Full opinion text
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART CITY OF NAPA AND OFFICER BENDER’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING COUNTY OF NAPA DEPUTY SHERIFF HALL-MAN’S REQUEST FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OF CONSPIRACY CLAIM; DENYING MOTION TO STRIKE ELIZABETH D. LAPORTE, United States Magistrate Judge. This action arises out of Plaintiff Luz Hernandez’s arrest on April 1, 2008 following an altercation with her ex-boyfriend Donald Green and police officers from the City of Napa and the Napa County Sheriffs Department’s response to a report of domestic violence. Plaintiffs Second Amended Complaint asserts various state law torts claims and claims for violation of her civil rights under § 1983 by members of the Napa City Police Department and the Napa County Sheriffs Department. The Court has previously granted in part the Napa County Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, leaving only Plaintiffs claim for conspiracy against Napa County Deputy Sheriff Hallman. Before the Court is Defendants City of Napa, Napa Police Chief Melton and Officer Bender’s (collectively the “City Defendants”) Motion for Summary Judgment or Partial Summary Judgment. Napa County Deputy Sheriff Hallman has filed a joinder to the motion, and moves for summary adjudication of the conspiracy claim against him, thereby terminating the action as to the County Defendants. For the following reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART the City Defendants’ motion; DENIES Deputy Bender’s motion; and DENIES Plaintiffs motion to strike. I. Factual Background On April 1, 2008, Plaintiff Luz Hernandez and her former boyfriend Defendant Donald Green, who is or was a Napa State Hospital security officer, were involved in an altercation in her home. Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) ¶ 10. Plaintiff and Mr. Green had been in an on-and-off dating relationship since 2006 or 2007 and he had stayed at her house at times during their relationship. Fox Deck Ex. H (Hernandez Depo.) at 71-72. On April 1, Plaintiff left work before 10:00 p.m. so that she would have time to get home before Mr. Green’s shift ended at 10:00 p.m. SAC ¶ 11. When she arrived home, Ms. Hernandez found Officer Green in her house wearing only his underwear. Hernandez Depo. at 87-88. He appeared to be intoxicated and stumbling and “had to bounce himself off from wall to wall.” Hernandez Depo. 89-90. He was bleeding from what looked like a mole he had tried to cut with a pair of scissors. Hernandez Depo. 152-53. Mr. Green stumbled towards Plaintiff, tried to hug her and stated that he wanted to talk to her. SAC ¶ 13; Hernandez Depo. at 89-90. Plaintiff ran to the front door, but Mr. Green grabbed her from behind with both of his hands. SAC ¶ 13; Hernandez Depo. 90-93. Plaintiff tried to get away, and told Mr. Green that she wanted him to leave. SAC ¶ 13; Hernandez Depo. at 95. Plaintiff telephoned 911 while yelling “get the f*# % out of my house,” during which Mr. Green slapped the telephone from her hands. SAC ¶ 13; Hernandez Depo. 102. After this, Plaintiff started hitting Mr. Green and punching his chest with as much force as she had, as well as kicking, screaming and shouting. SAC ¶ 13; Hernandez Depo. at 105-106, 153-154. As a result of Plaintiffs 911 call, the dispatcher assigned City of Napa Officer Bender and two other City of Napa officers to Plaintiffs residence. Officer Bender knew by the time he arrived at Plaintiffs door that there was an argument and a hangup call and someone had called for help. Fox Decl. Ex. I (Bender Depo.) at 47-48. He was aware at some point that a female voice had said “get the f::# % out of my house.” Bender Depo. at 47-48. Officer Bender did not ask dispatch to check for previous incidents of domestic violence calls to Plaintiffs residence. Bender Depo. at 56. Officer Bender ran a warrants report for Plaintiff after he arrested her. Bender Depo. at 55. Deputy Sheriff John Hallman of the Napa County Sheriffs Department heard the dispatch call, determined that he was closer to Officer Bender than the other two officers, and volunteered to respond to provide “cover” to Officer Bender until the two other officers could get there. Fox Decl. Ex. J (Hallman Depo.) at 65. When Deputy Hallman arrived on scene, he could not “remember exactly what the call was, but [that] it was something — either 911 hang-up or 415 family disturbance, something to that effect.” Hallman Depo. at 88. When he first arrived, Deputy Hall-man did not inquire as to who called the police. Hallman Depo. 89. Upon arrival at Plaintiffs residence, Deputy Hallman activated a digital recording device worn on his person to record the incident. Hall-man Depo. at 90. Following the incident, Deputy Hallman did not book the recording into evidence or provide it to Officer Bender and did not write a report regarding the incident. Hallman Depo. 58, 63-65, 91. However, the recording was maintained and has been previously produced in this litigation. Officer Bender had an audio recording device with him at the time of the incident but did not use it out of habit. Bender Depo. at 35-36, 40-41. As Deputy Hallman and Officer Bender approached Plaintiffs house, they heard yelling inside. SAC ¶ 15; Bender Depo. at 197-98; Hallman Depo. at 117. Mr. Green answered the door dressed only in boxer shorts and bleeding. Bender Depo. at 62; Hernandez Depo. at 109-110, 206-207. Mr. Green had scratches on his chest. Bender Depo. at 132-134; Hallman Depo. at 103-104,130-131. Upon entering Plaintiffs residence, Deputy Hallman and Officer Bender separated Plaintiff and Mr. Green, and Deputy Hallman escorted Plaintiff to her bedroom. SAC ¶ 15, Hall-man Depo. 72-73; Hernandez Depo. 134. Deputy Hallman’s contact with Plaintiff in her bedroom lasted two to three minutes. Hernandez Depo. at 316, 319. When Deputy Hallman asked Ms. Hernandez, “What are you fighting about?” Ms. Hernandez replied: “He came into my bedroom.” TX 3-4. Rather than following up on this response, Deputy Hallman introduced himself and asked Ms. Hernandez her name. TX 4. Deputy Hallman gathered basic information such as Plaintiffs name and date of birth. Hallman Depo. 73-74; Hernandez Depo. 113-116, 315-316. Plaintiff stated that she owned the house and had been in a dating relationship with Mr. Green. Hallman Depo. at 73. Plaintiff went to the bathroom to rinse and spit in the sink, but did not see whether she spit something pink into the sink and did not know if she had an injury to her mouth. Hernandez Depo. at 116,147,148. Deputy Hallman thought he saw her spit something pink which could be blood and asked her about it. Hallman Depo. at 74, 85, 87. Plaintiff told Deputy Hallman that “nothing happened” and she was not injured. Hernandez Depo. 116,198; Hallman Depo. at 74, 87. Deputy Hallman also asked to see her hands and wrists because he thought he observed a red mark on one wrist and was investigating whether or not Ms. Hernandez had any injuries. Hallman Depo. at 83. Deputy Hallman told Officer Bender that Plaintiff spit something that appeared to be pink into the sink, as well as information about her wrists, and told Officer Bender that the fight appeared to have gotten physical. Bender Depo. at 90; Hallman Depo. at 85-86, 88, 102, 118-119, 126. After Deputy Hallman left the room, Plaintiff told another