Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER MARK S. DAVIS, District Judge. This matter is before the Court following a Markman hearing, conducted for the purpose of construing nine disputed claim terms in the patents-in-suit. After careful consideration of the briefs submitted by the parties and the arguments advanced at the Markman hearing, the Court issues the following Opinion and Order detailing the claim constructions in this case. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY At issue in this case are six patents: U.S. Patent No. 7,899,492 (“the '492 patent”), U.S. Patent No. 8,050,711 (“the '711 patent”), U.S. Patent No. 8,145,268 (“the '268 patent”), U.S. Patent No. 8,224,381 (“the '381 patent”), U.S. Patent No. 7,957,-733 (“the '733 patent”), and U.S. Patent No. 8,135,398 (“the '398 patent”). All of the patents-in-suit claim priority to the '492 patent, which itself claimed priority to provisional application number 60/588,-359, filed on July 16, 2004. The '711, '268, and '381 patents are continuations of the '492 patent and all four share a substantively identical specification (“the '492 specification”). The '733 and '398 patents are continuations-in-part of the '492 patent; these two patents share a substantively identical specification, which includes all of the '492 specification, along with additional material (“the '733 specification”). Each of the patents-in-suit describes inventions intended to resolve the inconvenience and impracticability of viewing multimedia content on the small screens of mobile terminals. A. The '492 Patent Family The '492, '711, '268, and '381 patents (collectively, “the '492 patent family”) are each titled “Methods, Systems and Apparatus for Displaying Multimedia Information from Wireless Communication Networks.” Their shared specification and respective claims are directed toward methods, systems, apparatuses, and computer-readable mediums that can be utilized to convert multimedia signals appropriate for displaying content on a mobile terminal so as to render such content appropriate for display on an alternative display terminal. The '492 specification describes a “mobile terminal signal conversion module” (“MTSCM”). E.g., '492 Patent, 3:52-54. The MTSCM “processes signals to accommodate reproduction by an external device.” Id. at 3:58-59. To complete this process, the MTSCM “receives [a] video signal” and “processes the video signal to provide a converted video signal that has a display format and/or signal power level appropriate for an external display terminal that is separate” from the mobile terminal. Id. at 4:4-20. Figures 2 and 3 of the '492 specification provide two block diagrams of the MTSCM. Figure 2 “illustrates one modular breakdown for the components of the MTSCM.” Id. at 4:55-56. “The MTSCM includes a mobile terminal interface module, a signal conversion module, and an external device interface.” Id. at 5:9-11. “The mobile terminal interface module accommodates receiving the multimedia signal from the mobile terminal.” Id. at 5:12-13. “The signal conversion module is in communication with the mobile terminal interface module and thus accesses the received multimedia signal. The signal conversion module recognizes the multimedia signal format, and processes the multimedia signal to provide a converted signal.” Id. at 5:22-27. Finally, “[t]he external device interface is in communication with the signal conversion module and thus accesses the converted signal. The external device interface also allows connection to the external (e.g., display) device ... [and] may provide both the feeding of the converted signal to the external device, and driving the external device.” Id. at 5:34-40. Figure 3 is another block diagram illustrating an example of the MTSCM that “includes additional detail regarding the signal conversion aspect, and illustrates examples of differing types of external devices to which the MTSCM may provide converted signals.” Id. at 5:44-48. The MTSCM depicted “includes an interface/buffer module that is analogous to the previously described mobile terminal interface module” and in which “[t]he buffer and interfacing are configured to accommodate signal processing by the remaining elements.” Id. at 5:57-60. The MTSCM also includes a video compress decoder that “receives the multimedia signal” and “accommodates decompression of the received multimedia signal” through a “compression/decompression (CO-DEC) module.” Id. at 6:6-14. The video compress decoder “outputs a decompressed digital multimedia signal that is passed to the Digital Analog Video Encoder (DAVE) and/or the Digital/Digital Video Encoder (DDVE). The DAVE is configured to prepare signals for analog external display terminals, and the DDVE is configured to prepare signals for digital external display terminals.” Id. at 6:26-32. Both the DAVE and DDVE “receive the decompressed multimedia signal and convert the signals to the format(s) and signal power level(s) required for the terminals to which they interface.” Id. 6:32-36. Although described as a “module,” the MTSCM “may [also] be provided as software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof.” Id. at 4:45-47. And, “the described functionality may alternatively be provided by an MTSCM having fewer, greater, or differently named modules from those illustrated in the figures.” Id. at 4:57-60. Furthermore, although all components are shown to reside in a common location, they “may be separated such that portions of the overall functionality are respectively provided by the mobile terminal, separate intermediate housing, and/or the external display device.” Id. at 4:61-67 & 5:1-3. Finally, “the MTSCM may be independently housed separately from both the mobile terminal and external display terminal, with respective connections to other devices to provide a system configuration that includes the three pieces of hardware (mobile terminal, conversion box, external display terminal),” id. at 6:62-67, or it “may be located in either the mobile terminal or the external display,” id. at 7:7-8. B. The '733 Patent Family The '733 and '398 patents (collectively “the '733 patent family”) are both entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Multimedia Communications with Different User Terminals.” Their shared specification and respective claims are directed toward methods, systems, apparatuses, computer programs, and computer-readable mediums for providing “multimedia content to and from various different devices” through the conversion and sending or routing of such content. E.g., '733 patent 1:47-49. The '733 specification describes several different systems including an Internet content delivery system where the “[provision of Internet content is customized according to location”, id. at 5:39-9:13, a “systematical solution for mobile payment,” id. at 9:14-11:27, a system for “wireless management of tasks and corresponding alerts” for tasks such as “diaper management” or “home security monitoring,” id. at 11:28-14:42, and a “system with mobile terminal signal conversion,” id. at 14:43-19:57. For the “mobile terminal signal conversion” embodiments, the '733 family specification repeats the description and figures of the MTSCM from the '492 family specification. The '733 specification also describes a “control system for multimedia communications between different terminals” designed to implement the '733 patent family’s various applications. Id. at 19:58-60. The control system “receives, selects, converts, compresses, decompresses, and rout[e]s data” from one user terminal to