Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GERALDINE SOAT BROWN, United States Magistrate Judge. The named plaintiffs in this case are former employees of Applelllinois, LLC (“Applelllinois”), who worked in tipped positions such as servers or bartenders. Plaintiffs brought several claims against Applelllinois, and several classes were certified. One of the claims for which a class was certified was the so-called “dual jobs” claim under the Illinois Minimum Wage Law, 820 111. Comp. Stat. §§ 105/1 et seq. (“IMWL”), described further below. The named plaintiffs brought claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq. (“FLSA”) on behalf of themselves only. (Third Am. Compl. Cnts. IV and V.) [Dkt. 141.] The named plaintiffs’ Count IV parallels the plaintiff class’s dual jobs claim but is brought under the FLSA. Now the plaintiff class and the named plaintiffs on one hand and Applelllinois on the other hand have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the dual jobs claims. (Pis.’ Mot. [dkt. 297]; Defs.’ Mot. [dkt. 858].) For the reasons set out below, plaintiffs’ motion is granted, and Applelllinois’ motion is denied. BACKGROUND I. Legal framework A. The IMWL and FLSA The class claim at issue is brought under the IMWL. That law requires employers to pay workers (with some exceptions) a minimum hourly rate. 820 111. Comp. Stat. § 105/4(a)(l). However, it also provides: Every employer of an employee engaged in an occupation in which gratuities have customarily and usually constituted and have been recognized as part of the remuneration for hire purposes is entitled to an allowance for gratuities as part of the hourly wage rate.... The Director shall require each employer desiring an allowance for gratuities to provide substantial evidence that the amount claimed, which may not exceed 40% of the applicable minimum wage rate, was received by the employee in the period for which the claim of exemption is made, and no part thereof was returned to the employer. 820 111. Comp. Stat. § 105/4(c). That allowance is the “tip credit.” The FLSA likewise allows an employer to take a tip credit. Under the definition of “wage,” the amount paid to a “tipped employee” can include an “amount on account of tips” received by such employee, subject to certain conditions. 29 U.S.C. § 203(m). “ ‘Tipped employee’ means any employee engaged in an occupation in which he customarily and regularly receives more than $30 a month in tips.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(t). The FLSA is relevant to the class’s IMWL claim because the IMWL parallels the FLSA and the same analysis has generally been applied to both statutes. See, e.g., Condo v. Sysco Corp., 1 F.3d 599, 601 n. 3 (7th Cir.1993) (adopting parties’ agreement that FLSA and IMWL are coextensive, as supported by the Illinois Administrative Code and ' Illinois case law); Williams-Green v. J. Alexander’s Rests., Inc., 277 F.R.D. 374, 378 (N.D.Ill.2011); Ladegaard v. Hard Rock Concrete Cutters, Inc., No. 00 C 5755, 2004 WL 1882449 at *4 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 18, 2004) (citing Haynes v. Tru-Green Corp., 154 Ill.App.3d 967, 107 Ill.Dec. 792, 507 N.E.2d 945, 951 (4th Dist.1987)); O’Brien v. Encotech Constr., No. 00 C 1133, 2004 WL 609798 at *7 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 23, 2004). The Illinois Administrative Code provides that the Director of the Illinois Department of Labor, in interpreting the IMWL and regulations thereunder, may look to the United States Department of Labor’s regulations and interpretations of the FLSA. 111. Admin. Code tit. 56, pt. 210.120 (2012). But the Code also provides that where there are concurrent state and federal powers, the stricter of the two shall prevail. 111. Admin. Code tit. 56, pt. 210.100 (2012). Thus, if there is a difference in the interpretation of the IMWL and FLSA, the IMWL is more favorable to the employee. B. The dual jobs claim An employer may take a tip credit “only for hours worked by [an] employee in an occupation in which [he] qualifies as a ‘tipped employee.’ ” 29 C.F.R. § 531.59(b). Under either the FLSA or the IMWL, that means an occupation in which tips are customarily and regularly paid. 820 111. Comp. Stat. § 105/4(e); 29 U.S.C. § 203(t). In contrast, [a]n employee employed full time or part time in an occupation in which he does not receive more than $30 a month in tips customarily and regularly is not a “tipped employee” within the meaning of the Act and must receive the full compensation required by its provisions in cash or allowable facilities without any deduction for tips received under the provisions of section 3(m). 29 C.F.R. § 531.56(a). The regulations recognize that in some situations, an employee may be employed in a “dual job,” such as a hotel maintenance employee who also serves as a waiter. 29 C.F.R. § 531.56(e). In such a situation, the employee is considered employed in two occupations and is a tipped employee only for the time he works as a waiter; the employer may not take a tip credit for the time the employee spends in his occupation of maintenance worker and must pay the employee at least the full minimum wage for that time. Id. The regulation further recognizes: Such a situation is distinguishable from that of a waitress who spends part of her time cleaning and setting tables, toasting bread, making coffee and occasionally washing dishes or glasses. It is likewise distinguishable from the counterman who also prepares his own short orders or who, as part of a group of countermen, takes a turn as a short order cook for the group. Such related duties in an occupation that is a tipped occupation need not by themselves be directed toward producing tips. 29 C.F.R. § 531.56(e) (hereinafter the “dual jobs regulation”). The employer must maintain and preserve records that show, among other things, which employees are paid in part by tips, and, for those employees, how many hours in each workday are worked in occupations in which the employee receives tips and how many are worked in any occupation in which the employee does not receive tips. 29 C.F.R. § 516.28(a) The Department of Labor’s 1988 Field Operations Handbook interprets the dual jobs regulation: Reg 531.56(e) permits the taking of the tip credit for time spent in duties related to the tipped occupation, even though such duties are not by themselves directed toward producing tips (i.e. maintenance and preparatory or closing activities). For example a waiter/waitress, who spends some time cleaning and setting tables, making coffee, and occasionally washing dishes or glasses may continue to be engaged in a tipped occupation even though these duties are not tip producing, provided such duties are incidental to the regular duties of the server (waiter/waitress) and are generally assigned to the servers. However, where the facts indicate that specific employees are routinely assigned to maintenance, or that tipped employees spend a substantial amount of time (in excess of 20 percent) performing general preparation work or maintenance, no tip credit make be taken for the time spent in such duties. U.S. Dept. of Labor Field Operations Handbook Ch. 30d00(e) (Rev.563) (Dec. 9, 1988) (emphasis added) (available at http:// www.dol.gov) (last visited Aug. 24, 2012). II. Procedural background A. Class certification Over Applelllinois’ opposition, the court certified several classes under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 for a number of plaintiffs’ IMWL claims, including the “dual jobs” claim: On Plaintiffs’ claim under the IMWL with respect to the issue of non-tipped duties performed for tip credit rate wages, a class is certified consisting of persons employed by Defendant Applelllinois, LLC, from October 6, 2003, to the conclusion of this action, who worked as tipped employees earning a sub-minimum, tip credit wage rate, and who performed duties unrelated to their tipped occupation for which they were not paid at the minimum wage rate. (Mem. Op. & Order, 265 F.R.D. 293, 316 (N.D.Ill.2010).) [Dkt. 231.] Applelllinois sought interlocutory appeal of that decision, which was denied. [Dkt. 234.] Applelllinois’ motion to decertify the class following the Supreme Court’s decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 180 L.Ed.2d 374 (2011) was also denied. [Dkt. 333.] B. The Fast v. Applebee’s case A significant development since the class was certified here is the decision by the Eighth Circuit in Fast v. Applebee’s Int’l, Inc., 638 F.3d 872 (8th Cir.2011), a collective action case brought under the FLSA with a dual jobs claim virtually identical to the plaintiffs’ dual jobs claims here. In its opinion upholding the district court’s decision denying the employer’s motion for summary judgment, the Eighth Circuit considered the FLSA, the dual jobs regulation, and the DOL’s handbook and opinion letters regarding that regulation. The court observed that the statutory text of 29 U.S.C. § 203(t) does not recognize the possibility of an employee performing more than one occupation for the same employer, and thus, the dual jobs test set out in the regulation is a creature of the DOL. Fast, 638 F.3d at 879. “The regulation, to which we owe Chevron deference, makes a distinction between an employee performing two distinct jobs, one tipped and one not, and an employee performing related duties within an occupation ‘part of the time’ and ‘occasionally.’ ” Id. (referring to Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natl. Resources Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). But, the court observed, the regulation is itself ambiguous because it does not address an employee performing related duties more than part of the time or more than occasionally. Id. The DOL’s interpretation contained in its Handbook, which concludes that employees who spend “substantial time” (more than 20%) performing related but non-tipped duties should be paid at the full minimum wage for that time without the tip credit, is not entitled to Chevron deference, but is entitled to deference under the standard of Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997), that is, the interpretation is controlling unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation. Fast, 638 F.3d at 878-79. The question of which specific duties are subject to the 20% limitation was not finally determined by the court of appeals, which concluded only that the district court properly determined that the Handbook’s interpretation governed the case. Id. at 881. There is no such authority on point from the Seventh Circuit. In the absence of Seventh Circuit precedent, decisions by other courts of appeals, while not binding on a district court in the Seventh Circuit, are entitled to respectful consideration. U.S. v. Glaser, 14 F.3d 1213, 1216 (7th Cir.1994); Colby v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 811 F.2d 1119, 1123 (7th Cir.1987). C. Current motions Both sides have moved for summary judgment on the dual jobs claims. Plaintiffs contend that Applelllinois improperly paid employees at the tip credit rate for doing work that should have been paid at the minimum wage. Applelllinois contests that conclusion, and argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because plaintiffs’ claims are barred as a matter of law. FACTS The parties have re-submitted many of the exhibits that were submitted in connection with the motion for class certification, including many of the previously-submitted declarations by current or former Applelllinois employees. The court has carefully re-reviewed those declarations, as well as the new materials submitted with the present motions. The facts are essentially uneontested. The dispute is about the legal consequences of the facts. I. The parties. The class members are current and former tipped employees of 38 Applebee’s restaurant locations in Chicago and the Chicago suburbs. (Dkt. 319 ¶ 1.) Applelllinois employs various hourly employees, who are divided into tipped positions (servers, bartenders, hosts and carside employees) and non-tipped positions (general utility workers (“GU”), expediters (“Expo”), line cooks, prep cooks, and kitchen professionals). (Id. ¶¶ 1-2.) All of the plaintiff class are present or former servers, bartenders, hosts or carside workers whom Applelllinois paid at the tip credit rate. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 7.) Applelllinois is an Illinois limited liability company that opened and operated approximately 38 Applebee’s restaurants within Illinois, and currently owns and operates approximately 34 Applebee’s restaurants. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 6.) Defendant W. Curtis Smith is the President, a member and a manager of Applelllinois. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 9.) Defendants James Borke, Archie Iodice and Jerry Kreger all are or were members of Applelllinois. (Dkt. 150 ¶¶ 9, 11-12.) II. Applelllinois’ classifications of employees and their duties. A. Tipped, and non-tipped positions and hourly wage rates Applelllinois’ Corporate Policy as of January 2009 was submitted as an exhibit. (Dkt. 356, Ex. A.) That document identifies “tipped positions” and “non-tipped positions,” and lists the wage rates for the respective positions as of January 2009, noting that the Illinois minimum wage was then $7.75 per hour. (Id. at A-04715.) In that document, tipped positions are divided into “directly tipped”: server (hire rate $4.65 per hour), bartender (hire rate $4.65 per hour), carside (hire rate $5.00 per hour); and “indirectly tipped”: host/hostess (hire rate $4.35 per hour). (Id.) Non-tipped positions wage rates ranged from $7.75 for general utility (“GU”) to $10.00 for service/kitchen professional. (Id.) It is undisputed that, from at least October 2003 to the present, Applelllinois paid servers, bartenders, hosts and carsides at an hourly “credit wage rate” that is less than minimum wage. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 37.) Non-tipped employees are paid at least the minimum wage; in fact, expediters and kitchen staff make more than the minimum wage. (Dkt. 299, Ex. A, Dep. of Ronald Long at 101-02.) B. Position Descriptions Applelllinois has written “Position Descriptions” for each of those positions, both tipped and non-tipped. (Dkt. 299, Ex. P.) These descriptions are Applelllinois policy because they were adopted from the franchisor. (Dkt. 299, Ex. J, Dep. of Scott Cortner at 166.) For example, as primary responsibilities, a GU employee (a non-tipped employee who receives minimum wage) “maintains kitchen work areas, equipment, plateware and utensils in a clean, sanitary and orderly condition. Assists in food preparation.” (Dkt. 299, Ex. P at A-12240.) The GU employee’s “specific functions and duties” are: 1. Scrapes and pre-rinses food from dirty dishes and places them in dish-washing machine (50%). 2. Washes pots, pans and trays by hand and/or machine (15%). 3. Completes all assigned prep work (10%). 