officer (not Officer Bender or Deputy Hallman) that Mr. Green was shaking and mishandling her. Hernandez Depo. at 118-120. Officer Bender also spoke with Plaintiff to try to determine what had happened. Bender Depo. at 83-84. She was fully clothed, wearing a long sleeve sweater and long pants. Bender Depo. at 74; Hernandez Depo. at 87-88. Officer Bender asked Plaintiff if she had been hit in the mouth and she did not say anything. Bender Depo. at 66. Officer Bender examined Plaintiffs mouth with his flashlight and did not see any injuries inside her mouth. Bender Depo. at 90-91; Hernandez Depo. at 148. Plaintiff never stated that she had any injury in her mouth, she did not believe she was injured and did not know why he was looking in her mouth. Bender Depo. at 92; Hernandez Depo. at 148-50. Officer Bender also looked at Plaintiffs wrists but did not note any injury, and Plaintiff did not see any marks on her wrists. Bender Depo. at 66; Hernandez Depo. at 301-302. Officer Bender did not ask Mr. Green whether he hit Plaintiff or about her wrists. Bender Depo. at 66-67. Plaintiff never told Officer Bender or Deputy Hallman that Mr. Green grabbed her or physically assaulted her, she did not tell them she was injured, she did not have any visible injuries, and she did not show them any physical condition that she thought might be an injury or ask for medical treatment. Hernandez Depo. at 123-125, 139, 142, 144, 199, 302. When questioned by Officer Bender, Plaintiff repeated that “nothing happened” and she was not injured. Bender Depo. at 66, 72, 83, 107-108, 148; Hernandez Depo. 116 (officer asked if she had injuries and she said no), 207-209 (officers kept asking her what happened and she said “nothing”). She did, however, tell them that Mr. Green attacked her. Hernandez Depo. at 131-132 (she told Officer Bender with Deputy Hallman present that Mr. Green attacked her), 135 (told Officer Bender that Mr. Green attacked her, but did not say he “physically attacked” her), 137 (told Officer Bender that Mr. Green attacked her), 139-142 (same), 217, 312 (she told Officer Bender that Mr. Green attacked her with Deputy Hallman in the room). Plaintiffs refusal to answer questions caused Officer Bender to believe she was hiding something and possibly guilty of criminal conduct. Bender Depo. at 72-73, 84-85. Officer Bender photographed Plaintiff, and the photographs do not show any injury to plaintiff. Bender Depo. at 103-104; Hernandez Depo. at 130-31,138. Plaintiff asked Officer Bender whether Mr. Green was claiming she had hit him, and Officer Bender told her he had not made such claims. Bender Depo. at 106, 116-18; Hernandez Depo. at 125,136, 142-43. Deputy Hallman was present for that exchange. Hernandez Depo. at 16-17. The fact that Ms. Hernandez asked Officer Bender if Mr. Green had accusing her of hitting him had no significance in Officer Bender’s mind and played no role in his decision to arrest Plaintiff. Bender Depo. 109. During the incident, Plaintiff prepared a written statement confirming that there was a “verbal altercation,” but not referencing any physical altercation or attack on her, even though she understood Officer Bender wanted her to write what had happened from the beginning of the incident to the end. Hernandez Depo. Ex. 5; Bender Depo. at 140-41. Plaintiff initially wrote the word “physical” before altercation and then scratched it out and replaced it with “verbal” before Officer Bender saw what she had written. Hernandez Depo. at 154-162. Officer Bender never asked Plaintiff why she scratched out the word “physical” in her written statement, or asked her whether she was acting in self-defense. Bender Depo. at 74,141. While speaking with Mr. Green, Officer Bender noted that he smelled of alcohol, his speech was slightly slurred and it appeared he had been drinking. Bender Depo. at 63. Mr. Green was evasive and answered questions only after repeated questioning. Bender Depo. at 71. Officer Bender believes it is common for perpetrators to be evasive, not answer questions, give inconsistent statements, lie to the police, and commit crimes while intoxicated. Bender Depo. at 85-86. Mr. Green told Officer Bender that he and Plaintiff were in an on and off relationship and had previously lived together. Officer Bender did not ask Mr. Green how he got into Plaintiffs house or if he was a trespasser even though Officer Bender learned that Mr. Green did not live there and that the only clothing he had there was his uniform. Bender Depo. at 63-65, 78-82. Officer Bender was aware of a citizen’s right to eject a trespasser from her home and the right to use self-defense against another person. Bender Depo. at 82. Mr. Green initially stated that, “It didn’t get physical” and “hasn’t gotten violent.” TX 6; Bender Depo. at 77. Officer Hall-man responded in Officer Bender’s presence, “No, it got physical. She’s — she’s got marks on her too.” Id. Officer Bender never asked Mr. Green if he hit Plaintiff in the mouth, and did not obtain an explanation as to why she had a red substance in her mouth. Bender Depo. 66, 92. Mr. Green told Officer Bender that he had apologized to Plaintiff, and Officer Bender did not ask why. Bender Depo. at 87. Officer Bender does not believe it is common for perpetrators to apologize to their victims. Bender Depo. at 87. Mr. Green told Officer Bender that they had gotten into an argument about their relationship and Plaintiff had pushed and shoved him, scratching his chest and arm. Bender Depo. at 68-70, 134-137. Mr. Green denied striking or physically assaulting plaintiff. Bender Depo. at 70. Officer Bender asked Mr. Green to write a detailed statement about what happened, and Mr. Green was reluctant to write all of what he had told Officer Bender because he was embarrassed and he did not want himself or Plaintiff to get into any trouble. Bender Depo. at 70-72, 102-103, 113-116, 122-124; Hallman Depo. at 136. Mr. Green initially wrote a statement that did not coincide with his oral statement. Bender Depo. at 71. Officer Bender asked Mr. Green about the inconsistency, and wanted him to either hand over the statement or have it match his earlier oral statement. Bender Depo. at 126-28. Mr. Green pleaded, “I mean, Officer Bender,” and Officer Bender responded, “I don’t think I need to hear all that.” Bender Depo. at 126. In connection with his written statement, Officer Bender asked Mr. Green if that was how he got scratched and Green said, “I suppose so.” Bender Depo. at 137-38. Officer Bender then asked Mr. Green, “So is this when she — ” and Mr. Green interrupted by saying, “she yells and pushed me.” Bender Depo. at 138. Officer Bender then asked, ‘You gonna write that in there that, ‘she yells, and pushed me?’ ” Bender Depo. at 138-39. Mr. Green then prepared a written statement stating that Plaintiff yells and pushes him and attacked him. Bender Depo. at 71-72, Ex. 9; see also Hernandez Depo. at 153 (she remembers punching him). While Deputy Hallman was standing in the front of Plaintiffs house after being relieved by Officer Bender, who took over speaking to Plaintiff, he communicated with Mr. Green and other officers. Deputy Hallman repeatedly referred to Mr. Green as “brother.” TX p. 4:2-13; 8:21;8:24, 9:6; 13:25; 13:27; 18:20. During their conversation, Deputy Hallman stated to Mr. Green that he should “think about your whole career cuz this could be — this could change your career and end it.” TX 9:1-2. Deputy Hallman later joked, “I’m going to have you get some clothes, and you need to get the hell out of here.” Hallman Depo. at 144. Deputy Hallman was told that Mr. Green did not have any other clothes but his uniform at Ms. Hernandez’s house, nor did Deputy Hallman see any other indication that he lived there. Hallman Depo. 143. Deputy Hallman’s recording captured portions of Officer Bender discussing taking Ms. Hernandez’s photograph, while Deputy Hallman was whistling into the recording. Hallman Depo. 151-52. During his deposition, Deputy Hallman acknowledged that he could hear himself creating some sort of music or noise, and stated that the recording “is what it is.” Hallman Depo. 158. Deputy Hallman again made noises into the recording, and then Ms. Hernandez asked, “Is he saying I hit him?,” and then a male voice began speaking and trailed off. Hallman Depo. 160-161. Deputy Hallman said something like “anytime you have to stop and say, ‘I’m not going to go into that,’ that many times again is a clue.” Hallman Depo. 161-162. Deputy Hallman believed that since Mr. Green said that he did not want to discuss certain issues, this indicated that there was likely something important and worth discussing that Mr. Green was guarding. Hallman Depo. 162, 164, 165. Deputy Hallman did not believe Mr. Green was being forthcoming about what happened in the incident. Hallman Depo. 164-65, 169. There is no evidence that Deputy Hallman relayed this opinion to Officer Bender. During his deposition, Deputy Hallman listened to the recording and identified a conversation between Officer Bender and Mr. Green where Officer Bender asked Mr. Green, “do you want to tell the truth?,” and Deputy Hallman testified that this would raise the issue of Mr. Green’s truthfulness. Hallman Depo. 174. Mr. Green’s initial unwillingness to provide a written statement would lead Deputy Hall-man to believe that Mr. Green was withholding information. Further, if Mr. Green provided Officer Bender a statement that differed from his previous oral statement, this would also raise credibility questions in Deputy Hallman’s mind. Hallman Depo. 174-77. Deputy Hallman identified four instances where Mr. Green’s truthfulness was put into question, and he did not intervene in the investigation or Plaintiffs arrest and say that further investigation was necessary. Hallman Depo. 180. Deputy Hallman’s recording captured Officer Bender saying, “You don’t live here, and she indicated to me earlier that she wanted you to leave and she wanted to go to bed, so her wish is that you leave. You need to leave.” Hallman Depo. at 185-87. Although Deputy Hallman heard a recording of Mr. Green saying “I apologize to you guys. It was my own fault,” he had no concern that the wrong person was being arrested because the relationship was volatile in nature. Hallman Depo. 191-192. Deputy Hallman did not check to see if there had been previous calls related to violence at the residence, and he did not know if any other officers made this inquiry. Hallman Depo. 193. Deputy Hallman did not relate much of his conversation with Mr. Green to Officer Bender because he thought it was chit-chat and not part of the investigation: “I did not tell Bender, or Officer Bender everything that went on between — with me chitchatting because I chatted about kids, I think a contract at Napa State Hospital that was going to take place, different beers. I chatted with him about telling him Hey, you need to tell the truth, you’re held to a standard kind of stuff. So no, I didn’t get into all our chitchat with Officer Bender.” Hallman Depo. 71. However, Deputy Hallman told someone that Mr. Green looked like Ms. Hernandez did a “wildcat on” him, by which he meant that Mr. Green “looked like he picked up a feral cat,” but he did not ask Mr. Green how he was scratched because he did not interview him. Hallman Depo. at 130-31. Officer Bender testified at his deposition that, based upon the visible injuries to Mr. Green’s chest, Plaintiffs refusal to explain what had happened and her claims that they only had a verbal argument, he determined that Plaintiff was the dominant aggressor in the incident and that there was probable cause to arrest her for domestic violence against Mr. Green. Bender Depo. at 84, 111-12. Plaintiff was arrested for a misdemeanor violation of Penal Code § 243. Bender Depo. at 201-203, 206-208. As Plaintiff was being arrested and transported to jail, she never told Officer Bender that Mr. Green physically attacked or assaulted her in any way, though she stated that he attacked her. Hernandez Depo. at 139-42, 150-51. Deputy Hallman was not present at the time Plaintiff was handcuffed or arrested. Hernandez Depo. 331; Plaintiffs Response to RFA No. 10. While Plaintiff was being driven to jail, she told Officer Bender that Mr. Green had parked around the corner from her house. Bender Depo. at 150. Once the decision to arrest Plaintiff was made, Officer Bender asked Deputy Hall-man to give Mr. Green a ride away from the house. Bender Depo. 160-161; Hall-man Depo. at 109. Deputy Hallman testified that it is customary to separate those involved in altercations while one is being taken out in handcuffs to avoid additional flare-ups, and he agreed to remove Mr. Green from the residence to avoid crossing paths with Ms. Hernandez. Hallman Depo. 191. Officer Bender spoke the word “teamwork” in the recording when Deputy Hallman was preparing to give Mr. Green a ride, but stated that Mr. Green was not on the “team.” Bender Depo. 162. He considered Deputy Hallman and Officers Cole, Hibbs, and Fullmore to be on the team. Bender Depo. at 162. Deputy Hallman did not characterize the help he was giving to Mr. Green as teamwork. Hallman Depo. at 162. When Officer Bender spoke the word “teamwork,” Deputy Hallman then stated, “you got kids?” and began singing, “What’s gonna work?” TX 29 (and audio CD indicating that the words were sung, not spoken). Because Deputy Hallman believed Mr. Green was intoxicated, he agreed to give him a ride. Hallman Depo. 104-105,109,110-11. Ultimately, Deputy Hallman offered to drive Mr. Green to a location outside of the Napa County line, while on overtime. Hallman Depo. 194-195; see also TX 27-28. Deputy Hallman equated his giving Mr. Green a ride to receiving a taxi ride, and joked that he would charge Mr. Green $50.00. Hallman Depo. 195-196. Deputy Hallman asked Mr. Green if he was being sneaky for having parked his car around the corner and Mr. Green responded, “kind of.” Hallman Depo. 196. After observing the car and hearing this response, Deputy Hallman did not think the wrong person had been arrested, and did not notify Officer Bender that the wrong person had been arrested. Hallman Depo. 196. Two days later, on April 3, 2009, plaintiff contacted the Napa Police Department and asked to speak to the officer who arrested her to give her side of the story. Officer Bender came to her house that evening to drop off forms for her to give another statement. Hernandez Depo. at 165-66; Fox Decl. Ex. E. Plaintiff provided another handwritten statement in which she stated that the she and Mr. Green had gotten into a physical altercation and Mr. Green physically restrained and injured her. Hernandez Depo. at 174-75,180-81, 184-85, 187-88, Ex. 6. In that statement, she wrote “I am sorry I