another. Id. 20:17-19. The control system described provides both “a routing function and a connecting function, and functions bi-directionally,” in that it “provides for the transmission and receipt of content and converts such content in both directions depending upon the connected devices and corresponding protocols used by such devices.” Id. at 19:61-67. This “Management Center (MC) System” is depicted in Figure 16 of the '733 specification. Content received by the MC System is routed to various user terminals using a “data package that identifies the destination device.” Id. at 21:15-17. The destination device can be identified by a “unique device identifier” in the data package, or “by referencing portions of the received data package according to a predefined protocol.” Id. at 21:18-27. For example, “if the data package contains the identifier D^ it is determined that the communication is intended for the main television in the household.” Id. at 21:41-43. “The data transmission between an MC System and user terminals can be one-way or two-way,” but “the data transmitted is preferably bidirectional.” Id. at 25:30-39. In addition to the MC System, Figure 16 depicts a Centralized HUB System (“CHS”) that “communicates with the MC System and/or Internet and/or other networks.” Id. at 23:2-4. The CHS can “be built into a cable modem, TV set, top box, or other device” and “may perform the functions described for the MC system.” Id. at 23:4-8. Additionally, “[a]s shown in F[igure] 16, the CHS communicates with the Internet through ADSL or cable and cellular base stations through wireless connection. The consumer electronics items communicate with the CHS through wireless channels such as Bluetooth, UWB, NFC or wire line connection. [The] CHS is the center of this wireless communication system.” Id. at 23:23-28. Thus, the MC System receives and converts multimedia content for transmission to various user terminals and the CHS operates as the center of the wireless communication system for such terminals. Further, because the specification makes clear the CHS may also perform the tasks described for the MC System, it appears that the embodiments of the claimed invention include systems utilizing an MC System only, a CHS only, or both an MC System and CHS. See, e.g., id. at 21:24-26 (describing the process to “obtain formatting, address, or other information” as one that can be performed by “the MC System (and/or CHS)”). The '733 specification also describes “a process for directing a television to display content using signals received from a remote location through a cellular communications network.” Id. at 25:63-65. In this process, the MC System, the destination television, or a set-top box connected to the television is “equipped with processing capability for carrying out the signal conversion requirements, as described in detail ... regarding the MTSCM” disclosed in the '492 specification and again in the '733 specification. Id. at 26:6-9. The television or the set-top box is also “equipped to receive the signals wirelessly from a cellular base station and provide the corresponding conversion and direction to display the content on a given channel.” Id. at 25:67-26:3. “The process initiates upon receipt of video content through a cellular communications channel.” Id. at 26:22-23. “[T]he content as sent ... [is] formatted as required.... The MTSCM functionality converts such signals from the cellular network and related format to the format used by the television (e.g., SD or HD standards).” Id. at 26:28-32. “Finally, the television is directed to display the converted content on a predetermined channel,” such as “a tunable channel that is otherwise unused for other forms of content.” Id. at 26:41-44. C. Procedural History In the instant patent infringement action, plaintiff Virginia Innovation Sciences, Inc. (“VIS”) alleges that defendants Samsung Electronics Co., LTD, Samsung Electronics America, Inc., and Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC (collectively “Samsung”) have directly, indirectly, and willfully infringed the patents-in-suit by making, using, offering for sale, selling, and/or importing a wide range of accused products, including smartphones, tablets, Blue-ray players, and hubs. Samsung denies any infringement, either literal or under the doctrine of equivalents, and asserts several affirmative defenses, including invalidity of all patents-in-suit, prosecution history estoppel, and other equitable doctrines. Additionally, Samsung alleges counterclaims seeking declarations of non-infringement and invalidity for each of the patents-in-suit. The Court held its Markman hearing in this matter on June 11, 2013 at which it heard argument concerning the disputed claim terms reviewed below. Since this hearing, there have been numerous filings in this matter and several motions remain pending before the Court, in various stages of briefing. The Court does not address such matters here, but instead discusses only the proper construction of the disputed claim terms argued at the June 11, 2013 Markman hearing. II. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE In Markman v. Westview Instruments, the United States Supreme Court succinctly explained the basis for, and importance of, claim construction: The Constitution empowers Congress “[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” Art. I, § 8, cl. 8. Congress first exercised this authority in 1790, when it provided for the issuance of “letters patent,” Act of Apr. 10, 1790, ch. 7, § 1, 1 Stat. 109, which, like their modern counterparts, granted inventors “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing the patented invention,” in exchange for full disclosure of an invention, H. Schwartz, Patent Law and Practice 1, 33 (2d ed.1995). It has long been understood that a patent must describe the exact scope of an invention and its manufacture to “secure to [the patentee] all to which he is entitled, [and] to apprise the public of what is still open to them.” McClain v. Ortmayer, 141 U.S. 419, 424, 12 S.Ct. 76, 35 L.Ed. 800 (1891). Under the modern American system, these objectives are served by two distinct elements of a patent document. First, it contains a specification describing the invention “in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art ... to make and use the same.” 35 U.S.C. § 112; see also 3 E. Lipscomb, Walker on Patents § 10:1, pp. 183-184 (3d ed. 1985) (Lipscomb) (listing the requirements for a specification). Second, a patent includes one or more “claims,” which “particularly poin[t] out and distinctly clai[m] the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.” 35 U.S.C. § 112. “A claim covers and secures a process, a machine, a manufacture, a composition of matter, or a design, but never the function or result of either, nor the scientific explanation of their operation.” 6 Lipscomb § 21.17, at 315-316. The claim “define[s] the scope of a patent grant,” 3 id. § 11:1, at 280, and functions to forbid not only exact copies of an invention, but products that go to “the heart of an invention but avoids the literal language of the claim by making a noncritical change,” Schwartz, supra, at 82____ Characteristically, patent lawsuits charge what is known as infringement, Schwartz, supra, at 75, and rest on allegations that the defendant “without authority ma[de], use[d] or [sold the] patented invention, within the United States during the term of the patent therefor....” 