4. Removes trash and garbage to dumpster area (10%). 5. Washes work area tables, walls, refrigerator equipment, cooking equipment and floors (5%). 6. Cleans garbage cans and trash receptacles (5%). 7. Assembles, maintains and breaks down dish machine (5%). (Id.) The expediter or “expo” is also a non-tipped, Back-of-the-House or “BOH” position, paid at least at the minimum wage rate. The expo line or station is an area in the back of the house where final food preparation is done. The expediter reads tickets or orders on the kitchen display system, pulls the items out, assembles them on a counter-top and arranges them for the servers to take out. (Long dep. at 99-101.) As described by Applelllinois’ Position Description, the expediter has the primary responsibility of “[c]oordination and consolidation for all outgoing food items from the kitchen assuring high standards of plate presentation and food quality.” (Dkt. 299, Ex. P at A-12239.) The “specific functions and duties” of an expeditor are: 1.Receive all incoming food orders (15%). 2. Clock in tickets and assure ticket cook times meet or exceed our standards (20%). 3. Communicate between the service staff and kitchen staff (5%). 4. Complete all plate presentations per the recipe/plate presentation specifications (30%). 5. Pass a final quality check on the food for plate presentation, temperature, garnish and time (5%). 6. Coordinate food delivery with food runners (20%). 7. Set up expediter station, keeping it clean, organized and stocked throughout the shift (5%). (Id.) It can take as long as 5 minutes to “expo” the order for a single table. (See, e.g., Decl. April Bodine ¶ 55; Deck Kristen Burch ¶44 (server expediting own food takes 5-7 minutes each time).) A server is a Front-of-the-House position, paid at the tip credit rate. A server’s primary responsibilities are “[t]o serve food, drinks, and to accommodate guests’ needs in a courteous and timely manner following Applebee’s Ten Basic Service Steps.” (Dkt. 299, Ex. P at A-12232.) The “specific functions and duties” of a server are: 1. Delivers food and drinks to guests using Applebee’s team delivery system (65%). 2. Greet guests, answers questions, makes suggestions regarding food, drinks and service (20%). 3. Interacts verbally with all guests creating a friendly and upbeat atmosphere (15%). 4. Relays orders to service bar and kitchen via the point of sale computerized register system (10%). 5. Observes guests and responds to any additional requests (10%). 6. Presents guest check to each table and accepts a form of payment. Makes correct change and/or completes the proper charge card procedure (10%). 7. Participates in the clearing and resetting of dining room tables (10%). (Id.) C. Sidework lists In addition to the listed duties in the Position Descriptions, Applelllinois’ tipped employees are required to do “sidework” as reflected in various sidework lists. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 54.) Plaintiffs contend that many of the sidework duties are tasks that would be performed by non-tipped employees paid minimum wage, but Applelllinois required tipped employees to do them at the tipped credit rate. (Pis.’ Mem. at 4.) Applelllinois corporate executives drafted and distributed sidework lists to the restaurants. (Cortner dep. at 109.) Applelllinois has had different sidework lists over time. (Dkt. 307 ¶54; see dkt. 299, Exs. Q (“pre-2008 sidework”) and R (“post-2008 sidework”).) The pre-2008 sidework required tipped employees to do a number of BOH duties, including setting up the Expo Line, Salad/Dessert Station, Beverage Station, and side stations; preparing dressings, eggs, lemons, coffee and iced tea; cleaning all stainless steel in the back of the house; sweeping the GU floor on the server side; stocking cups, glassware, and ice bin; vacuuming aisles and ramps; taking apart and detailing the soda machine; keeping the Expo lines stocked; detailing the expo stainless; and rolling silverware. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 56; dkt. 299, Ex. Q.) Applelllinois revised the sidework lists in 2008, but still retained many of those duties, including rolling silverware. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 58.) According to Cortner, Applelllinois revised the sidework lists after consultation with counsel to make them even more conservative than what Applelllinois thought was permissible. (Cortner dep. at 102-03.) III. Applelllinois’ records of employee time The employees’ time is recorded on the POS (point-of-sale) system, as explained by Ronald Long, the CEO of Applelllinois, and Scott Cortner, the vice-president of human relations. When an employee is hired, the manager of that restaurant inputs the data for that employee into the system. Employees are able to clock in only at the job codes the manager previously input for that employee. Although employees could potentially be assigned every job code, that’s not how the system really works. In reality, if an employee is hired as a cook, that employee would be assigned a job code for “back of the house training” and a job code for cook. (Long dep. at 115-16; Cortner dep. at 62-63.) Tipped employees may also be given a code for “meeting time,” which is paid at the minimum wage. (Cortner dep. at 63.) The POS system is capable of identifying what hours a person spent, for example, as a cook and what hours the person spent as a bartender. (Id. at 181-82.) Cortner testified that it is the company’s policy that if someone is doing more than one job, for example, working as a bartender and is needed to cook, that the person clocks out of the bartender job code and clocks in as a cook. (Id. at 180-SI.) The practice as described by Applelllinois’ payroll manager, however, is that for each shift an employee works at an Applebee’s restaurant, the employee clocks in and out of the POS system, and enters the code for the position he or she will work during that shift. (Dkt. 356, Ex. C-1, Deck Candy Randall ¶ 4-5.) She says nothing about breaking out different positions during a single shift. IV. Applelllinois’ policy on tipped employees doing duties of untipped positions. Applelllinois produced as part of its wage policies a document entitled “Labor Management ... Best Demonstrated Practices,” dated August 13, 2007. (Dkt. 299-2, Ex. L; Dkt. 307 ¶ 27.) That document states, in part: BOH [Back of the House] savings are possible by utilizing FOH [Front of the House] Associates to complete some or all of the following: g Servers portion prep items during slow times. g All FOH Associates can act as the GU for slow shifts. g All FOH Associates can act as the Expo during slow times, g When using FOH tipped, and or tipped shared associates to perform BOH functions be sure to have them time in using the appropriate job code. Utilizing these associates will allow you to not call in additional BOH associates to complete these functions, but at the same time you will be able to field a larger server crew if business levels increase later during the shift. (Id. (emphasis added).) According to Applelllinois, this document means that FOH employees can perform certain BOH tasks under some circumstances. “In other words, when a tipped employee is working in a non-tipped position, it is Applelllinois’ policy that the employee is clocked in under the job code that pays the employee the minimum wage rate as opposed to the tip credit rate.” (Defs.’ Opp’n at 4.) Interestingly, defendants Smith (president), Long (CEO) and Cortner (vice-president for human relations) testified they had not seen the “Best Demonstrated Practices” document before their depositions. (Dkt. 307 ¶¶ 11, 30.) In November 2007, a year after this lawsuit and the Fast lawsuit were filed, the Applelllinois Executive Committee notes reflect a conclusion that “[u]ntil clarification can be made, no tipp[ed] employees will be doing dishes.” (Dkt. 307 ¶¶ 61-62.) However, Applelllinois disputes plaintiffs’ proposed statement of fact that it is Applelllinois’ policy that tipped employees are not to be performing any duties related to dishwashing or in the GU area. (Id. ¶ 63.) Applelllinois responds, “There is no written Applelllinois LLC policy regarding tipped employees performing duties related to washing dishes.” (Id.) Long testified that, although there are no written policies, “there are standards of operation and procedures.” (Long dep. at 168.) Regarding dishwashing by servers, a server might, on a very busy shift, put a rack of glasses on the conveyer washing machine, but, he testified: [W]e’ve gotten pretty assertive about not letting tipped employees near the [dishwashing] machine. Does it still happen? Maybe. Where we are with it now, we don’t want the tipped employees just doing anything with the dish machine. Now, is a server going to grab a stack of dirty pots or pans or plates and start scrubbing them and washing them? Not before and definitely not after this change in our policy would that have been acceptable. (Id. at 168-69.) Most dishes can be washed by the machine, but larger and heavily soiled pans that are used for making sauces need to be done by hand. (Id. at 161.) Smith testified that, although he had not seen the sidework lists, he does not think that sidework includes doing dishes. Pots and pans, Smith said, should be done by kitchen staff. (Dkt. 319, Ex. B, Dep. of Curtis Smith at 215-16.) Cortner testified that Applelllinois’ policy, at least as of about 2008, is that “[a]ny tipped position cannot spend time back there doing dishes.” (Cortner dep. at 99.) Servers can go back and push a rack of dishes into the machine for “less than a minute,” but can’t load the rack. (Id.) He believes that even before the change in 2008, tipped employees were not permitted to spend fifteen or twenty minutes washing dishes. (Id. at 100.) However, he acknowledged that the earlier sidework lists did permit dishwashing by tipped employees. (Id. at 128.) Requiring an employee to wash dishes all day long, or even something less than a full shift, at a tipped credit rate would be unlawful, but he does not know what the “right” amount is. (Id. at 148.) Regarding expediting, a person who is clocked in as an expediter makes more than minimum wage. (Long dep. at 236.) But expediters are not always scheduled, depending on volume. They are typically scheduled at the busiest times, probably right before lunch and dinner time. (Id. at 98; Cortner dep. at 167.) When an expediter isn’t scheduled, servers expedite the food for their own customers. (Long dep. at 236; Cortner dep. at 167.) The executives’ testimony similarly reflects that, if an expediter is scheduled, the expediter sets up and takes down the expo line, but if none is scheduled, the tipped employees may be required to do it. Long testified that it is the duty of an expediter to set up the expediting area, but if an expediter is not scheduled, that job is done partially by servers and partially by line cooks, GU or the manager. (Long dep. at 98, 100.) Prior to 2008, he testified, if a server set up the expo station, the server would be paid at the minimum wage rate. (Id. at 103.) Cortner initially testified that if the expediter isn’t scheduled, setting up the expo station is the duty of a BOH employee paid at least minimum wage. (Cortner dep. at 168-69.) On further questioning he said he is aware that during daytime opening procedures, other employees (servers, hosts or bartenders) who are not BOH set up the expo line. The policy is that tipped employees can help set up the expo line if no expediter is scheduled. (Id. at 255-57.) Regarding general cleaning, Long testified that tipped employees “never” mop the floors or clean the bathrooms. (Long dep. at 162.) “As I defined it, sweeping and mopping the floors and scrubbing the urinals, I have never known a tipped employee to do that type of cleaning.” (Id. at 163.) He testified that it has “always” been the company policy that tipped employees should not be cleaning the urinals, scrubbing the floors, and sweeping in the bathroom. (Id.) While servers might do some routine feather dusting of decorative artifacts, they would not typically wipe down the walls with Pledge; that “would be something that a GU or a line cook would do.” (Id. at 164.) Cortner testified similarly. Tipped employees, he said, were not asked to mop and clean floors or clean bathrooms, although they may clean their work station and check the condition of the bathroom. Cleaning floors and bathrooms are tasks for a person paid at least minimum wage. (Cortner dep. at 104-05.) Corporate meeting minutes reflect a calculation made in 1999 that, based on Chicago Applebee’s information, Florida restaurants could save $70,000 per year by discontinuing third-party cleaning crews and performing all restaurant cleaning with restaurant employees. (Dkt. 307 ¶ 32; dkt. 299, Ex. M at 4.) That would include servers spending 45 minutes daily vacuuming; 30 minutes daily spent by prep cooks, GU workers or hosts cleaning bathrooms (“[ijncludes fixtures, toilets, urinals, and mirrors”); and 45 minutes daily spent by servers or hosts cleaning all brass. (Dkt. 229, Ex. M at 4 (emphasis added).) V. Declarations of employees. The declarations of current and former Applelllinois employees that were resubmitted on this motion collectively create a picture of the actual duties Applelllinois’ tipped employees have been required to perform. Plaintiffs refiled 42 declarations of former employees. [Dkt. 299, Ex. U.] Plaintiffs and Applelllinois collectively refiled another 61 declarations of employees who were at the time of their declarations employed by Applelllinois (referred to herein as the “current employees”). [Dkt. 299, Ex. T; dkt. 310, Exs. E-I]. The vast majority of the declarations came from people who work or worked in tipped occupations (directly or indirectly) for Applelllinois, while a handful of declarations were provided by various restaurant managers. The former employees gave general descriptions of performing a great deal of work in addition to customer service duties, while the current tipped employees provided more detail: describing their shift lengths and frequency, the tasks routinely and occasionally assigned to them, and the approximate time it takes to complete those assignments. The declarations contain considerable variety, certainly enough to convey individual experiences rather than pro forma recitations by attorneys, and describe employees’ experiences at many of the restaurant locations. The declarations, especially those provided by Applelllinois, demonstrate that Applelllinois’ tipped employees perform a range of duties in addition to greeting and serving customers, and that across shifts and restaurant locations they spend a good portion of their time performing such other duties. Taken together, the declarations are evidence supporting the analysis set out below. A. Tipped employees’ shifts Notably, the majority of the current Applelllinois employees describe regular shifts of less