did not let you know that Donald restrained me and hurt me.” Hernandez Depo. at 180, Ex. 6. While Officer Bender was in Plaintiffs home on April 3, he advised her to obtain a restraining order against Mr. Green and gave her a hand-out on domestic violence, and informed her that he would be forwarding a supplemental report to the district attorney’s office for review and prosecution. Fox Reply Decl. Ex. B; Supp. Fox Decl. Ex. 1. According to Plaintiffs opposition, on April 8, 2009 she went to the Napa Police Department to discuss her arrest. See Pori Supplemental Decl. Ex. C (NAP000133-34). An officer named John Kostelac apparently spoke to Plaintiff and explained domestic violence laws and why she was arrested. Id. In December 2009, he wrote an e-mail stating that he “would have been required” to take a citizen’s complaint “if she insisted, but she did not.” The e-mail further stated that Plaintiff “insinuated that we were playing favorites by arresting her and not the boyfriend because he is in Law Enforcement, but I cannot swear to that.” Id. Also on April 8, 2008, plaintiff filed a handwritten statement in Napa Superior Court, under penalty of perjury, in support of a temporary restraining order, stating, “I chose not to say too much. I did say I had dialed 911, that the house was mine, that Donald had broken into my house and that Donald did not live with me.” Hernandez Depo. at 193-194,196-97, 200; Fox Decl. Ex. E. She stated that when speaking to the police “I did not describe the physical altercation.” Hernandez Depo. at 200-202; Fox Decl. Ex. E. In her written sworn statement, she did not claim that she told the officers on the night of the incident that Mr. Green attacked her. Hernandez Depo. at 201. Plaintiff subsequently testified at the hearing on her application for a temporary restraining order against Mr. Green that she did not say much to the officers at the time of the incident, she did not provide them complete information, and that when asked what had happened she answered “nothing.” Hernandez Depo. at 204-206, 208-209; Fox Decl. Ex F (transcript of TRO hearing) at 26. Napa Police Department General Order 91-12 sets forth the City’s policy and procedures for handling domestic violence situations and Officer Bender believes that his conduct complied with the requirements of the General Order. Bender Depo. at 163-65, 169-72, Ex. 12. General Order 91-12 states that, “when an officer responds to a domestic violence incident and the victim refuses information and/or assistance, a report shall be written indicating such refusal.” Bender Depo. Ex. 12. General Order 91-12 lists a number of California Penal Code Sections that should be considered during the investigation of domestic violence incidents. Bender Depo. at 173-74, Ex. 12. Officer Bender did not take into consideration Penal Code § 594 (vandalism), Penal Code § 602.5 (trespass), or Penal Code § 603 (forcible entry and unauthorized destruction of property), which are on this list, in his decision to arrest Plaintiff. Bender Depo. at 174-75. Prior to the April 1, 2009 incident, Plaintiff had previously called the police regarding Mr. Green on two occasions. On both occasions, she called a non-emergency number to try to get the police to call Mr. Green and ask him to leave. Hernandez Depo. at 68-70. On one occasion, while speaking to dispatch, she asked the police not to come and did not return to her house. Hernandez Depo. at 70. Approximately three months later, in January 2009, Plaintiff called a non-emergency police number because she believed Mr. Green was trying to damage her house and the police removed Mr. Green from her house and took him to a hotel. Hernandez Depo. at 79. She did not seek a restraining order against Mr. Green either time. Hernandez Depo. at 79. During the April 1 incident, Officer Full-more came by Plaintiffs house to drop off a camera and made no mention of the fact that he had been at Plaintiffs house before. Bender Depo. 168-169. Officer Fullmore had previously responded to a call to Plaintiffs house relating to an altercation between her and Mr. Green. Pori Decl. Ex. D (Fullmore Depo.) at 30. During the prior incident in January, Mr. Green was allegedly intoxicated and kicked down a door, and was taken to a hotel for the night because Plaintiff wanted nothing done. Fullmore Depo. at 33-34, 40. During the January incident, Officer Fullmore was aware that Mr. Green worked for Napa State Hospital because it was broadcast to him en route. Fullmore Depo. at 43. He also testified that he ran a report for warrants, restraining order and prior histories en route so he would know what he was getting into and separated the parties upon arrival. Fullmore Depo. at 31, 34-35. During the April 2009 incident, Officer Bender made no inquiries as to whether anyone from the Napa Police Department had been at Plaintiffs residence before. Bender Depo. at 169. During the incident, Officer Bender photographed a broken door jam in Plaintiffs home, but did not ask Mr. Green any questions about the broken door jam and does not remember if he asked Plaintiff any. Bender Depo. at 175-76; Ex. 13. Officer Bender prepared a report following the incident. See Bender Depo. Ex. 15. Officer Bender did not report that Mr. Green was reluctant to give answers and told the officers he was embarrassed, or that his written statement initially did not match his oral statement. Bender Depo. at 72, 143, 172-73, Ex. 15. Officer Bender did not report that Plaintiff crossed out the word “physical” from her written statement or that she told him that Mr. Green went into Plaintiffs bedroom and she wanted Mr. Green to leave or that he needed to leave immediately. Bender Depo. at 143, 147. Officer Bender did not ask Deputy Hallman to write a supplemental report despite having spent time with Mr. Green. Bender Depo. at 167-68. Page four of the report is a domestic violence supplement, which includes questions to be answered regarding prior domestic violence incidents. Bender Depo. at 190-91; Ex. 15-4. Officer Bender did not fully complete this portion of the report because he did not investigate prior incidents of domestic violence. Bender Depo. at 193-94. Before the incident, Officer Bender received training in handling domestic violence situations while attending the police academy and at least every other year for the thirteen years before the incident. Bender Depo. at 206. Officer Bender considered Deputy Hallman a friend based on a working relationship of training together and working together on occasion. Bender Depo. at 20. Officer Bender did not hear discussion from any supervisory officials relating to lawsuits or claims made against the Napa Police Department during any pre-shift briefing. Bender Depo. at 31-32, 34. He was not advised of the number of citizen’s complaints made against officers in the Napa Police Department or claims against public entities against the Napa Police Department during pre-shift briefing. Bender Depo. at 33-34. No one from the Napa Police Department interviewed Officer Bender about Plaintiffs lawsuit outside the presence of counsel. Bender Depo. at 93. Plaintiffs “police practices” expert, Roger Clark, has submitted a sworn declaration opining, among other things, that the defendants’ conduct was unreasonable. According to Mr. Clark, Officer Bender and Deputy Hallman “would be expected and