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). Victory in an infringement suit requires a finding that the patent claim “covers the alleged infringer’s product or process,” which in turn necessitates a determination of “what the words in the claim mean.” Schwartz, supra, at 80; see also 3 Lipscomb § 11:2, at 288-290. Markman v. Westview Instruments, 517 U.S. 370, 373-74, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). It is well-settled that a determination of infringement requires a two-step analysis: “First, the court determines the scope and meaning of the patent claims asserted” and second, “the properly construed claims are compared to the allegedly infringing device.” Cybor Corp. v. FAS Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1454 (Fed.Cir.1998) (en banc) (citing Markman, 517 U.S. at 371-73, 116 S.Ct. 1384). In conducting this analysis, it must be remembered that “[i]t is a ‘bedrock principle’ of patent law that ‘the claims of a patent define the invention to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.’ ” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312 (Fed.Cir.2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Systems, Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1115 (Fed.Cir.2004)); see Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1996) (“First, we look to the words of the claims themselves, both asserted and nonasserted, to define the scope of the patented invention.”). A. Claim Construction Principles Focusing on the first step of the infringement analysis, the Federal Circuit has repeatedly stated that “the words of a claim ‘are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning,”’ and that “the ordinary and customary meaning of a claim term is the meaning that the term would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the invention.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312-13 (quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582). This provides “an objective baseline from which to begin claim interpretation” and is based upon “the well-settled understanding that inventors are typically persons skilled in the field of the invention and that patents are addressed to and intended to be read by others of skill in the pertinent art.” Id. at 1313. As noted by the Federal Circuit: It is the person of ordinary skill in the field of the invention through whose eyes the claims are construed. Such person is deemed to read the words used in the patent documents with an understanding of their meaning in the field, and to have knowledge of any special meaning and usage in the field. The inventor’s words that are used to describe the invention — the inventor’s lexicography — must be understood and interpreted by the court as they would be understood and interpreted by a person in that field of technology. Thus the court starts the decisionmaking process by reviewing the same resources as would that person, viz., the patent specification and the prosecution history. Id. (quoting Multiform Desiccants, Inc. v. Medzam, Ltd., 133 F.3d 1473, 1477 (Fed. Cir.1998)). However, “‘[i]n some cases, the ordinary meaning of claim language as understood by a person of skill in the art may be readily apparent even to lay judges, and claim construction in such cases involves little more than the application of the widely accepted meaning of commonly understood words.’ ” Acumed LLC v. Stryker Corp., 483 F.3d 800, 805 (Fed.Cir.2007) (quoting Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314). Finally, when construing claim terms and phrases, the Court cannot add or subtract words from the claims or appeal to “abstract policy considerations” to broaden or narrow their scope. Smith-Kline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 403 F.3d 1331, 1339-40 (Fed.Cir.2005); see Quantum Corp. v. Rodime, PLC, 65 F.3d 1577, 1584 (Fed.Cir.1995) (“[I]t is well settled that no matter how great the temptations of fairness or policy making, courts do not redraft claims.”). B. Types of Evidence to Be Considered In determining the meaning of disputed terms or phrases, the Court must first examine the claims themselves. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312 (quoting Innova/Pure Water, 381 F.3d at 1115); see also Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582 (“[W]e look to the words of the claims themselves ... to define the scope of the patented invention.”). Indeed the Federal Circuit has stated that “the claims themselves,” both asserted and unasserted, can be “valuable sources of enlightenment as to the meaning of a claim term,” in part because “claim terms are normally used consistently throughout the patent.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. Furthermore, differences in claims can also be enlightening, “[flor example, the presence of a dependent claim that adds a particular limitation gives rise to a presumption that the limitation in question is not present in the independent claim.” Id. at 1314-15. The claims, however, “do not stand alone” and “ ‘must be read in view of the specification, of which they are a part.’ ” Id. at 1315 (quoting Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 979 (Fed. Cir.1995) (en banc)); see also Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582 (“[T]he specification is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis. Usually, it is dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.”); Multiform Desiccants, 133 F.3d at 1478 (“The best source for understanding a technical term is the specification from which it arose, informed, as needed, by the prosecution history.”). The specification, as required by statute, describes the manner and process of making and using the patented invention, and “[t]hus claims must be construed so as to be consistent with the specification....” Merck & Co. v. Teva Pharms. USA Inc., 347 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed.Cir.2003); see 35 U.S. § 112 (establishing the requirement that the specification describe the invention in “full, clear, concise, and exact terms ... ”). The Federal Circuit and Supreme Court have thus long emphasized the specification’s important role in claim construction, noting that, usually, the specification “is dispositive,” as it is “the single best guide to the meaning of the disputed term.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1315 (quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582); see Markman, 517 U.S. at 389, 116 S.Ct. 1384 (referencing the “standard construction rule that a term can be defined only in a way that comports with the instrument as a whole”); Multiform Desiccants, 133 F.3d at 1478. In addition to the claims and specification, the Court should consider the prosecution history, which consists of the complete record of the proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”), including the prior art cited during the examination of the patent and any subsequent reexaminations. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. The prosecution history “provides evidence of how the PTO and the inventor understood the patent” and “can often inform the meaning of the claim language by demonstrating how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim scope narrower than it would otherwise be.” Id. (citing Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582-83); see Chimie v. PPG Indus., Inc., 402 F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed.Cir.2005) (indicating that the purpose of consulting the prosecution history as part of claim construction is to exclude any disclaimed interpretation). “At the same time, because prosecution history represents an ongoing negotiation between the PTO and the inventor, ‘it often lacks the clarity of the specification and thus is less useful for claim construction purposes.’ ” Trading Technologies Int'l, Inc. v. eSpeed, Inc., 595 F.3d 1340, 1352 (Fed.Cir.2010) (quoting Netcraft Corp. v. eBay, Inc., 549 F.3d 1394, 1401 (Fed.Cir.2008)). The Court may also examine extrinsic evidence, which includes “all evidence external to the patent and prosecution history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises.” Markman, 52 F.3d at 980. Expert testimony can be useful: to provide background on the technology at issue, to explain how an invention works, to ensure that the court’s understanding of the technical aspects of the patent is consistent with that of a person of skill in the art, or to establish that a particular term in the patent or the pri- or art has a particular meaning in the pertinent field. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1318; see also Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 182 F.3d 1298, 1308-09 (Fed.Cir.1999). Technical dictionaries may also provide the Court with a better understanding of the underlying technology and the way in which one of skill in the art might use the claim terms. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1318; see also Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1584 n. 6. General usage dictionaries may also be consulted, as they are at times “useful to assist in understanding the commonly understood meaning of words.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1322. Specifically, “[a] dictionary definition has the value of being an unbiased source ‘accessible to the public in advance of litigation.’ ” Id. (quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1585). However, the Federal Circuit cautions that “ ‘a general-usage dictionary cannot overcome art-specific evidence of the meaning’ of a claim term,” that “the use of the dictionary may extend patent protection beyond what should properly be afforded by the inventor’s patent,” and that “[t]here is no guarantee that a term is used in the same way in a treatise as it would be by the patentee.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1322 (quoting Vanderlande Indus. Nederland BV v. I.T.C., 366 F.3d 1311, 1321 (2004)). Additionally, “different dictionaries may contain somewhat different sets of definitions for the same words. A claim should not rise or fall based upon the preferences of a particular dictionary editor, or the court’s independent decision, uninformed by the specification, to rely on one dictionary rather than another.” Id. Thus, “while extrinsic evidence ‘can shed useful light on the relevant art,’ ... it is ‘less significant than the intrinsic record in determining “the legally operative meaning of claim language.”’” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317 (quoting C.R. Bard, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 388 F.3d 858, 862 (Fed.Cir.2004)). With the foregoing principles in mind, the Court will now examine the patents and the disputed claim terms. III. ANALYSIS OF THE DISPUTED CLAIM TERMS In advance of the Markman hearing conducted by this Court, the parties submitted a joint claim construction and prehearing statement that included three (3) agreed upon claim terms and nine (9) disputed claim terms. The Court adopts the parties’ stipulated constructions of the agreed upon terms and addresses each of the disputed claim terms herein. 1. “mobile terminal” a. Proposed Constructions VIS: hand-held mobile device such as a cellular phone or personal digital assistant, not a desktop or laptop computer Samsung: a portable cellular-equipped device b. Discussion VIS’s construction of this term is derived from a portion of the '492 specification, repeated in the '733 specification, that attempts to define the disputed term. Samsung proposes a more limited construction, based on the embodiments listed in the specifications, that requires that all “mobile terminals” be “cellular-equipped,” or capable of receiving communications from a cellular communications network. At the Markman hearing, the parties agreed that a proper construction of this disputed term would include the descriptors “device” and “portable.” They disagreed as to what further limitations, if any, were appropriate based on the intrinsic and extrinsic evidence. Before considering this question, the Court first addresses the argument that the patentee’s attempted definition of this term should control. Patent law allows a patentee to be a lexicographer, meaning that he may “use terms in a manner other than their ordinary meaning.” Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582. However, “[t]o act as its own lexicographer, a patentee must ‘clearly set forth a definition of the disputed claim term’ other than its plain and ordinary meaning.” Thorner v. Sony Computer Entm’t Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed.Cir.2012) (quoting CCS Fitness, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed.Cir.2002)). Any special meaning must appear with “reasonable clarity, deliberateness, and precision” in the specification or prosecution history. Abbott Labs. v. Syntron Bioresearch, Inc., 334 F.3d 1343, 1354 (Fed.Cir.2003) (emphasis omitted) (quoting In re Paulsen, 30 F.3d 1475, 1480 (Fed.Cir.1994)). “And ‘[w]here the specification makes clear that the invention does not include a particular feature, that feature is deemed to be outside ... the patent,’ even if the terms might otherwise be broad enough to cover that feature.” Medtronic Inc. v. Boston Scientific Corp., 695 F.3d 1266, 1275 (Fed.Cir.2012) (quoting Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1366). The '492 specification and the '733 specification both provide that: As used herein, mobile terminal refers to typically hand-held mobile devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants. Although these devices include an execution platform as well as input and display capabilities, such devices are distinguished from personal computers, such as desktop or laptop computers, which are not designed for convenient handheld usage. E.g., '492 patent, 4:37-43; '733 patent, 16:5-11 (emphasis added). Thus, the specifications evince the patentee’s deliberate attempt to define this disputed term. See 3M Innovative Props. Co. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 350 F.3d 1365, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2003) (concluding that the patentee acted as its own lexicographer when the specification “expressly state[d] that ‘ “embossed” means ...’”); Abbott Labs., 334 F.3d at 1354-55 (finding an intent to define a disputed term when the specification introduced the term with the phrase, “[a]s used herein,” but rejecting the definition as lacking reasonable clarity and precision). However, the patentee’s attempted definition is stated only in exemplary terms. E.g., '492 patent, 4:37-43 (defining “mobile terminal,” as “referfing] typically to hand-held mobile devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants” and excluding “personal computers, such as desktop or laptop computers” (emphases added)). Such definition is not stated with reasonable clarity and precision because it discloses only examples of devices that fall within its scope and examples of those that are excluded. See Abbott Labs., 334 F.3d at 1355 (“Because the specification provides two alternative definitions for the term at issue, the specification does not define the claim term in the manner required.”). Because the patentee failed to clearly and precisely define this claim term in the