Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER JOHN G. KOELTL, District Judge: This case arises out of the initiation, investigation and prosecution of criminal charges brought against plaintiff Robert Bertuglia (“Bertuglia”), and his companies, plaintiffs Laro Maintenance Corporation and Laro Service Systems (collectively “Laro”), and the subsequent demise of Laro. The plaintiffs assert claims against six named employees of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (collectively, the “PA defendants”) and two New York County assistant district attorneys (collectively, the “ADA defendants”), for numerous alleged violations of the plaintiffs’ federal civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The plaintiffs also assert state law claims for tortious interference with contract and tortious interference with economic advantage against the ADA defendants and one of the PA defendants. The plaintiffs also assert a municipal liability claim against the City of New York (the “City”) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for failure to train and discipline prosecutors, and a state law claim for malicious prosecution. The PA defendants, the ADA defendants, and the City each have moved separately to dismiss the claims against them pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Jurisdiction is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and § 1367. I. In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the allegations in the complaint are accepted as true, and all reasonable inferences must be drawn in the plaintiffs favor. McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir.2007); Arista Records LLC v. Lime Grp. LLC, 532 F.Supp.2d 556, 566 (S.D.N.Y.2007). The Court’s function on a motion to dismiss is “not to weigh the evidence that might be presented at trial but merely to determine whether the complaint itself is legally sufficient.” Goldman v. Belden, 754 F.2d 1059, 1067 (2d Cir.1985). The Court should not dismiss a claim if the plaintiff has stated “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). While the Court should construe the factual allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.; see also SEC v. Rorech, 673 F.Supp.2d 217, 221 (S.D.N.Y.2009). When presented with a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may consider documents that are referenced in the complaint, documents that the plaintiffs relied on in bringing suit and that are either in the plaintiffs possession or that the plaintiff knew of when bringing suit, or matters of which judicial notice may be taken. See Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir.2002); Rorech, 673 F.Supp.2d at 221. II. The following factual allegations are accepted as true unless otherwise noted: Bertuglia founded Laro, a provider of janitorial and maintenance services, over 30 years ago. At its height Laro employed over 3,000 people and had a gross annual revenue in excess of $72,000,000. Laro was based in Bayshore, New York, and its clients have included numerous public entities; it has provided services at well-known landmarks, including the Statute of Liberty, the Fulton Fish Market, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 32-37.) In 1996, Laro began working for the Port Authority at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. Since that time, the Port Authority renewed its contract with Laro several times, and as late as 2008 praised Laro’s work. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38-39 & Ex. A.) In 2004, Laro entered into a new contract with the Port Authority to provide cleaning services at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. A new provision in this 250 page contract provided that Laro was required to purchase new cleaning equipment for its work for the Port Authority. This provision was included as part of a vendor-wide policy by the Port Authority and was not specifically directed at Laro. The contract provided that Laro would be paid an additional $0.76 an hour to offset the cost of purchasing new equipment. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 40-43.) While Laro purchased most of the new equipment, it inadvertently failed to purchase all of the new equipment required under the new contract due to the departure of staff members tasked with that responsibility. The Port Authority continued to use and praise Laro’s services despite Laro’s failure to purchase all of the new equipment. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 44-49 & Ex. A.) The plaintiffs allege that they failed to purchase two cleaning machines. (Am. Compl. ¶ 55.) The plaintiffs allege that no one at Laro ever intended to defraud or steal from the Port Authority, and further that- Bertuglia did not even know he was submitting invoices that contained a $0.76 overcharge to the Port Authority. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50-51, 57) The plaintiffs further allege that they had no motive to defraud or steal from the Port Authority, because doing so would have risked their excellent reputation as well as the business generated from a major client, and would further have risked triggering the liquidated damages clause in the Port Authority contract. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 52-55.) In April 2007, an attorney for Laro sent a letter to the Port Authority challenging the integrity of the bidding process for the maintenance contract for Laguardia Airport, based on the allegation that a competitor, Guardian Maintenance, had intimated that it had already secured the contract, potentially outside of the formal bidding process. (Am. Compl. Ex. B.) The plaintiffs allege that this same attorney had also written a letter to defendant Robert Van Etten (“Van Etten”), the Port Authority’s Inspector General, regarding a similar complaint about the integrity of the bidding process for a new World Trade Center project. The plaintiffs also allege that Bertuglia had personally made similar complaints about the World Trade Center bidding to Charles Gargano, a Port Authority board member, noting that Guardian had “openly boasted that an upcoming project at the World Trace [sic] Center was already ‘in the bag’ ” and Bertuglia asked “to ‘get a fair shake’ on an upcoming bid.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 102-105.) The plaintiffs allege that the Port Authority’s Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) commenced an investigation into Laro’s failure to purchase new equipment as a result of these complaints about the “rigged” Port Authority bidding process. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 58-59, 66, 106.) Defendant Jeffrey Schaffler (“Schaffler”), a Port Authority Supervising Investigator, led the investigation. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 23, 60.) Also involved in the investigation were the defendants Fred Ferrone (“Ferrone”), a Forensic Auditor for OIG, and Bernard D’Aleo (“D’Aleo”), a Contract Administrator for the Port Authority Bus Terminal, as well as five other unnamed OIG officers. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21, 25, 59-60.) The plaintiffs allege that this team was supervised by Inspector General Van Etten, as well as Port Authority Director of Investigations Michael Nestor and Investigative Manager Edward Kennedy. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17, 19, 59-65,106.) The plaintiffs allege that this investigation uncovered no evidence of any criminality or intentional misconduct by any of the plaintiffs, and the defendants failed to ask the plaintiffs or any Laro employees directly about the additional $0.76 an hour charge. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 57, 61-63.) The plaintiffs allege that, despite the lack of any evidence, the PA defendants falsely told the New York County District Attorney’s Office that Bertuglia “had committed intentional criminal misconduct by knowingly submitting invoices containing the $.76 charge without having bought the new equipment.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 64.) The plaintiffs allege that the defendants “grossly distorted the actual facts and circumstances,” and that they told the District Attorney’s Office that Bertuglia “had ‘stolen a lot of money’ from the Port Authority, was a ‘thief and a ‘crook’, and should be arrested and prosecuted.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 65, 67.) The plaintiffs allege that these statements were made with the express intent that the plaintiffs be arrested and prosecuted, that the PA defendants continued to advocate for the plaintiffs’ arrest and prosecution even after the case was referred to the District Attorney’s Office, and that the PA defendants withheld exculpatory evidence from the District Attorney’s Office, including that the Port Authority had continued to pay Laro on the contract despite the alleged fraud, and had even renewed the Laro contract for another three years. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 68-70, 206.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Elyse Ruzow (“ADA Ruzow”) of the New York County District Attorney’s Office opened a criminal investigation in response to the allegations by the Port Authority defendants. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 71.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Ruzow, in connection with her role in the District Attorney’s Labor and Racketeering Unit, had been separately investigating a person named Vincent Grimaldi who had been on the phone call with Bertuglia and Charles Gargano in which Bertuglia had told Gargano that he was concerned about the Port Authority’s bidding process and wanted a “fair shake,” and that ADA Ruzow had received a recording of the phone call. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 101-104.) The plaintiffs allege that, despite the fact that Bertuglia had not implicated himself, Mr. Gargano or Mr. Grimaldi in any criminality in that phone call, ADA Ruzow erroneously believed that Bertuglia was withholding information about Grimaldi, and that, because of this erroneous belief, ADA Ruzow wanted to teach Bertuglia a “lesson.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶74, 100, 103-104, 107.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Ruzow became “enraged” when Bertuglia refused to provide information (that he did not have) that might be helpful to ADA Ruzow’s other investigation, and that ADA Ruzow threatened to “ruin” Bertuglia, and to prosecute his daughter and his 80-year-old father. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 108-111, 113.) The plaintiffs allege that it was clear from the beginning of ADA Ruzow’s investigation that there had been no criminal conduct by the plaintiffs, and that there was never “any evidence that any employee at Laro ever knowingly intended to defraud, steal or otherwise wrongfully take money” from the Port Authority, and that, despite this, ADA Ruzow “launched a ‘scorched earth’ investigation” into the plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 72-74, 114-15, 128.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Ruzow’s activities were approved of and encouraged by her supervisor, ADA Scotto. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 89,116.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Ruzow conducted interviews with current and former Laro employees in which she pressured and induced them to give false testimony against the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs allege, for example, that ADA Ruzow told one employee, Robert Kolakowski, that Bertuglia was going to implicate him in a crime, and that Bertuglia had deprived him of insurance benefits to which he was entitled, in a successful effort to induce Kolakowski to give false testimony implicating Bertuglia in a fraud against the Port Authority. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 75-78.) The plaintiffs allege that ADA Ruzow threatened to prosecute Laro employees who did not give testimony implicating the plaintiffs in a crime, and that ADA Ruzow also asked inappropriate and baseless questions about whether various members of Bertuglia’s family were receiving personal benefits from Laro, including insurance and access to company cars. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 79-82.) The plaintiffs also allege that ADA Ruzow, aided by defendant Schaffler, served numerous subpoenas on the plaintiffs and various third parties for the sole purpose of harassing and intimidating the plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 83-86, 224-229) Various subpoenas compelled at least six Laro employees, as well as Bertuglia’s daughter, to appear at ADA Ruzow’s office for an interview. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 85-87.) The plaintiffs allege that some or all of these actions were taken before any grand jury had been convened. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 84, 88.) The plaintiffs also allege that ADA Ruzow and defendant Schaffler, with ADA Scotto’s encouragement, contacted at least five specifically named Laro clients, visiting them in person and telling them that the plaintiffs had been stealing from the Port Authority and might also be stealing from them. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 90-95, 318-325, 328-335.) The plaintiffs allege that ADAs Ruzow and Scotto and defendant Schaffler had no legitimate reason for contacting these clients, that these defendants did so for the sole purpose of inflicting harm on the plaintiffs, and that the clients who were contacted breached their contracts and severed their relationships with Laro as a result of these contacts. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 94-99.) The plaintiffs allege that they were indicted on August 7, 2008, and charged with one count of first degree grand larceny, three counts of falsifying business records, and three counts of offering a false instrument for filing. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 117, 119.) The plaintiffs allege that the indictment was the result of “false and misleading evidence” provided by the Port Authority defendants. (Am. Compl ¶ 118.) The plaintiffs were arrested and arraigned in New York State Supreme Court in Manhattan on that same day. (Am. Compl. ¶ 120.) Bertuglia posted $25,000 bail seven hours later, and was thereafter required to make multiple court appearances in connection with the criminal prosecution, and submit to “multiple restrictions on his liberty as a result of the bail conditions which had been set.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 120-21.) The plaintiffs allege that the actual arrest was made by Port Authority officers, “in accordance with the express directives, guidance, and advice” of ADAs Ruzow and Scotto. (Am. Compl. ¶ 199.) The plaintiffs allege that, after the arrest, ADAs Scotto and Ruzow created and, through the District Attorney’s Office, disseminated, a press release “boasting” of Bertuglia’s arrest that contained “blatantly false and misleading allegations” concerning the plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 122-24.) The plaintiffs allege that ADAs Scotto and Ruzow contacted the press before the arrest occurred, and that, as a result, there were tabloid photographers waiting outside the courthouse when Bertuglia arrived. (Am. Compl. ¶ 124.) The plaintiffs allege that the ADAs proceeded to hold a press conference on the steps of the courthouse “to further publicize the false criminal charges.