required to know that Ms. Hernandez, at a minimum, was the victim of domestic violence at the hands of Officer Green.” Clark Decl. at 5. Mr. Clark opines that other likely crimes potentially committed by Green included burglary and trespass. Id. Mr. Clark opines that the “obvious” motivation for the officers’ acts was to protect Mr. Green — a brother law enforcement officer who was at risk of discharge if accused of a crime. Id. Mr. Clark concludes that Ms. Hernandez’ arrest would not have occurred had the officers followed the legal and ethical professional requirements taught to all POST certified officers. Id. Mr. Clark also opines that the conspiracy to falsely arrest Ms. Hernandez and her false arrest were the result of an informal policy or custom of ignoring claims against the City of Napa as well as lawsuits filed against Napa Police Department. II. LEGAL STANDARD Summary judgment shall be granted if “the pleadings, discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(c). Material facts are those which may affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id. The court must view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and give it the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those facts. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The court must not weigh the evidence or determine the truth of the matter, but only determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. Balint v. Carson City, 180 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir.1999). The evidence presented by the parties must be admissible. Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(e). A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Where the moving party will have the burden of proof at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party. On an issue where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party can prevail merely by pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. Id. If the moving party meets its initial burden, the opposing party “may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading;” rather, it must set forth “specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2); Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505. “Conelusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc. 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007); see also Nelson v. Pima Community College, 83 F.3d 1075, 1081-82 (9th Cir.1996) (“[M]ere allegation and speculation do not create a factual dispute for purposes of summary judgment”). If the nonmoving party fails to show that there is a genuine issue for trial, “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. “In the context of qualified immunity, determinations that turn on questions of law, such as whether the officers had probable cause or reasonable suspicion to support their actions, are appropriately decided by the court. However, a trial court should not grant summary judgment when there is a genuine dispute as to ‘the facts and circumstances within an officer’s knowledge’ or ‘what the officer and claimant did or failed to do.’ ” Hopkins v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752, 762-763 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). III. OBJECTIONS TO EVIDENCE AND MOTION TO STRIKE OBJECTIONS The City Defendants have filed a 77-page document containing 160 “objections to evidence” along with their reply. This document is in violation of Local Rule 7-3(c), which requires that “evidentiary and procedural objections to the opposition must be contained within the [15 page] reply brief or memorandum.” Local Rule 7-3(d) further provides that, “Once a reply is filed, no additional memoranda, papers or letters may be filed without prior Court approval .... ” Because the local rales to do provide any mechanism or deadline for responding to evidentiary objections, the parties stipulated to allow Plaintiff until January 18, 2011 to file a response to the objections. On January 18, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Strike the objections for violation of the local rales, or in the alternative that she be allowed to file a 75-page reply to the objections to evidence, and requested that the Motion to Strike be heard on shortened time. Plaintiff also filed a 61 page reply to the objections. The Court granted the request to hear the Motion to Strike on shortened time, and heard the motion concurrently with the motion for summary judgment.. Though the objections to evidence and Plaintiffs response are in violation of the local rules, the Court will not strike them in their entirety on this basis and DENIES the motion to strike. As Defendants argue in their opposition to the motion, it would likely have been impossible for them to comply with the rule and include all of their objections in a 15 page reply. Defendants should have requested leave to file an oversized brief or filed a separate motion to strike, and should have exercised more restraint in filing such lengthy objections and are admonished to comply with the Local Rules hereafter. However, admissibility issues relating to some of Plaintiffs evidence must be considered in connection with summary judgment, so entirely striking the objections would not help the Court. However, as discussed below, many of Defendants’ “objections” are not proper objections to evidence and are overruled on that basis alone. Defendants also make much of the fact that after they filed objections, Plaintiff filed a supplemental declaration containing missing deposition pages and documents. However, the missing documents were submitted at the Court’s request. A. Objections to Pori Declaration and Attached Deposition Transcripts The City’s “objections” to this deposition testimony are more accurately described as the City’s disagreement with how Plaintiff has characterized certain deposition testimony in her Opposition (i.e., the “objection” is really directed toward the Opposition brief, not the underlying deposition evidence). These objections were not made during the depositions and thus were not preserved, likely because much of the underlying testimony is unobjectionable on its face. Objection Nos. 1-64 — made on the basis that certain deposition testimony attached to the Pori Declaration “misstates evidence,” is “speculative and assumes facts not in evidence” and/or is “hearsay” — are OVERRULED. B. Objections to Plaintiffs Request for Judicial Notice The City objects to Plaintiffs Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”) generally on grounds that Plaintiff did not supply the Court with the necessary information by which it can take judicial notice because the request did not attach the documents in question. The City claims that it was prejudiced because it was forced to perform an investigation to determine what documents Plaintiff sought to have noticed. However, the request did identify the Electronic Case Filing system docket numbers of the documents sought to be noticed, making it relatively easy to locate documents in question. While Plaintiffs counsel should have attached the documents and submitted chambers copies of his voluminous submission, the Court will not refuse to consider the documents on this basis. Objection No. 65 is OVERRULED. Objection No. 66 argues that RJN Ex. 1 is not a proper subject of judicial notice. Defendants contend that this is a