specifications, the Court gives the term its ordinary and customary meaning. See Elekta Instrument S.A. v. O.U.R. Scientific Intern., Inc., 214 F.3d 1302, 1307 (Fed. Cir.2000) (requiring a patentee acting as his own lexicographer to evince “express intent to impart a novel meaning” and to “clearly redefine [the] claim term” and noting that, when these requirements are not met, “claim terms take on their ordinary meaning”). The parties have agreed that a “mobile terminal” is a “portable device.” See Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed.Cir.1999) (noting that the court need only construe claims in controversy “to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy”). However, they disagree as to what further limitations should be included in the construction of this claim term. Their main dispute is whether the term is limited to cellular-equipped devices. Reviewing the claims and specifications, the Court finds little counseling for or against Samsung’s proposed limitation. The claims describe the mobile terminal receiving “video signals” from both “cellular communications network[s]” and “wireless network communieation[s].” See, e.g., '492 patent, 8:30-33; '268 patent, 8:32-35. The specifications further provide that these networks “include but are not limited to a cellular communications network or a wireless local area network.” E.g., '492 patent, 3:39-41. The fact that a mobile terminal may receive multimedia content from various networks does not indicate whether it must have the capacity to receive such content from a specific type of network. It is likewise not clear from the claims and specifications, as VIS contends, that limiting this claim term to “portable cellular-equipped devices” would exclude preferred embodiments. Pl.’s Opening Claim Construction Br. 8, ECF No. 64 (citing SynQor, Inc. v. Artesyn Tech., Inc., 709 F.3d 1365, at 1378-79 (Fed.Cir.2013)). Samsung argues that its proposed limitation is supported by the '492 patent’s prosecution history, in which the patentee allegedly distinguished “mobile terminals” from prior art on the basis that the prior art disclosed devices that were “not configured to receive the claimed video signal in a cellular network communication,” that is, that such devices were not cellular-equipped. Defs.’ Opening Claim Construction Br. (“Defs.’ Opening Br.”) Ex. L at VIS-001367, ECF No. 65. The prosecution history can inform the meaning of claim language if it demonstrates “how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim scope narrower than it would otherwise be.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317 (citing Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582-83). To limit the meaning of a claim term, however, the patentee must make “a clear and unmistakable disavowal of scope during prosecution,” by, for example, “explicitly characterizing] an aspect of his invention in a specific manner to overcome prior art.” Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Endo Pharms. Inc., 438 F.3d 1123, 1136 (Fed.Cir.2006). Here, Samsung argues that VIS limited this claim term to cellular-equipped devices during the prosecution of the '492 patent, in which the patentee distinguished “mobile terminals” from prior art — U.S. Pub. No. 2004/0177376 to Caspi et al. (“Caspi”) — that disclosed “a search system for controlling a digital personal video stream manager, or DPVSM.” Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. L at VIS-001366, ECF No. 65. The DPVSM “receive[d] content through the home network subsystem, via a LAN connection, so that it [could] receive and display digital content ... received by and made available through the home network subsystem,” which Caspi disclosed could be “controlled by a personal computer.” Id. During the '492 patent prosecution, the patentee first distinguished the personal computer disclosed in Caspi on the basis that it was “not configured to receive the claimed video signal in a cellular network communication that is sent to the mobile terminal.” Id. at VIS-001366. Although this initial distinction appears to be grounded in the device’s ability to receive content from a cellular network communication, the references that follow make clear that the patentee distinguished Caspi on both the absence of a mobile terminal and the type of communications network involved. Specifically, the patentee emphasized that the computer disclosed in Caspi received content through “a conventional home broadband network environment,” implemented by “conventional Local Area Network communications ... (whether wireless or wired)” and that such method of receipt “is clearly no example of a mobile terminal receiving a video signal in a cellular network communication.” Id. at VIS-001367 (emphasis in original). The patentee concluded: “Caspi thus discloses neither the mobile terminal nor the type of mobile terminal communications claimed.” Id. (emphases added); see also id. at VTS-001368 (“[S]ince Caspi does not disclose a mobile terminal, or receiving video signal from the claimed cellular network communication, it cannot possibly disclose [the claimed] conversion [process].” (emphasis added)). Viewing Samsung’s proposed limitation in light of all of the patentee’s statements during the '492 patent prosecution, the Court concludes that the patentee did not make “a clear and unmistakable disavowal” of all devices lacking the ability to receive communications from a cellular communications network. Purdue Pharma, 438 F.3d at 1136. Rather, as VIS contends, the patentee distinguished Caspi on the basis that it did not disclose a mobile terminal and on the basis that the computer disclosed in Caspi was “not configured to receive the claimed video signal in a cellular network communication that is sent to the mobile terminal.” Pl.’s Resp. Claim Construction Br. (“PL’s Resp. Markman Br.”) 17, ECF No. 69 (quoting Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. L at VIS-001366, ECF No. 65). Therefore, the intrinsic record does not support Samsung’s proposed limitation of this claim term to “cellular-equipped” devices. The Court has considered Samsung’s proffered technical dictionary definitions for “mobile phone,” incorporating the definition for “cellular communications,” and “cellular mobile radio telephone.” Defs.’ Opening Br. Exs. M & N, ECF No. 65. However, the Court does not find such extrinsic evidence particularly instructive to its analysis, especially when the intrinsic record fails to disclose the proposed limitation. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1320-22 (cautioning against over reliance on dictionary definitions when construing disputed terms). For the above reasons, the Court concludes that the claim term, “mobile terminal,” is not limited to cellular-equipped devices. However, the Court agrees with the parties that some further description or limitation of this claim term — beyond the agreed — to “portable device” — is necessary. Although the Court has determined that the patentee’s attempted definition of this claim term lacks sufficient clarity and precision, the Court considers the characteristics set forth in that definition when determining the term’s plain and ordinary meaning. See Aventis Pharms. Inc. v. Amino Chem. Ltd., 715 F.3d 1363, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2013) (“The specification provides the ‘best source’ for construing a claim term and determining the inventor’s intent regarding use.” (quoting Multiform Desiccants, 133 F.3d at 1478)). First, the patentee’s attempted definition describes “typically handheld mobile devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants.” E.g., '492 patent, 4:37-39. VIS initially proposed a construction that included the limitation “handheld.” Samsung opposed this limitation as ambiguous. At the Markman hearing, the Court inquired as to the propriety of certain size limitations, drawn from the background sections of the specifications. See, e.g., '492 patent 1:47-2:6 (describing the problems associated with the “limited size (e.g., 2x3") and capability of the mobile terminal screen” and offering a solution to such “display limitations”). Neither party supported the importation of such specific size limitations. Instead, VIS proposed an alternative limitation, drawn from the patentee’s attempted definition, “convenient for handheld usage.” Hr’g Tr. 56-57, June 11, 2013, ECF No. 92; e.g., '492 patent, 4:43. Based on the context of this limitation, the Court agrees that the proper construction of this term includes a requirement that “mobile terminals” be “convenient for handheld usage.” Specifically, by distinguishing “desktop or laptop computers” from the claimed “mobile terminals,” the patentee made “clear that the invention does not include a particular feature,” that is, the feature of being inconvenient for handheld usage. Medtronic, 695 F.3d at 1275 (quoting Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1366) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also '492 patent, 4:39-43. If all devices that are inconvenient for handheld usage (including laptops and desktop computers) are expressly excluded from the claim term, then the proper construction must include a limitation that the portable device be convenient for handheld usage. Second, and in the same vein, the specifications make clear that this claim term excludes “personal computers.” E.g., '492 patent, 4:39-43 (“[S]ueh devices are distinguished from personal computers, such as desktop or laptop computers, which are not designed for convenient handheld usage.”). When “the specification reveals ‘an intentional disclaimer, or disavowal, of claim scope by the inventor, ‘the scope of the claim, ‘as expressed in the specification, is regarded as dispositive.’ ” SkinMedica, Inc. v. Histogen Inc., 727 F.3d 1187, 1195-96 (Fed.Cir.2013) (quoting Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316). Although the Court may not import limitations from the specification into the claim, it “can rely on the specification ‘to understand what the patentee has claimed and disclaimed.’” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting SafeTCare Mfg., Inc. v. Tele-Made, Inc., 497 F.3d 1262, 1270 (Fed.Cir.2007)). Accordingly, the Court concludes that a proper construction of this claim term expressly excludes personal computers. The Court does not, however, construe this claim term to include the examples set forth in the patentee’s attempted definition. The Court must “avoid importing limitations from the specification into the claims.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1323. To do so, the Court must “keep in mind that the purposes of the specification are to teach and enable those of skill in the art to make and use the invention and to provide the best mode for doing so.” Id. (citing Spectra-Physics, Inc. v. Coherent, Inc., 827 F.2d 1524, 1533 (Fed.Cir.1987)). “One of the best ways to teach a person of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use the invention is to provide an example of how to practice the invention in a particular case.” Id. When such examples are provided, the Court must determine whether the cited embodiments “define the outer limits of the claim term or merely [are] exemplary in nature.” Id. “The manner in which the patentee uses a term within the specification and claims usually will make the distinction apparent.” Id. (citing Snow v. Lake Shore & M.S. Ry. Co., 121 U.S. 617, 630, 7 S.Ct. 1343, 30 L.Ed. 1004 (1887)). Here, the patentee’s attempted definition includes two examples of devices that are “mobile terminals” (cellular phones and personal digital assistants) and two examples of devices that are not (desktop or laptop computers). E.g., '492 patent, 4:37-43. These embodiments do not appear to “define the outer limits” of the claim term, but instead are exemplary. Although VIS’s proposed construction of the term counsels for their inclusion, VIS cites no authority for this approach. Indeed, such proposals have traditionally been rejected, based on Phillips. See, e.g., Layne Christensen Co. v. Bro-Tech Corp., No. 09-2381-JWL, 2011 WL 3022445, at *5 (D.Kan. July 22, 2011); see also Plant Equip., Inc. v. Intrado, Inc., No. 2:09-CV-395-JRG, 2012 WL 1468594, at *11 (E.D.Tex. Apr. 27, 2012). Additionally, the Court observes that the inclusion of such examples might suggest to the factfinder that there are additional unspecified device characteristics, not included in the Court’s construction, relevant to the determination of whether an accused product falls within the scope of the proposed construction. See Every Penny Counts, Inc. v. Am. Express Co., 563 F.3d 1378, 1383 (Fed.Cir.2009) (citing O2 Micro Intern. Ltd. v. Beyond Innovation Tech. Co., 521 F.3d 1351, 1361-62 (Fed.Cir.2008)) (observing that it is the court’s obligation “to ensure that questions of the scope of patent claims are not left to the jury”). Accordingly, the Court does not construe this claim term to include a non-exhaustive list of exemplary embodiments. Having carefully considered the parties’ proposed constructions and the arguments advanced at the Markman hearing, particularly with reference to the intrinsic record, the Court adopts the below construction of “mobile terminal.” c. Construction A portable device convenient for hand-held usage, excluding personal computers 2. “housing” a. Proposed Constructions VIS: a separate device, outside the mobile terminal VIS Alternative: a separate enclosed device, outside the mobile terminal Samsung: enclosure b. Discussion This disputed claim term is found only in the dependent claims of the '268 and '381 patents. See, e.g., '268 patent, 8:61-62; '381 patent, 9:14-18. The parties agreed at the Markman hearing that the claim term should be construed as an “enclosure” that is outside the mobile terminal. However, they disagreed as to whether the claimed enclosure should be construed as a separate device or merely as a covering or shell. Samsung contends that the language of several dependent claims requires the Court to construe this claim term as a mere enclosure; specifically, that the dependent claims “wherein the conversion device resides in a housing of the alternative display terminal” preclude a construction of “housing” as a device. E.g., '268 patent, 8:61-62; '381 patent, 10:5-7. The Court does not read the claim language to require such a limited construction. First, the claims cited by Samsung in support of their proposed construction do not disclose the proper construction of the disputed claim term. Rather, they indicate that an alternative display terminal can have a “housing” and that the conversion device (MTSCM) can reside in that “housing.” See, e.g., '268 patent, 8:61-62, 9:44-46; '381 patent, 8:62-63. The relationship of this disputed term vis-a-vis other claim terms is instructive, but, alone, does not require the limited construction that Samsung proposes. Indeed, the language of the '381 patent’s dependent claims, and of the specifications, indicates the “housing” is, as VIS contends, a device. Unlike the brief descriptions of this term cited by Samsung, several dependent claims in the '381 patent describe the “housing,” in detail, as an active and integral part of the claimed video signal conversion process. Specifically: 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile terminal receives the video signal sent from the wireless network communication, provides the video signal to a housing through a housing interface, such that the said receiving of the video signal is through the housing interface of the housing. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a housing having a housing interface is configured to interface with the mobile terminal, and wherein the housing provides the converted video signal to the alternative display terminal through the HDMI. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein at least a portion of said processing the video signal occurs in the housing. '381 patent, 9:14-18, 9:33-37, and 9:38-39 (emphases added). See also id. at 10:26-31, 10:39-43, 11:21-12:3, 12:13-17, and 12:18-19 (describing nearly identical dependent claims which depend from other independent claims). Thus, the majority of the claims that use the disputed term contemplate a device capable of receiving and transmitting video signals and, in some embodiments, processing such signals. A construction limiting the term “housing” to mean “enclosure,” specifically excluding or without reference to such capabilities, is insufficient. VIS’s proposed construction, “device,” therefore, better conveys the meaning of the claim term. Samsung attempts to distinguish the '381 patent’s detailed descriptions of this claim term on the ground that the '268 patent’s earlier references to “a device within a housing” foreclose any construction of this term as something other than an “enclosure.” Defs.’ Reply Claim Construction Br. (“Defs.’ Reply Marhman Br.”) 24, ECF No. 70. Samsung acknowledges that such a construction will render some of VIS’s claims technically deficient. Id. at 23. But Samsung contends that the Court cannot use claim construction to correct VIS’s alleged drafting error (and misuse of this claim term) so as to preserve the validity of later dependent claims. Id. (quoting Pfizer, Inc. v. Ranbaxy Labs. Ltd., 457 F.3d 1284, 1292 (Fed.Cir.2006)). As noted above, however, the dependent claims on which Samsung relies do not require the limited construction it proposes. Nor is Samsung’s proposed limitation supported by the specifications, which, importantly, are substantively identical across the '268 and '381 patents. In describing the functionality of the MTSCM as depicted in Figure 1, the specifications observe that “[i]n the illustrated embodiment, a mobile terminal signal conversion module (MTSCM) resides within a separate housing, outside the cellular phone.” E.g., '268 patent, 3:55-57. The specifications continue: “The cellular phone is connected to the MTSCM. This may be accommodated by a cable connection that interfaces the cellular phone to the MTSCM housing. Through this connection, the MTSCM receives the video signal from the cellular phone.” E.g., '268 patent, 4:4-8 (emphasis added). Finally, “following the signal conversion, the MTSCM provides the converted video signal to the external display terminal,” a process that “may be accommodated through a connection between the MTSCM housing and the external display terminal as shown.” E.g., '268 patent, 4:33-39. Similarly, in describing Figure 2, the specifications note that “the overall functionality of the MTSCM may be separated such that portions of the overall functionality are respectively provided by the mobile terminal, separate intermediate housing, and/or the external display device.” Id. at 5:2-6 (emphasis added). Thus, like the bulk of the claims including this term, the specifications contemplate a device capable of receiving and transmitting video signals and, in some embodiments, performing at least some portion of the claimed conversion process. Based on the claims and specifications, the Court concludes that this term is properly construed to be a “device.” This conclusion is not undermined by the fact that the specifications also use the term “intermediate device” in describing the claimed process. Although different words in a patent are generally assigned different meanings, any inference arising from the use of such distinct terms may be discounted if the terms “are very similar in meaning.” Innova/Pure Water, 381 F.3d at 1119-20 (rejecting distinct constructions of the terms “connected” and “associated”). Here, it is clear that the specifications use the terms “housing” and “intermediate device” interchangeably. Additionally, although modules as shown to reside in a common location, it is noted that the functionality may reside in separate components of a system that includes a mobile terminal, an external monitor, and (optionally) an intermediate device housing the MTSCM and interfacing the mobile terminal and external monitor. In other words, the overall functionality of the MTSCM may be separated such that portions of the overall functionality are respectively provided by the mobile terminal, separate intermediate housing, and/or the external display device. '381 patent, 4:64-5:6 (emphases added). When terms lack discernibly different meanings, “the patentee [may have simply] used different words to express similar concepts, even though” doing so is a “confusing drafting practice.” Innova/Pure Water, 381 F.3d at 1120 (citing Bancorp Servs., LLC v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 359 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2004) (noting that the correspondence between a reference in a claim and one in the portion of the specification related to that claim “provides substantial support” for the “contention that, as used in the patent, the terms ... are equivalent”)). Here, although the claims and specification employ different terms — device and housing — the claims and specifications appear to assign those terms very similar meanings. Accordingly, the Court construes “housing” as “device” regardless of the fact that the terms are grammatically distinct. Having carefully considered the parties’ proposed constructions and the arguments advanced at the Markman hearing, particularly with reference to the intrinsic record, the Court adopts the below construction of “housing.” c. Construction An enclosed device outside the mobile terminal 3. “converted video signal” a. Proposed Constructions VIS: Plain and ordinary meaning. No construction required. Samsung: a video signal where the underlying video content has been changed to be appropriate for display on the alternative display b. Discussion The crux of the parties’ dispute respecting this term is whether a “converted video signal” requires some change to the underlying video content. VIS maintains that this term does not require construction because, as used in the specification, the term simply requires that the video signal has changed. Samsung argues for a narrow construction requiring some change to the underlying video content, based on the prosecution history. VIS maintains that Samsung’s construction is improper because it would exclude all embodiments of the claims at issue and because it is based on a misinterpretation of statements reflected in the prosecution history of the '492 patent. The Court concludes that Samsung’s proposed construction is inconsistent with the plain language of all independent claims in the '492, '711, '268, and '381 patents and is not clearly required by the prosecution history and, therefore, should be rejected. The term “converted video signal” is used in several of the '492, '711, '268, and '381 