Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge. Plaintiff Dick Anthony Heller was the prevailing party in litigation before the United States Supreme Court, in which that Court held that the District of Columbia’s “ban on handgun possession in the home violates the Second Amendment, as does its prohibition against rendering any lawful firearm in the home operable for the purpose of immediate self-defense.” See District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 635, 128 S.Ct. 2783, 171 L.Ed.2d 637 (2008). Pending before the Court is plaintiffs motion for attorney fees and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (“ § 1988”). Plaintiff is seeking an award of $8,126,397.25 in fees and costs. Pl.’s Mot. at 2. Defendants, by contrast, urge the Court to award no more than $840,166.24, see Defs.’ Opp’n at 5, arguing that plaintiffs counsel should not be permitted to “enrich themselves at the expense of taxpayers,” particularly during this time of “financial crisis.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 1. Sensitive to the fact that the fees in this case will be paid by the taxpayers, this Court is left with the difficult task of closely scrutinizing plaintiffs fee petition to determine what is fair, reasonable, and just compensation for the legal services of plaintiffs attorneys. Upon consideration of plaintiffs fee petition, the opposition and reply thereto, defendants’ notices and the opposition thereto, the arguments of the parties made during the hearings held on December 13, 2010 and March 23, 2011, the parties’ post-hearing briefs and additional supplemental briefing ordered by the Court, the Court hereby determines that plaintiffs counsel is entitled to fees in the amount of $1,132,182.00 and expenses in the amount of $4890.27. I. STATUTORY FRAMEWORK Section 1988 authorizes a district court, in its discretion, to award a “reasonable attorney’s fee” to a prevailing civil rights litigant. 42 U.S.C. § 1988. “[A] ‘reasonable’ fee is a fee that is sufficient to induce a capable attorney to undertake the representation of a meritorious civil rights case.” Perdue v. Kenny A., — U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 1662, 1672, 176 L.Ed.2d 494 (2010); see also Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984) (“[A] reasonable attorney’s fee is one that is adequate to attract competent counsel, but that does not produce windfalls to attorneys.”)(ellipsis, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted). The starting point for determining a reasonable fee is the “lodestar method,” which “is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). “[T]he lodestar method produces an award that roughly approximates the fee that the prevailing attorney would have received if he or she had been representing a paying client who was billed by the hour in a comparable case[.]” Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1672. There is a “strong presumption” that the lodestar figure represents a reasonable attorney’s fee, id. at 1673, because “ ‘the lodestar figure includes most, if not all, of the relevant factors constituting a ‘reasonable’ attorney’s fee,”’ id. at 1667 (quoting Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 566, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986)). In calculating a reasonable fee award, the Court must make three separate determinations: (1) what constitutes a “reasonable hourly rate” for the services of plaintiffs counsel; (2) the number of hours that were reasonably expended on the litigation; and (3) whether plaintiff has offered “specific evidence” demonstrating this to be the “rare” case in which a lodestar enhancement is appropriate, and if so, in what amount. Miller v. Holzmann, 575 F.Supp.2d 2, 11 (D.D.C.2008); see also Covington v. District of Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101, 1107 (D.C.Cir.1995). The fee applicant, however, “bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award, documenting the appropriate hours, and justifying the reasonableness of the rates[.]” Covington, 57 F.3d at 1107 (citing Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541; Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437,103 S.Ct. 1933). Likewise, “the burden of proving that an enhancement is necessary must [also] be borne by the fee applicant.” Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1673. This Court, therefore, must first determine whether plaintiff has met his burden with respect to rates, hours, and enhancements. The Court will then consider plaintiffs request for reasonable expenses. II. PLAINTIFF’S FEE AWARD A. Reasonable Hourly Rate The first significant issue this Court must decide is the appropriate hourly rate at which each of plaintiffs attorneys should be compensated. “[A] fee applicant’s burden in establishing a reasonable hourly rate entails a showing of at least three elements: [1] the attorneys’ billing practices; [2] the attorneys’ skill, experience, and reputation; and [3] the prevailing market rates in the relevant community.” Covington, 57 F.3d at 1107; see also Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (“[T]he burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence — in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits — that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation”). After careful consideration of this evidence, “the Court must then exercise its discretion to adjust [the requested rate] upward or downward to arrive at a final fee award that reflects the characteristics of the particular case (and counsel) for which the award is sought.” Falica v. Advance Tenant Servs., 384 F.Supp.2d 75, 78 (D.D.C.2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing cases); see also American Lands Alliance v. Norton, 525 F.Supp.2d 135, 148 (D.D.C.2007) (explaining that the district court must assure itself that the rate requested is “commensurate with the attorneys’ skill and experience, and with the quality of the attorneys’ work”)(internal quotation marks omitted). The Court will begin by addressing the first element of the Covington rate inquiry: the billing practices of plaintiffs counsel. 1. Counsel’s Billing Practices With regard to this first factor, “an attorney’s usual billing rate is presumptively the reasonable rate, provided that this rate is ‘in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.’ ” Kattan ex rel. Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 278 (D.C.Cir.1993) (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 895-96 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541). The attorneys in this case, howev er, do not have a usual billing rate. See Pl.’s Mot. at 14 (“As is typical among attorneys dedicated largely or exclusively to public interest work, Plaintiffs counsel lack relevant hourly billing practices.”). Specifically, three of plaintiffs attorneys (Mr. Neily, Mr. Levy, and Mr. Healy) are employed by non-profit public interest organizations that do not charge hourly billing rates, and three of his attorneys (Mr. Gura, Ms. Possessky, and Mr. Huff) do not have standard, fixed hourly rates, as they frequently charge “sub-market rates in order to provide legal services to those who otherwise could not afford them.” Pl.’s Mot. at 14-15. Plaintiffs counsel, therefore, is “entitled to an award based on the prevailing market rates.” Covington, 57 F.Bd at 1107 (explaining that attorneys “who either practice privately and for-profit but at reduced rates reflecting non-economic goals or who have no established billing practice” should be compensated based on the prevailing market rate). 