transcript of an audio recording, and it is not capable of accurate and ready determination and its accuracy can be questioned. At oral argument, Defendants specified that they are only challenging the accuracy of one line of the transcript (page 6:8 “He had a knife”). Generally speaking, judicial notice is not the proper vehicle for the Court’s consideration of this document. At oral argument, Plaintiff cited Martinez v. Stanford, 323 F.3d 1178, 1184 (9th Cir. 2003) in support of his contention that judicial notice is appropriate. However, there is no mention of judicial notice or a challenge to the accuracy of a transcription in Martinez. Given that the accuracy of a portion of the transcript is questioned, the Court cannot take judicial notice of that portion. However, Martinez did hold that the plaintiffs deposition testimony, submitted by defendants in connection with an earlier motion and referred to in their moving papers in a renewed motion but not re-submitted with the new motion, created a triable issue of fact to defeat defendants’ own summary judgment motion. Here, the Court relied on the transcript of the audio recording, in connection with a prior motion after listening to the audio recording, at which time neither side challenged its accuracy. Therefore, the Court will consider the remainder of the transcript as evidence already in the record. Additionally, RJN Exhibit 2, the subject of Objection No. 67, is a declaration by the individual who prepared the transcript, Greg Stuchman, attesting to its accuracy, as well as his credentials and portions of the transcript. Judicial Notice is also not the proper vehicle for admitting this evidence, but because the declaration is also already in the record, this is at most a technical error. Objection Nos. 66 and 67 are OVERRULED, except as to the disputed phrase “He had a knife.” Objection Nos. 68-71 are similar to the objections to deposition testimony discussed above in that the objections are actually directed at Plaintiffs characterization of the transcript in her Opposition, not at the transcript itself. These are not proper objections to evidence and are OVERRULED. C. Exhibit 20 NAP 000133-34 This exhibit (an internal email exchange between officers discussing an encounter between one of the officers and Plaintiff when she came into the station to discuss her arrest a week later) was referenced in Plaintiffs Opposition and attached to the Pori Supplemental Declaration. Defendants contend that the document is double-hearsay. However, Plaintiff argues that it is not proffered for its truth, but to show that Plaintiff came and tried to explain that her boyfriend was given preferential treatment because he was in law enforcement, and the officer failed to provide her with a written description of an officer complaint procedure as required by Penal Code § 832.5(a)(1) (“Each department or agency in this state that employs peace officers shall establish a procedure to investigate complaints by members of the public against the personnel of these departments or agencies, and shall make a written description of the procedure available to the public.”). She contends that this falls within the “state of mind” hearsay exception of Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3). However, this exception is for “then existing” states of mind, and excludes “statements of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed,” so excludes her statement of belief about the circumstances of her arrest seven days earlier. However, to the extent it is not offered for the truth of what she said, but for the impact of her saying it on the officer who heard it, it is not hearsay. More persuasively, Plaintiff claims that it is a non-hearsay admission by a party opponent under Rule 801(d)(2), and the Court agrees that the contents of the email indicate that it is a “statement by the party’s agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the relationship.” See FecLR.Evid. 801(d)(2)(D). Plaintiff claims that the email is relevant to her Monell claim to show that the Napa Police were indifferent to her complaint following her arrest. However, her claims are not directed to a failure to adequately handle her post-arrest complaint, but instead the circumstances of the false arrest itself. Therefore, though admissible, as discussed below it is unclear how this document supports Plaintiffs Monell claim. Objection No. 72 is OVERRULED. D. Declaration of Plaintiffs Expert Roger Clark Ms. Hernandez’s Opposition relies in part on the declaration of her proposed Police Practices Expert, Roger Clark. Mr. Clark is a 27-year veteran of the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department whose qualifications are detailed in his declaration. See Clark Decl. ¶¶ 119-59. In Objection to Evidence Nos. 73-160, the City Defendants challenge the relevance and admissibility of this declaration and various portions of it, as well as the exhibits attached thereto. The Court did not rely on this declaration with respect to Plaintiffs probable cause and conspiracy claims because much of it is speculative, unreliable, and not the proper subject of an expert opinion for the reasons stated by Defendants, and Plaintiff presented other admissible evidence to create a triable issue of fact. To the extent that the Court considered the evidence attached to the Clark declaration in evaluating Plaintiffs Monell claim, even when considered that evidence is unhelpful to Plaintiff for the reasons stated below. Defendants’ Objection Nos. 73-160 are SUSTAINED, except to the extent that certain select portions of the declaration and evidence attached thereto are addressed in connection with Plaintiffs Monell claim, in which case those objections are OVERRULED. IV. ANALYSIS 1. Is There A Triable Issue Of Fact As To Whether Plaintiffs Civil Rights Were Violated? A. Probable Cause The City Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs § 1983 claim for false arrest fails because there is no triable issue of material fact as to probable cause and no reasonable juror could find other than that Officer Bender had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff. While a very close question, and one on which a jury may very well side with Officer Bender at trial, drawing all inferences in Plaintiffs favor as it must, the Court cannot determine as a matter of law that no reasonable juror could find that Officer Bender acted unreasonably in deeming Plaintiff to be the dominant aggressor and finding probable cause to arrest her under the circumstances known to him at the time of her arrest. The relevant question of probable cause is whether “at the moment the arrest was made,” the facts and circumstances within the officers’ knowledge and of which he had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing the suspect had violated the law.” Grant v. City of Long Beach, 315 F.3d 1081, 1089 (9th Cir.2002); see also Beier v. City of Lewiston, 354 F.3d 1058, 1065 (9th Cir.2004) (probable cause exists if, “under the totality of the circumstances known to the arresting officers, a prudent person would have concluded that there was a fair probability the [the plaintiff] had committed a crime.”). “Probable cause must be determined at the time the arrest is made[;] facts learned or evidence obtained [after] a stop or arrest cannot be used to support probable cause unless they were known to the officer at the moment the arrest was made.” Allen v. City of Portland, 73 F.3d 232, 236 (9th Cir.1996) (citing Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 482, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963)). “Probable cause does not require the same type of specific evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support a conviction.... Rather, the court will evaluate generally the circumstances at the time of the arrest to decide if the officer had probable cause for his action: ‘In dealing with probable cause, however, as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.’ ” Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 148, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). If a defendant had probable cause to make an arrest, then the plaintiffs arrest is lawful regardless of the officer’s subjective motivation. Tatum v. City & County ofS.F., 441 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir.2006). Additionally, once probable cause is established, an officer is under no duty to further investigate or look for additional evidence which may exculpate the accused. See Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 1032 (9th Cir.2003). “The Constitution does not guarantee that only the guilty will be arrested. If it did, section 1983 would provide a cause of action for every defendant acquitted — indeed for every suspect released.” Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 145, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). Because Plaintiff was ultimately arrested for domestic violence, whether Officer Bender had probable cause to arrest her turns in part on California’s applicable domestic violence statutes. California Penal Code § 242 provides that: “A battery is a willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another.” California Penal Code § 243, specific to domestic violence, states: “When a battery is committed against a ... person with whom the defendant currently has, or has previously had, a dating ... relationship, the battery is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for a period of not more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment ---- (f) As used in this section: ... (5) “Injury” means any physical injury which requires professional medical treatment. ... (10) “Dating relationship” means frequent, intimate associations primarily characterized by the expectation of affectional or sexual involvement independent of financial consideration.” The “injury” requirement of this provision does not mean that the victim must actually receive medical treatment, but instead the nature, extent, and seriousness of the injury is determinative. People v. Longoria, 34 Cal.App.4th 12, 17, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 213 (1995). Penal Code § 836 further provides that: “(d) ... if a suspect commits an assault or battery upon a current or former cohabitant ... [or] a person with whom the suspect currently is having or has previously had an engagement or dating relationship as defined in paragraph (10) of subdivision (f) of Section 243, ... a peace officer may arrest the suspect without a warrant where both of the following circumstances apply: (1) The peace officer has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed the assault or battery, whether or not it has in fact been committed. (2) The peace officer makes the arrest as soon as probable cause arises to believe that the person to be arrested has committed the assault or battery, whether or not it has in fact been committed.” Penal Code § 273.5 also requires that: “(a) Any person who willfully inflicts upon a person who is his or her spouse, former spouse ... corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition, is guilty of a felony ... (b) As used in this section, “traumatic condition” means a condition of the body, such as a wound or external or internal injury, whether of a minor or serious nature, caused by a physical force.” “Section 273.5 is violated when the defendant inflicts even ‘minor’ injury. Unlike other felonies, e.g., aggravated battery ... which require serious or great bodily injury, ‘the Legislature has clothed persons of the opposite sex in intimate relationships with greater protection by requiring less harm to be inflicted before the offense is committed.’ ” People v. Wilkins, 14 Cal.App.4th 761, 771, 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 743 (1993). “The statute prohibits an assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury, not the use of force which does in fact produce such injury.... Further, the use of hands or fists alone may be sufficient to establish a violation.” People v. Silva, 27 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1166, fn. 7, 33 Cal.Rptr.2d 181 (1994). “[A]n officer given the alternative of arresting for a felony under the provisions of section 273[.5] may do so when he observes traumatic injury.” People v. Gutierrez, 171 Cal.App.3d 944, 950, 217 Cal.Rptr. 616 (1985). Traumatic injury for purposes of § 273.5 has been defined as “a wound or other abnormal bodily condition resulting from the application of some external force, [and] an abnormal condition of the living body produced by violence ... [and also as] ‘an injury or wound to a living body caused by the application of external force or violence ... ’ It is inherent in the definition that both serious and minor injury is embraced — traumata of all kinds.’ ” Gutierrez, 171 Cal.App.3d at 952, 217 Cal.Rptr. 616. Importantly for purposes of this motion, Penal Code § 13701 further requires that “Peace officers shall make reasonable efforts to identify the dominant aggressor in any incident. The dominant aggressor is the person determined to be the most significant, rather than the first aggressor.” Penal Code § 13701(c) further provides that: “In identifying the dominant aggressor, an officer shall consider the intent of the law to protect victims of domestic violence from continuing abuse, ... the history of domestic violence between the persons involved, and whether either person acted in self-defense.” Napa Police Department General Order 91-12 requires that misdemeanor arrests “shall be made when there is reasonable cause to believe that a misdemeanor has been committed” and discourages the release of domestic violence suspects on citation. The City Defendants argue that the undisputed evidence shows that Officer Bender’s arrest of Plaintiff for domestic violence against Mr. Green was supported by probable cause. Specifically, they contend that Officer Bender heard fighting as he approached the house and then observed Mr. Green bleeding with scratches on his chest. During the investigation, Mr. Green told him that he and Plaintiff had been in an on-and-off relationship during which they previously lived together and that they had gotten into an argument about their relationship. He eventually told Officer Bender that plaintiff had pushed and shoved him, scratching his chest and arm, and denied striking or physically assaulting Plaintiff. Mr. Green made a written statement on the night of the incident that Plaintiff yelled and pushed him and attacked him. Plaintiff admits that she punched Mr. Green in the chest with as much force as she could on the night of the incident. Defendants also contend that Officer