protection/deceptive trade practices laws. The Court has dismissed a majority of those claims on the grounds that the named IP Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to assert claims under the laws of those states in which they do not reside or in which they have not plausibly alleged an injury. See supra discussion at pp. 657-59. The Court will address the IP Plaintiffs’ state antitrust and consumer protection act claims in those states where named Plaintiffs reside and are plausibly alleged to have suffered injury, i.e. California, Florida, Michigan and New York. 1. The IP Plaintiffs’ State Law Antitrust Claims The IP Plaintiffs have pled state antitrust violations only in California, Michigan and New York (the ACAC does not allege state law antitrust violations in Florida or Indiana, the only other states in which named IP Plaintiffs reside). California The IP Plaintiffs allege that Defendants have violated the California antitrust laws, Cal. Bus & Prof.Code §§ 16722 & 16726 (“the Cartwright Act”). Defendants challenge the IP Plaintiffs’ Cartwright Act claim only on the grounds (1) that the allegations fail to meet the pleading standards of Twombly, and (2) that the claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Defendants’ argument that the state law antitrust claims fail under Twombly is an extension of the argument that the ACAC fails to plead the “who, what, when and where” of a plausible antitrust claim. The Court has already rejected this argument, see discussion supra at 659-60, and reaches the same conclusion, for the same reasons, with respect to the antitrust claims asserted under the Cartwright Act. In addition to pleading sufficient facts to plausibly allege a nationwide conspiracy, the ACAC alleges that IP Plaintiff Desmond resides in and purchased packaged ice in California, that as a result of the nationwide conspiracy each of the IP Plaintiffs has suffered injury in that they have paid more for packaged ice than they would have paid absent the conspiracy and that they have thereby suffered an injury. These facts are sufficient under Twombly to sustain the IP Plaintiffs’ burden at the pleading stage to plausibly suggest a claim under the Cartwright Act. The Court also rejects Defendants’ claim that the IP Plaintiffs’ Cartwright Act claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations. See discussion infra at 669-70. The Court therefore denies Defendants’ motions to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ claims under the Cartwright Act. Michigan The IP Plaintiffs allege that Defendants have violated the Michigan Antitrust Reform Act, Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 445.772 (“MARA”). Defendants challenge the IP Plaintiffs’ MARA claim only on the grounds (1) that the allegations fail to meet the pleading standards of Twombly, and (2) that the claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Defendants’ argument that the state law antitrust claims fail under Twombly is an extension of the argument that the ACAC fails to plead the “who, what, when and where” of a plausible nationwide antitrust claim. The Court has already rejected this argument, see discussion supra at 659-60, and reaches the same conclusion, for the same reasons, with respect to the antitrust claims asserted under MARA. In addition to pleading sufficient facts to plausibly allege a nationwide conspiracy, the ACAC alleges that IP Plaintiffs Acker, Simasko and Stanford reside in and purchased packaged ice in Michigan, that certain of the individual Defendants pleaded guilty to conspiracy to allocate customers in Southeastern Michigan, that as a result of the nationwide conspiracy each of the IP Plaintiffs have suffered injury in that they have paid more for packaged ice than they would have paid absent the conspiracy and that they have thereby suffered an injury. These facts are sufficient under Ttvombly to sustain the IP Plaintiffs’ burden at the pleading stage to plausibly suggest a claim under MARA. The Court also rejects Defendants’ claim that the IP Plaintiffs’ MARA claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations. See discussion infra at 669-70. The Court therefore denies Defendants’ motions to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ claims under MARA. New York The IP Plaintiffs allege that Defendants have violated the New York antitrust laws, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 340(1) (“the Donnelly Act”). Defendants challenge the IP Plaintiffs’ Donnelly Act claim on the grounds (1) that the allegations fail to meet the pleading standards of Twombly, and (2) that the claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Defendants’ argument that the state law antitrust claims fail under Twombly is an extension of the argument that the ACAC fails to plead the “who, what, when and where” of a plausible nationwide antitrust claim. The Court has already rejected this argument, see discussion supra at 659-60, and reaches the same conclusion, for the same reasons, with respect to the antitrust claims asserted under the Donnelly Act. In addition to pleading sufficient facts to plausibly allege a nationwide conspiracy, the ACAC alleges that IP Plaintiff Buttars resides in and purchased packaged ice in New York, that as a result of the nationwide conspiracy each of the IP Plaintiffs has suffered injury in that they have paid more for packaged ice than they would have paid absent the conspiracy and that they have thereby suffered an injury. These facts are sufficient under Twombly to sustain the IP Plaintiffs’ burden at the pleading stage to plausibly suggest a claim under the Donnelly Act. The Court also rejects Defendants’ claim that the IP Plaintiffs’ Donnelly Act claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations. See discussion infra at 669-70. The Court therefore denies Defendants’ motions to dismiss the IP Plaintiffs’ Donnelly Act claim on these bases. Defendants also argue that the IP Plaintiffs’ claim under the Donnelly Act fails to adequately allege intrastate effects. Several courts have found that the “intrastate effects” requirement is met at the pleading stage by allegations, like those in the instant case, claiming that the anticompetitive conduct caused supracompetitive price effects nationwide. See Sheet Metal Workers, 737 F.Supp.2d at 402-03 (holding that defendants’ lack of intrastate commerce argument was “weak” where plaintiffs alleged that defendants’ conduct caused consumers in each named state, including Arizona, to pay more for Wellbutrin and that such allegations were sufficient at the pleading stage to show effect in Arizona); In re Intel Corp. Microprocessor Antitrust Litig., 496 F.Supp.2d 404, 412 (D.Del.2007) (noting that the Delaware act requires plaintiff to allege a connection with the state, but finding this element satisfied by allegations that the putative class members were injured by Intel’s alleged conduct throughout the United States and in the District of Columbia and denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on this basis); In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig., 105 F.Supp.2d 618 (E.D.Mich.2000) (holding that intrastate effect sufficiently alleged where anticompetitive conduct may have occurred outside the state but the product affected by the anticompetitive conduct came to rest in Tennessee causing injury to citizens who purchased the product at artificially inflated prices as a result of defendant’s conduct); (In re New Motor Vehicles Can. Exp. Antitrust Litig., 350 F.Supp.2d 160, 196-97 (D.Me.2004)) (holding that allegations that defendants concerted behavior which resulted in increased pri