Full opinion text
RULING RE: DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS TO JAMES COSTELLO (Doc. No. 93) AND DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS TO ARON MOORE (Doc. No. 98) JANET C. HALL, District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION Plaintiffs James Costello and Aron Moore bring this action against defendant Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. (“Home Depot”), alleging that they were not paid for overtime work in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (the “FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 207. Home Depot simultaneously filed these Motions for Summary Judgment as to Costello (Doc. No. 93) and Moore (Doc. No. 98), arguing that there was no violation of the FLSA because both former employees were properly categorized as exempt as executive employees from the FLSA’s rales governing overtime payments. For the following reasons, the Motions for Summary Judgment are denied. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW A motion for summary judgment “may properly be granted ... only where there is no genuine issue of material fact to be tried, and the facts as to which there is no such issue warrant judgment for the moving party as a matter of law.” In re Dana Corp., 574 F.3d 129, 151 (2d Cir.2009). Thus, the role of a district court in considering such a motion “is not to resolve disputed questions of fact but only to determine whether, as to any material issue, a genuine factual dispute exists.” Id. In making this determination, the trial court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought. See Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 582 F.3d 268, 274 (2d Cir.2009). “[T]he moving party bears the burden of showing that he or she is entitled to summary judgment.” United Transp. Union v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 588 F.3d 805, 809 (2d Cir.2009). Once the moving party has satisfied that burden, in order to defeat the motion, “the party opposing summary judgment may not merely rest on the allegations or denials of his pleading; rather his response, by affidavits or otherwise as provided in the Rule, must set forth’ specific facts’ demonstrating that there is ‘a genuine issue for trial.’ ” Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir.2009) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)). “A dispute about a ‘genuine issue’ exists for summary judgment purposes where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could decide in the non-movant’s favor.” Beyer v. County of Nassau, 524 F.3d 160, 163 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Guilbert v. Gardner, 480 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir.2007)); see also Havey v. Homebound Mortg., Inc., 547 F.3d 158, 163 (2d Cir.2008) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)) (stating that a non-moving party must point to more than a mere “scintilla” of evidence in order to defeat a motion for summary judgment). III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND This case has a somewhat convoluted procedural history. In 2004, two separate federal actions were filed alleging that Home Depot violated the FLSA with regard to merchandising assistant store managers (“MASMs”). These cases were consolidated, and the district court subsequently granted a collective action certification. See Aquilino v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., No. 04-04100, 2011 WL 564039, *1 (D.N.J.2011) (summarizing history). However, in February 2011, the district court decertified the collective action. Id. at *12. Separate multiple-plaintiff actions followed, including the present action. Several of the original plaintiffs in this action were voluntarily dismissed, others were severed and transferred to other districts following an Order of this court (Doc. No. 72). The only remaining plaintiffs in this action are James Costello and Aron Moore. Home Depot operates large, warehouse-style retail stores that sell home improvement products and services. See Defendant’s Local Rule 56(a)(1) Statement Regarding James Costello (“Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello”) at ¶ 1; Plaintiff James Costello’s Local Rule 56(a)(2) Statement (“Costello 56(a)(2)”) at ¶ 1. Home Depot stores are staffed by one Store Manager and up to seven Assistant Store Managers, a group that includes MASMs. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 2; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶2. MASMs are the second-highest-ranking employees in Home Depot stores, subordinate only to the Store Manager. Id. The stores are divided into up to eleven core merchandising departments: Lumber, Building Materials, Flooring, Paint, Hardware, Plumbing, Electrical, Garden, Kitchen & Bath, Millwork, and Decor. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 3; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 3. MASMs and Specialty ASMs oversee from one to eleven merchandising departments. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at If 4; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 4; Plaintiff Aron Moore’s Local Rule 56(a)(2) Statement (“Moore 56(a)(2)”) at ¶ 4. Merchandising departments are staffed by sales associates and one department supervisor. Id. MASMs supervise the department supervisors and associates assigned to their departments. Id. Costello and Moore dispute whether all of the departments they were assigned to also had an assigned department supervisor, and they maintain that the department supervisors are primarily responsible for supervision of associates in that department. Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 4; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 4. The MASM job description states that, among other responsibilities, MASMs are responsible for “Maintaining department profitability,” “providing] leadership to Associates,” and “[s]etting store objectives and ensuring [that] they are met.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 5; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 5. A. James Costello Costello was hired as a sales associate by Home Depot in March 1997. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 6; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 6. On July 29, 2002, Costello was promoted to the MASM position. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶7; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 7. Before his promotion, Costello went through a retail management assessment and training program. Id. The parties dispute exactly what the training entailed or whether Costello received continuous training as an MASM, but agree the training included review of a Home Depot manual that covered various parts of store operations. Id. Costello began working as an MASM in Westerly, Rhode Island in July 2002, and was transferred as an MASM to a store in Waterford, Connecticut in September 2003, where he remained, with the exception of a temporary reassignment to a store in Lisbon, Connecticut, until his employment ended on January 1, 2006. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 8; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 8. At the Westerly store, Costello was assigned to the Lumber, Mill-work, Building Materials, Hardware, Pro Desk, and Tool Rental Center departments, and for a short time, the Front Desk. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 9; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 9. The Pro Desk, Hardware, and Rental Center departments each had department supervisors, and there was a fourth department supervisor who managed the Lumber, Building Materials, and Millwork departments. Id. These four department supervisors reported to Costello. Id. When Costello was assigned to the Front Desk, an additional supervisor reported to him. Id. A disputed number of other employees, including associates, also worked in the store. Id. At the Waterford store, Costello was assigned to the Lumber, Building Materials, Millwork, and Hardware departments. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 10; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 10. The department supervisor for those four departments reported to Costello. Id. At the Lisbon store, Costello was responsible for the Hardware, Pro Desk, Lumber, and Millwork departments, each of which had its own department supervisors, who reported to Costello. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 11; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 11. Costello resigned from Home Depot on either December 29, 2005 or January 1, 2006, and this resignation occurred around the time allegations by female employees were made against him. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 12; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 12. Home Depot claims that an investigation was performed relating to the complaints and that Costello was found to have violated the company’s Code of Conduct and his employment was terminated. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 12; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 12. The MASM job description states that the major tasks and responsibilities of the position include, “[rjecruiting, interviewing applicants and making recommendations to the Store Manager about hiring for open positions.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 14; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 14. When assigned to the Westerly store, Costello assisted in preparing the store for its grand opening and was involved in hiring staff. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 15; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 15. Costello conducted 200 or 300 interviews and asked candidates about their product knowledge, departmental preferences, and previous experience. Id. He made recommendations to the store manager or human resources manager about who should be hired based on his interviews, and at least some of these candidates were hired. Id. Costello was then part of a group that was involved in deciding where the new employees would be placed and what salary they would be offered. Id. Costello claims that the final hiring decisions were made by the store manager or human resources manager. Id. Following the opening of the Westerly store, Costello conducted a few additional interviews and recommended that two employees be transferred in to the store from different Home Depot stores. Id. Costello claims that he was not involved in the hiring process at the Waterford store. Id. Costello taught forklift training classes and, when he had a department supervisor who was training to be an ASM, he would involve him or her in performance review meetings with sales associates to observe how the process worked. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 17; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 17. The parties dispute whether Costello was responsible for ensuring that associates completed electronic training courses. Id. Costello recommended that associates receive certain types of training for their development. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 18; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 18. The MASM job description also states that the major tasks and responsibilities of MASMs includes, “[sjcheduling Associates’ work and training time.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 19; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 19. As the stores where Costello worked, either the human resources manager or a store scheduler initially prepared the store schedule. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 20; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 20. Costello then had the opportunity to review the schedules, but the parties dispute whether Costello reviewed the schedules to ensure that the departments were adequately staffed. Id. Costello would sometimes suggest changes to the store schedule when he determined there were not enough associates scheduled. Id. When Costello received a call that an employee would not be at work, Costello would attempt to get coverage for those positions for the departments he was responsible for, and would notify the department supervisors for the other affected departments. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶21; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶21. Costello did not need the store manager’s approval to perform this task. Id. Costello could approve or disapprove employee requests for the scheduling of vacation time, and requests for vacation time were first approved by department supervisors. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 22; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 22. Costello had the authority to sign off on edits to employee time records, but Costello asserts that this function was the principal responsibility of the operations manager. Id. Costello held meetings with department supervisors to communicate action items and set a timeline as to when the actions would get done. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 23; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 23. He also prepared task lists that needed to be done in a certain timeframe. Id. When his store manager suggested areas for improvement, Costello developed plans to implement any necessary changes, and followed up to ensure the tasks he had assigned had been completed. Id. The parties dispute how much of Costello’s time was taken up with these activities. Id. The MASM job description also states that the major tasks and responsibilities of MASMs includes, “[cjoaching, training and developing Associates by providing both informal (e.g., on-floor coaching) and formal (e.g., written evaluation) job performance-based feedback.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 24; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 24. Costello was responsible for preparing performance evaluations for the hourly associates every six months, one for purposes of determining annual raises, and one interim review to track performance issues. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 25; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 25. Costello kept a file on each employee to track each employee’s progress and updated these files on a monthly basis. Id. Costello personally prepared performance reviews for department supervisors, but the parties dispute whether Costello delegated responsibility for the review process for sales associates. Id. Costello met with department supervisors and sales associates to discuss the performance evaluations, and, at Waterford, the store managers would attend monetary reviews for department supervisors. Id. In the performance evaluations Costello completed, Costello was involved with the recommendation of leadership and potential codes for sales associates, which could impact pay raises. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 25; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 25. Costello estimates that his recommendations were accepted 90 percent of the time. Id. Costello participated in meetings regarding annual raises of both sales associates and department supervisors and, made recommendations about the raises his employees should receive. Id. Costello estimates those recommendations were followed 99 percent of the time. Id. In addition to the semi-annual performance reviews, Costello could monitor and recognize associates’ performance throughout the year. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 27; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 27. Costello was able to give merit badges to employees, the accumulation of which could lead to a $100 reward. Id. Costello also recommended employees for various store awards. Id. Costello mentored employees to help them advance professionally and would discuss efficiency and profitability improvements with department supervisors. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶28; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 28. At the Westerly store, Costello would sometimes discuss with the store manager which associates were ready for a promotion; some of the individuals Costello identified were in fact promoted. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶29; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 29. At least one employee so identified was offered promotion but declined the offer. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 30; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 30. The stores where Costello worked employed associates known as inventory management associates who put together initial merchandise orders and, in at least one performance evaluation, Costello was encouraged to have weekly meetings with those associates and department supervisors to ensure that departments were fully stocked. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 31; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 31. The parties dispute whether Costello was responsible for reviewing the orders. Id. The parties dispute the degree to which Costello could determine what products to place along certain aisles and other parts of the store. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 32; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 32. The MASM job description also states that the major tasks and responsibilities of MASMs includes, “[maintaining department profitability through report analysis, identifying trends, defining problems and developing appropriate responses in three or more departments.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 33; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 33. As part of his job as an MASM, Costello reviewed the Whole Store Report, which contained information related to profitability, “shrink,” and labor hours, to see how his departments were doing. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 34; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 34. At meetings, Costello mentioned various actions he was taking to try to increase sales, including recommending increasing staff in critical time periods like weekends and holidays. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 35; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 35. Costello was responsible for ensuring the “shrink plan” was prepared and reviewing the shrink plan on a weekly basis. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 36; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 36. When shrink audits revealed that his departments were not performing well, Costello met with the department head and/or store manager to take corrective action. Id. Costello had the authority to discipline associates if he observed them acting contrary to Home Depot policies and procedures, including writing up the employee and determining corrective action. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 37; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 37. Costello disputes that the disciplinary action entailed involved more than filling out a form. Id. Costello had the authority to send employees home if he determined they were behaving improperly, including if any employee disrespected a customer, was involved in a safety violation, brought weapons into the store, or was under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 39; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 39. Costello exercised this authority when one of his employees climbed into a dumpster shoot. Id. Costello stopped the employee, had him climb out of the shoot, punch out, and go home. Id. Costello reported the incident to his store manager, and the employee was terminated. Id. Costello attended the termination session. Id. Costello was responsible for coaching employees and memorializing verbal conversations about performance issues. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at 1140; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 40. Costello asserts this responsibility was shared by department supervisors. Id. Consultation with human resources or the store manager was only required if the problem involved a safety or hazardous waste issue. Id: The MASM job description also states that the major tasks and responsibilities of MASMs includes, “[ejnsuring Safety of Customers and Associates.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 42; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 42. If there was a safety violation in the store when Costello was present, Costello was responsible for addressing it, and he would respond depending on the nature of the problem. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 43; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 43. Costello asserts this responsibility was shared with department supervisors. Id. Costello walked his departments and inspected overhead material to make sure the items were properly situated, wrapped, and labeled. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 44; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶44. If there was a problem with the overhead items, Costello would find associates to fix the issue. Id. Costello asserts that, if no associates were available, he was required by the store manager to fix the issue himself. Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 44. When Costello opened the store, he was responsible for walking the entire store to ensure there were no safety hazards; if he observed any safety issues, he would address it with the assistant manager for that department and have it corrected before the store was opened to the public. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶45; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 45. Costello ensured that anything outside the store was secured when he closed the store. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 46; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 46. The parties dispute whether Costello did this upon opening the store. Id. Costello had the code for the store’s alarms and was frequently called into work when the alarm went off. Id. When called in to deal with the alarm, he had to shut off the alarm, deal with the police, walk the store, and reset the alarm. Id. Costello was responsible for helping to ensure customers were satisfied. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 47; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 47. Costello reviewed customer complaints, and had to devise a resolution within a day of receiving the complaint, which could include marking down the product, replacing the product, or calling the customer. Id. Costello also reviewed secret shopper reports once a month to monitor the job performance of the sales associates. Id. Costello addressed employee grievances, such as problems with other employees. Id. In such a situation, Costello could coordinate the transfer of the employee to another department. Id. Costello asserts such an action required approval of the store manager. Id. In the Westerly store, Costello sometimes served as the Manager on Duty (“MOD”) for three to four hours for shifts when he either opened or closed the store. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 49; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 49. The parties dispute how often this occurred, and whether being MOD meant Costello was the only manager in the store at the time. Id. At the Waterford store, Costello was the MOD for at least three to four hours for shifts when he opened or closed the store. Id. The parties dispute how often this occurred and whether being MOD meant Costello was the only manager in the store at the time. Id. On at least some occasions, Costello was the only salaried manager in the store. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 50; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 50. There were also occasions when he and another assistant manager were responsible for the operation of the store and made sure the store was functioning, had money, and had customers. Id. Costello asserts that even at those times the store manager had ultimate responsibility for the store. Id. When Costello was the MOD at opening, he was responsible for making sure the store had cashiers, the vault was open, each department was staffed, and the daily reports were run. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 51; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 51. Costello led an opening meeting with all of the associates in the store to tell them about new items to emphasize, make sure everyone’s shrink plans and markdown sheets were completed, ensure cashiers had cash, and deal with other issues that arose. Id. Costello asserts these activities were the primary responsibility of the operations manager. Id. When Costello was MOD when closing the store, he ensured that each department was cleaned and swept, all safety issues were addressed, all work lists from every department were being completed storewide, the vault was closed and counted, and the perimeter of the store was driven. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 52; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 52. Costello asserts that he frequently did the cleaning and completion of work lists himself. Id. Costello led a closing meeting and addressed open issues. Id. When Costello closed the store on Saturdays or Sundays, he was also responsible for locking the doors and setting the alarms. Id. Costello’s starting salary as an MASM was $44,000 per year. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 53; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 53. In April 2003, this amount was increased to $45,800 per year. Id. In April 2004, this amount was increased to $46,900 per year. In April 2005, this amount was increased to $50,000 per year. Id. Costello understood that his salary was to cover all hours worked, and that he might have to work more than 55 hours per week. Id. In addition to his base salary, Costello was eligible for a bonus of up to 25 percent of his annual salary based on store sales and stock options based on his performance and the store’s performance. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 54; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 54. Costello received a bonus for 2004 totaling $3,381.49. Id. He received more than 1,300 stock options between 2003 and 2005. Id. Hourly associates were not eligible to receive stock options or bonuses. Id. From 2004 to 2005, the midrange hourly rates for sales associates and department supervisors in the market where Costello worked were $12.64 and $16.97, respectively. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 55; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 55. Costello asserts that this pay was supplemented by overtime pay, and that top pay for sales associates reached $17.57 per hour and for department supervisors reached $22.23 per hour. Id. Costello was held accountable for the profitability of his departments and making his sales plans, and he was evaluated in part on department sales performance. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 56; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 56. In his April 2004 performance evaluation, Costello was told to “focus on sales, safety, and shrink profitability” and “plan strategically to create growth, improve financial performance, and gain a competitive advantage.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 57; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 57. Costello was also encouraged to “walk each department that you maintain in a deliberate manner to ensure than an accurate task list can be developed that will enhance your delegation [and] followup” so that he would hold his associates accountable. Id. Costello’s April 2003 performance evaluation states that he needs to “increase sales in his departments.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 58; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 58. This evaluation also instructs that he follow up on work lists given to department supervisors, execute shrink plans, think more about getting high margin products on “end caps,” and challenge his associates to understand shrink and its impact on the profitability of the store. Id. Costello spent up to three hours each week attending management meetings where he discussed sales plans, loss prevention, markdowns, new store programs, and shrink.. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 59; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 59. Costello asserts that department supervisors also attended those meetings. Id. Costello spent up to two hours each week walking the store by himself or with either his store manager or district manager. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 60; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 60. Costello spent an hour each week reviewing reports. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 61; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 61. Costello stated that keeping track of employees’ performance issues was a “continuous operation.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Costello at ¶ 62; Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 62. Costello asserts that he spent the majority of his time on, and the majority of his duties concerned, customer service and manual labor. Costello 56(a)(2) at ¶ 63, 64. Costello further asserts that stores were understaffed. Id. at ¶ 69. Costello also asserts that department supervisors were considered part of the management team and that they could serve as MOD. Id. at ¶ 75, 76. Costello asserts that department supervisors are directly responsible for supervising and counseling sales associates. Id. at ¶ 79, 80. Costello asserts that he did not make policy decisions for the stores in which he worked. Id. at ¶ 91. B. Aron Moore Moore was hired by Home Depot in February 2003. Defendant’s Local Rule 56(a)(1) Statement Regarding Aron Moore (“Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore”) (Doc. No. 99) at ¶ 6; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 6. Moore was hired as an Assistant Store Manager in training. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 7; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 7. Some of his training period consisted of classroom-based training, including courses on inventory management, safety, human resources policies, management by inclusion, and conflict management. Id. Around June 2003, Moore was promoted to Assistant Store Manager, and assigned to a store in New Hartford, Connecticut. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 8; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 8. During his employment at the store, Moore was, in part, responsible for the Flooring, Kitchen, Millwork, and Décor departments. Id. In 2005, Moore transferred to a store in Derby, Connecticut as an ASM. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 9; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 9. He was a Specialty Assistant Store Manager (“SASM”) for a short period of time at that store. Id. He subsequently became a MASM and was responsible for the Garden, Lumber, and Building Materials departments until October 2006, and responsible for the Paint, Electrical, and Garden departments from October 2006 through March 2007. Id. Both the New Hartford store and the Derby store had annual sales of approximately $55 million per year and employed 150 to 200 employees. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 10; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 10. Moore was terminated from Home Depot in March 2007 for what the company describes as unethical behavior. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 11; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 11. When he was first hired in 2003, Moore was paid a salary of $49,000 per year. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 13; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 13. In September 2004, Moore was offered a job as a manager at another store and advised Home Depot that he may leave. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 14; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 14. In order to keep Moore from leaving the company, Home Depot increased his pay to $58,000 per year. Id. A district manager who advocated for this pay increase cited Moore’s potential for growth with the company and his development of a tracking sheet used to drive sales to successful levels. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 15; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 15. In 2006, Moore earned a salary of $60,000 per year and found it hard to find a job at another company that could match the pay rate. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 16; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 16. In 2004 and 2005, the median hourly rate in the market where Moore worked was $12.64 per hour for sales associates and $16.97 per hour for department supervisors. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 17; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 17. Moore asserts that Home Depot also paid overtime pay for hours worked over 40 and that the company paid sales associates up to $17.57 per hour and department supervisors up to $22.23 per hour. Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 17. Moore received his salary on a biweekly basis. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 18; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 18. Moore was paid the same amount regardless of the number of hours he worked and his salary was never reduced based on his hours. Id. In addition to his salary, Moore was eligible for annual bonuses of up to 25 percent of his salary. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 19; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 19. These bonuses were based on store performance, including controlling payroll, profitability, and store safety. Id. As an ASM, Moore testified that he received one or two bonuses. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 20; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 20. Hourly associates and department supervisors were not eligible for such bonuses. Id. Moore was eligible for stock options, which were awarded to MASMs annually based on performance evaluations. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 21; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶21. As an MASM, Moore received stock options. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 22; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 22. Hourly associates and department supervisors were not eligible for stock options. Id. As an ASM at the Derby store, Moore conducted interviews with ten to fifteen applicants for hire per year. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 24; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 24. Following each interview, Moore would evaluate the candidate. Id. The Human Resources Manager asked Moore about the interviewee, and Moore would give an opinion. Id. Moore testified that there “might have been one or two department heads that I hired.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 25; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶25. Moore disputes that he meant he hired them himself. Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶25. One or two of the people he rated favorably were hired. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 26; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 26. Moore testified that it was his responsibility as an ASM to teach his department supervisors. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 27; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶27. Moore testified that he trained and developed his associates. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 28; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 28. Moore, on at least one occasion, delegated certain training and identified areas in which he wanted his department supervisors to train his associates. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 29; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 29. As an ASM, Moore could recommend changes to the store schedule. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 30; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 30. Moore could approve associate shift swaps. Id. If an employee called out sick, Moore had the authority to call another associate to replace him or reassign an associate from another department to cover for the sick associate. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 31; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 31. As an ASM, Moore provided leadership to associates. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 32; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 32. Moore was responsible for supervising the associates in his department. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 33; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶33. Moore asserts that department supervisors were also responsible for supervising associates. Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 33. On at least one occasion, Moore asked the store manager who was supervising associates who had to deal with a shipment of Christmas trees and was told he was supervising them and that he needed to fix the attendant safety issues. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 33; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 33. Moore sometimes directed associates to perform certain tasks, such as stocking merchandise. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 34; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 34. He had the authority to either assign tasks to associates in the departments he managed or get an associate from another department to perform the tasks. Id. Associates assigned tasks would report to Moore that they had completed the task and Moore would check in on their progress. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 35; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 35. At least for the departments he was assigned to, Moore had the authority to prioritize associates’ tasks. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 36; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 36. On at least one occasion, Moore requested that a department supervisor walk with him daily to discuss department standards, weekly goals, and the completion of work lists. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 37; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶37. At least when Moore was assigned to specialty departments, he held biweekly department meetings with the associates to inform them of their sales performance, give them advice on sales techniques, and address customer issues. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 38; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 38. Moore would perform tasks such as stocking shelves in part to ensure customer safety. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 39; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 39. Moore had a choice of whether to perform or delegate such tasks, and would often perform the tasks himself because he worried that an associate may not perform the task correctly. Id. When Moore was working on the floor, he could concurrently coach and develop his team, although Moore asserts this happened rarely. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 40; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 40. As an ASM, Moore was responsible for preparing the performance evaluations of the department supervisors in his departments. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 42; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 42. Moore would identify strengths and weaknesses and also develop plans for improvement. Id. Moore discussed his ratings recommendations on the performance evaluations with other salaried managers at roundtable meetings. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 43; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 43. Moore based his recommendations on the employee’s willingness to learn, work ethic, overall behavior, and ability to drive sales. Id. Moore asserts that department supervisors also carried out these tasks. Id. Sometimes people Moore recommended got the rating he proposed for them. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 44; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶44. Moore checked performance evaluations for consistency and provided input into the rating. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 45; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 45. Associates and department supervisors received two evaluations per year: an annual monetary review and a mid-year, non-monetary review. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 46; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 46. The parties dispute whether the performance ratings given in the performance evaluations were tied to salary increases that an associate or department supervisor was eligible for. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 47; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 47. Following the associates’ and department supervisors’ annual reviews, Moore would meet with them to inform them of their pay increase and discuss their evaluation. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 48; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 48. Moore or his department supervisor would deliver the non-monetary evaluation to his associates. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 49; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 49. Moore could also give “merit badges” to associates to reward them for good behavior. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 50; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 50. He was given several each month to award to associates. Id. He awarded merit badges based on his discretion if he saw an associate provide good customer service. Id. Associates received a bonus for every five merit badges that they received. Id. Moore was responsible for ensuring that his departments were properly stocked. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 51; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 51. Inventory Management Associates (“IMAs”) order products for Home Depot stores and, before IMSs can place an order, an ASM or the store manager must approve of the order. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 52; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 52. Moore reviewed orders placed by IMAs and would at times disagree with the proposed order and make changes. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 53; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 53. Moore was responsible for meeting departmental sales goals and he worked to achieve these goals by monitoring specialty sales and ensuring that his departments were well stocked. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 55; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 55. Moore created a spreadsheet that would track associates’ sales numbers, and this was used to monitor whether the associate was meeting his or her sales plan. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 56; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 56. He delegated the task of updating the spreadsheet on a weekly basis to one of his department supervisors. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 57; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 57. When an associate was not on track to meet a sales plan, Moore would meet with that associate and coach them, and he also encouraged a department supervisor to do the same. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 58; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 58. Moore would role play with his associates to allow them to practice their selling techniques. Id. Moore’s store had the highest installed product sales in the district, a result Moore attributes to holding his associates accountable for their performance and his “management.” Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 59; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 59. Moore had the authority to discipline associates, conditioned on approval from the Human Resources Manager. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 60; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 60. There were three levels of discipline at Home Depot: counseling, formal counseling, and termination. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 61; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 61. Moore delivered discipline notices to the associates, but the parties dispute whether Moore could issue notices and the degree to which Moore was active in terminating employees. Id. Moore could fill out a Performance Discussion Tracking Form to record his conversation with associates about their performance. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 62; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 62. Moore decided when to complete the form. Id. The parties dispute the extent to which, and the circumstances under which, Moore had the ability to suspend employees. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 63; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 63. Moore recalled that two or three occasions in which he either suspended an employee or sent them home early. Id. Moore could recommend that associates be terminated and his recommendations could have been followed. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 64; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 64. Moore was at least one of the people responsible for store safety and for ensuring that merchandise was secured at night. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 66; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 66. Moore was at least one of the people responsible for ensuring that the store was safe for both employees and customers to enter. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 67; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 67. Moore had the keys to the store, the store alarm codes, and the vault code. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 68; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 68. Moore served as MOD in both of the stores he worked at. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 70; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 70. When Moore was the only manager at the store, he was in charge of the entire store. Id. When Moore was MOD, he would walk the store for the length of time he was MOD. Id. Moore was the only manager in the store approximately ten to twelve hours per week. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 71; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 71. Moore opened or closed the store, depending on his assigned shift. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 72; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 72. When opening or closing the store, he would walk the store to ensure that there were no safety issues or unauthorized personnel. Id. The parties dispute whether Moore would prepare work lists based on these logs. Id. Moore would sometimes fill out a safety log. Id. Moore was at least one of the people who handled customer complaints. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 73; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 73. Moore might resolve customer complaint issues himself, escalate the issue, or delegate it to an associate or department supervisor to handle, although Moore asserts that department supervisors could handle complaints on their own. Id. Moore could determine whether to mark down merchandise for customers. Id. The parties dispute the extent to which Moore handled associate grievances, and whether he handled them on his own, or first brought the grievance to the attention of the Human Resource Manager. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 74; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 74. If an employee missed his or her time punch, Moore had the authority to approve of his or her Time and Attendance change forms. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 75; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 75. Moore participated in a weekly specialty conference call with other specialty managers in the district when he was a specialty manager. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 76; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 76. Moore was evaluated, in part, on his ability to meet department sales and shrink goals, profit and loss of his departments, and the gross margin of the store. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶77; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 77. Moore was also evaluated on his ability to teach department supervisors. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 78; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 78. At least when Moore was assigned only to merchandising departments and designated a MASM, he worked between 60 and 65 hours per week. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 81; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 81. At least when Moore was assigned to the specialty departments, he spent two hours per day reviewing and running the specialty reports and numbers. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 82; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 82. Moore spent approximately two hours per week performing store or department walks. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶83; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶83. Moore spent 45 minutes per week drafting task lists. Defi’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 84; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 84. Moore spent 35 minutes per week assigning work to associates. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 85; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 85. Moore spent one hour per week in staff meetings. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 86; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 86. Moore spent 50 minutes per week training and developing his staff. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 87; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 87. Moore spent 10 to 15 minutes per week talking to his department supervisors about the operation of their departments, and that he could talk and work at the same time. Def.’s 56(a)(1), Moore at ¶ 88; Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 88. Moore asserts that he spent the majority of his time as an employee on customer service and manual labor or other non-managerial tasks. Moore 56(a)(2) at ¶ 90, 91. Moore asserts that on a weekly basis he spent less than six hours on managerial tasks when he was a MASM and 16 hours on such tasks when he was an SASM. Id. at ¶ 94. Moore asserts that Home Depot’s stores were consistently understaffed. Id. at ¶ 96. Moore asserts that he had as an MASM essentially the same duties and responsibilities as department supervisors, except that he had to work more hours than they did. Id. at ¶ 101. Moore asserts that department supervisors were part of the management team and could serve as MOD. Id. at ¶ 102, 103. Moore asserts that Store Managers were responsible for the stores. Id. at ¶ 105. Moore asserts that department supervisors were directly responsible for supervising sales associates and for counseling and coaching sales associates, and participated in weekly manager meetings. Id. at ¶ 106-08. Moore asserts that the store manager made the ultimate determination regarding increases in pay for associates and department supervisors. Id. at ¶ 109. Moore asserts that he did not have the authority to hire or fire employees. Id. at ¶ 113, 114. Moore asserts that he did not make policy decisions for the store. Id. at ¶ 118. Moore asserts that he reported directly to his store manager and routinely received assignments from that person. Id. at ¶ 121-22. Moore asserts that he was required to work a minimum of 55 hours a week but frequently worked 60 to 65 hours per week when he was an MASM and 60 to 70 hours per week when he was an SASM. Id. at ¶ 123. IV. DISCUSSION The sole issue before the court is whether summary judgment is appropriate as to whether Costello and Moore were misclassified as exempt from the overtime requirements of the FLSA. Home Depot argues no issue of material fact exists as to this point and that both employees were properly classified as exempt under the “executive employee” provision of the FLSA. See Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment as to James Costello (“Def.’s Memo. Supp. Mot. Summ. J., Costello”) (Doc. No. 94) at 1; Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment as to Aron Moore (“Def.’s Memo. Supp. Mot. Summ. J., Moore”) (Doc. No. 100) at 1. The FLSA states that “no employer shall employ any of his employees ... for a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). This overtime pay requirement does not apply to “any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity.” 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). Though not specifically addressed in the Rule 56(a) statements, there is no dispute that Costello and Moore, in their capacities as MASMs, ASMs, and SASMs, are currently classified by Home Depot as exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay requirements or that Home Depot is an employer to which the FLSA applies. “Since this exemption provides an affirmative defense to overtime claims, the employer has the burden of proving that a plaintiff is an exempt ‘bona fide executive’ by a preponderance of the evidence.” Scott v. SSP America, Inc., No. 09-CV-4399 (RRM)(WP), 2011 WL 1204406, *6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2011) (citing Bilyou v. Dutchess Beer Distribs., Inc., 300 F.3d 217, 222 (2d Cir.2002)). “Exemptions to the FLSA are ‘narrowly construed against the employers seeking to assert them.’ ” Bilyou, 300 F.3d at 222 (quoting Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388, 392, 80 S.Ct. 453, 4 L.Ed.2d 393 (1960)). “The determination of whether an employee is exempt from the overtime requirements of the FLSA is a ‘highly fact intensive inquiry that must be made on a case-by-case basis in light of the totality of the circumstances.’ ” Scott, 2011 WL 1204406 at *6 (quoting Johnson v. Big Lots Stores, Inc., 604 F.Supp.2d 903, 908 (E.D.La.2009)). See also Indergit v. Rite Aid Corp., No. 08 Civ. 9361, 2010 WL 1327242, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2010) (“Many courts have held that resolving this difficult and intensive factual inquiry is inappropriate at summary judgment.”). The scope of the employee’s duties is a question of fact, but “the question of whether their particular activities excluded them from the overtime benefits of the FLSA is a question of law.” Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709, 714, 106 S.Ct. 1527, 89 L.Ed.2d 739 (1986). Under the “bona fide executive” exemption, as of 2004, federal regulations exempt an employee: (1) Compensated on a salary basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week ...; (2) Whose primary duty is management of the enterprise in which the employee is employed or of a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof; (3) Who customarily and regularly directs the work of two or more other employees; and (4) Who has the authority to hire or fire other employees or whose suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion or any other change of status of other employees are given particular weight. 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a). A. Costello The court first turns to Costello. The court will consider the four factors governing application of the executive exemption. 1. First Factor As to the first factor, concerning the rate of compensation, Costello does not dispute that this factor is satisfied as to him. See Costello’s Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Costello Memo Opp. Mot. Summ. J.”) (Doc. No. Ill) at 8 n. 7 (“Plaintiff does not contest that his salary satisfied this requirement.”). 2. Third Factor As to the third factor, concerning whether Costello customarily and regularly directed the work of two or more other employees, Costello does not appear to contest this fact. Costello’s opposition memorandum contains a footnote ostensibly related to this factor, but the substance of that footnote addresses another factor entirely. See Costello Memo Opp. Mot. Summ. J. at 8 n. 7. Accordingly, the court deems this third factor satisfied for the purposes of this Motion for Summary Judgment. 3. Fourth Factor The fourth factor concerns whether Costello had the authority to hire or fire other employees or whether his suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion, or any other change of status of other employees were given particular weight. The regulations state: To determine whether an employee’s suggestions and recommendations are given “particular weight,” factors to be considered include, but are not limited to, whether it is part of the employee’s job duties to make such suggestions and recommendations; the frequency with which such suggestions and recommendations are made or requested; and the frequency with which the employee’s suggestions and recommendations are relied upon. Generally, an executive’s suggestions and recommendations must pertain to employees whom the executive customarily and regularly directs. It does not include an occasional suggestion with regard to the change in status of a co-worker. An employee’s suggestions and recommendations may still be deemed to have “particular weight” even if a higher level manager’s recommendation has more importance and even if the employee does not have authority to make the ultimate decision as to the employee’s change in status. 