Bender did not see any visible injuries on Plaintiffs wrists or in her mouth after examination (though Deputy Hallman said he saw her spit pink into the sink and stated in the presence of Officer Bender “she’s got marks on her too”), and Plaintiff herself was unaware of any injuries and said she was fine when questioned about any injuries. When directly questioned by Officer Bender, Plaintiff stated that “nothing happened.” Plaintiff admittedly never told Officer Bender that Mr. Green “physically attacked” her, though there is evidence that she told him several times that Mr. Green “attacked” her. She asked Officer Bender whether Mr. Green told him that she hit him, but did not ever state that he hit her. Plaintiff prepared a written statement on the night of the incident that there was a “verbal altercation.” Plaintiff initially wrote the word “physical” before altercation and then scratched it out and replaced it with “verbal” before Officer Bender saw what she had written. When she told Officer Bender several days later that Mr. Green had physically assaulted her during the incident, Officer Bender gave her a domestic violence pamphlet, recommended that she get a restraining order, and forwarded a supplemental report with her revised statement to the district attorney’s office for prosecution. Plaintiff counters that, despite these facts, there is a triable issue as to probable cause because Officer Bender ignored overwhelming exculpatory evidence that negated probable cause and would have caused a reasonable officer to investigate further and arrest Mr. Green as the dominant aggressor instead. For this position, Plaintiff relies in part on more clear-cut cases from other circuits where there was a complete absence of investigation. For example, in BeVier v. Hucal, 806 F.2d 123, 128 (7th Cir.1986), the Seventh Circuit held that a police officer may not close her or his eyes to facts that would help clarify the circumstances of an arrest, and therefore an officer arresting parents for child neglect without any evidence of intent (an element of the crime), who failed to question several individuals present at the scene to obtain information about the parents’ intent, acted unreasonably. Similarly, in Kingsland v. City of Miami, 369 F.3d 1210, 1216 (11th Cir.2004), withdrawn by Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir.2004), the plaintiff was arrested for driving under the influence after a collision with an off-duty police officer even though none of the approximately twenty police officers on the scene took plaintiffs statement or questioned any witness at the scene other than the off-duty officer. Plaintiff also relies on Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 925 (9th Cir.2001) (citing Fuller v. M.G. Jewelry, 950 F.2d 1437, 1444 (9th Cir.1991)) for the position that “[i]n establishing probable cause, officers may not solely rely on the claim of a citizen witness that he was a victim of a crime, but must independently investigate the basis of the witness’ knowledge or interview other witnesses.” In Arpin, decided on a motion to dismiss, the complaint alleged that the arresting officer refused to identify himself, would not inform the plaintiff of the reason she was being arrested, and did not allow the plaintiff to explain her side of the story prior to arresting her. Id. The Ninth Circuit held that the allegations of the complaint raised an inference that the officers arrested the plaintiff based on an accusers’s unexamined charge, and if they did not independently investigate his battery claim, they did not have probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. Id. These cases involve a complete failure to investigate, whereas here it is undisputed that Officer Bender did question both Plaintiff and Mr. Green at the scene. However, while a closer question than the cases on which Plaintiff relies, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and without making any credibility determination, the evidence raises a triable issue of fact as to whether there was probable cause to arrest her as the dominant aggressor. Officer Bender knew at some point that a female made the initial 911 call demanding that someone “get the f*&# out of [her] house” and heard Mr. Green accusing Plaintiff of memorizing another man’s phone number as he approached. Mr. Green appeared intoxicated and was in his underwear, Plaintiff told Deputy Hallman that Mr. Green had entered her bedroom and she owned the house and she wanted him to leave, and he learned that Mr. Green’s only belongings in the house was his uniform. While in her home, Officer Bender took a photograph of a broken door jam but did not question Mr. Green about it and does not recall questioning Plaintiff about it. Despite all of this, Officer Bender did not consider whether Mr. Green was a trespasser, whether Plaintiff had exercised her right to evict a trespasser, or whether she had acted in self-defense as required by the Penal Code. While Defendants argue that it was reasonable for Officer Bender to conclude that Mr. Green entered Plaintiffs house with permission before the fight started, a reasonable juror could also conclude that he did not make a reasonable effort to determine who was the dominant aggressor, especially in failing to consider self-defense or trespass. Additionally, despite the fact that Officer Bender did not see any injury to Plaintiff, Deputy Hallman said in Officer Bender’s presence, “No, it got physical. She’s got marks on her too” and told him that she spit something pink into the sink. Plaintiff testified that she told Officer Bender several times that Mr. Green attacked her (though she did not specifically say it was physical attack, these statements are not reflected in the transcript of the audio recording, and other of Plaintiffs testimony and sworn statements are to the contrary). Mr. Green initially told Officer Bender that the fight did not get physical, but then said she hit him after discussion with the officers which Plaintiff contends indicates coaching. Officer Bender did not question Plaintiff about why she scratched out the word “physical” on her statement, though the word it is somewhat legible through the scratch marks. Viewing all of the evidence together, while the question is a close one, a reasonable juror might be able to conclude that Officer Bender lacked probable cause to determine that Plaintiff was the dominant aggressor and arrest her in her own home without considering whether she acted in self-defense and/or was exercising her right to eject a trespasser, who was inebriated, largely undressed in his underwear, and who made inconsistent and evasive statements about what happened. B. Conspiracy to Commit False Arrest The City Defendants argue without analysis or citation that “there is no evidence that Officer Bender shared a common objective with Deputy Hallman and Green to wrongfully arrest plaintiff,” so the conspiracy claim should be dismissed as a matter of law. Motion at 14. Plaintiff counters that there is sufficient evidence to support this claim. “To establish liability for a conspiracy in a § 1983 case, a plaintiff must ‘demonstrate the existence of an agreement or meeting of the minds’ to violate constitutional rights. Mendocino Envt’l Ctr. v. Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1301 (9th Cir.1999) (internal quotatio