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 124.) The plaintiffs allege that the press release and the press conference “set off a torrent of highly damaging and prejudicial news coverage throughout the New York metropolitan region,” and that Laro lost business as a direct result of this news coverage. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 125-27.) On February 26, 2009, Justice Ronald Zweibel of the New York State Supreme Court dismissed the charges against Bertuglia based on the insufficiency of the evidence against him, with leave to represent to a new grand jury. (Am. Compl. ¶ 129; see also Roque Decl. Ex. A. (“Zweibel Feb. 26 Dismissal”), at 3 (“The People’s case as to Bertuglia is based on speculation as opposed to legally sufficient evidence.”).) Justice Zweibel did not dismiss the indictment against Laro. (See Zweibel Feb. 26 Dismissal at 1.) The plaintiffs allege that, in April, 2009, ADAs Ruzow and Scotto decided to seek a new indictment against Bertuglia on a single charge, second degree grand larceny, based on the theory that Bertuglia “implicitly misrepresented” that Laro performed the contract for cleaning services by using the new cleaning equipment and had thereby stolen $ 50,000 from the Port Authority. (Am. Compl. ¶ 131.) The plaintiffs allege that ADAs Ruzow and Scotto then convened a second grand jury for the purpose of obtaining a new indictment against Bertuglia, even though they knew there was no probable cause to prosecute him. (Am. Compl. ¶ 132.) The plaintiffs allege that ADAs Ruzow and Scotto engaged in repeated misconduct before the second grand jury, including that they “improperly vouched for prosecution witnesses, impugned the integrity of witnesses who were favorable to the defense, and improperly introduced prior ‘bad act’ evidence that was not only grossly misleading and highly prejudicial, but also, was completely irrelevant to the actual charges that had been brought against [Bertuglia].” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 133-34; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 141-55.) The plaintiffs allege that, as a result of this misconduct, Bertuglia was indicted a second time, re-arrested, had restrictions on his travel imposed, and was forced to attend court proceedings and defend against the charges against him for the next fourteen months. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 135-36.) The plaintiffs further allege that the second indictment “ended any hopes of Laro’s survival,” because additional clients cancelled their contracts with Laro as a result of the new indictment, including the Port Authority, which “abruptly terminated” a 2008 contract with Laro. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 137-38.) On October 5, 2009, Justice Zweibel dismissed the indictment against the plaintiffs in the interests of justice. (Am. Compl. Ex. A (“Zweibel Decision”), at 44; see also Am. Compl. ¶ 139.) The plaintiffs allege that Justice Zweibel’s decision documented a litany of misconduct by ADAs Ruzow and Scotto before the grand jury, including the intentional introduction of irrelevant and prejudicial “bad act evidence,” (see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 142-46; Zweibel Decision at 34-36), improper questioning of witnesses and bolstering of testimony, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 147-50; Zweibel Decision at 30-32), and implicitly threatening one grand jury witness with a perjury charge, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 151-52; Zweibel Decision at 33). The plaintiffs allege that Justice Zweibel found that this misconduct substantially prejudiced the plaintiffs, and rendered the ADAs’ presentation of the case to the grand jury so defective that dismissal of the indictment was warranted. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 153-55; Zweibel Decision at 35-36.) The plaintiffs further allege that Justice Zweibel found that there was no evidence to support the intent requirement for the charges against the plaintiffs, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 157-66; see also Zweibel Decision at 24-29, 39-40), and that the case was “a quintessentially civil transaction gone awry” that “does not merit prosecutorial cognizance in the criminal hemisphere.” (Zweibel Decision at 37, 40; see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 167-174.) The plaintiffs allege that they have suffered massive economic damages, including the total demise of Laro, the loss of millions of dollars in business, approximately $500,000 in legal fees, and the destruction of Bertuglia’s reputation, without due process of law. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 179-92, 197.) The plaintiffs further allege that Bertuglia was arrested and imprisoned and had other conditions on his liberty imposed, suffered severe emotional distress as a result of the events alleged, and was publicly humiliated. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶ 196.) The plaintiffs filed this lawsuit on March 29, 2011. They filed an Amended Complaint in July, 2011. The plaintiffs assert numerous causes of action against the PA defendants (Van Etten, Kennedy, Nestor, Schaffler, D’Aleo, and Ferrone) and the ADA defendants (Ruzow and Scotto) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of their constitutional rights, including false arrest, malicious prosecution, malicious abuse of process, denial of the right to a fair trial, inducement of false testimony, conspiracy and “stigma-plus.” The plaintiffs have also asserted a claim against the City of New York under § 1983, alleging that the City has a policy or practice of failing to train or discipline district attorneys such that they do not commit the types of misconduct that allegedly occurred here. The plaintiffs also assert pendent state law claims for tortious interference with contract, and tortious interference with economic advantage, against PA defendant Schaffler and the ADA defendants. The plaintiffs assert a pendent state law malicious prosecution claim against the City. The PA defendants, the ADA defendants, and the City have each moved separately to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons explained below, the motions are granted in part and denied in part. III. The PA defendants have moved to dismiss the various claims against them. A. The PA defendants first argue that all of the plaintiffs’ federal claims against them must be dismissed because they are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine provides that federal district courts lack jurisdiction over suits that are, in substance, appeals from state court judgments. See Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 84 (2d Cir.2005); see generally Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005). For the doctrine to apply, four requirements must be met: “(1) the federal-court plaintiff must have lost in state court; (2) the plaintiffs injuries must be caused by the state court judgment; (3) the plaintiffs claims must invite the district court to review and reject the state court judgment; and (4) the state-court judgment must have been rendered prior to the commencement of the district court proceedings.” Gross v. Radice, No. 07 Civ. 3620, 2009 WL 749906, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2009) (citing Hob-lock, 422 F.3d at 85). The PA defendants admit that these requirements are not “technically” met, because the plaintiffs were not state court losers. Indeed, the plaintiffs succeeded in having the state court indictments against them dismissed, and thus there was no “extant and controlling” judgment with continuing “legal effect” in their case. McCray v. City of New York, No. 03 Civ. 9685, 2007 WL 4352748, at *11 & n. 14 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2007). Moreover, the PA defendants have not explained how the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries were caused by the New York State Supreme Court’s dismissal of those indictments, as opposed to the underlying conduct by the defendants that the plaintiffs argue resulted in, among other things, the issuance of those indictments. The PA defendants have not only failed to satisfy the “technical requirements” of the Rook-er-Feldman doctrine, they have failed to satisfy the substantive requirements of the doctrine. Accordingly, the PA defendants’ motion to dismiss on the basis of the Rook-er-Feldman doctrine is denied. B. The PA defendants next move to dismiss the plaintiffs’ first cause of action under § 1983 as a generalized repetition of the plaintiffs’ subsequent, more specific allegations of, for example, false arrest, malicious prosecution, and malicious abuse of process. The plaintiffs argue in response that a pattern of government misconduct is itself actionable as an independent cause of action under § 1983. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has explained that “a true pattern of harassment by government officials,” where that harassment is “systematic and intentional,” “may make out a section 1983 claim for violation of due process of law.” Chalfy v. Turoff, 804 F.2d 20, 22-23 (2d Cir.1986) (per curiam); see Contractors Against Unfair Taxation Instituted on New Yorkers (C.A.U.T.I.O.N.) v. City of New York, No. 93 Civ. 4718, 1994 WL 455553, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1994) (collecting cases); see also Española Way Corp. v. Meyerson, 690 F.2d 827, 828 (11th Cir.1982) (plaintiff had a cause of action sounding in due process where the plaintiff alleged issuance of “344 building code violations ... as well as numerous fire violations,” all of which were unfounded and issued “to harass and drive the [the plaintiffs hjotel out of business”) (cited by Chalfy, 804 F.2d at 22). While a plaintiff therefore may state a due process claim for a systematic pattern of harassment by government officials that is designed to destroy the plaintiffs business, these claims are difficult to maintain. See, e.g., Schultz v. Inc. Vill. of Bellport, No. 08 Civ. 0930, 2010 WL 3924751, at *7-*8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2010) (granting summary judgment to the defendant on the plaintiffs Chalfy claim). Here, the plaintiffs’ first cause of action does not specifically rely upon an alleged pattern of misconduct designed to destroy his business. Rather, it asserts generally that the “[defendants, collectively and individually, while acting under col- or of state law, engaged in conduct which constituted a violation of the Constitution of the United States.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 194.) The plaintiffs allege that the acts described in the Amended Complaint deprived the plaintiffs of their rights under “the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 195.) Such conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a Chalfy claim. However, the plaintiffs do allege in other previous portions of the Amended Complaint that are incorporated by reference into the first cause of action, (Am. Compl. ¶ 193), an intentional effort by government officials, including the PA defendants, to harass Bertuglia and his family with improper subpoenas, and to drive away his clients and “ruin” his business, all for the purpose of satisfying personal or vindictive goals. The plaintiffs allege that Schaffler, the primary PA defendant, personally lied to prosecutors in an intentional effort to initiate a baseless criminal case against the plaintiffs, and that Schaffler personally visited Laro’s clients to spread negative information about the allegedly baseless criminal charges against Laro, in order (successfully) to drive Laro out of business. {See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 58-70, 90-99.) These allegations, if proven, would constitute a true pattern of intentional, repeated, tortious harassment by a government official. See Chalfy, 804 F.2d at 22. The plaintiffs therefore have described a plausible due process claim founded upon a “pattern of harassment” theory with regard to PA defendant Schaffler. The PA defendants’ motion to dismiss the first cause of action is therefore denied with respect to Schaffler. However, the plaintiffs have not pleaded that the other PA defendants took part in the effort to visit Laro’s clients and undermine Laro’s business. Intentional government harassment “with the objective of driving plaintiffs out of business” is the essence of a Chalfy claim. See C.A.U.T.I.O.N., 1994 WL 455553, at *3. Nor, in any event, have they pleaded that the other PA defendants were involved in serving improper or harassing subpoenas, or conducting inappropriate interviews. The PA defendants motion to dismiss the first cause of action is therefore granted with respect to the remaining PA defendants. C. The PA defendants also move to dismiss the bulk of the other § 1983 claims in this case against the PA supervisory defendants (Van Etten, Nestor and Kennedy) because the only alleged basis for those defendants’ liability is their status as supervisors of PA defendants Schaffler, Ferrone, and D’Aleo. A plaintiff must plead the personal involvement of each defendant in a violation of § 1983. “There is no respondeat superior liability in § 1983 cases.” Green v. Bauvi, 46 F.3d 189, 194 (2d Cir.1995) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978)). Instead, “a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1948. The law in this Circuit before Iqbal was that a plaintiff may state a claim against a supervisory defendant in a § 1983 case when the plaintiff alleges that: (1) the defendant participated directly in the alleged constitutional violation, (2) the defendant, after being informed of the violation through a report or appeal, failed to remedy the wrong, (3) the defendant created a policy or custom under which unconstitutional practices occurred, or allowed the continuance of such a policy or custom, (4) the defendant was grossly negligent in supervising subordinates who committed the wrongful acts, or (5) the defendant exhibited deliberate indifference ... by failing to act on information indicating that unconstitutional acts were occurring. Colon v. Coughlin, 58 F.3d 865, 873 (2d Cir.1995). However, courts in this Circuit are divided over the question of how many of the so-called Colon factors survive in the wake of Iqbal. Compare Martinez v. Perilli, No. 09 Civ. 6470, 2012 WL 75249, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 5, 2012) (“[T]he five Colon categories still apply after Iqbal.”), with Bellamy v. Mount Vernon Hosp., 07 Civ. 1801, 2009 WL 1835939, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2009) (“Only the first and part of the third Colon categories pass Iqbal’s muster — a supervisor is only held liable if that supervisor participates directly in the alleged constitutional violation or if that supervisor creates a policy or custom under which unconstitutional practices occurred.”). Our Court of Appeals has not addressed the question directly yet, but it has indicated that at least some of the Colon factors other than direct participation remain viable. See Rolon v. Ward, 345 Fed.Appx. 608, 611 (2d Cir.2009) (“A supervisory official personally participates in challenged conduct not only by direct participation, but by (1) failing to take corrective action; (2) creation of a policy or custom fostering the conduct; (3) grossly negligent supervision, or deliberate indifference to the rights of others.”); see also Scott v. Fischer, 616 F.3d 100, 108-09 (2d Cir.2010). Moreover, it remains the case that “there is no controversy that allegations that do not satisfy any of the Colon prongs are insufficient to state a claim against a defendant-supervisor.” Aguilar v. Immigration Customs Enforcement Div. of the U.S. Dep’t of Homeland, Sec., 811 F.Supp.2d 803, 815 (S.D.N.Y.2011). The plaintiffs allege, with regard to the PA supervisory defendants, that PA defendants Schaffler, Ferrone, and D’Aleo at all times acted “at their direction” “and/or with their express approval.” {See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70). This conclusory, formulaic language, standing alone, is not entitled to the assumption of truth. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1951 (“The complaint alleges that Ashcroft was the ‘principal architect’ of this invidious policy, ... and that Mueller was ‘instrumental’ in adopting and executing it, .... These bare assertions ... amount to nothing more than a ‘formulaic recitation of the elements’ of a constitutional discrimination claim.” (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955)). The only other allegations against the supervisory defendants are that, after Van Etten, in his capacity as Inspector General, received a complaint by Bertuglia against the Port Authority relating to the Port Authority’s bidding process, and in retaliation for that complaint, “Van Etten, along with ... Nestor and ... Kennedy, as well as defendants [Shaffler] and Ferrone, decided to selectively investigate and prosecute [the plaintiffs], leading to this matter being referred to the New York County District Attorney’s Office and ADA Ruzow.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 105-106.) Neither the Amended Complaint, nor any other documents relied on by it, contain further facts regarding the specifics of this decision or the manner in which the PA supervisory defendants acted to execute it, or the nature of the supervisory defendants supervision or knowledge of the primary PA defendants. The issue is whether those allegations can support the remaining § 1983 claims against the supervisory defendants under any theory of supervisory liability. The Court will address in turn the remaining § 1983 claims with reference to both the supervisory and primary PA defendants. 1. With regard to the plaintiffs’ false arrest claim, “[u]nder New York state law, to prevail on a claim of false arrest a plaintiff must show that (1) the defendant intended to confine him, (2) the plaintiff was conscious of the confinement, (3) the plaintiff did not consent to the confinement and (4) the confinement was not otherwise privileged.” Jocks v. Tavernier, 316 F.3d 128, 134-35 (2d Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A defendant who is not an arresting officer may be liable for false arrest if the defendant instigated an arrest by a police officer, knowing that there was no probable cause to believe that plaintiff committed a crime.” Lopez v. City of New York, 901 F.Supp. 684, 688 (S.D.N.Y.1995); see also Weintraub v. Bd. of Educ. of City of N.Y., 423 F.Supp.2d 38, 56 (E.D.N.Y.2006). In this case, the plaintiffs allege that PA defendants Schaffler, D’Aleo, and Ferrone “falsely communicated to the New York County District Attorney’s Office that [Bertuglia] had committed intentional criminal misconduct by knowingly submitting invoices containing the $.76 charge without having bought the new equipment,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 64), and that they “falsely told the New York County District Attorney’s Office that [Bertuglia] had stolen a lot of money” from the Port Authority, was a “thief’ and a “crook”, and should be arrested and prosecuted.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 67-68.) The plaintiffs allege that the primary PA defendants knew that these allegations were false. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61-64, 69, 72-74, 202.) The plaintiffs allege that the primary PA defendants continued to encourage the ADA defendants to arrest and prosecute the plaintiffs after the ADA defendants had begun their investigation. (Am. Compl. ¶ 69.) The plaintiffs also allege that the PA defendants took these actions in retaliation for Bertuglia’s complaints about the bidding process. (Am. Compl. ¶ 106.) The plaintiffs allege that the provision of this false information by the primary PA defendants led directly to the indictment of the plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶ 204.) These allegations are sufficient to state a claim against Schafñer, D’Aleo and Ferrone for false arrest, because, if proven, they would establish the primary PA defendants, by offering false information to state authorities, invoked the power of the state intentionally to cause the plaintiffs’ arrest. The alleged false accusations in the Complaint, that Bertuglia “had ‘stolen a lot of money’ from the Port Authority, [and] was a “thief’ and a “crook,” ” are sufficiently specific to survive a motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Rivers v. Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby Inc., No. 07 Civ. 5441, 2009 WL 817852, at *3-*4 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2009) (motion to dismiss false arrest and malicious prosecution claims denied where the plaintiff alleged that false claim that he had stolen laptop computers led to his arrest). The PA defendants argue in response that the independent investigation by the ADA defendants broke the chain of causation between the actions of the PA defendants and the arrest of the plaintiffs. However, in this Circuit, “[d]efendants ... may be liable for consequences caused by reasonably foreseeable intervening forces,” where, for example, they “deceive[] the subsequent decision maker,” or where they “could reasonably foresee that [their] misconduct would contribute to an independent decision that results in a deprivation of liberty.” Higazy v. Templeton, 505 F.3d 161, 177 (2d Cir.2007) (citations, alterations, and quotation marks omitted). Here, the plaintiffs assert that the PA defendants continued to urge the ADA defendants to arrest the plaintiffs based on information that the PA defendants knew was false. (Am. Compl. ¶ 69.) Under these circumstances, the subsequent investigation and arrest of the plaintiffs by the ADA defendants does not relieve the PA defendants of liability. Accordingly, the PA defendants motion to dismiss the false arrest claim is denied as to Schaffler and Ferrone. With regard to the supervisory PA defendants, the only non-conclusory allegation by the plaintiffs is that the supervisory defendants “decided to selectively investigate and prosecute” the plaintiffs in retaliation for complaints about the Port Authority’s bidding process. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 104-106.) There are no specific allegations that the supervisory defendants themselves provided false information to the ADA defendants, or indeed that they knew that information provided by subordinates was false; that they created a policy or practice of providing such false information; that they were grossly negligent in supervising the primary PA defendants with regard to their providing the false information; or that they had the opportunity to stop what they knew was a false arrest and did not do so. See, e.g., Rahman v. Fisher, 607 F.Supp.2d 580, 585-86 (S.D.N.Y.2009). Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the false arrest claim as against the supervisory PA defendants is granted. 2. “A malicious prosecution claim under New York law requires the plaintiff to prove (1) the initiation or continuation of a criminal proceeding against plaintiff; (2) termination of the proceeding in plaintiffs favor; (3) lack of probable cause for commencing the proceeding; and (4) actual malice as a motivation for defendant’s actions.” Jocks, 316 F.3d at 136. With regard to the “initiation” requirement, “it must be shown that defendant played an active role in the prosecution, such as giving advice and encouragement or importuning the authorities to act.” Rohman v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 215 F.3d 208, 217 (2d Cir.2000). The analysis of the malicious prosecution claim with regard to this requirement is substantially the same as the analysis for the false arrest claim, and need not be repeated. The plaintiffs have alleged that the primary PA defendants actively encouraged the prosecution of the plaintiffs while providing false information that served as a basis for that prosecution. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61-74.) However, they have not alleged sufficient facts to allow the reasonable inference that the supervisory PA defendants were personally involved in offering any encouragement, or even that the supervisory PA defendants knew that the primary PA defendants were doing so. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the malicious prosecution claim as against the supervisory defendants is granted. The PA defendants argue that, with regard to the remaining primary defendants, the plaintiffs have not pleaded actual malice. However, the plaintiffs have pleaded that the PA defendants prosecuted the plaintiffs in order to retaliate against them as part of an ongoing dispute, and, moreover, the plaintiffs have pleaded that the PA defendants knew that there was no evidence of criminality against the plaintiffs, and no probable cause for their prosecution, when they encouraged and instigated a criminal prosecution against the plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61-74, 201-219.) Where, as here, the plaintiffs allege that the defendants knowingly instigated and aided the prosecution without any evidence whatsoever, malice may be inferred. See, e.g., Cruz v. City of New York, No. 08 Civ. 8640, 2010 WL 3020602, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2010); see also Cameron v. City of New York, 598 F.3d 50, 69 (2d Cir.2010). Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the malicious prosecution claim as against the primary PA defendants is denied. 3. The defendants also seek to dismiss the plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim for deprivation of the right to a fair trial. “Pursuant to § 1983 and prevailing case law, denial of a right to a fair trial is a separate and distinct cause of action.” Nibbs v. City of New York, 800 F.Supp.2d 574, 575 (S.D.N.Y.2011); see generally Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 124 F.3d 123 (2d Cir.1997). A plaintiff may state a § 1983 fair trial claim by pleading that the defendants fabricated evidence and forwarded it to the prosecutors, and that the fabricated evidence was “likely to influence a jury’s decision.” Id. at 130. “[Cjourts in this District have regularly found Ricciuti to stand for the proposition that a claim for denial of a right to a fair trial may be brought alongside one for malicious prosecution even where both are supported by the same evidence.” Nibbs, 800 F.Supp.2d at 576 (collecting cases). Moreover, a § 1983 fair trial claim does not require that a plaintiff actually go to trial; in Ricciuti itself, the charges against the plaintiff were dismissed before trial. See Ricciuti, 124 F.3d at 127; see also Douglas v. City of New York, 595 F.Supp.2d 333, 346 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (“The Second Circuit has permitted a claim under § 1983 for violation of the right to a fair trial to proceed even where no trial took place.”). The issue is whether the plaintiffs have pleaded sufficient facts to state a § 1983 fair trial claim. The plaintiffs allege that the primary PA defendants knowingly provided false information to prosecutors; specifically, the primary PA defendants allegedly told prosecutors that Bertuglia “had stolen a lot of money” from the Port Authority, and was a “thief’ and a “crook.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 67, 203.) The defendants argue that these allegations are insufficient because, even if true, the primary PA defendants were merely expressing an opinion, and thus their assertions to the ADA defendants about Bertuglia’s stealing from the Port Authority do not constitute fabricated evidence. This argument is unpersuasive. The plaintiffs have pleaded that the defendants had no evidence to support the claim that Bertuglia knew that the Port Authority was being charged more than it should be on the contract with Laro, or that the contract was not being performed as required, or that Bertuglia intended to steal from the Port Authority, or that any criminal violation had occurred. {See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61-64, 69, 72-74, 202.) Accepting those allegations as true, it is plain that a statement to prosecutors that Bertuglia was a “thief’ and “stole a lot of money” would have been false statements of fact. Such claims, if made to a jury, would likely affect its verdict. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the § 1983 fair trial is denied as against the primary PA defendants. However, the plaintiffs have not pleaded that the PA supervisory defendants made any such false statements, or took such specific action or inaction as to make them liable for those false statements. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the § 1983 fair trial is granted as to the supervisory defendants. D. The PA defendants move to dismiss the § 1983 stigma plus claim against all of the PA defendants. “To establish a ‘stigma plus’ claim, a plaintiff must show (1) ‘the utterance of a statement sufficiently derogatory to injure his or her reputation, that is capable of being proved false, and that he or she claims is false,’ and (2) ‘a material state-imposed burden or state-imposed alteration of the plaintiffs status or rights.’ ” Vega v. Lantz, 596 F.3d 77, 81 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Sadallah v. City of Utica, 383 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir.2004) (Sotomayor, J.)). The deprivation of a property interest will satisfy the second, or “plus” prong of the stigma plus test. See Greenwood v. N.Y. Office of Mental Health, 163 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir.1998); see also Vega, 596 F.3d at 81 (“[A]n action can be grounded in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when that plaintiff can demonstrate ‘a stigmatizing statement plus a deprivation of a tangible interest.’ ”) (quoting Algarin v. Town of Wallkill, 421 F.3d 137, 138 (2d Cir.2005)). “However, deleterious effects [flowing] directly from a sullied reputation, standing alone, do not eonstitute a ‘plus’ under the ‘stigma plus’ doctrine”; rather, there must be a material, government-imposed burden • “in addition to” and temporally proximate to, the stigmatizing statement. Sadallah, 383 F.3d at 38 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Doe v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety ex rel. Lee, 271 F.3d 38, 54 (2d Cir.2001), rev’d on other grounds sub nom., Conn. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Doe, 538 U.S. 1, 6-7, 123 S.Ct. 1160, 155 L.Ed.2d 98 (2003) (the plus factor must be “some material indicium of government involvement beyond the mere presence of a state defendant to distinguish his or her grievance from the garden-variety defamation claim”) (citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 701, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976)). The plaintiffs have not pleaded any facts to show that any of the supervisory PA defendants made any allegedly stigmatizing statements or were involved in any stigmatizing statements by the primary PA defendants. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the stigma plus claims is granted as against the supervisory defendants. With regard to the primary PA defendants, the Complaint indicates that the derogatory, false statements were those contained in a press release about the plaintiffs’ arrest. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 248-250.) However, the Complaint does not allege that any of the PA defendants were personally involved in the drafting or dissemination of that press release, and the plaintiffs therefore cannot establish a stigma plus claim against any of the PA defendants on that basis. However, the plaintiffs do plead that PA defendant Schaffler contacted Laro’s clients and told them Laro was stealing from the Port Authority, and might have stolen from them, too. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 91, 320-21.) Such accusations are plainly sufficiently derogatory to injure the plaintiffs’ reputation. See, e.g., LaForgia v. Davis, No. 01 Civ. 7599, 2004 WL 2884524, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2004) (“[C]harges of dishonesty, immorality or illegality are statements beyond plaintiffs power to correct and ... establish ] stigmatization.”). Moreover, the plaintiffs have pleaded that these statements were false, and that Schaffler knew when he made those statements that there was no evidence that the plaintiffs intended to take money that was not rightfully owed to them under the contract from the Port Authority. {See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51, 61-62, 74, 321-23.) The claim that the plaintiffs were “stealing” is capable of being proven false. The first prong of the test is plainly satisfied with regard to defendant Schaffler. With regard to the second, “plus” prong, the Amended Complaint alleges that the plaintiffs lost current contracts and opportunities to bid on future contracts. However, to the extent that the Amended Complaint alleges that these losses were the direct result of the stigmatizing statements made by the defendants, those losses fail to satisfy the “plus prong.” See Sadallah, 383 F.3d at 38. However, the plaintiffs have also pleaded the cancellation of their lucrative Port Authority Bus Terminal contract by the Port Authority. {See Am. Compl. ¶ 137.) The plaintiffs have further pleaded that they were falsely arrested by the Port Authority police, and, as a result, deprived of their liberty. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 199.) Accepting these allegations as true, the cancellation of the contract, and the arrest of the plaintiffs and the resulting liberty deprivation they endured, were indicia of government involvement “in addition to” the stigmatizing statements. Sadallah, 383 F.3d at 38. The defendants motion to dismiss the stigma plus claim is therefore denied as to defendant Schaffler and granted as tom the remaining PA defendants. E. The PA defendants move to dismiss the § 1983 selective prosecution claim against the PA supervisory defendants. To state a selective prosecution claim, the plaintiffs must plead first that “compared with others similarly situated, [they were] selectively treated,” and second, that “such selective treatment was based on impermissible considerations such as ... intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious or bad faith intent to injure a person.” Crowley v. Courville, 76 F.3d 47, 52-53 (2d Cir.1996). “Demonstrating that a plaintiff has been treated differently is the sine qua non of a ... selective enforcement violation.” Kamholtz v. Yates Cnty., 350 Fed.Appx. 589, 591 (2d Cir.2009) (summary order) (internal quotation marks, alteration and citation omitted); see also D.F. ex rel. Finkle v. Bd. of Educ. of Syosset Cent. Sch. Dist., 386 F.Supp.2d 119, 128 (E.D.N.Y.2005), aff'd, 180 Fed.Appx. 232 (2d Cir.2006) (summary order) (conclusory allegations of different treatment fail to state a selective treatment claim). The PA defendants argue that there is no specific factual allegation in the Amended Complaint that the plaintiffs were treated differently from similarly situated individuals. This is correct. The Amended Complaint alleges that the plaintiffs, because of Bertuglia’s exercise of his First Amendment rights in criticizing the Port Authority’s bidding process, were investigated “more vigorously than ordinary police practices would dictate under similar circumstances,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 260), but it does not allege any other instance where another person or entity was investigated or not investigated under similar circumstances. Cf. Kennie v. White Plains Police Department’s Vice Control Unit, 108 F.3d 1369, 1997 WL 138849, at *2 (2d Cir.1997) (table). The issue is whether the plaintiffs were, on the basis of their protected speech, treated differently from “others similarly situated,” not whether the plaintiffs were treated differently from what “ordinary police practices” would dictate on that basis. See Kamholtz, 350 Fed.Appx. at 591 (“Appellant failed to allege any facts showing that he was treated differently than others similarly situated; in fact, appellant failed to compare his situation to that of anyone else.”) While the plaintiffs noted at oral argument that they mention another company, their competitor Guardian Maintenance, in the Complaint, they do not allege that any of the supervisory defendants treated Guardian differently with regard to an investigation or a complaint. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 104-106, 255.) Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the selective prosecution claim against the PA supervisory defendants is granted. F. The PA defendants also move to dismiss the two § 1983 claims that were asserted against Schaffler: malicious abuse of process and inducement of false testimony. 1. In New York, “a malicious abuse-of-process claim lies against a defendant who (1) employs regularly issued legal process to compel performance or forbearance of some act (2) with intent to do harm without excuse o[r] justification, and (3) in order to obtain a collateral objective that is outside the legitimate ends of the process.” Savino v. City of New York, 331 F.3d 63, 76 (2d Cir.2003). The defendants argue that, because there is no allegation in the Complaint that Schaffler personally issued subpoenas or was involved with their issuance, this claim must fail. Some district courts in this Circuit have found that promoting the issuance of process for illegitimate ends by lying to prosecutors with the requisite harmful intent is sufficient to state a claim for malicious abuse of process. See Rivers, 2009 WL 817852, at *5; but see Morse v. County of Seneca, No. 08 Civ. 6231, 2009 WL 2762304, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2009). This Court need not address that issue, because the plaintiffs did plead that “defendants,” a term that, in context, refers to the ADA defendants and Schaffler, issued subpoenas. (See, e.g. Am. Compl. ¶ 228.) Whether it is likely that Schaffler actually was involved in issuing or serving these subpoenas is an issue of fact that the Court cannot decide at the pleadings stage. The defendants’ motion to dismiss the abuse of process claim against defendant Schaffler is denied. 2. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has explained that “in order to state a legally sufficient claim for the manufacture of false evidence, a plaintiff must colorably allege that this evidence was used against him to cause a constitutional injury.” Rolon v. Henneman, 517 F.3d 140, 148 (2d Cir.2008) (Sotomayor, J.); see generally Zahrey v. Coffey, 221 F.3d 342, 353-54 (2d Cir.2000). The Complaint alleges that “Schaffler, acting on behalf of defendant [ADA] Ruzow and under her direct supervision, ... harassed, threatened, intimidated, manipulated, and coerced ... witnesses to give false “bad act” evidence against [Bertuglia].” (Am. Compl. ¶ 236.) The Complaint also alleges that “[a]t least one of these witnesses, Robert Kolakowski, did in fact give false testimony to the Grand Jury as a direct result of the pressure and coercion of ADA Ruzow.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 237.) The defendants argue that there are no factual allegations that tie Schaffler to any false testimony or evidence given by third-party witnesses. This is plainly correct; the only witness specifically named in the complaint who allegedly gave false testimony as a result of coercion is Mr. Kolakowski, and his testimony is attributed specifically to the “coercion of ADA Ruzow.” Because there is no sufficient allegation that false testimony by a third party was elicited by Schaffler and then used against the plaintiffs, the motion to dismiss the § 1983 inducement of false testimony claim against Schaffler is granted. G. The defendants next move to dismiss the § 1983 conspiracy claim against the PA defendants. “The Second Circuit Court of Appeals has found that to survive a motion to dismiss a claim for conspiracy to violate § 1983 a plaintiff must allege: (1) an agreement between two or more state actors or between a state actor and a private entity; (2) to act in concert to inflict an unconstitutional injury; and (3) an overt act done in furtherance of that goal causing damages.” Bullard v. City of New York, 240 F.Supp.2d 292, 301 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (citing Pangburn v. Culbertson, 200 F.3d 65, 72 (2d Cir.1999)). “[C]onclusory allegations of conspiracy are insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.” Sudler v. City of New York, No. 08 Civ. 11389, 2010 WL 68095, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. January 8, 2010) (citing Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949)) (collecting cases), report and recommendation adopted, 2010 WL 726964 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 19, 2010). “A plaintiff must allege facts that plausibly suggest a ‘meeting of the minds’ and provide some details of time and place.” AK Tournament Play, Inc. v. Town of Wallkill, No. 09 Civ. 10579, 2011 WL 197216, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2011) (citing Romer v. Morgenthau, 119 F.Supp.2d 346, 363 (S.D.N.Y.2000), aff'd, 444 Fed.Appx. 475 (2nd Cir.2011) (summary order). Moreover, “absent an underlying constitutional violation on which to base a § 1983 conspiracy claim, a plaintiffs conspiracy claim fails as a matter of law.” Id. The defendants argue that the allegations of a conspiracy against the PA defendants are too vague and conclusory to state a claim. In response, the plaintiff notes that there are specific allegations in the complaint detailing the alleged cooperation between ADA Ruzow and PA defendant Schaffler to commit the underlying § 1983 violations discussed above, for the common purpose of harassing, harming, and retaliating against the plaintiffs. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 90-96, 233-240.) The allegation that Schaffler and Ruzow together served coercive subpoenas, together visited Laro’s clients in order to stigmatize his business, and together harassed potential witnesses are sufficient to suggest plausibly that there was a genuine meeting of the minds between Schaffler and Ruzow. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the conspiracy claim is denied as against defendant Schaffler. The plaintiffs do not indicate where in the complaint they plead facts that plausibly support a meeting of the minds between any of the other PA defendants and an actor outside of the Port Authority. The conclusory allegation that the PA defendants and the ADA defendants “conspired and acted in concert,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 242), is insufficient to state a claim where it is not supported by additional factual allegations describing the alleged conspiracy. Moreover, any factual allegations that the PA defendants conspired together are legally insufficient, because the intracorporate immunity doctrine generally bars conspiracy claims against employees of the same corporation. See AK Tournament Play, 2011 WL 197216 at *4; see also Smith v. Town of Hempstead Dep’t of Sanitation Sanitary Dist. No. 2, 798 F.Supp.2d 443, 461 (E.D.N.Y.2011) (“[0]fficers, agents and employees of a single corporate entity are legally incapable of conspiring together while acting within the scope of their employment.”) (citation omitted). The allegations against the other PA defendants are, in any event, too conclusory to state a claim. The only reference to an agreement among them is the decision allegedly made by the supervisory defendants, along with the primary defendants, to investigate and prosecute Bertuglia in a selective fashion. (Am. Compl. ¶ 106.) This allegation, as explained above, pleads insufficient facts to state an underlying constitutional violation. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the conspiracy claim against the remaining PA defendants is granted. H. The PA defendants next move to dismiss the state law claims for tortious interference with contract and tortious interference with prospective economic advantage against defendant Schaffler. I. “The elements of tortious interference with a contract are: (1) the existence of a valid contract between the plaintiff and a third party; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the contract; (3) the defendant’s intentional procurement of the third-party’s breach of the contract without justification; (4) actual breach of the contract; and (5) damages resulting therefrom.” Advanced Marketing Group, Inc. v. Bus. Payment Sys., LLC, 300 Fed.Appx. 48, 50 (2d Cir.2008) (summary order) (quoting Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 449 F.3d 388, 401 (2d Cir.2006)). “[A] plaintiff must show that the third party would not have breached the contract but for the activities of the defendant.” St. John’s Univ. v. Bolton, 757 F.Supp.2d 144, 172 (E.D.N.Y.2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). The PA defendants contest only whether the plaintiffs have pleaded that Schaffler intentionally induced Laro’s clients to breach their contracts with Laro by telling them that Laro and Bertuglia had stolen from the Port Authority, and that they might be stealing from them, too. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 321.) This allegation is plainly sufficient to support intentional inducement at the pleadings stage. “An actor intentionally procures a breach of a third party’s contract even where the breach ‘is incidental to the actor’s independent purpose and desire but known to him to be a necessary consequence of his action.’ ” St. John’s Univ., 757 F.Supp.2d at 173 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766 cmt. j. (1979)). Here, it would be reasonable to infer from the facts alleged that Schaffler knew that the Laro clients he contacted would breach their contracts with Laro as a result of being told by another, major Laro client, accompanied by a state prosecutor, that Laro and Bertuglia had stolen from one client and might be stealing from others. Indeed, the plaintiffs explicitly allege that specific companies breached their contracts with Laro “as a direct result” of the false statements by Schaffler and ADA Ruzow to them about the alleged misconduct by Laro and Bertuglia. (Am. Compl. ¶ 325.) Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the tortious interference with contract claim against Schaffler is denied. 2. To state a claim for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage under New York law, a plaintiff must “establish four elements: (1) the existence of a profitable business relationship, (2) [the defendant’s] interference with that relationship, (3) [the defendant’s] use of dishonest, unfair or improper means, and (4) damage to [the plaintiffs] business relationships.” Fonar Corp. v. Magnetic Resonance Plus, Inc., 957 F.Supp. 477, 482 (S.D.N.Y.1997). The New York Court of Appeals has explained t