than eight hours. (See dkt. 299, Ex. T.) Many employees at various locations describe shifts of about four hours long, while some describe shifts as short as an hour or two, while only a few describe eight to 10 hour shifts. (See, e.g., Decl. John Dispensa (one to four hour server shifts); Decl. Amanda Hamilton (two to four hour server shifts); Decl. Ora Henderson (seven hour server shifts); Decl. Diana Ducat (seven to eight hour server shifts); Decl. Shannon Behric (six to seven hour server shifts); Decl. Michelle Rich (four hour host shifts); Decl. Beth Sodt (one to five-and-a-half hour server shifts).) Bartenders at various locations tend to report longer shifts than servers or hosts. (See, e.g., Decl. Christopher Cruz (six to eight hour bartender shifts); Decl. Kristine Hollis (three to five hour host shifts, three-and-a-half hour server shifts, six-and-a-half hour bartender shifts); Decl. Tiffany Kirchner (four to six hour server shifts, eight hour bartender shifts); Decl. Brent Perrotti (three to four hour server shifts, six hour bartender shifts).) The declarations depict work at Applelllinois as generally divided into three shifts: opening, middle, and closing. Most shifts in most locations, in turn, have opening duties, running sidework duties (to be performed throughout the shift), and closing duties, in addition to interacting with and serving customers. The vast majority of the current tipped employees describe in some detail the duties they are assigned during their shifts, and although the amount of time and specific assignments vary, their general descriptions are fairly consistent. Several employees report that, as hosts or servers, they began their shift with opening duties anywhere from half-an-hour to an hour before the restaurant opens at 11:00 a.m. (See, e.g., Decl. Patricia Rozanski ¶ 27; Decl. Amanda Hamilton ¶ 27; Decl. Ronald Hauswald ¶ 29; Decl. Kristine Hollis ¶ 35; Decl. Brittany Lindstrom ¶ 27.) Host Omar Qahhaar described performing opening duties two hours before the Crestwood Applebee’s restaurant opened. (Decl. Omar Qahhaar ¶¶ 3, 25.) Many employees report performing at least some opening duties while simultaneously serving customers. (See, e.g., Decl. Alexandra Dewbray ¶ 28; Decl. Kaylee Halberg ¶ 32.) Some also report performing closing duties while simultaneously serving customers. (See, e.g., Decl. Amy Mann ¶ 29; Decl. Beth Sodt ¶¶ 28, 32; Decl. Chase Stuebner ¶ 31.) B. A current server’s declaration A detailed review of one server’s declaration — one that was originally submitted by Applelllinois in its opposition to class certification — provides insight into how Applelllinois restaurants actually function. Heidi Bennigen worked as a server from April 2008 through at least the date of her declaration, April 10, 2009, at the Geneva Applebee’s restaurant. (Decl. Heidi Bennigen ¶ 3.) She works opening, middle and closing five-hour shifts, and she says that during each shift there were other employees also working, including hosts to seat customers, bartenders to make drinks and serve customers in the bar area, dishwashers to wash dishes, cooks to cook food, managers to oversee and assist with all operations, carside employees to handle carside orders, and “expo” employees to dress the plates and take finished orders from the cooks. (Id. ¶¶ 4, 21, 24.) General utility (“GU”) employees to handle back of the house duties, however, were scheduled on Wednesdays through Sundays. (Id. ¶ 24.) Her declaration does not state who handled GU work on Monday and Tuesday, but the description of her work suggests that some of what would otherwise be GU work was handled by servers like Ms. Bennigen. (See id. ¶ 34.) When working as a server during the opening shift assigned to the front of the house, Ms. Bennigen’s “opening sidework” consists of making sure the front of the house is clean and the tables are stocked with condiments. (Id. ¶ 26.) When assigned to the back of the house, she makes coffee and iced tea (5 minutes), sets up dressings and ensures nothing has expired (30-60 minutes “depending on if the closers had replaced the dressings properly”), and previously also cut lemons (5 minutes). (Id. ¶ 27.) As running sidework, she checks other people’s sidework during the shift and keeps her tables clean. (Id. ¶ 28.) When assigned to close the front of the house during the opening shift, Ms. Bennigen checks the other servers’ tables (2 minutes per server for 6-7 servers), stocks condiment caddies, and cleans her assigned section by sweeping under tables and wiping down tables and chairs (15 minutes). (Id. ¶29.) When assigned to close the back of the house, she checks other servers’ sidework (side station and expo line) (2-3 minutes per server for 6-7 servers) and completes any sidework left unfinished by other servers. (Id. ¶ 30.) Ms. Bennigen concludes that performing all opening shift sidework tasks take approximately 45-60 minutes of opening and closing sidework, and fifteen minutes per hour of running sidework. (Id. ¶ 32.) During the middle shift, Ms. Bennigen begins with performing a 10 point station check (5 minutes) and checks her assigned sidework for the day (2 minutes). (Id. ¶ 33.) Assigned sidework tasks throughout the shift might include keeping dressings filled, filling the expo line (toppings), taking out the trash, stocking condiments, boxes, napkins and cups at the side station, or stocking the beverage station. (Id. ¶ 34.) To close her middle shift, Ms. Bennigen rolls silverware (10-15 minutes), completes assigned sidework (15 minutes or so), and cleans her section (15-20 minutes). (Id. ¶ 35.) She concludes that performing all middle shift sidework tasks take no more than 47-67 minutes of opening and closing sidework, and less than 5 minutes per hour of running sidework. (Id. ¶ 37.) When working as a server during the closing shift, Ms. Bennigen checks her tables before beginning her shift (10 minutes), and is not typically assigned any running sidework. (Id. ¶¶ 38, 39.) When assigned to close the front of the house during the closing shift, she checks the other servers’ tables, (2 minutes for each of 5 to 9 servers), vacuums the aisles (depending on how well the servers swept) (10 minutes, when needed), mops around the bar area (7 minutes), and cleans the bathroom by mopping the floor, cleaning the mirrors and taking out the trash (15 minutes). (Id. ¶ 40.) When assigned to close the back of the house during the closing shift, she checks the other servers’ side-work (2-3 minutes per 5 to 9 servers) and finishes any sidework that needs to be done (10 minutes). (Id. ¶ 41.) She often begins performing closing sidework duties while simultaneously serving customers. (Id. ¶ 42.) Ms. Bennigen estimates that, depending on her assigned tasks during the closing shift, she spends 25 to 55 minutes performing opening, running, and closing sidework duties. (Id. ¶ 43.) In her declaration, therefore, Ms. Bennigen itemizes 52 to 99 minutes spent on opening, running and closing sidework duties during her typical five hour (or 300 minute) opening shift. (Id. ¶¶ 26-30.) She estimates the total slightly differently: stating that she spends 45 to 75 minutes on opening and closing duties and 15 minutes per hour on running sidework. (Id. ¶ 32.) Regarding her typical five hour middle shift, she itemizes 47 to 57 minutes on opening, running and closing work, but again estimates the grand total a bit differently: she concludes that she spends 47 to 67 minutes on opening and closing duties