2. Counsel’s Experience, Skill & Reputation “Second, prevailing parties must offer evidence to demonstrate their attorneys’ experience, skill, reputation, and the complexity of the case they handled.” Covington, 57 F.3d at 1108. This, in turn, requires an attorney to “ ‘produce satisfactory evidence — in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits — that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.’ ” Id. (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541). The D.C. Circuit has noted that “this second element of the reasonable-rate analysis informs the first element of the inquiry,” explaining that “ ‘[w]e do not propose ... that all attorneys be remunerated at the same rate, regardless of their competence, experience, and marketability. We only aim to provide that their experience, competence, and marketability will be reflected in the rate at which they are in fact remunerated.’ ” Id. This factor, therefore, is of only limited utility to the Court because — as discussed above — plaintiffs attorneys do not have standard billing rates that reflect their experience, competence, and marketability. The Court will note, however, the impressive qualifications of plaintiffs counsel. Indeed, with the exception of one attorney, plaintiff was represented by a team of skilled litigators with significant experience in the for-profit, nonprofit, and government sectors at both the trial and appellate level. See generally PL’s Mot. at 16-20 and the declarations cited therein. 3. Prevailing Market Rate Given the limited utility of the first and second factors in this case, in order to determine a reasonable hourly rate for plaintiffs counsel, the Court must focus its inquiry upon the third factor: “the prevailing market rates in the relevant community for attorneys of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Covington, 57 F.3d at 1107. In the District of Columbia, a reasonable hourly rate for complex federal litigation has traditionally been determined through use of a matrix known as the “Laffey Matrix.” The Laffey Matrix, which was developed 25 years ago in Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, 572 F.Supp. 354 (D.D.C.1983), aff'd in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 746 F.2d 4 (D.C.Cir.1984), provides billing rates for attorneys in the Washington, D.C. market with various degrees of legal experience. The initial Laffey Matrix was based upon the prevailing market rates from 1981-1982. As discussed more fully below, two different matrices have been used as proof of prevailing market rates in complex federal litigation in the District of Columbia. “One version, which is maintained by the Civil Division of the Office of the United States Attorney, calculates the matrix rate for each year by adding the change in the overall cost of living, as reflected in the United States Consumer Price Index for the Washington, D.C. area for the prior year, and then rounding that rate to the nearest multiple of $5. A second, slightly different version of the Laffey Matrix ... calculates the matrix rates for each year by using the legal services component of the CPI rather than the general CPI on which the U.S. Attorney’s Office Matrix is based.” Smith v. District of Columbia, 466 F.Supp.2d 151, 156 (D.D.C.2006) (internal quotation marks and abbreviations omitted). The Circuit has advised that in order to demonstrate the prevailing market rate: [P]laintiffs may point to such evidence as an updated version of the Laffey matrix or the U.S. Attorney’s Office matrix, or their own survey of prevailing market rates in the community.... To supplement any matrix that has been offered, plaintiffs may also provide surveys to update the matrix; affidavits reciting the precise fees that attorneys with similar qualifications have received from fee-paying clients in comparable cases; and evidence of recent fees awarded by the courts or through settlement to attorneys with comparable qualifications handling similar cases. Covington, 57 F.3d at 1109. Once the plaintiff has put forward his evidence, the burden falls upon the government to produce “equally specific countervailing evidence” which demonstrates that the plaintiffs proposed hourly rate is “erroneous.” Id. (explaining that the government’s burden in rebuttal is not without demand). In this case, plaintiff argues for the alternative matrix, which calculates the rate using the legal services component of the CPI. Accordingly, plaintiff requests that Mr. Gura, Mr. Neily, Mr. Levy, Mr. Healy, and Ms. Possessky be compensated at a base rate of $589/hour (as each of these attorneys has 11-19 years of experience), and that Mr. Huff be compensated at the base rate of $361/hour (as he has 4-7 years of experience). Plaintiff contends that these are the prevailing market rates for attorneys engaged in complex federal litigation in the Washington, D.C. area. As discussed below, plaintiffs principal support for his requested rates is a so-called “updated” version of the Laffey Matrix, which was developed by Dr. Michael Kavanaugh (the “Updated Laffey Matrix”). In further support of his requested rates, plaintiff has provided the Court with the National Law Journal’s 2009 law firm rate survey, a declaration by a legal recruiter familiar with the Washington, D.C. legal market, the standard billing rates of defense counsel in this action, and citations to fee awards in other complex cases. In response, defendants assert that plaintiffs requested rates are “unreasonable”; that Dr. Kavanaugh’s matrix rests upon “deficient methodology”; and that the appropriate rate for compensating plaintiffs counsel should be determined by reference to the Laffey Matrix maintained by the Civil Division of the Office of the United States Attorney (the “USAO Laffey Matrix”). Defs.’ Opp’n at 6, 14. Pursuant to the USAO Laffey Matrix, defendants contend that plaintiffs counsel should be compensated at the rates of $420/hour and $275/hour. It is defendants’ position that “[t]he USAO Laffey Matrix reflects prevailing market rates for representation in ‘complex federal litigation,’ ” and that Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix “is an inappropriate measure of rates both in this case and more generally.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 7, 11. In support of this argument, defendants have provided the Court with declarations from economist Dr. Laura Malowane. The Court will explore these arguments and the evidence proffered by each side, in turn, beginning with a discussion of the parties’ competing matrices. As noted above, the USAO Laffey Matrix determines hourly rates for attorneys of varying experience levels by taking the hourly rates contained in the original 1982 Laffey Matrix and adjusting those rates for inflation based upon changes in the Washington, D.C.-area Consumer Price Index (the “CPI”). See supra at 10; see also Kavanaugh Decl. dated June 1, 2010, Docket No. 63-2 ¶ 8. Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix differs from the USAO Laffey Matrix in two significant ways. First, Dr. Kavanaugh uses the legal services component of the nationwide CPI (the “Legal Services Index”) — as opposed to the general, local CPI — to measure inflation. Kavanaugh Decl. dated June 1, 2010, Docket No. 63-2 ¶ 9. Second, Dr. Kavanaugh “applies the specific legal services index to the more recent survey of rates for the Washington D.C. metropolitan area developed in 1989 in response to the remand decision in Save Our Cumberland Mountains.” Kavanaugh Decl. dated June 1, 2010, Docket No. 63-2 ¶9. As a result of these differences, plaintiff contends that Dr. Kavanaugh’s approach yields a more accurate estimate of current market rates than that of the USAO Laffey Matrix. Plaintiff also directs the Court to Judge Kessler’s opinion in Salazar v. District of Columbia, 123 F.Supp.2d 8 (D.D.C.2000) (“Salazar I”), in which that court found that Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix “more accurately reflects the prevailing legal rates for legal services in the D.C. community” than the USAO Laffey Matrix. Id. at 15. In reaching that conclusion, the Salazar I court found that the Updated Laffey Matrix had the “distinct advantage of capturing the more relevant data because it is based on the legal services component of the Consumer Price Index rather than the general CPI on which the U.S. Attorney’s Office matrix is based.” Id. at 14-15; see also Smith v. District of Columbia, 466 F.Supp.2d 151, 156 (D.D.C.2006) (Kessler, J.) (concluding that the Updated Laffey Matrix was. “more accurate” than the USAO Laffey Matrix). It should be noted, however, .that — unlike this case — the defendants in Salazar I and Smith did not challenge the use of the Updated Laffey Matrix. Plaintiff further contends that survey data from the National Law Journal corroborates the rates contained in Dr. Kavanaugh’s matrix. Focusing on Washington, D.C.-based law firms, plaintiff proffers the following rate data: Firmwide Avg. Partner Median Top Assoc. _Avg. Rates Top Rate Rates_Partner Rates Rates Arent Fox_$755_$485 Diekstein $520_$950_$633_$630_$515 Hogan_$540_$990_$675_$660_$550 McKenna_$775_$471_$470 Patton Boggs $521_$990_$650_$625_$540 Venable $457_$975_$556_$550_$450 Pl.’s Mot. at 29. Plaintiff asserts that “[w]hile these real world rates are in line with the rates predicted by Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix, they are not remotely reflected by the U.S. Attorney’s model. The USAO’s predicted top rate for the absolutely most experienced attorneys in Washington is exceeded by the average billing rate of lawyers in at least three firms, and is within ten dollars of a fourth.” PL’s Mot. at 29. In addition, plaintiff also submitted a declaration from Robert Podgursky, a legal recruiter at Klein, Landau, Romm & Schwartz. In his declaration, Mr. Podgursky states that he has “reviewed the qualifications of Alan Gura, Clark Neily, Robert Levy, Gene Healy, Tom Huff, and Laura Possessky, including their educational background and work experience,” and avers that his firm “could place all of these attorneys within top major law firms, where they would command market billing rates ... [of] $500-900 an hour.” Podgursky Deck, Docket No. 63-9 ¶¶ 8-9. Plaintiff also cites to the fee award in Miller v. Holzmann, in which another member of this court approved rates ranging from $625-$750/hour for senior partners at Wilmer Hale. PL’s Reply at 5 (citing Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 13). Finally, plaintiff points to the standard billing rates for the attorneys who provided pro bono services to the District of Columbia in this litigation. Specifically, a pleading filed by defendants indicates that the historical, 2007-2008 standard billing rates for the attorneys who represented the District of Columbia in this litigation were $640-$800/hour for attorneys with 11-20 years of experience and $480/hour for attorneys with 4-7 years of experience. See Docket No. 79, Notice of Filing. Plaintiff asserts that these historic rates provide further support for the reasonableness of his proposed hoürly rates — $589/ hour and $361/hour. See Pl.’s Supp. Br., Docket No. 80. Defendants respond by urging the Court to reject plaintiffs proposed rates, and instead argue that “[t]he appropriate rate for compensating plaintiff should be established by reference to the [USAO Laffey] Matrix, which is the presumptive rate in this jurisdiction for complex federal litigation.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 6. Defendants maintain that “most local court decisions on attorneys’ fees have applied the USAO Laffey matrix, specifically rejecting Kavanaugh’s approach.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 12 (citing cases); see also, e.g., Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 17-18 (noting that “[Dr.] Kavanaugh’s alternative methodology has achieved only limited acceptance in this District”). In support of this assertion, defendants direct the Court to Chief Judge Lamberth’s opinion in Miller v. Holzmann, in which that court awarded fees at USAO Laffey Matrix rates based upon its determination that Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix lacked the requisite “geographic specificity” due to its reliance on the national Legal Services Index. 575 F.Supp.2d at 17-18. Defendants also argue that “the reasoning underlying the Kavanaugh matrix is deficient and does not justify the requested departure.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 14. In support of this assertion, defendants have proffered the declaration of Dr. Laura A. Malowane. Dr. Malowane maintains that Dr. Kavanaugh’s Updated Laffey Matrix should be rejected for several reasons, including that “[t]he U.S. Legal Index is a nationwide average index and not specific to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan region” and that “[t]he U.S. Legal Index is for flat-fee services rather than hourly rates.” Malowane Decl. dated Aug. 11, 2009, Docket No. 64-4 ¶ 12. Based upon these and other purported deficiencies, Dr. Malowane concludes that the USAO Laffey Matrix is more appropriate than the Updated Laffey Matrix for determining attorneys’ fees in cases involving complex federal litigation in the Washington, D.C. area. See Malowane Decl. dated July 9, 2010, Docket No. 64-4 ¶ 4. In further support of their argument regarding the unreasonableness of plaintiffs proffered rates, defendants argue that “plaintiffs in this case were represented by an extremely small firm, and as various courts and Dr. Malowane recognize, small firms typically charge less than large firms.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 16; see Malowane Decl. dated Aug. 11, 2009, Docket No. 64-4 ¶¶ 33, 37 (explaining, among other things, that small law firms do not have the same overhead as larger firms and that, as a result, attorneys at small firms may be able to offer services at lower fees than those at their larger firm counterparts; observing that “[i]n general, law firm billing rates increase with the size of the firm”). Defendants further contend that “[c]ounsel here simply assume that they should be paid the same amount as big-firm partners in the private world, but ... nothing justifies that assumption. Lawyers at small firms typically earn less than lawyers at larger firms.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 17. Finally, defendants attack the rate data offered by plaintiff as unreliable. First, with regard to the National Law Journal survey, defendants argue that “these rates ‘are misleading and should not be used for comparison purposes’ because they ‘reflect nominal billing rates and not realized rates (i.e., the amount actually collected divided by the hours actually expended on the work).’ ” Defs.’ Opp’n at 18 (quoting Malowane Decl. ¶ 36). Defendants further maintain that “[bjecause small firms typically charge less than large firms, a survey of the nation’s largest firms would therefore be valueless even if it were otherwise reliable.