patents’ independent and dependent claims. Although it is referenced twice in the corresponding specifications, the term is not further defined in either the claims or the specification. In determining the proper construction of this disputed term, the Court looks first to the claims themselves, considering not only the use of the same term across claims, but also “the context of the surrounding words.” ACTV, Inc. v. Walt Disney, Co., 346 F.3d 1082, 1088 (Fed.Cir.2003); see also Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. The independent claims in the '492, '711, '268, and '381 patents describe methods, systems, apparatuses, computer memories storing program code, and non-transitory computer readable mediums storing program code that contemplate the receiving, processing, and providing of video signals to accommodate the reproduction of video content by an alternative display terminal. See '492 patent, 8:26-50, 9:10-31, and 10:6-29; '711 patent, 8:26-44, 8:62-9:15, and 9:36-10:10; '268 patent, 8:29-50, 9:12-33, 10:10-29; '381 patent, 8:30-51, 9:40-61, and 10:44-63 (collectively, “'492 family independent claims”). The context of these claims suggest that a “converted video signal” does not require some change to the underlying video content. First, all of the '492 family independent claims expressly distinguish “video signals” from “video content.” See, e.g., '492 patent, 8:26-31 (describing “[a] method comprising: receiving by a conversion module a video signal appropriate for displaying a video content on a mobile terminal). Generally, different words in a patent are construed as having different meanings, unless the intrinsic evidence reveals that the words are given very similar meanings. See Innova/Pure Water, 381 F.3d at 1119-20. Here, the plain language of the claims contemplate that the video signal supports the display of the video content, and thus that the two terms have different meanings. Nothing in the claims or specifications counsels otherwise. Second, the plain language of the claims also indicates that the video content is not changed during the claimed signal conversion processes. Generally, if a patent repeatedly employs the same word, that word is presumed to have the same meaning. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. The claims use the same term, “video content,” to describe the content displayed both before and after the claimed conversion processes. See, e.g., '492 patent, 8:26-50 (describing first the receipt of “a video signal appropriate for displaying a video content on a mobile terminal,” the processing of that signal to produce a converted video signal, and the provision of the converted video signal “to the alternative display terminal to accommodate displaying the video content by the alternative display terminal”). Thus there is a presumption that the same content is displayed at both ends of the claimed processes, albeit on different display terminals. Not only do the '492 family independent claims use the same term to describe the content displayed on both ends of the conversion process, but, when describing the display of such content after that process, the independent claims describe the content using a definite, as opposed to indefinite, article. Id. at 8:47-50 (describing the provision of the converted video signal to the alternative display terminal “to accommodate displaying the video content” (emphasis added)). Generally, the use of a definite article will not be construed to somehow implicate a new element. Edward D. Manzo, Patent Claim Construction in the Federal Circuit § 2:31 (2011) (“The introduction of a new element is accomplished through the use of an indefinite article and not through the use of a definite article.”) (citing Tuna Processors v. Hawaii Int’l Seafood, 327 Fed.Appx. 204, 210 (Fed.Cir.2009) (nonpreeedential)). Thus, when a claim uses a definite article in its discussion of a term, that term is construed “as referring to an element that has been established earlier in a claim.” Id. Here, the '492 family independent claims use the same term, “video content,” before and after the video signal is converted, introducing it first with an indefinite article (suggesting that such content is a new element) and then with a definite article (suggesting that the video content is the same content referenced earlier in the claim). The plain language and context of the '492 family independent claims in which the term “video content” appears, reveal that the disputed term, “converted video signal” does not contemplate a change to the underlying video content. Rather, as VIS argues, the term requires only a change to the video signal identified at the beginning of the claim. See Pl.’s Opening Markman Br. 11, ECF No. 64 (“[T]he term simply requires that the video signal has changed, such as by altering the video format or changing the signal strength.”). The '492 specification supports VIS’S proposed construction. Although this specification does not assign any special meaning to the disputed term, it does contain revealing statements as to the advantages of the claimed inventions that assist the Court in its construction. See ICU Med. v. Alans Med., 558 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2009) (quoting Medrad, Inc. v. MRI Devices Corp., 401 F.3d 1313, 1319 (Fed.Cir.2005)) (holding that it is “entirely proper to consider the functions of an invention in seeking to determine the meaning of particular claim language” and adding functional language from the specification to define the degree to which the claimed spike was required to be pointed). Indeed, “the problem the inventor was attempting to solve, as discerned from the specification and prosecution history, is a relevant consideration” when construing a disputed term. CVI/Beta Ventures, 112 F.3d 1146, 1160 (Fed.Cir.1997) (citing Applied Materials v. Advanced Semiconductor Materials, 98 F.3d 1563, 1573 (Fed.Cir.1996)). Ordinarily, the final construction should align with the purpose of the patented invention. See, e.g., Anascape v. Nintendo, 601 F.3d 1333, 1337 (Fed.Cir.2010); Innovad Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 260 F.3d 1326, 1332-33 (Fed.Cir.2001). Here, the specification generally describes the evolution and functionality of handheld mobile terminals, including the capacity to support high rate multimedia data services resulting in “rich multimedia information being destined for display on the small screens typical of cellular phones (or the like).” E.g., '492 patent, 1:40-42. The written description goes on to state that “[t]he limited size (e.g., 2x3") and capability of the mobile terminal screen may render enjoyment of the high rate data flow applications inconvenient, and in some instances useless.” Id. at 1:47-50. It concludes that: “What is needed is a solution to the problem of diminished user enjoyment of mobile terminals because of display limitations.” Id. At 2:4-6. Thus, the patented inventions were designed to solve the problems associated with attempting to view video content on the small displays of mobile terminals. Their stated purpose is to enable users to display that same content on a large display terminal. Reading the disputed term in light of the specification’s description supports the construction of “converted video signal” as “a video signal that has been changed,” and counsels against including a limitation that the underlying video content is also changed. Samsung does not contend that the claims or specification require its proposed limitation. Rather, Samsung contends that the patentee’s statement