plus five minutes per hour on running sidework. (Id. ¶¶ 33-37.) Lastly, she itemizes 30 to 58 minutes of such work during the closing shift, but she concludes that she spends 25 to 55 minutes on closing shift opening and closing sidework and no time on running sidework. (Id. ¶¶ 3 8-43.) In any event, according to Ms. Bennigen, a good portion of her usual five hour — or 300 minute — shifts is devoted to opening, running, and closing sidework, including mopping floors and cleaning bathrooms. In addition, however, every other week Ms. Bennigen also cleans the chandeliers in her section (5 minutes), wipes down the wood paneling in her section (10 minutes), cleans the windows in her section (10 minutes) and dusts the artifacts and wood blinds (10 minutes). (Id. ¶¶ 46, 50-52.) She also loads and pushes silverware through the dishwasher daily (2-3 minutes), occasionally expos food (15 minutes per shift when there is no specific person performing expo duties), and although she is occasionally assigned to take out the garbage, she usually arranges for someone else to do it for her. (Id. ¶¶ 47, 49, 53.) C. Other servers’ general cleaning and other duties While not all servers reported performing all of the additional duties Ms. Bennigen lists, many specified general cleaning duties in addition to those duties dubbed opening, running and closing sidework. (See, e.g., Deck Justin Harris ¶43; Deck Ronald Hauswald ¶¶ 58, 62; Deck Joann Macam ¶¶ 55, 58; Deck Meghan Quinlin ¶¶ 44^7). Crystal Lake server Meghan Quinlin cleans the chandeliers, dusts the pictures and applies lemon oil to the woodwork in her section every week. (Deck Meghan Quinlin ¶¶ 3, 44-47.) Palatine server Amanda Hamilton explained that in addition to the minimum 30 minutes she spends performing opening, running and closing duties during her typical two to four hour shift, she cleans the lamps and wipes down the wood in her section weekly, and she vacuums the front of the house when assigned to close the dinner shift. (Deck Amanda Hamilton ¶¶4, 30-51, 54, 55, 58.) When working as a server at the Aurora location, Kristine Hollis also wipes down wood paneling weekly in addition to dusting artifacts on the walls. (Deck Kristine Hollis ¶¶ 3, 5, 6, 43, 45.) As a server at the Ford City location, Nicole Frazier has never cleaned the wood paneling, but she cleans the chandeliers once a week, vacuums her section when dirty and puts glasses in the GU machine about once a month. (Deck Nicole Frazier ¶¶ 3, 47-49.) Addison server Michael Wrack cleans the chandeliers at the beginning of each of his two to three-hour shifts. (Deck Michael Wrack ¶ 3, 4, 34.) Zion server Justin Harris explained that at his location servers are assigned a “daily task” to perform in their sections throughout the shift, such as cleaning the wood paneling or dusting the artifacts. (Deck Justin Harris ¶ 43.) John Manuel, Ginger Carrillo and Brittany Folmer similarly describe servers’ daily cleaning tasks at the Arlington Heights, Tinley Park and Addison locations. (Deck John Manuel ¶¶ 3, 28; Deck Ginger Carrillo ¶¶ 3, 22; Deck Brittany Folmer ¶¶ 3, 45, 46.) Likewise, many servers reported spending regular amounts of time performing other tasks for general restaurant operations. Mokena server Kristen Burch spends five to 30 minutes rolling silverware every day. (Deck Kristen Burch ¶ 29.) Geneva server Nicholas Flanagan spends 15 minutes per day rolling silverware. (Deck Nicholas Flanagan ¶¶ 3, 51.) Others reported silverware rolling assignments with each shift. (See, e.g., Deck Agusto Jiminez ¶¶ 4, 41 (10 minutes per four to seven-hour shift); Ginnie Cutro ¶¶ 4, 29, 41 (between five to 25 minutes per two to five hour shift); Michael Wrack ¶ 36 (15 minutes per two to three-hour shift).) D. Current bartenders’ declarations Brent Perrotti, a current employee at the Mundelein Applebee’s who works both as a server and a bartender, provides a picture of a bartender’s tasks. Mr. Perrotti typically works six-hour shifts as a bartender. (Decl. Brent Perrotti ¶ 4.) Mr. Perrotti begins an opening shift by pulling down the bar stools, placing beer in the cooler, setting up the four-sink system, taking off cone cups, rolling out mats, filling ice, stocking back wine and juices and filling out the bar checklist. (Id. ¶ 73.) Previously, he also cut fruit as an opening duty, but by the time of his declaration that task had changed to an as-needed one. (Id.) Although not entirely clear from his declaration, it appears that until late 2006 he began opening shift bartender duties an hour before the restaurant opened, and was then beginning his shift a half-hour before it opened. (Id. ¶ 72.) He notes sometimes completing opening duties while simultaneously serving customers at the bar. (Id. ¶ 74.) Although he used to restock the bar as necessary during an opening shift (15 minutes), he no longer performs that task or any other running sidework. (Id. ¶ 75.) To close the opening shift, Mr. Perrotti refills ice and stocks backups, tasks he often begins while simultaneously serving customers at the bar. (Id. ¶¶ 76-77.) Mr. Perrotti estimates that during the opening shift he spends 65-70 minutes performing opening and closing sidework and almost no running sidework. (Id. ¶ 78.) As a middle shift bartender, Mr. Perrotti performs no opening sidework, and although he cleans the glasses, refills ice and stocks backups as needed, he performs little other running sidework. (Id. ¶¶ 79-81.) Although he doesn’t specify his closing duties, he estimates that he spends no more than 10-15 minutes on closing side-work tasks, and that he often begins such work while simultaneously serving customers at the bar. (Id. ¶¶ 82-83.) As a closing shift bartender, Mr. Perrotti performs no opening sidework and nearly no running sidework. (Id. ¶¶ 84-85.) To close the shift, he puts beer into the cooler, throws out fruit, brings containers to the GU, scrubs the floor with a brush and squeegee, puts seats up and puts cone cups on liquor bottles. (Id. ¶ 86.) He estimates that he spends approximately 60-80 minutes performing closing side-work tasks, although he often begins completing his tasks while simultaneously serving customers at the bar. (Id. ¶¶ 87-88.) In addition to his routine sidework, Mr. Perrotti wipes down wood paneling on the bar about once a month, occasionally expedites food, and at one time regularly processed carside orders. (Id. ¶¶ 91-94.) Like Mr. Perrotti, other bartenders described regularly assigned cleaning tasks in addition to their opening, running and closing sidework. (E.g., Decl. Shannon Behric ¶¶ 64, 65 (5 to 15 minutes per week applying oil to wood around bar; one to two minutes taking out trash during closing shift); Decl. Christopher Cruz ¶¶ 48, 49 (10 minutes per week wiping down wood; 15 minutes per week cleaning cooler behind bar); Decl. Kristine Hollis ¶ 66 (10 minutes per week wiping down wood paneling); Decl. Patricia Rozanski ¶¶ 84, 85 (10 minutes per week cleaning bar area coolers; occasionally dusting wood paneling around bar).) According to Bloomingdale bartender Chase Stuebner, different daily duties assigned to bartenders include cleaning out a cooler, polishing brass or mopping the liquor cooler, “depending on the day.” (Decl. Chase Stuebner ¶¶ 3, 28.) He estimates spending 10 to 40 minutes of his six to seven hour shift on such work, in addition to his opening, running and closing sidework tasks. (Id. ¶¶ 4, 28.) E. Current hosts’ declarations Ora Henderson described her duties as a host at the