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 19. Second, with regard to the standard billing rates of defense counsel, defendants argue that this data is irrelevant, because, among other reasons: (i) “the rates of large firms are not an appropriate benchmark because lead counsel’s firm has only two lawyers, and small firms routinely charge less than big firms”; and (ii) “the standard rates of pro bono counsel [] do not reflect what would have been required to incentivize even a large firm to take this case” because “in Supreme Court litigation, the firms frequently charge significantly lower than their highest rates or use alternative fee arrangements because of the reputational and professional opportunities those cases offer to the firms and the involved lawyers.” Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Supp. Br., Docket No. 81, at 2, 4. Plaintiff urges the Court to reject these arguments. First, with respect to defendants’ claims that the USAO Laffey Matrix is the “presumptive rate” for complex federal litigation in this jurisdiction, Defs.’ Opp’n at 6, plaintiff contends that “Covington specifically instructs that the U.S. Attorney’s matrix is to be afforded the same consideration as any other updated Laffey Matrix or a party’s own survey” and argues that it would be “error to refuse consideration of any rate evidence, on the presumptive assumption that the government’s matrix is controlling.” Pk’s Mot. at 27 (citing Covington, 57 F.3d at 1109). Next, in response to defendants’ economic arguments, plaintiff provided detailed rebuttal declarations from Dr. Kavanaugh. See Kavanaugh Deck dated July 25, 2010, Docket No. 67-1, and Kavanaugh Deck dated Aug. 25, 2010, Docket No. 70-1. With respect to defendants’ critiques regarding plaintiffs reliance on the National Law Journal Survey, plaintiff notes that the survey is “routinely cited by courts in this district and others.” Pl.’s Reply at 5 (citing cases). Finally, on the issue of the standard billing rates of defense counsel in this case, plaintiff maintains that “the rates charged by the very lawyers who opposed Plaintiffs counsel are certainly relevant in determining how the local market values work of the kind they performed in this case.” Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Supplemental Br., Docket No. 82, at 1. Having carefully considered the parties’ arguments, the Court concludes that plaintiff has failed to provide the Court with sufficient evidence to support the extraordinary rates of $589/hour and $361/hour. Specifically, as explained below, the Court finds that plaintiff has not carried his burden to establish that the rates he is requesting are “the prevailing market rates in the relevant community for attorneys of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Covington, 57 F.3d at 1108. First, with regard to the parties’ dispute over the accuracy of their competing matrices, the Court finds that “[n]either index is perfect.” Pl.’s Reply at 6. As plaintiff admits: “The [D.C.] CPI offers geographic specificity but is based almost entirely on goods and services other than legal work, while the Legal Services Index offers specificity as to industry but not geography.” Pl.’s Reply at 6. In an effort to determine the prevailing market rate, the Court will use the rates contained in the widely accepted USAO Laffey Matrix as the “starting point” for its analysis. See Covington, 57 F.3d at 1109 (explaining that “fee matrices are somewhat crude,” and that, as a result, they merely provide courts with “a useful starting point” in determining the prevailing market rate). See also cases cited infra 30-31. Further, the Court is not persuaded that the additional evidence proffered by plaintiff demonstrates that the rates contained in the Updated Laffey Matrix are in line with the prevailing hourly rates for attorneys engaged in complex federal litigation in the District of Columbia. As discussed above, in support of the Updated Laffey Matrix rates, plaintiff has provided the Court with (i) survey data from the National Law Journal; (ii) the declaration of a legal recruiter familiar with the Washington, D.C. legal market; (iii) a citation to the fee award in Miller v. Holzmann; and (iv) the standard billing rates of opposing counsel in this litigation. Having carefully considered this evidence, the Court finds that these materials— which are based upon the rates typically charged by practitioners at the largest law firms in the District of Columbia — fail to establish that plaintiffs requested rates are, in fact, the prevailing market rates for attorneys engaged in complex federal litigation outside of the “big firm” context. The National Law Journal survey, for instance, only examines the rates of the nation’s 250 largest law firms, which range in size from 392 to 1092 attorneys. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 19. The Court finds this data largely inapposite because none of plaintiffs attorneys practice at large law firms; indeed, plaintiffs lead counsel is a principal at a two-partner law firm. See Malowane Decl. dated Aug. 5, 2010, Docket No. 69-1 ¶ 14 (stating that it would be “misleading” to use the rates of the “largest 250 firms in the nation to determine attorney fees in this case” because, among other reasons, “small and medium firms may be able to offer services at lower fees than those at their larger firm counterparts”). The declaration of legal recruiter Robert Podgursky similarly focuses upon the market billing rates at “top major law firms,” and his ability to place plaintiffs counsel at such firms. Docket No. 63-9, Podgursky Decl. ¶¶ 8. The fee award principally relied upon by plaintiff, see Pl.’s Reply at 5, also involves the standard billing rates for senior partners at a “large, international law firm.” Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 12 (discussing the standard billing rates of senior partners at Wilmer Hale; finding that the relator established that Wilmer Hale’s established billing rates were consistent with the rates charged by partners at “other large, D.C. litigation firms”). Finally, although this Court previously recognized that the standard billing rates of defense counsel in this action were potentially relevant to plaintiffs fee petition, see generally March 24, 2011 Hearing Transcript, the Court now concludes that this evidence is also of limited utility because, among other things, the law firms that gave pro bono assistance to defendants in this case are all large law firms. Ultimately, therefore, this Court is simply not convinced that plaintiff has demonstrated that the high rates he is requesting are the prevailing market rates for attorneys performing complex federal litigation other than those practicing law at the District of Columbia’s largest law firms. Indeed, the rate requested by plaintiff for five of his attorneys — $589/hour—is consistent with the average partner rates at large law firms such as Dickstein Shapiro and Venable. See supra at 15. Absent from plaintiffs evidentiary record are the rates typically charged by attorneys at small or boutique law firms in the District of Columbia who perform the type of complex federal litigation at issue in this case. The Court finds this evidentiary gap significant because “[t]he market generally accepts higher rates from attorneys at firms with more than 100 lawyers than from those at smaller firms — presumably because of their greater resources and investments, such as attorneys, librarians, researchers, support staff, information technology, and litigation services.” Wilcox v. Sisson, No. 02-1455, 2006 WL 1443981, at *2, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33404, at *8 (D.D.C. May 25, 2006). Indeed, as a result of these overhead costs, “[c]ourts have recognized that the size of the firm representing a plaintiff seeking attorney’s fees