Full opinion text
ORDER RE: MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE AND MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Re: ECF Nos. 152, 153, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175 JON S. TIGAR, District Judge Before the Court are the following motions filed by Plaintiff Icon-IP Pty Ltd. (“Icon”) and Defendant Specialized Bicycle Components, Inc. (“Specialized”): (1) Defendant’s Motion Pursuant to F.R.E. 702/Dauberb to Exclude the Opinions of Dr. Timothy Harrigan, ECF No. 152; (2) Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 153; (3) Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude Stephen M. Werner, Ph.D., P.E., ECF No. 168; (4) Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude James Mcllvain and Paragraphs 90, 104, 106, 127, 159, 163, 194 and 203 of the Expert Rebuttal Report of Jeffrey Kinrich, ECF No. 169; (5) Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude the Testimony of Stephen G. Kunin and Bar Testimony Attacking the Competency of the Patent Office about Patent Law or Practice, ECF No. 170; (6) Defendant’s Motion Pursuant to F.R.E. 702/Dauberb to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Frank Bernatowicz, ECF No. 171; (7) Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude Roger Minkow, M.D., ECF No. 173; and (8) Icon’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 175. The Court strikes the Motion to Exclude the Testimony of Stephen G. Kunin and Bar Testimony Attacking the Competency of the Patent Office about Patent Law or Practice filed at ECF No. 167 as duplicative of the motion filed at ECF No. 170. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will: (1) deny Specialized’s motion to exclude Harrigan; (2) grant in part and deny in part Icon’s motion to exclude Wer-ner; (3) deny Icon’s motion to exclude Mcllvain and certain paragraphs of Kin-rich’s expert rebuttal report; (4) grant in part and deny in part Icon’s motion to exclude Kunin; (5) grant in part and deny in part Specialized’s motion to exclude Bernatowicz; (6) deny Icon’s motion to exclude Minkow; (7) grant in part and deny in part Specialized’s motion for summary judgment; and (8) grant in part and deny in part Icon’s motion for summary judgment. I. BACKGROUND In this patent infringement action involving bicycle seats, Icon alleges that bicycle seats manufactured, sold, and/or offered for sale by Specialized infringe two of its patents, U.S. Patent No. 6,254,180 (the “ '180 patent”) and U.S. Patent No. 6,378,938 (the “ '938 patent”). ECF No. 1. Specifically, Icon asserts that the accused saddles infringe Claims 1, 3-6, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, and 22 of the '180 patent and Claims 1-3, 5, and 11-14 of the '938 patent. The '180 patent, entitled “Bicycle Seat,” claims a support system that includes two buttock support portions. The support portions are coupled to a front portion and can be separated by a longitudinal slot. A hinge between each of the support portions and the front portion allows each support portion to undergo substantially independent arcuate movement having a component at least in a substantially vertical plane when the rider is sitting on the support portions and pedaling. The seat may be formed as a unitary shell, which may be covered by upholstery. Also, the seat may include stop means to limit the amount of movement of the support portions. A mounting rail may be coupled to the lower surface of the shell, and the front portion of the seat may have an undercut to secure this mounting rail. The '938 patent, entitled “Cycle Seat,” claims a bicycle seat comprising (1) an inclined abutment means dimensioned to receive only the portion of the rider’s anatomy adjacent to the ischial bones, so that soft tissue substantially outside the ischial bones is not compressed by the seat; and (2) support means that couple the seat to the bicycle so that the abutment means is permanently transverse with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bicycle. This arrangement means that, without other supports, it is not possible for a rider in a generally vertical position to permanently sit on the seat. The seat may consist of metal and plastic and may be padded for comfort. The parties have each filed motions for summary judgment, and have collectively filed six motions to exclude expert testimony. The Court will first consider the motions to exclude, and then turn to the summary judgment motions. II. JURISDICTION The Court has jurisdiction over this action for patent infringement pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1338. III. MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY A. Legal Standard Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides: A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case. The law of the regional circuit governs a district court’s evaluation of expert testimony in patent cases. See Micro Chem., Inc. v. Lextron, Inc., 317 F.3d 1387, 1390-91 (Fed.Cir.2003) (whether to admit expert testimony is a procedural question that is not unique to patent law and is governed by the law of the regional circuit). In the Ninth Circuit, Rule 702 “contemplates a broad conception of expert qualifications.” Hangarter v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998, 1015 (9th Cir.2004) (quoting Thomas v. Newton Int’l Enters., 42 F.3d 1266, 1269 (9th Cir.1994)). “Shaky but admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the burden of proof, not exclusion.” Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 564 (9th Cir.2010). To testify as an expert, an individual “need not be officially credentialed in the specific matter under dispute.” Massok v. Keller Indus., Inc., 147 Fed.Appx. 651, 656 (9th Cir.2005) (citing United States v. Garcia, 7 F.3d 885, 889-90 (9th Cir.1993)). On the other hand, “[u]nder Dauber t, the trial court must act as a ‘gatekeeper’ to exclude junk science that does not meet Federal Rule of Evidence 702’s reliability standards.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 982 (9th Cir.2011) (citing Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 145, 147-49, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999)); see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). To satisfy Daubert, scientific evidence must be both reliable and relevant. 509 U.S. at 590-91, 597, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The proponent of the expert bears the burden of proving admissibility. Lust By & Through Lust v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 89 F.3d 594, 598 (9th Cir.1996). The law pertaining to Daubert’s reliability prong has been summarized as follows: Reliable testimony must be grounded in the methods and procedures of science and signify something beyond “subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The inferences or assertions drawn by the expert must be derived by the scientific method. Id. In essence, the court must determine whether the expert’s work product amounts to “ ‘good science.’ ” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir.1995) (‘Daubert II”) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593, 113 S.Ct. 2786). In Daubert, the Supreme Court outlined factors relevant to the reliability prong, including: (1) whether the theory can be and has been tested; (2) whether it has been subjected to peer review; (3) the known or potential rate of error; and (4) whether the theory or methodology employed is generally accepted in the relevant scientific community.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The Supreme Court emphasized the “flexible” nature of this inquiry. Id. at 594, 113 S.Ct. 2786. As later confirmed in Kumho Tire, “Daubert’s list of specific factors neither necessarily nor exclusively applies to all experts or in every case. Rather the law grants a district court the same broad latitude when it decides how to determine reliability as [the court] enjoys in respect to its ultimate reliability determination.” 526 U.S. at 141-42, 119 S.Ct. 1167. Abarca v. Franklin Cnty. Water Dist., 761 F.Supp.2d 1007, 1021 (E.D.Cal.2011). “The relevance prong under Daubert means that the evidence will assist the trier of fact to understand or determine a fact in issue.” Henricksen v. ConocoPhillips Co., 605 F.Supp.2d 1142, 1154 (E.D.Wash.2009) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591-92, 113 S.Ct. 2786). B. Defendant’s Motion Pursuant to F.R.E. 702/Daubert to Exclude the Opinions of Dr. Timothy Harri-gan (ECF No. 152) Specialized seeks an order excluding all opinions and testimony of Icon’s expert, Dr. Timothy Harrigan, relating to (1) his manual testing of bicycle seats and (2) finite element modeling (“FEA”), which is a computer-based analysis method. ECF No. 152. Specialized contends that Harri-gan’s manual testing of saddles is unreliable and irrelevant because it does not involve measurements, criteria, or controls; because it is based on his subjective determinations; and because it is unrelated to the loading that occurs during rider pedaling. Id. at 3. Specialized contends that the FEA model analyses are unreliable and irrelevant because they are based on incorrect assumptions regarding the structure and materials of the saddles and because Harrigan applied arbitrary loads that are not representative of the loads that occur during rider pedaling. Id. Specialized does not argue that Harrigan is not qualified to be an expert in this case. 1. Manual Testing In order to assess whether the accused Specialized saddles infringe the relevant claims, Harrigan “visually studied the structural design” of the accused saddles and “manually tested” each one “by providing a load to the hinge on each of the saddles to observe and consider their mechanical characteristics.” Expert Report of Timothy P. Harrigan ScD MBA PE (“Harrigan Report”), ECF No. 194-1 at 7. He “then observed the deflection characteristics at the hinge regions and the support portions resulting from the load.” Id. He also “observed test riders on each of the accused Specialized saddles to assess how each rider would be positioned on the saddle, the interactions between the rider and the saddle, and the deflection characteristics of the saddle.” Id. The thrust of Specialized’s argument is that this analysis must be excluded because it is not sufficiently scientific—Har-rigan’s methodology has not been tested or peer-reviewed, and he did not take notes or collect data. But “Daubert’s list of specific factors neither necessarily nor exclusively applies to all experts or in every case.” Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 141, 119 S.Ct. 1167; see also City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 750 F.3d 1036, 1044 (9th Cir.2014) (“[TJhese factors are meant to be helpful, not definitive, and the trial court has discretion to decide how to test an expert’s reliability as well as whether the testimony is reliable, based on the particular circumstances of the particular case.” (internal .quotation marks omitted)). Here, Harrigan was tasked with assessing the structural characteristics of bicycle seats, and in particular with determining whether they include a “flexible area” that “allow[s] flexing to occur between each of the first and second support portions and the front portion so that each of the first and second support portions undergo substantially independent arcuate movement.” Order Construing Claims of United States Patent Nos. 6,254,180 and 6,378,938 (“Claim Construction Order”), ECF No. 70 at 18. In this circumstance, the Court finds “it to be a matter of common sense” that a visual and manual inspection would be one acceptable way for a mechanical engineer to assess the structural characteristics of a bicycle seat. Correa v. Cruisers, a Div. of KCS Int’l, Inc., 298 F.3d 13, 26 (1st Cir.2002). The Court concludes that Harrigan’s opinions based bn his manual testing of bicycle saddles meet Daubert’s reliability and relevance requirements. Of course, the Daubert test “is not the correctness of the expert’s conclusions but the soundness of his methodology.” City of Pomona, 750 F.3d at 1044. Harrigan’s testimony will be open to attack on cross-examination, and it will be up to the jury to decide the appropriate weight to give this evidence. 2. FEA Analyses Specialized does not argue that FEA is “junk science” or that it is never an appropriate methodology for testing the structural characteristics of bicycle saddles. Rather, Specialized contends that Harrigan’s analyses are not relevant or reliable because they are based on incorrect assumptions regarding the structure and materials of the saddles; because he erroneously modeled only one representative accused saddle and extrapolated his' conclusions to cover all of the accused saddles; and because he applied arbitrary loads that are not representative of the loads that occur during rider pedaling. ECF No. 152 at 3,18. In his report, Harrigan explains that, in his opinion, “the variations of the material, size, and design of the accused Specialized saddles do not create any meaningful difference as it relates to [his] infringement analysis because all of the ... accused Specialized saddles have similar physical characteristics.” Harrigan Report at 11, 25. He testified at his deposition that although the structure and materials of the saddles did differ from the inputs he used in his FEA analyses, these differences “didn’t matter” because they had no effect on the pattern of deformations that demonstrated the presence of the hinge specified in the claim language. Deposition of Timothy P. Harrigan (“Harrigan Dep.”), ECF No. 192-3 at 229-40. He explained, “In my professional opinion based on 30 years of doing finite element modeling, I didn’t need that degree of accuracy to assess the coupling between the two sides, or the lack of it.” Id. at 234. However, he did admit, “[I]f I had to do it again, I would just put in the right modulus.” Id. at 239. With respect to the loads used in the FEA analyses, Harrigan acknowledged that he used an “isolated simplified load” to assess coupling. Id. at 243-44. Harrigan is an expert in “computational modeling in biomechanics” who has “used, relied on and developed finite element modeling throughout [his] career.” Harri-gan Report at 2. He acknowledges that the inputs he used in his computer modeling of the accused and prior art saddles do not create perfect models of these objects, but he opines that his models are accurate enough to inform his opinions concerning whether the saddles include a hinge allowing independent, arcuate movement of the support portions. Icon emphasizes that a numerical model is valid “if the assumptions in the model are appropriate for the answer being sought,” and in this case, Harrigan needed only to determine whether a hinge exists, not measure specific amounts of deformation. ECF No. 190 at 21. Taking into account Harrigan’s report and testimony concerning the level of precision necessary for an FEA analysis to be helpful in this situation, the Court concludes that Harrigan’s opinions will assist the trier of fact and that they are sufficiently reliable to be admissible under Rule 702. This is the type of “[s]haky but admissible evidence” that must “be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the burden of proof, not exclusion.” Primiano, 598 F.3d at 564. C. Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude Stephen M. Werner, Ph.D., P.E. (ECF No. 168) Plaintiff seeks an order excluding the testimony and opinions of Specialized’s expert, Dr. Stephen M. Werner, concerning indefiniteness, obviousness, and anticipation. ECF No. 168 at 1. Icon argues that: (1) Werner’s testimony regarding indefiniteness of the '180 patent is untimely; (2) Werner’s invalidity opinions are conclu-sory; (3) Werner applied a legally erroneous methodology to determine that the claims of the '938 patent are anticipated by prior art; (4) Werner should be precluded from arguing that U.S. Patent No. 4,369,-998 to Blase (“Blase”), PCT Application No. PCT/EP95/01086 (“Urban”), and U.S. Patent No. 4,063,775 to Mesinger (“Me-singer”) have a hinge; (5) Werner should be precluded from relying on Exhibits S and T to his expert report because they are not prior art; (6) the physical saddles examined by Werner are not prior art; (7) Werner should not be permitted to reference litigation concerning foreign counterparts to the asserted patents; (8) Werner should be precluded from relying on Italian Patent App. No. MI91 A 002879 (“Cas-sani”) and a patent issued in 1895 to Perry (“Perry”) as prior art; (9) Werner should be precluded from relying on the combination of each of U.S. Patent No. 5,011,222 to Yates (‘Tates”) and U.S. Patent No. 4,429,915 to Flager (“Flager”) with U.S. Patent No. 4,108,462 to Martin (“Martin”) as rendering the '938 patent obvious; and (10) Werner’s non-infringement opinions regarding the '180 patent should be excluded because they include improper legal argument concerning claim construction. ECF No. 168 at i-ii. Icon does not attack Werner’s qualifications as an expert. The Court considers these arguments in turn. 1. Timeliness of Indefiniteness Defense Icon contends that Werner’s testimony that the '180 patent is indefinite must be excluded because this testimony should have been disclosed at the claim construction stage. ECF No. 168 at 3. Following the parties’ lead, the Court will address this issue below in connection with its discussion of Icon’s motion for summary judgment. 2. Whether Invalidity Opinions are Conclusory Icon contends that Werner’s opinions concerning invalidity are conclusory and therefore impermissible under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26, Federal Rule of Evidence 702, and Daubert. ECF No. 168 at 4. First, Icon argues that Werner’s opinion that a person of ordinary skill in the art “would have at least a college degree and, in addition, have some educational training in engineering or several years of experience in mechanical design” is an unsupported conclusion because Wer-ner does not discuss the factors he considered to reach that conclusion. ECF No. 168 at 4-5 (quoting Expert Report of Stephen M. Werner, Ph.D., P.E. (“Werner Report”), ECF No. 154-1 ¶¶28, 147). The Court finds that Werner’s identification of the level of ordinary skill in the art is proper. See Neutrino Dev. Corp v. Sonosite, Inc., 410 F.Supp.2d 529, 536 (S.D.Tex.2006) (expert’s statement that “she considered the level of ordinary skill in the art to be a person who ‘has been trained and passed one’s credentialing examinations’ ... is sufficient to allow the jury to determine whether this is the appropriate level of ordinary skill in the art”). None of the cases Icon cites stand for the proposition that an expert’s report must include a discussion of the factors he used to evaluate the level of ordinary skill in the art. See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997); Envtl. Designs, Ltd. v. Union Oil Co. of California, 713 F.2d 693, 696-97 (Fed.Cir.1983); Elder v. Tanner, 205 F.R.D. 190, 193 (E.D.Tex.2001). Icon also contends that Werner’s testimony that the '180 and '938 patents are obvious is conclusory because he does not explain how or why the prior art references he discusses (i.e. the commercially sold Mythos saddle with Blase, Urban, or Mesinger; and Yates or Flager in combination with Martin) would be combined. ECF No. 168 at 5-8. Icon argues that Werner has therefore failed to comply with the disclosure requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B) and the requirements for admissible expert testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert. Icon further accuses Wer-ner of improperly “using the invention as a roadmap to find its prior art components,” rather than considering the claimed invention “as a whole.” Ruiz v. A.B. Chance Co., 357 F.3d 1270, 1275 (Fed.Cir.2004). Upon review of Werner’s report, the Court concludes that his obviousness analysis is sufficient. Werner adequately discloses the precise prior art references that would be combined and how and why these combinations would be made. The Court will not discount Werner’s obviousness opinions on the basis that, at his deposition, he agreed “in general” with counsel’s suggestion that he “used the claims as a road map to find the—find the elements in the prior art.” Deposition of Stephen M. Werner, Ph.D, P.E. (“Werner Dep.”), ECF No. 168-5 at 19. In Ruiz, the Federal Circuit emphasized the importance of assessing the invention “as a whole,” rather than finding a prior art reference containing each component part “and on that basis alone declaring] the invention obvious.” 357 F.3d at 1275. Ruiz does not proscribe looking for individual claim elements in the prior art, and Werner’s deposition testimony does not establish that he failed to consider the inventions as a whole. Third, Icon attacks Werner’s anticipation opinions as insufficiently detailed, and his claim charts as improper because, Icon contends, counsel prepared them. ECF No. 168 at 8-10. The Court concludes that the claim charts appended to Werner’s report are sufficiently detailed to satisfy Specialized’s disclosure requirements and to establish that his opinions will be helpful to the jury. The Court will not exclude Werner’s anticipation opinions based on Icon’s allegation that Werner did not prepare his own claim charts. Werner testified that “other than the formatting,” the charts are his original work product. Werner Dep. at 15. It is not surprising that the charts are similar to claim charts prepared by counsel earlier in the litigation, as- these charts necessarily address the same claims and prior art references. 3. Anticipation of the '938 Patent Icon argues that Werner’s opinion that the claims of the '938 patent are anticipated by Martin, U.S. Patent No. 5,286,082 to Hanson (“Hanson”), Yates, Flager, Cas-sani, and the commercially sold Mythos, Flite and Turbo saddles is flawed because it is based on the argument that the patent is anticipated if it is infringed by the accused product, and this argument has been expressly rejected by the Federal Circuit. See Tate Access Floors, Inc. v. Interface Architectural Res., Inc., 279 F.3d 1357, 1367 (Fed.Cir.2002); Zenith Elecs. v. PDI Commc’n Sys., 522 F.3d 1348, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2008). ECF No. 168 at 10-12. Wer-ner’s analysis is distinguishable from the approach proscribed in Tate and Zenith. He does not argue that the '938 patent is invalid because the prior art is identical to an infringing product. See Zenith, 522 F.3d at 1363. Rather, he assumes that Icon’s understanding of the construed claims is correct, and then proceeds to demonstrate how, in his opinion, each element of the claims is found in the prior art. He does not dodge the claim language and simply compare the accused product to the prior art, as Tate and Zenith forbid. 4. Hinges in Blase, Urban, and Mesinger Icon argues that Werner should be precluded from opining that Blase, Urban, and Mesinger include a hinge because he has not identified the hinge area in each reference. ECF No. 168 at 12-13. Werner’s report recites the Court’s construction of the hinge terms, describing a flexible area separating each of the support portions from the front portion to allow flexing to occur between each of the first and second support portions and the front portion so that each of the first and second support portions undergo substantially independent arcuate movement. Werner Report ¶ 54. Werner then describes Blase, Urban, and Mesinger, using words and figures, and states that each has a front portion, two support portions, and hinges allowing this movement. Id. ¶¶ 58-81. This is sufficient to put Icon on notice that Werner will opine that Blase, Urban, and Mesinger each include hinges, i.e. flexible areas located between the front and support portions of the saddle. Icon apparently faults Werner for failing to draw arrows to the central parts of the bicycle seats in his figures, as he did in his depictions of the prior art commercial saddles, id. ¶ 82, but the Court will not exclude his opinion that these prior art references disclose hinges on this basis. 5. Exhibits S and T Icon contends that Exhibits S and T to Werner’s expert report, as well as paragraphs 88, 89, and 93 of the report and any related testimony, should be excluded because these exhibits are not, on their face, prior art publications under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b). ECF No. 168 at 13-14. Following the parties’ lead, the Court will address this issue below in its discussion of Icon’s motion for summary judgment. 6. Physical Saddles Icon contends that the portions of Wer-ner’s report in which he relies on physical’ prior art saddles must be stricken because Specialized and Werner cannot establish that the saddles Werner examined were sold, offered for sale, or publicly available more than one year prior to the effective filing dates of the patents, and therefore they cannot be considered prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b). ECF No. 168 at 14-16. This question will also be addressed below in the Court’s discussion of Icon’s motion for summary judgment. 7.Litigation of Foreign Counterparts Icon asserts that Werner’s opinions should be excluded to the extent he relies on materials from litigation in Italy concerning related patents, because these materials are irrelevant to the asserted U.S. patents and the U.S. patent law at issue in this case. ECF No. 168 at 17-18. It is true that “the theories and laws of patentability vary from country to country, as do examination practices” and that “[c]aution is required” when considering foreign patent proceedings, Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG v. Hantscho Commercial Prods., Inc., 21 F.3d 1068, 1072 n. 2 (Fed.Cir.1994), but it does not follow that descriptions of the prior art in Icon’s Italian technical report and the factual findings of the Italian expert with respect to the prior art are not relevant. The Court will “not defer to decisions in foreign courts or patent offices on questions of validity.” Oki Am., Inc. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., No. 04-cv-03171-CRB, 2006 WL 3290577, at *8 n. 2 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 13, 2006). But it will not exclude all opinions based in part upon materials introduced in related litigation abroad. 8.Cassani and Perry Icon challenges Werner’s reliance on the Cassani and Perry patents because they were not included in Specialized’s invalidity contentions. ECF No. 168 at 18-20. Specialized agrees that Werner may not rely on Perry, but seeks permission to amend its invalidity contentions to include Cassani. ECF No. 185 at 14. Specialized explains that after the Court issued its claim construction order, the parties stipulated to amendments to their respective contentions and Specialized disclosed to Icon a detailed claim chart on the Cassani reference. Id. When Specialized filed its amended contentions, however, this chart was inadvertently omitted. Id. