Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER NORMAN A. MORDUE, District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION This case arises out of an employment dispute between plaintiff Deborah L. Morales and her former employer, the New York State Department of Labor, Division of Employment Services (“DOL”). Also named as a defendant is CNY Works, Inc. (“CNY”), a non-profit that worked with DOL out of the same Syracuse, New York office to provide employment assistance to Central New York communities. In her amended complaint, plaintiff alleges that DOL intentionally discriminated and retaliated against her in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and that DOL and CNY retaliated against her in violation of Title VI. Plaintiff is Caucasian and an American citizen, but she claims both defendants violated her rights because she associated with persons of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Columbian, Dominican, Ecuadorian, and Honduran national origin. DOL and CNY move separately for summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs respective claims against them. Plaintiff has responded to both motions, and both defendants have replied. II. BACKGROUND A. The Parties The parties do not dispute the majority of the facts leading up to the filing of this action, though they dispute the factual basis of plaintiffs numerous informal complaints and her characterization of defendants’ actions. Plaintiff, who speaks fluent Spanish, obtained employment as a Spanish-speaking Labor Services Representative with DOL in February 2000. Among other things, DOL maintains jobs service offices around New York State that provide employment resources and basic job-search training to the public. Plaintiff first worked for DOL as a labor service representative at its jobs service office in Syracuse, New York. At deposition, plaintiff summarized her responsibilities as such: “Intake interviews, solicitation of information from customers related to employment background and experience, mentoring of job seekers with regard to marketing themselves as a commodity in the job market, which involved consultation on resume preparation and cover letter preparation, [and] coaching preparation for interview[s].” Plaintiff also trained customers to use Internet-based job search resources. The parties agree that DOL hired plaintiff in part because it expected her to use her Spanish language skills to provide these services to Spanish-speaking “Limited English Proficiency” (“LEP”) customers. DOL did not permit plaintiff or other labor service representatives to contact most third parties on behalf of any customer, instructing them instead to refer customers to third parties when needed. CNY is a Syracuse-based nonprofit that began working with DOL to provide access to employment resources in 2004, using funds made available to it and the State through the Workforce Investment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2801 et seq. DOL moved its Syracuse jobs service office into a building on Franklin Street in Syracuse that CNY owned and operated. Their combined services constituted the Syracuse “One Stop” Center, one of several One Stop locations across New York State, where local residents could take advantage of the resources CNY and DOL offered in one visit. As part of the arrangement, CNY had control over customer intake, meaning that its employees generally determined whether customers should be diverted to DOL staff. The Syracuse One Stop also featured a “resource room,” where customers could go to use one of several public computers or to speak with a member of CNY or DOL staff. After relocating to the CNY office space, DOL reassigned plaintiffs workstation to a cubicle in the resource room. Plaintiff no longer conducted intake interviews, but she continued to meet with customers to provide employment assistance and help using DOL resources. Plaintiff and other resource room staffers conducted group orientations to give an overview of resource room and One Stop tools to new customers who had already gone through an intake interview. Initially, plaintiff maintained her role as an LEP specialist, and even translated to help other staff members interact with Spanish-speaking LEP customers. Plaintiff emphasizes in her responses, supporting affidavits, and other record evidence, however, that her role in assisting LEP customers at the One Stop varied from day to day. As she put it at deposition, [M]y role was redefined ... in such a way as to provide an obstacle and hinderance [sic] to that category of customer.... It was touch and go. It was on a shoestring. It was flying by the seat of your pants. It was as if I had a string tied to my nose and management yanked it in whichever di[rec]tion they wanted to when they wanted to. There was not an established protocol. My role was designated as primarily equal to the duties of the unit that I was assigned to, and then if I was needed to “help a Spanish speaking customer,” I was called on. According to plaintiff, CNY and DOL staff use the same computer database to record customer information. The database, called the One Stop Operating System (“OSOS”), is also used at the other One Stop locations around New York. Plaintiff obtained through discovery a printout from OSOS, which she has filed under seal in support of her responses. The printout shows that staffers at One Stop locations around the state recorded national origin information for at least some Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Columbian, Dominican, Ecuadorian, and Honduran customers. Plaintiffs printout, however, does not specify which One Stop employee or office recorded the information. Plaintiff describes the roles of many coworkers, supervisors, and managers from DOL throughout her response materials. Those most relevant to this action were: plaintiffs immediate supervisors Cheryl Kane, and after 2006, Sue Stucco; supervisor Colleen McBride; DOL managers Cindy Garrett and Betty Youmans; DOL regional administrators Valerie Seawell and Kelli Owens; DOL Assistant Director of Employee Relations Stacy Hopkins; and New York State Office of Inspector General investigator Ken Dippel. Plaintiff also interacted with many CNY employees, including Alvaro Valencia and Lori Wilson, CNY manager Manny Martinez, and CNY director Lenore Sealey. B. Plaintiffs “Advocacy” At her deposition, plaintiff testified that her “advocacy” for Spanish-speaking people in the Syracuse area is part of the “fabric of my personality and my character.” As discussed below, plaintiff shifts between characterizing her advocacy as being on behalf of Spanish-speakers, citizens of Spanish-speaking countries residing in the Syracuse area, and more generally, Hispanic communities in the Syracuse area. Plaintiff alleges that DOL and CNY violated her rights because of this advocacy. Plaintiff offers evidence indicating that she spent a substantial amount of time at the Syracuse One Stop seeking to remedy perceived shortcomings in DOL and CNY’s handling of LEP customers. Emails plaintiff offers in support of her responses show her, inter alia, inquiring about a possible discriminatory job posting residency requirement, offering an extensive critique of One Stop procedures for handling LEP customers in response to a set of proposed changes to DOL and CNY systems, warning supervisors that LEP customers “could not access workshops regarding resume preparation and interviewing skills,” and forwarding her concerns about LEP procedures to upper management and other divisions within DOL. Plaintiff asserts that she complained to “the Regional Administrator of DOL, the Director and Assistant Director of DOL’s Division of Employment Services[,] ... the Director of the Division of Equal Opportunity Development!,] ... the office of the Inspector General and the Office of Employee Relations.” Plaintiff also filed formal complaints regarding LEP policies internally with the Office of Inspector General and externally with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The consistent thread across plaintiffs numerous complaints about LEP policies and procedures is that, in her view, DOL and CNY constructed barriers — often linguistic in nature — to prevent LEP customers from accessing their resources. For example, Plaintiff alleges that she volunteered to attend a “Latina Women’s Conference” in Syracuse to conduct outreach to Spanish speaking communities on behalf of DOL, but that she was forbidden from doing so. Plaintiff asserts that DOL and CNY did not have many Spanish language versions of common forms, and that on one occasion they prevented her from putting Spanish language pamphlets in the lobby area. Plaintiff asserts that customers who looked Hispanic or who had Hispanic-sounding surnames were diverted to Alvaro Valencia, a CNY employee fluent in Spanish, even if those customers spoke English. Further, at deposition, Valencia admitted that he once stated “[i]f [a customer] don’t speak English, we don’t help them here [at One Stop]. They have to go to the Spanish Action League or to Jobs Plus.” Plaintiff alleges that even though other DOL staff had recognized specialties, her Spanish language proficiency was not put to use as it should have been, and that procedures often forced LEP customers that were diverted to plaintiff to wait much longer than English-speaking customers to receive services. Plaintiff also provides substantial evidence that indicates she lobbied CNY and DOL to use paid interpreters and “Interpretalk” — a live, fee-based telephonic interpreting service — with more frequency. Plaintiffs interpretation of the extent of her duty to assist LEP customers often brought her into conflict with DOL management. As detailed below, DOL criticized or punished plaintiff for exceeding the boundaries of her authorized duties in aiding LEP customers on several occasions, maintaining that she was only authorized to refer LEP customers to third parties. Some of these punishments resulted in disciplinary proceedings known as “interrogations” as outlined farther below. Plaintiff admitted in her last interrogation that, in addition to providing referrals, she communicated with third parties on behalf of LEP customers. As plaintiff testified, she felt that helping LEP customers is “not the same ballgame” as helping English-proficient customers. Plaintiffs testimony indicates that she gave more assistance to LEP customers than she was expected to because she felt their language barriers demanded that she provide more assistance dealing with issues peripheral to securing employment. Plaintiff commented at one interrogation that the rule of thumb she was supposed to follow, “to do nothing different for Spanish speaking people that I would do for English speaking people,” in her opinion is “illegal,” given the greater needs of LEP customers peripheral to obtaining employment. Plaintiffs involvement with the many Hispanic communities in Central New York was not limited to her service as a member of DOL staff. Plaintiff asserts in her response that she “is of non-Hispanic European descent,” but has several “biracial/bi-national” Hispanic children by her second husband. Plaintiff was a volunteer/member of the Eastern Farm Workers Association (“the EFWA”), “an organization,” she testified at deposition, “with the purpose of organizing low-wage workers in order to facilitate access to resources ... [and] establishing] networks of support in the community, support of the professional people, doctors, [and] lawyers” for the benefit of members. EFWA is comprised mainly of Hispanic, Spanish-speaking rural workers. Plaintiff served the EFWA as an interpreter, although she did also receive benefits like food and clothing through it. Plaintiff admitted at deposition and at her interrogations that she communicated with the Murphy Law Firm, which specializes in immigration, provided temporary housing to Hispanic farm workers in 2005, and was friends with “a lot of Mexican Nationals.” At her depositions, plaintiff also testified that she conducted internet research on issues related to her claims and expressed an interest in the technical aspects of immigration law. Indeed, at her last interrogation, DOL Assistant Director of Employee Relations Stacy Hopkins commented, “I think anyone would agree that [plaintiff is] a terrific advocate for the people that [she] speak[s] with.” C. Plaintiff’s Workplace Disputes The parties’ materials contain numerous references to conflicts spanning the duration of plaintiffs tenure with DOL. The parties agree on many of the essential facts surrounding each individual incident, but they dispute the relevance and proper characterization of each in light of governing legal principles. 1. Conflicts with DOL DOL procedure provides supervisors with several formal tools for punishing alleged employee misconduct. Supervisors may choose to issue a formal “counseling memorandum” — a document memorializing a discussion between a supervisor and an employee in which the supervisor details the employee’s improper behavior and outlines applicable rules of conduct. Counseling memoranda do not alter an employee’s responsibilities or pay. DOL argues that counseling memoranda are “learning tools,” whereas plaintiff insists they are punitive in nature. For more serious infractions, supervisors may choose to initiate an investigation into an employee’s conduct that may result in one of several punishments pertinent to the instant action: a counseling memorandum, a formal reprimand, a notice of discipline, or a notice of termination. The record is unclear on the procedure for initiating an investigation, but emails plaintiff offers in support of her responses indicates that a supervisor can request one at his or her discretion. The investigation includes an “interrogation,” where management or the New York State Office of Inspector General questions an employee about an incident or infraction in the presence of union representatives. When an interrogation is deemed necessary, the employee is given several weeks’ notice through a “notice of interrogation.” A labor agreement with DOL allows employees to dispute a punishment by filing a disciplinary grievance. Plaintiff submits a notice of termination in support of her responses indicating that filing a grievance first results in a meeting between plaintiff and management where the parties may negotiate a different punishment. If an employee is unhappy with the outcome of the grievance meeting, he or she may file for arbitration on the dispute with an arbitrator from the American Arbitration Association. The employee, represented by the union, and DOL attend a hearing before the arbitrator and have the opportunity to present physical and testimonial evidence. Per the labor agreement, DOL and its employees are bound to whatever punishment the arbitrator deems appropriate. The availability of these formal disciplinary tools does not preclude a supervisor’s authority to reprimand an employee verbally, or to use his or her discretion otherwise in managing employee conduct. a. Unprofessional Behavior Plaintiff offers evidence that she came into conflict with her supervisors and coworkers concerning her role as a LEP specialist and the accessibility of DOL’s resources to LEP customers “early on” in her tenure. On March 11, 2004, DOL issued a counseling memorandum to plaintiff describing several incidents that occurred in early 2004. In the memorandum, plaintiffs supervisor Cheryl Kane describes plaintiffs conduct as “[u]nprofessional and uncooperative,” in that she ignored the DOL chain of command in resolving an issue with a customer, refused a direct order to turn off a tape recorder she had been using to record conversations with her supervisors, and being confrontational with her supervisors. The counseling memorandum also states that DOL received a letter from a local employer complaining that plaintiff was “acting in a translator’s capacity on behalf of a Spanish-speaking” customer, and so it instructed her “to only do for the Spanish speaking customers what [she] would do for the English speaking customers.” b. Chronic Lateness and Absences The record indicates that plaintiff often failed to arrive at work on time, but only one period of tardiness resulted in its own formal disciplinary action. From November 17, 2005 until December 14, 2005, plaintiff was late nine times. Plaintiff also used or scheduled a significant amount of her annual and sick leave allowance during that period. Kane issued plaintiff a counseling memorandum on January 24, 2006, detailing plaintiffs absences and warning her about the danger of failing to reserve some leave allowances for unplanned emergencies. Despite this counseling memoranda, plaintiff admits that she took at least five extended leaves of absence. Plaintiff took each extended leave after a work incident, and she characterizes them as being induced by her work-related stress. Emails between plaintiff and her supervisors indicate that plaintiff also took medication to treat depression, and that this may have played a role in her frequent tardiness. c. The State Fair Incident Plaintiff volunteered to work a DOL booth at the New York State Fair in late August, 2004. According to testimony plaintiff gave at an interrogation following this incident and again at a deposition related to this action, she brought her young daughter and her daughter’s friend with her to the fair. In an email dated September 14, 2004, Tillman Wilkerson, a DOL staffer who worked the booth with plaintiff, stated that “she continually shook her head and flung he [sic] hair around throughout the shift while customers were present.” Furthermore, when he returned from lunch, Wilkerson states that “the booth was unattended.” Plaintiff admitted at the interrogation that she left the booth to use the bathroom and to retrieve free handouts for her daughter and her daughter’s friend. DOL then issued plaintiff a counseling memorandum based on what plaintiff described at deposition as the “false allegation” that she left the booth unattended. Plaintiff received a notice of interrogation on October 29, 2004, and attended the interrogation two weeks later on November 15. DOL issued a counseling memorandum to plaintiff on December 15, 2004, acknowledging plaintiffs objections to the accusations and stating that DOL policy forbade her from leaving the booth unattended and from bringing her children into work. d. Amna Johnson Incident The next major incident occurred in the Resource Room on March 15, 2005, when plaintiff was assisting Anna Johnson, a non-LEP customer. As she described the incident at interrogation and at deposition, plaintiff and Johnson had a series of miscommunications regarding what services Johnson was interested in using. At some point Johnson handed plaintiff a floppy disk containing her resume. Plaintiff alleged that she then asked Johnson for her social security number, as she must do with all her customers, but Johnson refused. Plaintiff admitted that when Johnson demanded to have her floppy disk back, she stated that she would not return it unless Johnson gave her social security number. Johnson reached over plaintiffs desk, and plaintiff moved her hand to block access to the floppy disk. Plaintiff admits her hand touched Johnson’s, but interrogation testimony shows that DOL accused her of scratching Johnson. In any case, plaintiff left to summon her supervisor who then resolved the situation. In connection with this incident, plaintiff was interrogated on April 14, 2005, and issued a notice of discipline suspending her for two weeks without pay on May 26, 2005. Plaintiff filed a grievance on this punishment in accordance with her labor agreement, and in a written opinion dated March 3, 2006, an arbitrator reduced the punishment to a letter of reprimand, which was issued on April 19, 2006. Though it threatened future disciplinary action if plaintiff did not “provide fair and courteous treatment” to customers, it did not reduce her pay, change her responsibilities, or otherwise affect her employment status. e. The Hospital Advocacy Incident On October 6, 2005, there was a large propane explosion at a farm in -Phoenix, New York, causing injuries to several Spanish-speaking farm workers. The EFWA summoned plaintiff to Upstate University Hospital in Syracuse, to work as a translator for the victims and their friends and family. Plaintiff admitted at the interrogation that she wore a badge at the hospital to identify herself as an EFWA worker. While at the hospital, plaintiff saw Ricardo Aguilar, a Rural Labor Representative with DOL. Plaintiff admits that she approached Aguilar to ask about immigration rules, and later followed up for details by email. At the interrogation, plaintiff insisted that her questions were born of a personal “interest in immigration.” Plaintiff also admits, however, to have housed some number of workers displaced by the explosion. Concerned plaintiff was offering official DOL services or revealing confidential DOL information to persons she worked with in her capacity as an EFWA member/volunteer, plaintiffs manager Kelli Owens contacted the New York State Office of Inspector General on October 17, 2005. Investigator Ken Dippel scheduled an interrogation of plaintiff for December 7, 2005 after researching the EFWA and investigating plaintiffs email history. Plaintiff first claimed that a miscommunication between her and coworkers caused her to miss a reminder phone call and then later claimed she simply forgot the date. In any event, she failed to show up at the scheduled time for the interrogation. Dippel summoned plaintiff to a second interrogation on January 13, 2006, which plaintiff did attend. Although Dippel asked questions about both her affiliation with the EFWA and her failure to attend the December 7 interrogation, plaintiff was only punished for failing appear as required. DOL issued a notice of discipline to plaintiff on January 16, 2006, suspending her without pay for four weeks. Plaintiff challenged her punishment, and through arbitration reduced it to a one-week unpaid suspension on April 10, 2007. DOL issued plaintiff a notice of suspension on April 24, 2007, and she served her punishment on the week of May 7, 2007. Based on her answers at the interrogation and its own investigation, the Office of Inspector General found no basis to believe that plaintiffs