29 C.F.R. § 541.105. Home Depot argues that the frequency of Costello’s input into the interviewing process (over 200 interviews at the Westerly store), his input into the promotion and salary raise process for subordinates, and the relatively high frequency with which his suggestions were followed suggest that this factor is satisfied. Costello contends (briefly, and in a footnote) that because he did not have the ultimate authority to make these decisions (something Home Depot does not dispute), a material issue of fact remains as to whether his recommendations were given particular weight. The court notes that the regulations state that the frequency with which an employee’s suggestions and recommendations are sought and relied upon are among the factors courts should consider when evaluating this factor. Here, Costello testified that 90 percent of his recommendations, which were relatively large in number, were ultimately agreed with. The court, however, notes the absence of affidavit testimony demonstrating that these recommendations actually had an impact on those receiving them. While such evidence is not absolutely necessary in order to grant a summary judgment motion, its absence fails to resolve the issue of material fact raised by Costello’s testimony that his opinions were not accorded particular weight by his supervisors. Drawing all inferences in favor of Costello, as the court must on Home Depot’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Home Depot has not established an absence of a material issue of fact as to this factor. 4. Second Factor The court now turns to the second factor, concerning whether Costello’s primary duty was management of the enterprise. As with the bulk of cases involving the executive exemption, it is this factor that is most hotly contested between the parties. Federal regulations provide further instructions with respect to the definitions of both “management” and “primary duty.” Before 2004, the regulations provided a list of duties that were generally understood to be managerial, including: Interviewing, selecting, and training of employees; setting and adjusting their rates of pay and hours of work; directing their work; maintaining their production or sales records for use in supervision or control; appraising their productivity and efficiency for the purpose of recommending promotions or other changes in their status; handling their complaints and grievances and disciplining them when necessary; planning the work; determining the techniques to be used; apportioning the work among the workers; determining the type of materials, supplies, machinery or tools to be used or merchandise to be bought, stocked and sold; controlling the flow and distribution of materials or merchandise and supplies; providing for the safety of the men and the property. 29 C.F.R. § 541.102(b) (2003). The 2004 regulations added three additional duties to this list, including “providing for the ... security of the employees or the property; planning and controlling the budget; and monitoring or implementing legal compliance measures.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.102. “ ‘Primary duty’ is defined by the regulations as ‘the principal, main, major or most important duty that the employee performs.’ To determine whether plaintiffs’ performance of these exempt activities constitutes their ‘primary duty,’ a court must consider ‘the character of an employee’s job as a whole.’ ” Mullins v. New York, 653 F.3d 104, 106 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a)). The pre-2004 explanation of primary duty included four factors a court should consider, in addition to “[t]he amount of time spent in the performance of the managerial duties,” including: the relative importance of the managerial duties as compared with other types of duties, the frequency with which the employee exercises discretionary powers, his relative freedom from supervision, and the relationship between his salary and the wages paid other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the supervisor. 29 C.F.R. § 541.103 (2003). The current statutes no longer mention “the frequency with which the employee exercises discretionary powers.” See 29 C.F.R. § 541.700. However, courts understand this factor to be incorporated into an analysis of an employee’s “relative freedom from supervision.” See, e.g., Morgan v. Family Dollar Stores, 551 F.3d 1233, 1270 n. 57 (11th Cir.2008) (“Having discretionary power is one aspect of freedom from supervision.”). Additionally, the regulations outlining the meaning of “primary duty” explain: Assistant managers in a retail establishment who perform exempt executive work such as supervising and directing the work of other employees, ordering merchandise, managing the budget and authorizing payment of bills may have management as their primary duty even if the assistant managers spend more than 50 percent of the time performing nonexempt work such as running the cash register. However, if such assistant managers are closely supervised and earn little more than the nonexempt employees, the assistant managers generally would not satisfy the primary duty requirement. 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(c). a. Relative Importance of Exempt Duties The court turns first to the question of the relative importance of the managerial duties that Costello undertook. Home Depot argues that Costello frequently performed managerial tasks as set out in 29 C.F.R. § 541.102, and that those tasks were Costello’s principal value to the company. Home Depot argues: [Costello] (1) interviewed between 200 and 300 candidates and helped select candidates for hire; (2) trained employees; (3) adjusted employee schedules; (4) provided input concerning employees’ rate of pay; (5) reviewed and analyzed various reports relevant to the management of his departments; (6) appraised productivity and efficiency and recommended several individuals for promotion; (7) handled both employee and customer complaints; (8) disciplined employees; (9) planned, assigned, and monitored work; (10) reviewed and approved product orders; (11) ensured the safety of the store; and (12) enforced Home Depot policy. Def.’s Memo. Supp. Mot. Summ. J., Costello at 16. Home Depot further contends that these duties constituted Costello’s principal value to Home Depot, which it claims is evident from the inherent import of the tasks performed (such as the periods during which Costello served as Manager on Duty), the rigor of the process of promotion and training that prepared Costello for his MASM duties, company performance evaluations that concentrated criticism on Costello’s more managerial duties, and Costello’s compensation arrangement, which involved the receipt of bonuses and stock options that were based on store sales. Id. at 22-25. Costello disputes this characterization, and argues: [T]he ultimate success or failure of the store did not hinge on Plaintiff performing his management duties, but the store would have failed if Plaintiff did not complete his non-managerial work. Indeed, it is clear from the testimony and other evidence on record that Plaintiff and other MASMs were expected to ... make sure the store was clean, that it was in stock and customers were served no matter how many hours it took them to accomplish all of those tasks. Costello Memo Opp. Mot. Summ. J. at 20. Unlike some of the other cases to consider the relative importance of an employee’s more managerial duties, here the court does not have any direct testimony from Home Depot officials as to how the company viewed the importance of the various tasks assigned to and carried out by Costello. Instead, the court is left to attempt to divine such conclusions, in part, from what can only be described as a somewhat intuitive assessment of what duties are critical to a large-scale retail operation. The Second Circuit, however, clearly contemplates courts making such assessments. In Donovan v. Burger King Corp., the court observed: [T]he record fully supports Judge Sifton’s finding that the principal responsibilities of Assistant Managers, in the sense of being most important or critical to the success of the restaurant, are managerial. Many of the employees themselves so testified and it is clear that the restaurants could not operate successfully unless the managerial functions of Assistant Managers, such as determining amounts of food to be prepared, running cash checks, scheduling employees, keeping track of inventory, and assigning employees to particular jobs, were performed. For that reason, as well as the fact that much of the oversight of the operation can be carried out simultaneously with the performance of non-exempt work, we believe the principal or most important work of these employees is managerial. Donovan v. Burger King Corp., 675 F.2d 516, 521 (2d Cir.1982). It is undisputed that Costello performed at least some