is a factor in determining a reasonable attorney’s fee[.]” Tlacoapa v. Carregal, 386 F.Supp.2d 362, 369-70 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (citing Chambless v. Masters, Mates & Pilots Pension Plan, 885 F.2d 1053, 1058-59 (2d Cir.1989)) (declining to award the rates requested by the plaintiffs small-firm practitioners, where the requested rates were “usually reserved for attorneys in larger law firms”); see also, e.g., Saunders v. Salvation Army, No. 06-2980, 2007 WL 927529, at *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22347, at *12-13 (D.D.C. March 27, 2007) (declining to award large-firm rates to a small non-profit organization; explaining that because “the Center does not incur the same overhead costs that burden a large law firm ... the rates charged by its attorneys cannot approximate those charged by attorneys in large New York City law firms”); Algie v. RCA Global Communications, Inc., 891 F.Supp. 875, 895 (S.D.N.Y.1994) (“If the movant is represented by a small or medium-size firm, the appropriate rates are those typically charged by such firms, whereas a movant may obtain higher compensable rates if represented by a large urban firm, since such firms typically charge more per hour to cover a higher overhead.”), aff'd, 60 F.3d 956 (2d Cir.1995); see also Malowane Deck dated Aug. 5, 2010, Docket No. 69-1 ¶ 14 (“It is well recognized that firms use such factors as firm size to set rates. Small and medium law firms presumably do not have the same overhead as larger firms and, as a result, attorneys at small and medium firms may be able to offer services at lower fees than those at their larger firm counterparts. Similarly, larger multiregional or multinational firms may be able to command higher fees due to, among other reasons, an offering of more services, having a better national or international reputation, or being located in a higher rent and higher profile area of the region. Limiting the comparison, as plaintiff has done, to the largest firms in the nation will not provide an accurate indication of comparable market rates for firms in the Washington, DC area.”). Therefore, in light of the “special caution” courts must exercise when reviewing fee petitions to be paid by the government, Eureka Inv. Corp., N.V. v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 743 F.2d 932, 941-42 (D.C.Cir.1984), and because this Court is charged with ‘“fixing the prevailing hourly rate in each particular case with a fair degree of accuracy[,]”’ id. (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Concerned Veterans v. Sec’y of Def., 675 F.2d 1319, 1325 (D.C.Cir.1982)), the Court is unwilling to award the high rates requested by plaintiff absent specific evidence that those rates are, indeed, the prevailing market rates for attorneys engaged in complex federal litigation outside of the District of Columbia’s largest law firms. 4. Determination of Reasonable Rate Having found that plaintiff failed to carry his burden to establish the reasonableness of his requested rates, Covington, 57 F.3d at 1107, the Court will exercise its discretion to determine a reasonable hourly rate for plaintiffs counsel. As discussed above, “a ‘reasonable’ fee is a fee that is sufficient to induce a capable attorney to undertake the representation of a meritorious civil rights case,” Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1672; it is a rate that is “adequate to attract competent counsel, but that does not produce windfalls to attorneys.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 897, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (ellipsis, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted). After a careful review of the evidence in this case, the Court concludes— with the exception of one attorney — that plaintiffs counsel should be compensated at the rates produced by the USAO Laffey Matrix. While the Court readily acknowledges the shortcomings of relying upon a fee matrix, see supra at 22 (finding that neither of the parties’ proposed matrices were perfect), the rates produced by the USAO Laffey Matrix are frequently awarded to attorneys engaged in complex federal litigation in this district. See Miller v. Holzmann, 575 F.Supp.2d at 18 n. 29 (“Due to its widespread acceptance, this matrix has been aptly described as ‘the benchmark for reasonable fees in this Court.’ ” (citing cases)); American Lands Alliance, 525 F.Supp.2d at 149 (listing “numerous cases in which members of this Court have endorsed the [USAO] Laffey Matrix”); see also, e.g., Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 10-750, 825 F.Supp.2d 226, 228-30, 2011 WL 5830746, at *1-2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133962, at *4-5 (D.D.C. Nov. 21, 2011) (awarding fees pursuant to the USAO Laffey Matrix); Queen Anne’s Conservation Ass’n, 800 F.Supp.2d at 200-01 (same); Covad Communs. Co. v. Revonet, Inc., 267 F.R.D. 14, 31-32 (D.D.C.2010) (same); Friends of Animals v. Salazar, 696 F.Supp.2d 16, 20 (D.D.C.2010) (same). The Court finds the frequency with which the USAO Laffey Matrix rates are applied to be strong evidence of both their prevalence and their reasonableness. The Court further finds that the rates produced by this matrix are consistent with the goals of § 1988. See Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1673 (“Section 1988’s aim is to enforce the covered civil rights statutes, not to provide ‘a form of economic relief to improve the financial lot of attorneys.’”). The Court concludes, therefore, that Mr. Gura, Mr. Neily, Mr.-Levy, Mr. Healy, Ms. Possessky, and Mr. Huff should be cornpensated at the applicable USAO matrix rate. Accordingly, each of these attorneys shall be compensated at a base rate of $420/hour (as a result of their 11-19 years of relevant legal experience), with the exception of Mr. Huff, who shall be compensated at the base rate of $275/hour (as a result of his 4-7 years of relevant legal experience). The Court is not, however, convinced that Mr. Levy is entitled to the applicable USAO Laffey Matrix rate. Unlike the other attorneys in this case, Mr. Levy has no litigation experience. While Mr. Levy’s declaration reflects an impressive career, the Court is not persuaded, see supra note 3, that an individual with no litigation experience can command a rate reserved for “ ‘experienced federal court litigators.’ ” See supra at 9 n. 4 (quoting Laffey, 572 F.Supp. at 371). The Court, therefore, will exercise its discretion to reduce the USAO Laffey Matrix rate applicable to Mr. Levy by 25%. See Falica, 384 F.Supp.2d at 75 (explaining that a Court must adjust the requested rate “upward or downward to arrive at a final fee award that reflects the characteristics of the particular case (and counsel) for which the award is sought”). Accordingly, Mr. Levy will be compensated at the base rate of $ 315/hour. B. Number of Hours Next, the Court must determine “the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933. To enable the Court to make this determination, the party seeking an award of fees must submit evidence supporting the hours worked and the rates claimed. Id. “A ‘fee application need not present the exact number of minutes spent[,] nor the precise activity to which each hour was devoted[,] nor the specific attainments of each attorney.’ ” Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 21 (quoting Nat'l Ass’n of Concerned Veterans v. Sec’y of Def., 675 F.2d 1319, 1327 (D.C.Cir.1982)). The petition must, however, “be sufficiently detailed to permit the District Court to make an independent determination whether or not the hours claimed are justified.” Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1327. “Where the documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933. In this case, plaintiff’s counsel claim 3,270.2 hours of work over six years. In support of this request, plaintiff submitted detailed billing records for each of his attorneys, and requests the following number of billable hours: Mr. Gura: 1,661 hours; Mr. Neily: 808.3 hours; Mr. Levy: 595.6 hours; Mr. Huff: 153.6 hours; Mr. Healy: 33.7 hours; and Ms. Possessky: 18 hours. Pl.’s Mot. at 5. Plaintiff asserts that the hours billed by his counsel are documented and “eminently reasonable,” explaining that “[t]he total hours sought by counsel for litigating a case of this magnitude and complexity — less than 3,300 — is extremely low, reflecting careful billing judgment and, to Defendants’ benefit, the relatively high efficiency nature of counsel’s practice.” PL’s Mot. at 9, 11. Defendants dispute this contention and raise a number of challenges to the billing records of plaintiffs counsel. In particular, defendants contend that the number of hours expended by plaintiff’s counsel should be reduced because of (i) reconstructed timesheets; (ii) vague and inadequately documented billing entries; (iii) block billing; (iv) uncompensable items; (v) excessive hours; (vi) unsuccessful claims; and (vii) lack of billing judgment. Defs.’ Opp’n at 28-40. Due to these purported deficiencies, defendants request that certain entries be discounted or excluded in their entirety and further argue for two across-the-board reductions. The Court will discuss defendants’ objections in turn. 1. Reconstructed Timesheets The first defect identified by defendants is reconstructed timesheets. Specifically, defendants note that three of plaintiffs six attorneys — including two of its top billers — failed to keep contemporaneous time records, and, instead, provided the Court with reconstructed timesheets. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 30; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 5 (noting that Mr. Neily, Mr. Levy, and Mr. Healy “largely reconstructed their time”). Plaintiff has provided the Court with no explanation for this defect nor explained to the Court how his attorneys reconstructed their time. The Court finds this defect deeply troubling. The D.C. Circuit has clearly stated that “[attorneys who anticipate making a fee application must maintain contemporaneous, complete and standardized time records which accurately reflect the work done by each attorney.” Concerned, Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1327. The Circuit has further warned that “[c]asual after-the-fact estimates of time expended on a case are insufficient to support an award of attorneys’ fees.” Id.; see also Kennecott Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 804 F.2d 763, 767 (D.C.Cir.1986) (“[Cjontemporaneous time charges should be filed with the motion for attorneys’ fees as a matter of course, and certainly should be provided once legitimate questions are raised by the opposing party.”). While the Court does not find a complete disallowance of fees to be warranted in this case, cf. In re North, 32 F.3d 607, 608-09 (D.C.Cir.Spec.Div.1994), the Court nevertheless concludes that it is appropriate to reduce the number of hours requested by Mr. Neily, Mr. Levy, and Mr. Healy by 10% in order to account for any inaccuracies or overbilling that may have occurred as a result of these attorneys’ unacceptable timekeeping practices. 2. Vague and Inadequately Documented Billing Entries Defendants next argue that plaintiffs fee award should be reduced by 15% as a result of purportedly vague and inadequately documented billing entries. For the reasons discussed below, the Court declines to impose the requested across-the-board reduction. Instead, the Court finds that the number of billable hours attributable to Mr. Levy should be reduced by 25% as a result of the vague and inadequate descriptions contained in his timesheets. Defendants identify numerous areas in which plaintiffs billing records are purportedly vague or undetailed. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 30-34. In particular, focusing upon the billing records of Mr. Levy and Mr. Neily, defendants argue that “[c]ounsels’ entries do not satisfy their burden of establishing the reasonableness of the fee request, because the supporting documentation is not ‘of sufficient detail and probative value to enable the court to determine with a high degree of certainty that such hours were actually and reasonably expended[.]’ ” Defs.’ Opp’n at 30-31 (quoting Role Models v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 970 (D.C.Cir.2004)). Plaintiff, in turn, accuses defendants of “flyspecking,” PL’s Reply at 13, and asserts that “the Plaintiffs billing records in this case make clear how much time was spent on which activities for what purpose, and thus—“when viewed by an individual with knowledge of the case, and in light of the surrounding entries,’—provide ample support for the total hours claimed.” Pl.’s Reply at 14 (internal citation omitted). Having carefully reviewed the billing records of plaintiffs counsel, the Court finds those records—with the exception of the reconstructed timesheets of Mr. Levy—to be sufficiently detailed to allow the Court to “make an independent determination whether or not the hours claimed are justified.” Concerned, Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1327. The Court therefore concludes that an across-the-board reduction of 15% is unwarranted. With respect to the billing records submitted by Mr. Levy, however, the Court finds that these records contain a large number of extremely vague entries. For example: 06/26 2.5 Review cases 06/28 3.0 Review literature 06/30 2.0 Review literature 07/03 4.0 Review literature 07/06 3.0 Review DC laws 07/08 3.5 Review cases 07/11 3.0 Review cases 08/15 0.5 Email w/[Clark Neily] (CN) 12/09 0.5 Phone w/Alan Gura (AG) 12/11 1.0 Email w/AG 12/26 0.1 Email w/AG 01/06 0.2 Email w/AG 01/08 0.1 Email w/AG 01/23 0.5 Emails w/AG & CN Pl.’s Ex. 4, Docket No. 63-13 at 1. While extremely detailed billing entries are not required in this Circuit, the Court finds that many of Mr. Levy’s entries fail to provide the Court with the minimum level of detail needed for meaningful analysis. See, e.g., Role Models, 353 F.3d at 971 (explaining that “generic entries” in which attorneys “billed simply for ‘research’ and ‘writing,’ or for time spent in teleconferences or meetings ... the purposes of which are not provided” are “inadequate to meet a fee applicant’s heavy obligation to present well-documented claims”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Michigan v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 254 F.3d 1087, 1095 (D.C.Cir.2001) (“There are, in particular, numerous entries concerning meetings and conferences that, although they include information concerning the identities of the individuals involved, are nevertheless devoid of any descriptive rationale for their occurrence. Therefore, as we have done in similar circumstances in the past, after all other deductions have been taken we will make a further deduction of 10% of the remaining billings.”); Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 36 (finding that counsel’s time records were “simply rife with ambiguous and nugatory entries” such as “reviewing and analyzing issues re strategy” and “preparing for trial,” and concluding that the ambiguity of counsel’s time entries warranted an across-the-board reduction of 10%). Accordingly, and in lieu of an across-the-board reduction, the Court concludes that the number of billable hours attributable to Mr. Levy should be reduced by 25%. 3. Block Billing Third, defendants argue that plaintiffs fee petition should be reduced due to purported block-billing. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 34-35. The Court disagrees. Although some of counsel’s entries do, in fact, “lump together multiple tasks,” Role Models, 353 F.3d at 971, the Court nevertheless concludes that a reduction on this basis is not warranted given (i) the infrequency with which such entries occur, as well as (ii) the overall reasonableness of the time requested in the few instances in which multiple tasks were grouped together. See, e.g., Smith, 466 F.Supp.2d at 158 (declining to reduce a fee petition for block-billing where “the use of such entries in [the] case was not unduly excessive”). 4. Non-compensable Items Defendants also identify several entries that are purportedly non-compensable. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 35-36. Specifically, defendants object to the time spent by plaintiff’s counsel on the following activities: (i) “time spent in discussion with the press”; (ii) time spent recruiting potential plaintiffs; (iii) time spent drafting the motion to recuse Seegar’s counsel and in opposition to consolidation (on which defendants took no position); (iv) time spent “correcting] [an] appendix because of counsel error”; (v) time spent attending a symposium; (vi) time spent in discussion with the NRA regarding pending legislation; and (vii) time spent preparing a response to the District’s petition for rehearing at the Circuit. Defs.’ Opp’n at 35-36 (internal quotation marks omitted). As a threshold matter, the Court will note that with the exception of one issue (communications with the press), defendants have failed to provide the Court with any legal reasoning or authority to explain why these entries are non-compensable. Instead, defendants simply request that the entries be struck from the fee calculation. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 36. Plaintiff, in turn, provides a similarly generalized response, arguing that “[t]he tasks nit-picked by Defendants were all reasonably pursued by counsel” and that it would be “needlessly tedious to address each and every item on Defendants’ target list.” Pl.’s Reply at 16. Despite the parties’ sparse briefing on these issues, the Court has nevertheless closely reviewed the specific entries to which defendants object, and, for the reasons discussed below, concludes that the following entries are noncompensable: (i) time spent correcting an appendix because of counsel error; (ii) time spent in discussion with the NRA regarding pending legislation; (iii) time spent attending a symposium; and (iv) time spent preparing a response to the District’s petition for rehearing by the Circuit. The time allocated to these activities will therefore be struck from plaintiffs fee petition. The Court declines, however, to strike the remaining activities identified by defendants. First, although defendants are correct that “the government cannot be charged for time spent in discussions with the press,” Role Models America, Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 973 (D.C.Cir.2004), plaintiffs billing records do not reflect any such discussions. Indeed, defendants’ opposition brief misstates what is contained in plaintiffs billing records. Specifically, defendants’ opposition brief states that “attorney Gura listed ‘Reading Legal Times and contacting NPR, 0.3 hours’ for 12/16 & 12/26/02.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 35-36. Mr. Gura’s billing records, however, contain only the following entries for the dates in dispute: “Review Legal Times article, 0.2 hours” for 12/16/02 and “Email to R. Levy re: NPR, 0.1 hours” for 12/26/02. PL’s Ex. 2, Docket No. 63-11 at 1. Because counsel’s billing records do not contain the conduct complained of by defendants, the Court finds this objection misplaced. Next, defendants object to the 3.8 hours plaintiffs counsel purportedly spent “recruiting potential plaintiffs.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 36. Defendants cite no authority, however, for the proposition that such limited time is not compensable, particularly in the context of public impact litigation. The Court therefore declines to strike this time from the petition. Cf. Tax Analysts v. IRS, No. 94-923, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22115, at *5 n. 3 (D.D.C. May 30, 1996) (rejecting the government’s argument that fees incurred before the complaint was filed are not compensable). Defendants’ third objection relates to the time that plaintiffs counsel spent drafting “the motion to recuse Seegars counsel and in opposition to consolidation (on which the District took no position).” Defs.’ Opp’n at 36. It is unclear to the Court why defendants believe this time is not compensable. As plaintiff explains in his reply brief, “even if Defendants took no position on the motion to consolidate this case with Seegars v. District of Columbia, this Court agreed with counsel that the consolidation motion should be denied lest it make the case unmanageable.” PL’s Reply at 16. The Court, therefore, also declines to strike this time from the fee petition. The Court agrees with defendants, however, that four of the requested tasks were inappropriately billed to the District. First, the Court finds that the .5 hour that Mr. Gura spent “correcting an appendix because of counsel error” is not compensable. See, e.g., Summers v. Howard Univ., No. 98-2692, 2006 WL 751316, at *8, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95853, at *33 (D.D.C. March 20, 2006) (disallowing the time that counsel spent correcting errors to a pleading that was previously filed); Brown v. Pro Football, 839 F.Supp. 905, 917 (D.D.C.1993) (same). The Court further finds that the 4.4 hours that Mr. Levy spent “in discussion with the NRA regarding pending legislation” was not properly billed to the District. Cf. In re Theodore B. Olson, 884 F.2d 1415, 1429 (D.C.Cir.1989) (disallowing fees associated with lobbying efforts). Nor was the three hours that Mr. Gura spent attending a symposium on “2nd Amendment jurisprudence.” See PL’s Ex. 2, Docket No. 63-11 at 47. Finally, in view of Rule 35(e) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, which specifically prohibits the filing of a response to a petition for en banc consideration (absent court order), the Court concludes that counsel’s time spent preparing such a response — which was never requested by nor filed with the Circuit Court — is not compensable. Cf. Martini v. Federal Nat. Mortg. Ass’n, 977 F.Supp. 482, 488 (D.D.C.1997) (striking time from a fee petition that was spent on a motion that was not filed). The Court will therefore deduct the time billed for those activities from plaintiffs petition. 5. Excessive Hours Defendants further allege that there are “a number of entries that evidence excessive effort on individual tasks,” and argue that the hours claimed for these tasks should be reduced by 50%. Defs.’ Opp’n at 36-38. Some of the excessive hours highlighted by defendant include the 133 hours that Mr. Gura spent researching and drafting plaintiffs submissions to the D.C. Circuit, as well as the 300 hours that Mr. Gura subsequently spent preparing plaintiffs Supreme Court briefs. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 37. Having carefully reviewed the disputed entries, the Court finds defendants’ claims of “excessive effort” largely unpersuasive. Defs.’ Opp’n at 37. As the D.C. Circuit has previously counseled: “It is neither practical nor desirable to expect the trial court judge to [review] each paper ... to decide, for example, whether a particular motion could have been done in 9.6 hours instead of 14.3 hours.” Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 903 (D.C.Cir.1980); see also, e.g., Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1337-38 (“Neither broadly based, ill-aimed attacks, nor nit-picking claims by the Government should be countenanced.”). The Court nevertheless finds one set of entries in Mr. Gura’s timesheets troubling. Specifically, Mr. Gura attributes 25.5 hours to “revis[ing]/draft[ing] p. 1 appellants’ brief.” See Pl.’s Ex. 2, Docket No. 63-11 at 19. Those particular entries by Mr. Gura appear extremely unreasonable, and the Court will deduct 80% from them. The Court also finds that Mr. Levy billed an excessive amount of travel time. As this Court has previously held, “[t]ravel [ ] time is supposed to be compensated at half the attorney’s hourly rate.” Doe v. Rumsfeld, 501 F.Supp.2d 186, 193 (D.D.C.2007); Blackman v. District of Columbia, 397 F.Supp.2d 12, 15 (D.D.C.2005) (“In this circuit, travel time generally is compensated at no more than half the attorney’s appropriate hourly rate.”); see also Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 30 (following Doe and Blackman and compensating counsel’s travel time at half his standard billing rate). The 77 hours that Mr. Levy spent traveling to and from Washington, D.C., therefore, will be compensated at half his hourly rate. 6. Unsuccessful Claims Arguing that “ ‘no compensation should be paid for time spent litigating claims upon which the party seeking the fee did not ultimately prevail,’ ” Defs.’ Opp’n at 38 (quoting Copeland, 641 F.2d at 891-92), defendants next contend that plaintiff should not be compensated for the time his counsel spent on the following activities: (i) drafting his cross-petition for certiorari; (ii) researching the Ninth Amendment; and (iii) working on various procedural motions on which he was unsuccessful (such as oppositions to motions for extension of time). See Defs.’ Opp’n at 38-39. Plaintiff, by contrast, contends that he “fully prevailed on all [of] his claims, and all time sought is thus compensable.” PL’s Reply at 14. Plaintiff further responds that defendants “fundamentally misconceive the law” on the issue of compensability, explaining that “the test for whether time is compensable is whether it was ‘reasonably expended’ in the litigation” and has “nothing to do with whether [the] particular activity is successful or opposed.” PL’s Reply at 14-15 (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434,103 S.Ct. 1933). In Copeland — a case relied upon by both parties — the D.C. Circuit explained as follows: [I]t sometimes will be the case that a lawsuit will seek recovery under a variety of legal theories complaining of essentially the same injury. A district judge must take care not to reduce a fee award arbitrarily simply because a plaintiff did not prevail under one or more of these legal theories. No reduction in fee is appropriate where the issue was all part and parcel of one matter, but only when the claims asserted are truly fractionable. 641 F.2d at 892 n. 18 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Miller, 575 F.Supp.2d at 83 (discussing Copeland and concluding that “even efforts directed to non-prevailing issues may be expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the ease”) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court, therefore, must determine if the purportedly unsuccessful claims identified by defendants — the cross-petition for certiorari, Ninth Amendment research, and work on various procedural motions — are “truly fractionable” from the underlying issue on which plaintiff ultimately prevailed (i.e., the unconstitutionality of the District’s gun laws). Having carefully considered defendants’ objections and plaintiffs response thereto, the Court concludes that plaintiffs counsel should be compensated for the time they spent researching the Ninth Amendment as well as the time they spent working on the various procedural motions identified by defendants, but not for the time spent working on the cross-petition for certiorari. Specifically, the Court first finds that plaintiff may seek reimbursement for the 2.5 hours his counsel spent researching the Ninth Amendment. Although plaintiff did not ultimately prevail on a Ninth Amendment theory, the Court is not persuaded that the minimal amount of research spent on this issue should be stricken from the fee petition. See PL’s Reply Br. at 16 (“[I]t was not optional for counsel to research the Ninth Amendment and unenumerated rights issues. It was important to understand the interplay between Second Amendment rights and any independent rights of self-defense.”). Nor is the Court persuaded that the time that plaintiffs counsel spent working on the various procedural motions identified by defendants should be stricken. To the contrary, the Court finds that plaintiffs counsel reasonably expended time on these motions during the course of litigation on which plaintiff was ultimately successful. See, e.g., Air Transp. Ass’n of Can. v. FAA, 156 F.3d 1329, 1335 (D.C.Cir.1998) (“[A] litigant who is unsuccessful at a stage of litigation that was a necessary step to her ultimate victory is entitled to attorney’s fees even for the unsuccessful stage.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court is not, however, so persuaded with respect to the time spent on plaintiffs cross-petition for certiorari. The cross-petition, which challenged the D.C. Circuit’s determination that each of the plaintiffs other than Mr. Heller lacked standing to challenge the District’s gun laws — was neither successful nor a “necessary step to [Mr. Heller]’s ultimate victory.” Id. The Court therefore concludes that the District should not be billed for the 102.8 hours that plaintiffs counsel spent drafting the unsuccessful cross-petition and reply brief. Accordingly, the Court will deduct the following time, which was spent by plaintiffs counsel on the cross-petition and reply: 56.3 hours from Mr. Gura, 27.3 hours from Mr. Neily, and 19.2 hours from Mr. Levy. 7. Billing Judgment Finally, defendants argue that plaintiffs petition should be reduced by 10% for his counsel’s failure to exercise proper billing judgment. In support of this claim, defendants argue that plaintiffs counsel failed to “specifically identify any hours that were excluded from [the] fee petition and indicate the tasks to which those hours were devoted.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 39-40. The Court concludes that a reduction on this basis is unwarranted. While it is true that plaintiff failed to submit a separate declaration identifying the exact number of hours that were excluded from his fee petition, plaintiffs counsel aver that, None of [plaintiffs counsels’] records fully reflects the time actually required to competently conduct the representation: some hours were inadvertently omitted from our records, or overlooked in the process of reconstructing time-sheets; other tasks were not recorded because the associated hours do not qualify as billable, e.g., responding to and working with media, training clients to do the same, lobbying against legislative interference, responding to inquiries about the matter, and generally engaging the court of public opinion on the important issues raised by the case. Pl.’s Mot. at 5. It is clear, therefore, that plaintiffs counsel did, in fact, exercise billing judgment. Ultimately, therefore, although it is desirable — and, indeed