work with the EFWA conflicted with her position at DOL. f. Scope of Employment, Refusal to Leave the Office, and Personal Email Incidents Stacy Hopkins, DOL Assistant Director of Employee Relations, interrogated plaintiff on March 2, 2006, about a series of conflicts that arose in February of that year. On February 13, a married LEP couple identified only as Wilfredo and Catherine met with plaintiff in the resource room. The couple had a “lot of issues,” as plaintiff described at her interrogation, including unemployment, health, housing, and taxation. Plaintiff admitted that she called the EFWA to inquire about legal resources for Wilfredo and that she called another office in Syracuse “in order to hook him up with whoever could help him with the specifics of his tax return.” Hopkins asked plaintiff whether she faxed or told Wilfredo that he could fax material to the Internal Revenue Service using DOL equipment, but plaintiff denied doing so. Plaintiff also admitted that she emailed a “Ride-to-Work Program” on behalf of Catherine for two weeks’ bus fare “until she gets her first paycheck.” Most of Hopkins’ questions on this issue focused on whether plaintiff was acting beyond the scope of her employment by communicating with third parties on behalf of Wilfredo and Catherine, but plaintiff insisted that she did what was necessary in light of their limited English language skills. Hopkins also interrogated plaintiff about conflicts arising from her habit of staying at the office after her official 4:30 p.m. end time despite being told on numerous occasions not to do so. On February 14, Kane and plaintiff had a conversation about plaintiffs work hours in which Kane told plaintiff to leave at 4:30 p.m. Kane began to walk away from plaintiffs desk when plaintiff called back to her. Plaintiff stated at the interrogation that “[t]he point I made-to Cheryl [Kane] was that it’s extremely ridiculous ... that she’s focusing on .these kind[s] of trivialities” and that “it’s extremely tragic that she’s focusing on such triviality in the face of customers with real- needs ... [especially considering the customer driven environment” at One Stop. Hopkins asked plaintiff if she raised her voice or if she was “waving [her] arms about,” but plaintiff only admitted to gesturing for emphasis. Plaintiff further stated that she felt that she was being “singled out in this process,” in that Kane was enforcing a “new standard that’s never. been applied to any other staff.” At 4:40 in the evening on February 14, DOL manager Betty Youmans approached plaintiff at her desk. Youmans asked plaintiff to leave, and plaintiff admitted that she responded by saying “Aye Aye sir — Aye Aye ma’am, or something like that.” When Hopkins asked if she made that acknowledgement “in a sarcastic way,” plaintiff insisted that it was sincere and related to her military background. Plaintiff admitted that she continued to stay in the office after 4:30 p.m. on “a lot of days,” and that on at least one occasion, CNY director Lenore Sealey approached plaintiff at her desk sometime between 6:00 and 6:30 p.m. to tell her to leave. Hopkins also asked plaintiff whether she discussed confidential information with a coworker in front of a customer on February 22. Plaintiff admitted that she had discussed one of her arbitration hearings and pending suspension determination with a coworker in front of a customer, and later, discussed “issues surrounding ... the quality of customer service” at One Stop with another customer. Plaintiff insisted at the interrogation that her actions were appropriate “because there are continual obstacles that are placed in front of me by Management in my attempts to accommodate the needs of my customers.” Hopkins also asked plaintiff about her failure to complete a training course as instructed. Plaintiff was instructed to complete a training session by February 28, and when she failed to do so, Kane emailed her on March 1 asking that she complete it by 11:30 that morning. Plaintiff maintained that a printer issue prevented her from producing a completion certificate for Kane in time, but admitted she still had not completed it as of the interrogation on March 2. Lastly, Hopkins confronted plaintiff about her use of her DOL email account. Plaintiff had signed an equipment use agreement with DOL in which she promised not to use DOL equipment for personal purposes. Hopkins asked plaintiff to explain emails to friends, relatives, private entities, and advocacy groups. Plaintiff insisted that many were work related, but admitted that she had sent or received each of the correspondences Hopkins asked her about. .Among the emails plaintiff admits to have sent from her DOL account are many that relate to her discrimination complaints, including emails containing workplace discrimination resources, and correspondence with a former employee and an attorney about DOL’s practices and policies. Plaintiff received the notice of interrogation relating to this investigation on February 15, 2006, one day after her encounter with Kane about staying late and two days after she first met with Wilfredo and. Catherine. As a result of the March 2 interrogation, DOL issued plaintiff a notice of termination on November 13, 2006. Plaintiff responded by filing a disciplinary grievance, but the parties could not come to a resolution. Plaintiff appealed for arbitration, but submitted a letter of resignation on August 27, 2007, before the arbitration hearing was scheduled. g. Summer 2007 Counseling Memos Between the interrogation and her resignation, DOL issued two counseling memoranda to plaintiff. First, on June 28, 2007, after a number of LEP customers entered One Stop seeking assistance, plaintiffs supervisor Susan Stucco assigned some to plaintiff and some to another labor services representative. Plaintiff challenged that decision in front of the customers, and accused the other representative of giving out incorrect information. Stucco issued a counseling memorandum to plaintiff on July 2, 2007. Second, on July 18, 2007, plaintiff acted in a rude manner towards Stucco. In response to Stucco’s questions about where one of her clients would be registering for a training program, plaintiff stated that “the customer is an immigrant and does not have their Mercedes available like English speaking customers do.” When Stucco followed up with questions about plaintiffs recent workstation move, plaintiff allegedly “appeared agitated,” and began moving around her belongings in a loud and unprofessional manner in front of a customer. Stucco issued plaintiff a counseling memorandum on August 6, 2007, in which she also reminded plaintiff to leave at 4:30 p.m. and reprimanded her for being rude to CNY manager Manny Martinez. h. Personal Conflicts Plaintiff argues that her superiors and coworkers at DOL were disrespectful and contentious towards her throughout her tenure at DOL. In an email to the DOL department of employee relations and copied to Cheryl Kane and Kelli Owens, DOL supervisor Colleen McBride referred to plaintiff as “our problem child.” During her investigation of the State Fair incident, Kane sent an email indicating that she forced plaintiffs coworkers to give statements describing plaintiffs behavior even though they did not want to. Plaintiff was not selected to receive “Career Development Facilitator” training she had applied for. At deposition, plaintiff testified that the personal conflicts were so pervasive that she concluded “that my employer was trying to fire me or get rid of me.” Indeed, upon learning that plaintiff had resigned, DOL employee Suzanne Harrison emailed Russell Oliver stating, “Can we celebrate Debbie Morales?” Plaintiffs exhibits provide many additional examples of perceived and actual conflict between her and DOL staff. 2. CNY’s Involvement with DOL and Plaintiffs Work Incidents Plaintiff alleges that “CNY’s managers and personnel were actively engaged to support DOL managers in their discriminatory and retaliatory conduct as [plaintiffs] employer.” Plaintiff characterizes CNY as the One Stop “operator,” with whom DOL “worked as a partnership.” Plaintiff alleges and offers testimony from CNY manager Manny Martinez to the effect that CNY and DOL managers established One Stop policies and processes “by consensus.” Specifically, plaintiff alleges that the one stop “management team” consisted of both DOL and CNY employees: Kane, Youmans, Garrett and Owens from DOL, and Martinez and Sealey from CNY. Plaintiff also alleges that CNY staff “supervised the resource room to which [plaintiff] was assigned,” and that staff meetings “included DOL and CNY staff’ and were run by “CNY Works Managers Manny Martinez and Lenore Sealey.” In support of her allegations, plaintiff offers deposition testimony from Cynthia Garrett, Manny Martinez, and emails from DOL employees. CNY, on the other hand, argues that it did not have any employment authority over the plaintiff. CNY alleges that plaintiff “was an employee of the DOL” and that her “employment was governed by the terms and provisions of a collective bargaining agreement between the Public Employees Federation (‘PEF’) and the DOL.” CNY asserts that plaintiff was not its employee and that it was not a party to plaintiffs and DOL’s labor agreement. CNY quotes deposition testimony from plaintiff where she acknowledges as “common sense” that “CNY Works staff could not take any disciplinary action against” plaintiff, including issuing counseling memoranda, conducting interrogations, and terminating plaintiffs employment. Plaintiff alleges that the adverse actions taken against her were intermingled with her interaction with CNY staff and managers. Plaintiff asserts that when she complained to her supervisor that CNY employee Valencia stated that Spanish-speaking customers cannot be helped at One Stop, Martinez did nothing. Plaintiff offers testimony from her fourth interrogation indicating that Sealey commanded her to leave on one of the days she stayed later than 4:30, and that she forwarded some of plaintiffs evening emails to DOL managers to show that plaintiff continued to stay late. On April 26, 2007, CNY employee Lori Wilson also emailed DOL managers to inform them that plaintiff had stayed past 4:30. Plaintiff alleges further that CNY “repeatedly interfered in her affairs, communicating information to her supervisors in a manner” violative of Title VI. On June 15, 2007, plaintiff attempted to put a Spanish language Selective Service pamphlet in the One Stop reception area. Plaintiff testified at deposition that in her experience, many of the LEP customers seeking One Stop services have not registered with Selective Service even though it is required for many of the resources and job opportunities One Stop provides. Plaintiff put the pamphlets in the reception area without asking her supervisors and without asking CNY staff first. Plaintiff alleges that a DOL employee asked CNY employee Lori Wilson to “investigate” whether the pamphlets could be placed in the reception area. Plaintiff offers an email chain between CNY and DOL supervisors about the incident indicating that there may have been yelling or some other form of a reprimand. In any case, the supervisors used the incident as another “nail[ ] in her coffin,” and asked CNY staff to keep DOL updated on her behavior. Even though she does not seek recovery on the basis of a hostile work environment, plaintiff accused CNY of being “complieit” with DOL in the creation and maintenance of a hostile working environment, and that there “were extensive ongoing interactions with CNY Works staff’ contributing to it. When asked who at CNY subjected her to a hostile work environment, plaintiff named coworkers Andrea Schnobrich, Jane Helmer, Jeff Miller, Lori Wilson, and Alvaro Valencia, manager Manny Martinez, and director Lenore Sealy. Plaintiff testified that Schnobrich filed a petty complaint against her “about something in the parking lot,” and that Helmer had a “very condescending manner of interacting with” plaintiff in that she would say “shush” while plaintiff was working with a customer. Plaintiff testified that Miller submitted a statement that supported “an investigation that resulted in an interrogation,” and mentioned Wilson as being a key figure in the Selective Service pamphlet incident. Plaintiff also testified that Sealy did not acknowledge her Spanish-language skills, and that Sealy and Martinez worked to move plaintiff out of CNY’s facility, “or at least out of the resource room.” Plaintiff also offers an email from Sealy to Wilson in which she states “Never a dull moment” in reference to one of plaintiffs complaints. D. The Present Action Plaintiff alleges in her amended complaint that she “first contacted” the EEOC in January, 2006, but as yet has submitted no evidence in support of that contention. Plaintiff attached exhibits to her motion to amend showing that she had participated a telephone interview with the EEOC on February 13, 2006, but that it had not received “any correspondence” from plaintiff at that time. The EEOC mailed a proposed formal discrimination charge on March 20, 2006, which instructed plaintiff to sign and notarize the draft before mailing it back. Plaintiff filed a formal written charge with the EEOC on April 17, 2006. The most recent discriminatory act plaintiff mentioned in her formal complaint occurred on May 26, 2005. The EEOC declined to pursue plaintiffs charges of discrimination and issued her a “Right to Sue” letter on April 24, 2006, which stated that her claims were untimely- Plaintiff filed the instant action pro se against DOL and CNY on July 24, 2006, alleging both had intentionally discriminated against LEP customers and retaliated against her in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. DOL moved to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(4), (5), and (6), arguing that plaintiff did not effectuate service properly, and that her claims were untimely and legally insufficient. By order dated September 27, 2007, 2007 WL 2874570, this Court granted DOL’s motion in part, dismissing plaintiffs intentional discrimination claim on the basis that she lacked standing to assert an intentional discrimination claim on behalf of One Stop customers. Plaintiff retained counsel and filed a motion to amend her complaint by dropping her Title VII intentional discrimination claim against CNY, asserting new Title VI retaliation claims against both defendants, and asserting new facts related to the timeliness of her complaint. Plaintiff also recast her Title VII retaliation claim against DOL, alleging that it had discriminated against her because she associated with people of certain national origins. Defendants opposed plaintiffs motion on the basis of undue delay, bad faith, and futility. By memorandum decision and order dated April 21, 2010, Magistrate Judge Andrew T. Baxter granted plaintiffs motion to amend. Magistrate Judge Baxter found that the motion would not cause undue delay, was not the product of bad faith, and that plaintiff had pleaded facts and provided exhibits sufficient to establish the timeliness and legal sufficiency of her amended complaint. CNY moved for summary judgment on June 22, 2011, seeking dismissal the single claim against it. DOL moved separately for partial summary judgment on June 27, 2011, seeking dismissal of all plaintiffs claims except the Title VII retaliation claim insofar as it relates to facts following plaintiffs filing of the instant action on June 24, 2006. III. DISCUSSION A. Standard of Review Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “A fact is ‘material’ for these purposes when it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’ ” Rojas v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, 660 F.3d 98, 104 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). Irrelevant or unnecessary facts do not preclude summary judgment, even when they are in dispute. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing that there is no genuine issue of material fact to be decided. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). With respect to any issue on which the moving party does not bear the burden of proof, it may meet its burden by showing that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. See id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the movant meets this initial burden, the nonmoving party must demonstrate that there is a genuine unresolved issue for trial. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c), (e). Although the trial court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all inferences in favor of that party against whom summary judgment is sought, see Ramseur v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 865 F.2d 460, 465 (2d Cir.1989); Eastway Constr. Corp. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 243, 249 (2d Cir.1985), the motion will not be defeated by a non-movant who raises merely “metaphysical doubt” concerning the facts or who only offers conjecture or surmise. See Delaware & H.R. Co. v. Consol. Rail Corp., 902 F.2d 174, 178 (2d Cir.1990) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)). Nevertheless, “[i]t is not the province" of the court itself to decide what inferences should be drawn ...; if there is any evidence in the record from any source from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgement is improper.” Vivenzio v. City of Syracuse, 611 F.3d 98, 106 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d 141, 151 (2d Cir.2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted). B. Statute of Limitations As a preliminary matter, DOL appears to have abandoned its statute of limitations objections to plaintiffs Title VII claims. It instead argues for dismissal of plaintiffs Title VII intentional discrimination claim and part of plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claim on substantive grounds. Plaintiff likewise did not respond with any new evidence to bolster her previous contentions of timeliness. Therefore, to determine which discrete acts of alleged intentional discrimination are timely, the uncontroverted facts in the record will be taken as true for purposes of the instant motion, and all reasonable inferences will be drawn therefrom in favor of the non-moving party. See N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(a)(3). “[W]hen a plaintiff fails to file a timely charge with the EEOC, the claim is time barred.” Butts v. City of New York Dep’t of Hous. Pres. & Devel., 990 F.2d 1397, 1401 (2d Cir.1993), superseded on by statute on other grounds as stated in Hawkins v. 1115 Legal Serv. Care, 163 F.3d 684 (2d Cir.1998). “An employment discrimination claim must be filed with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged discrimination in a state, like New York, with a fair employment agency.” Pikulin v. City Univ. of New York, 176 F.3d 598, 599 (2d Cir.1999). Title VII requires that a claim be filed with it in the form of a “charge.” See 42 U.S.C. 2000e-5; Holowecki v. Fed. Express Corp., 440 F.3d 558, 566-67 (2d Cir.2006). A “charge” must be a writing that gives “notice to the EEOC ... of a kind that would convince a reasonable person that the grievant has manifested an intent to activate the Act’s machinery.” Holowecki 440 F.3d at 567 (quoting Bihler v. Singer Co., 710 F.2d 96, 99 (3d Cir.1983)) (describing EEOC “charge” in context of an ADEA claim). The last discrete discriminatory act plaintiff described in her formal EEOC charge occurred on May 26, 2005. For plaintiffs claim to be timely, her “charge” must therefore have been submitted to the EEOC by March 21, 2006. Plaintiff filed her formal charge on April 17, 2006. In an order dated April 20, 2010, Magistrate Judge Andrew T. Baxter granted plaintiffs motion to amend based, in part, of a finding that plaintiffs proposed amended complaint was not futile as to the statute of limitations issue for two reasons: (1) “the continuing uncertainty about whether [plaintiff] filed the necessary written submission with the EEOC by March 21, 2006” precluded judgment that it was untimely as a matter of law, and (2) plaintiffs proposed amended complaint alleged “numerous incident of discrimination and/or retaliation” related to her untimely claims within three hundred days of the date she filed her formal charge. Based on the record available at this time, this Court cannot say as a matter of law that plaintiff would be unable to demonstrate timeliness at trial. Attached to her motion to amend is a document from the EEOC dated March 20 that states: “Attached are five copies of a Charge of Discrimination which I drafted from the information you provided to our office. Please: 1. Review the charge forms and make any corrections. 2. Sign the charge forms in front of a Notary Public in the blocks where I have highlighted. 3. Return the signed charge forms to this office in the enclosed postage-paid envelope.” (emphasis in original) Taking this uncontroverted evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, a jury could find that the EEOC had plaintiffs written charge before March 21, 2006, and that its only defect was that it was not yet signed and notarized. See Edelman v. Lynchburg Coll., 535 U.S. 106, 116-17, 122 S.Ct. 1145, 152 L.Ed.2d 188 (2002) (“Where a statute or supplemental rule requires an oath, courts have shown a high degree of consistency in accepting later verification as reaching back to an earlier, unverified filing ... [and] Congress [is] presumed to have known of this settled judicial treatment of oath requirements when it enacted and later amended Title VII.”). Further, a jury could find that because the EEOC had the written charge before March 21, it did give sufficient notice to the EEOC that plaintiff intended to “activate the Act’s machinery” as required under Title VII. See Holowecki, 440 F.3d at 567. Therefore, for purposes of the instant motion, all alleged discrete discriminatory acts under Title VII occurring on or after May 26, 2005 will be treated as timely. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 112, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) (“[D]iscrete acts that fall within the statutory time period do not make timely acts that fall outside the time period.”). C. Intentional Discrimination Claim Against DOL Discrimination claims brought pursuant to Title VII are reviewed using the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). “In a nutshell, a plaintiff first bears the ‘minimal’ burden of setting out a prima facie discrimination case ....” McPherson v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., 457 F.3d 211, 215 (2d Cir.2006). To set out a prima facie case, “a plaintiff must show that (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position he held; (3) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the adverse action took place under circumstances giving rise to the inference of discrimination.” Ruiz v. Cnty. of Rockland, 609 F.3d 486, 491-92 (2d Cir.2010). Upon a prima facie showing of discrimination, the plaintiff “is then aided by a presumption of discrimination unless the defendant proffers a ‘legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason’ for the adverse employment action.” McPherson, 457 F.3d at 215. If there is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory impetus behind the adverse employment action, “the presumption evaporates and the plaintiff must prove that the employer’s proffered reason was a pretext for discrimination.” Id. (emphasis added). For purposes of the instant motions, neither defendants dispute that plaintiff was qualified to hold the position she had. 1. Prima Facie Showing of Discrimination Plaintiff “asserts that DOL discriminated against her and retaliated against her based on her association with and advocacy for persons whose national origins included Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Columbia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Ecuador.” DOL argues that plaintiff has not made a prima facie showing of intentional discrimination for two reasons: (1) plaintiffs claim alleges discrimination based on language, and language does not delineate protected groups, and (2) plaintiffs claim to relief for association with persons of a particular national origin has no basis in the law. Plaintiff does not dispute the first point, arguing instead that her claim is based entirely on association with persons of a Spanish-speaking national origin. Plaintiff also argues that the Second Circuit extends Title VII protection to association with persons of a particular national origin. a. Plaintiffs Association With a Protected Class Embracing several earlier District Court opinions regarding Title VIPs breadth, e.g., Whitney v. Greater N.Y. Corp. of Seventh-Day Adventists, 401 F.Supp. 1363 (S.D.N.Y.1975), the Second Circuit in Holcomb v. Iona College, 521 F.3d 130 (2d Cir.2008), held that “an employer may violate Title VII if it takes action against an employee because of the employee’s association with a person of another race.” Id. at 138. In Holcomb, a Caucasian plaintiff brought suit against his former employer, Iona College, arguing that it terminated his employment because of his marriage to an African American woman. Id. at 131-32. Although Title VII “prohibits discriminatory action against an individual ‘because of such individual’s race, ’ ” the Circuit held that plaintiffs assertion was sufficient for a prima facie showing of race discrimination. Id. at 139 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a) (emphasis in Holcomb)). “The reason is simple: where an employee is subjected to adverse action because an employer disapproves of interracial association, the employee suffers discrimination because of the employee’s town race.” Id. Since Holcomb, courts in this Circuit have held that several interracial associations besides marriage can establish a prima facie case for intentional discrimination, including adoption, LaGrassa v. Autoone Ins. Co., Civ. No. 07-1072, 2008 WL 3887606 at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2008), and non-marital romantic involvement. Parker v. AECOM USA, Inc., 3:09-cv-1078 (WWE), 2010 WL 625417 at *1-2 (D.Conn.2010). DOL makes two arguments in opposition to the first prong of plaintiffs prima facie case. First, DOL argues that plaintiff is not associated with any protected class because plaintiffs workplace complaints involved language disparity, not national origin. In support of this argument, DOL relies on Soberal-Perez v. Heckler, 717 F.2d 36 (2d Cir.1983), which held that although “Hispanics as an ethnic group do constitute a suspect class[,] ... [language, by itself, does not identify members of a suspect class.” Id. at 41. Plaintiff alleges that she is associated with protected classes, specifically those of Spanish-speaking Caribbean, Central American, and South American countries predominant in the Syracuse area. Though DOL’s argument exposes a weakness at the core of plaintiffs association claim, it does not undermine plaintiffs showing of association with a protected class. Language “by itself’ may not identify members of a suspect class, id., but a jury could find that plaintiffs “advocacy” for Hispanic customers did extend beyond language by virtue of the content of her workplace complaints, her private advocacy and interests, and her family membership. See Perez v. New York & Presbyterian Hosp., No. 05-Civ.-5749 (LBS), 2009 WL 3634038 at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2009) (“The EEOC defines national origin discrimination ‘broadly’ to include discrimination based on the ‘linguistic characteristics of a national origin group.’ ” (quoting Deravin v. Kerik, 335 F.3d 195, 201 (2d Cir.2003))). Several of plaintiffs workplace complaints mention her concern about One Stop’s treatment of customers of Hispanic racial or national descent. (See, e.g., Plf.’s Resp. Exs. 29, 38, 68, 73, 81) In her response, plaintiff cites deposition testimony in which DOL manager Betty Youmans recognizes that plaintiff sought to raise staff awareness of the “cultural background” of the groups comprising the majority of One Stop’s LEP customer base. At her interrogations for the hospital incident and the scope of employment incident, plaintiff stated that she was interested in the technical aspects of immigration law and that she conducted internet research on issues related to Hispanic racial and national origin issues while at work. See Johnson, 215 F.3d at 575. Outside of the workplace, plaintiff was a member/volunteer of the EFWA, a group dedicated to servicing certain segments of the Hispanic community in the Syracuse area. Plaintiff also describes her children as “bi-racial/bi-national.” See Holcomb, 521 F.3d at 139; LaGrassa, 2008 WL 3887606 at *6. Because a reasonable jury could find that her advocacy relies upon racial, cultural, social, and political characteristics of protected groups in addition to language, plaintiffs evidence raises an issue of material fact as to whether her association connects her to either a protected racial group or a protected set of Caribbean, Central American, and South American national origins. Second, DOL argues that plaintiff cannot establish that she is associated with any protected group based on the Second Circuit’s opinion in Holcomb. DOL asserts that, because “anyone of any race or national origin could engage in advocacy on behalf of Spanish-speaking customers,” plaintiffs advocacy did not implicate her own American Caucasian background like the plaintiff in Holcomb. DOL’s argument boils down to the question of whether advocacy can serve as an adequate basis for an association claim, since any person of any race, origin, or creed could advocate on behalf of any other person. Although most cases in other federal jurisdictions to address the issue have focused on interracial familial or romantic associations, Holcomb, 521 F.3d at 139 (citing Fifth, Sixth and Eleventh Circuit cases), at least one District Court in this Circuit has recognized Title VII’s application to discrimination based on a non-romantic “casual social relationship” between persons of different races, Whitney, 401 F.Supp. at 1365-66 & n. 3, and the Second Circuit relied upon it to support its reasoning in Holcomb. See Holcomb, 521 F.3d 130, 139 (citing Whitney, 401 F.Supp. at 1366). Furthermore, the Sixth Circuit has held that advocacy on behalf of a protected group alone is sufficient to formulate a Title VII claim based on association. Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 575 (6th Cir.2000); see Barrett v. Whirlpool Corp., 556 F.3d 502, 511-14 (6th Cir.2009). Plaintiff asserts in her response that she “is of non-Hispanic European descent,” and presents substantial evidence that she advocated for persons of Hispanic racial or national identities. Therefore, plaintiffs evidence of her advocacy is sufficient to establish her association with a protected race or national origin for purposes of her prima facie case. See Holcomb, 521 F.3d 130, 139 (citing Whitney, 401 F.Supp. at 1366); Barrett, 556 F.3d at 511-14; Johnson, 215 F.3d at 575. b. DOL’s Adverse Employment Actions DOL argues that plaintiffs personal conflicts and the issuing of counseling memoranda do not constitute adverse employment actions under Title VII. Plaintiff insists that her conflicts with DOL staff, counseling memoranda, interrogations, disciplinary hearings and judgments, and her “constructive termination” are individually adverse employment actions. “An adverse employment action is ‘a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment.’ ” Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 548 F.3d 70, 78 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Sanders v. New York City Human Res. Admin., 361 F.3d 749, 755 (2d Cir.2004)) (internal modification omitted). “To be materially adverse, a change in working conditions must be ‘more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities.’ ” Sanders, 361 F.3d at 755 (quoting Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 138 (2d Cir.2003)). Examples include “a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices unique to a particular situation.” Mathirampuzha, 548 F.3d at 78 (quoting Sanders, 361 F.3d at 755). “District courts within the Second Circuit have often found ... ‘that reprimands, threats of disciplinary action, and excessive scrutiny do not constitute adverse employment actions in the absence of other negative results such as a decrease in pay or being placed on probation.’ ” Abraham v. Potter, 494 F.Supp.2d 141, 147-48 (D.Conn.2007) (quoting Honey v. Cnty. of Rockland, 200 F.Supp.2d 311, 320 (S.D.N.Y.2002)). Consequently, the issuance of a “counseling memorandum” and a “notice of discipline,” without any further evidence regarding a materially adverse effect thereof, is not an adverse employment action as a matter of law. Weeks v. New York State (Div. of Parole), 273 F.3d 76, 86 (2d Cir.2001), abrogated on other grounds by Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 108-14, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002); see Sanders, 361 F.3d at 756 (citing Weeks, 273 F.3d at 86) (negative performance evaluation, on its own, insufficient to constitute adverse employment action as a matter of law). Furthermore, interrogations alone are insufficient as a matter of law to establish an adverse employment action. Shanahan v. New York, 10-Civ.-0742, 2011 WL 223202 at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2011) (citing Eugenio v. Walder, 06-Civ.-4928, 2009 WL 1904526 at *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. July 2, 2009)). Plaintiff offers deposition testimony and copies of disciplinary material in support of her contention that DOL undertook several adverse employment actions against her. Although plaintiff characterizes the numerous counseling memoranda and the formal reprimand as “punitive,” she does not allege and her evidence does not show that any caused a decrease in her salary, a change in her title, a loss in her benefits, or any other change in her employment status. See Sanders, 361 F.3d at 756; Weeks, 273 F.3d at 86. Plaintiff also does not put forth evidence that could support a finding that any interrogation by itself had a detrimental impact on her employment, other than those resulting in a later materially adverse action. See Shanahan, 2011 WL 223202 at *10. Consequently, the only discrete adverse employment actions taken within the statute of limitations period that may satisfy the second McDonnell Douglas prong are: (1) the one-week suspension without pay arising out of plaintiffs failure to cooperate with the investigation of the hospital advocacy incident; and (2) plaintiffs alleged “constructive discharge” following the notice of termination arising out of the 2006 scope of employment, insubordination, and tardiness incidents. There is no question that plaintiffs one-week suspension without pay qualifies as an adverse employment action. Lovejoy-Wilson v. NOCO Motor Fuel, Inc., 263 F.3d 208, 223-24 (2d Cir.2001). “Constructive discharge of an employee occurs when an employer, rather than directly discharging an individual, intentionally creates an intolerable work atmosphere that forces an employee to quit involuntarily.” Chertkova v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 92 F.3d 81, 89 (2d Cir.1996). “[W]orking conditions are intolerable when, viewed as a whole, they are ‘so difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person in the employee’s shoes would have felt compelled to resign.’ ” Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 152 (quoting Chertkova, 92 F.3d at 89). For purposes of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, plaintiff has raised an issue of material fact as to whether she was constructively discharged. DOL issued a notice of discipline on November 11, 2006, that stated plaintiff was to be discharged. Included with that notice was a resignation form, something a reasonable jury could conclude was part of an effort to compel plaintiff to resign before her termination or any potential challenge to it were processed. Plaintiff filed a timely grievance, and as detailed in the grievance memorandum she includes as an exhibit to her responses, but was unable to alter the punishment. Plaintiff requested arbitration, and worked with her union to negotiate a resignation agreement with DOL. Plaintiff testified at deposition that “it had been unbearable ... to be in the office” in the time leading up to her resignation, and that she took two medical leaves of absence between receiving the notice of discipline and resigning to recover from work-related stress. Plaintiff argues that she “saw no other way to escape the endless series of disciplinary actions and harassment other than to resign from her employment,” and she offers substantial evidence demonstrating that she received more counseling memoranda and informal reprimands, and that she often came into conflict with her superiors after November 11, 2006. Therefore, plaintiff has offered evidence sufficient for a jury to find that her resignation was a constructive discharge, and as such, an adverse employment action. c. Causation “It is well-settled that an inference of discriminatory intent may be derived from a variety of circumstances including but not limited