Homewood location, where she typically works seven hour shifts from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (Decl. Ora Henderson ¶¶ 3, 4.) Ms. Henderson starts her opening shift by getting towels (less than one minute), picking up debris in the parking lot (15 to 25 minutes), cleaning the bathrooms (10 minutes), wiping down tables (10 minutes), wiping down high chairs and boosters (five to seven minutes), dusting the artifacts in the foyer (two to three minutes), and turning on the televisions (one minute). (Id. ¶24.) She estimates that she spends approximately 60 minutes per shift on opening sidework. (Id. ¶ 28.) Ms. Henderson’s running sidework duties include checking the bathrooms, wiping down menus and sweeping the floor when necessary. (Id. ¶ 25.) Although she doesn’t specify how much time she devotes to each of these tasks, she estimates that she spends up to five minutes per hour performing all of them. (Id. ¶ 28.) Her opening shift closing sidework involves checking the bathrooms (2 to 3 minutes), wiping down and straightening the menus (2 to 3 minutes), wiping down the foyer windows and door (2 to 5 minutes) and making sure that the host station is fully stocked with toothpicks and crayons (1 to 2 minutes). (Id. ¶ 26.) She says that she is often able to complete her closing side-work while simultaneously seating customers. (Id. ¶ 27.) She concludes that she spends no more than 11 minutes performing all of her closing sidework tasks. (Id. ¶ 28.) In total, then, Ms. Henderson estimates that she devotes approximately 71 minutes on opening and closing sidework, and up to five minutes per hour on running side-work. (Id.) Her estimates total up to 106 minutes of her usual seven hour, or 4-20 minute shift. In addition, however, Ms. Henderson spends one or two minutes at the end of each shift taking the host station waste basket to the Back of the House, five minutes weekly wiping down the wood paneling in the foyer area, and one to two minutes when necessary wiping down the windows in the host area. (Id. ¶ 30.) Other hosts at other locations provided similar descriptions of their work. When working as a Crystal City host, Guadalupe Ibarra checks and restocks the bathrooms and wipes down the high chairs in addition to other opening shift host sidework tasks, and she re-checks the bathrooms hourly. (Decl. Guadalupe Ibarra ¶ 49.) Elle Liberty also checks the bathrooms and wipes down tables when she starts her opening host shift in Mokena, in addition to putting down mats and picking up debris from the restaurant’s parking lot, among other things. (Decl. Elle Liberty ¶ 41.) When Kristine Hollis worked as a host in Aurora, she also checked and stocked the bathrooms and occasionally cleaned bathroom surfaces in addition to regularly wiping down entryway windows and wood paneling at the host section. (Decl. Kristine Hollis ¶¶ 69, 71, 75.) Ms. Hollis also occasionally rolled silverware for up to 30 minutes when the restaurant was busy and needed silverware. (Id. ¶ 76.) Omar Qahhaar starts his opening host shift in Crestwood two hours before the restaurant opens by mopping the bar, foyer and bathrooms in addition to cleaning the bathroom toilets, mirrors, sinks and urinals, stocking children’s menus, straightening the host stand and wiping down tables. (Decl. Omar Qahhaar ¶¶ 3, 25, 26.) It is important to recall that the declarations just summarized were submitted by Applelllinois and are the testimony of employees who were then employed by Applelllinois. Those declarations are remarkably consistent with the declarations of former employees that plaintiffs submitted. F. Former employees’ declarations regarding assigned cleaning duties The former employees similarly report that additional tasks had regularly been assigned to them as servers, bartenders and hosts. Kendra Buss and Jennifer Swords described “daily cleaning duties” that were assigned to servers at the Geneva and Peru Applebee’s restaurants respectively, including tasks like cleaning wood paneling, dusting and washing window blinds and scrubbing walls in the kitchen. (Decl. Kendra Buss ¶¶ 1, 3; Decl. Jennifer Swords ¶¶ 1, 3-4.) According to Deborah Cavaliere, regular cleaning tasks were assigned to servers at the Elgin Applebee’s restaurants such that the entire restaurant was cleaned over the course of each week. (Decl. Deborah Cavaliere ¶ 3.) Other former employees likewise stated that servers washed dishes, cleaned restrooms, swept, vacuumed and performed general cleaning of the restaurant. {See, e.g., Decl. Brian Cooper ¶¶ 3, 5; Decl. Tracy Thennes ¶ 3; Decl. Sarah Whitford ¶ 3.) Sarah Whitford noted that as a server at the Calumet City Applebee’s restaurant, it was not uncommon for her to spend at least two hours during the weekend cleaning the restaurant. (Decl. Sarah Whitford ¶¶ 1, 4.) G. Tipped employees doing GU and expo work in the absence of those workers In addition, former employees state that they performed additional duties during their shifts as a result of restaurants not being fully staffed. Glenn Driver (a named plaintiff) explained that when the Ford City Mall location opened for business in June 2006, the restaurant had a full staff, including dishwashers, or “GU,” and expo personnel. (Decl. Glenn Driver ¶¶ 1, 3, 4.) After a few weeks, however, as the high level managers who supervised the opening left, the restaurant began to schedule GU and expo employees less frequently, and as their schedules dropped, their duties were shifted to servers, hosts and bartenders. {Id. ¶ 5.) Demiko McCaster (a named plaintiff) provided the same description. (Decl. Demiko McCaster ¶¶ 1, 4, 5.) In addition to his bartender duties, Mr. McCaster explained, when the GU employees were no longer being scheduled, he was tasked with taking up rubber floor mats and running them through the dishwasher and mopping the floor in the bar area, work the GU employees otherwise would perform. {Id. ¶ 6.) Likewise, Michael Hicks (Ford City), Michael Anaballi (Elgin, Decatur, and Lake in the Hills), Angelique Bernales (Grand Avenue, Chicago) and Michele Boeche (Schaumburg), among others, described servers performing expo duties when the expo personnel were not scheduled. (Decl. Michael Hicks ¶¶ 1, 6; Decl. Michael Anaballi ¶¶ 1, 3; Decl. Angelique Bernales ¶¶ 1, 6; Decl. Michele Boeche ¶¶ 1, 6.) Notably, many current employees also stated that GU and expo employees were only scheduled part of the time. {See, e.g., Decl. Kaylee Halberg ¶ 29 (GU only nights and weekends in Peru); Decl. Kristine Hollis ¶ 34 (GU only weekends in Aurora); Decl. Laura Krupienski ¶ 24 (expo only evenings in Schaumburg); Decl. Joann Macam ¶ 33 (expo only evenings in Arlington Heights); Decl. Patricia Rozanski ¶ 25 (GU only evenings in Palatine); Decl. Beth Sodt ¶ 25 (expo only evenings in Geneva).) Some servers specifically noted doing expo tasks when employees staffed in those roles were not scheduled. {See, e.g., Decl. Brittany Lindstrom ¶¶ 26, 55; Decl. Joann Macam ¶¶ 33, 54.) In some instances, declarants noted that cooks or managers assisted with certain GU or expo duties, but many did not note such assistance. VI. Pay rates. A. Named Plaintiffs All five named plaintiffs state that they were paid less than minimum wage for their work at Applelllinois restaurants regardless of the work they were required to do. (See Driver Deck ¶ 2; McCaster Deck ¶ 2; Deck Rosamar Mallari ¶ 2; Deck Joyce Britton ¶2; Deck Michael Hicks ¶ 2.) B. Plaintiffs’ analysis of payroll records Applelllinois produced payroll records in discovery, some in a database format. Plaintiffs’ counsel reviewed the database for the payroll records of all of the 95 current employees whose declarations were submitted by Applelllinois in its opposition to the original class certification motion. (Dkt. 299, Ex. 0, Deck David Stevens.) After removing eight salaried managers and two other declarants whose payroll information did not appear in the database, plaintiffs’ counsel analyzed the records of the remaining 85 employees for the period from October 6, 2003 (the start of the class period) through June 2, 2009 (the date the declarations were filed). (Id.) With the exception of a few declarants who worked at times in non-tipped positions, and the time that the employees were paid minimum wage during training, in nearly all instances the hourly rate for the 85 individuals was less than the minimum wage. (Dkt. 299, Ex. O ¶¶ 16-18.) Applelllinois presented no evidence contrary to that conclusion. C.Applelllinois’ analysis of payroll records The analysis done by Applelllinois’ Payroll Manager, Candy Randall, leads to a similar conclusion. (See dkt. 310, Ex. C, Deck Candy Randall (that document was also submitted in opposition to the motion for class certification, dkt. 212).) Randall examined payroll records for the two weeks at the end of December and beginning of January for each of four years (2004-2005; 2005-2006; 2007-2008; and 2008-2009). (Randall Deck ¶¶ 9-18.) She listed each of the employees who recorded time during those periods at both tipped and non-tipped rates. (Dkt. 212, Randall Deck, Exs. A-E.) The court has crosschecked the names listed on the exhibits against the 95 declarations submitted Applelllinois in opposition to class certification. Only 18 of the 95 current employees who signed declarations had any time listed at the minimum wage rate. For example, the records submitted by Applelllinois do not show that Ms. Bennigen was ever paid at anything other than the tip credit rate for all of the work she did, including mopping the bathroom floors and cleaning windows. LEGAL STANDARD I. Summary judgment standard “Summary judgment is appropriate if the admissible evidence considered as a whole shows that ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,’ Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a), even after all reasonable inferences are drawn in the nonmovant’s favor.” Dynegy Mktg. & Trade v. Multiut Corp., 648 F.3d 506, 517 (7th Cir.2011). To successfully oppose a motion for summary judgment, the responding party may not simply rest on its pleadings, but rather must submit evidentiary materials showing that a material fact is genuinely disputed. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1). A genuine dispute of material fact exists when there is “sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists, the court construes all facts and draws all reasonable and justifiable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Cross-motions for summary judgment do not, of course, waive the right to a trial. Marcatante v. City of Chicago, 657 F.3d 433, 438-39 (7th Cir.2011). Rather, on cross-motions for summary judgment, the same standard of review in Rule 56 is applied to each motion to determine whether there is a genuine dispute of material fact and whether judgment should be entered as a matter of law. Id.; Contl. Cas. Co. v. N.W. Natl. Ins. Co., 427 F.3d 1038, 1041 (7th Cir.2005). In ruling on each cross motion for summary judgment, the court draws inferences in favor of the party against whom the motion under consideration is made. Siliven v. Indiana Dept. of Child Servs., 635 F.3d 921, 925 (7th Cir.2011). II. Burden of proof Plaintiffs contend that Applelllinois bears the burden of proving its entitlement to take the tip credit. (Pis.’ Mem. at 6.) Applelllinois does not discuss the burden of proof except to cite the Fast case. (Defs.’ Opp’n at 12.) In support of their position, plaintiffs cite Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 462, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997), for the proposition that an employer who raises an exception to the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA has the burden of proving entitlement. (Pis.’ Mem. at 6.) Auer, however, dealt with an exemption to the FLSA, and it is well established that the employer bears the burden of proving its entitlement to such an exemption. See Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188, 196-97, 94 S.Ct. 2223, 41 L.Ed.2d 1 (1974); Demos v. City of Indianapolis, 302 F.3d 698, 701 (7th Cir.2002). The tip credit provision, however, is not found among the FLSA’s listed “exemptions” (see 29 U.S.C. § 213), but rather arises out of the FLSA definitions and related regulations (see 29 U.S.C. § 203(m); 29 C.F.R. § 531.59). Recently, the Seventh Circuit observed that another FLSA definition, 29 U.S.C. § 203(o) (excluding washing and clothes-changing time from coverage under the statute), creates an “exclusion,” not an “exemption,” under the Act because “exemptions” appear in Section 213, not Section 203. Sandifer v. U.S. Steel Corp., 678 F.3d 590, 595 (7th Cir.2012). Applying that analysis, the tip credit provision may also be considered an exclusion, rather than an exemption, under the FLSA. The IMWL, on the other hand, specifically describes an employer’s tip credit allowance as “a claim of exemption” (820 111. Comp. Stat. § 10574(c)), suggesting that under the IMWL, the employer bears the burden to demonstrate a right to take that allowance. See Richardson Bros. v. Bd. of Rev. of Dept. of Empl. Sec., 198 Ill.App.3d 422, 144 Ill.Dec. 607, 555 N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (5th Dist.1990) (holding that the burden of proving an exemption from the IMWL is on the employer). The DOL, while noting that the tip credit is not an exemption, interprets the FLSA as requiring the employer to bear the burden of complying with the minimum wage law. Section 3(m) of FLSA makes clear the intent of Congress to place on the employer the burden of proving the amount of tips received by “tipped employees”, and the amount of tip credit, if any, which the employer may claim. Since Sec 3(m) is not an exemption from the MW [minimum wage], but merely allows the employer to claim up to 40 percent of the MW as tip credit, the employer is responsible for ascertaining that the MW provisions are complied with in compensating “tipped employees.” U.S. Dept. of Labor Field Operations Handbook Ch. 30d00(b) (Rev.563) (Dec. 9, 1988) (emphasis in original) (available at http://www.dol.gov) (last visited Aug. 24, 2012). The DOL’s interpretation of the statute it is charged with enforcing is not controlling, but it is persuasive authority here. See Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 255-56, 126 S.Ct. 904, 163 L.Ed.2d 748 (2006); Urnikis-Negro v. Am. Fam. Prop. Servs., 616 F.3d 665, 676 (7th Cir.2010); Fast, 638 F.3d at 878. In an FLSA claim, “an employee who brings suit ... for unpaid minimum wages ... has the burden of proving that he performed work for which he was not properly compensated.” Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 686-87, 66 S.Ct. 1187, 90 L.Ed. 1515 (1946) (superseded by statute on other grounds). [A]n employee has carried out his burden if he proves that he has in fact performed work for which he was improperly compensated and if he produces sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference .... The burden then shifts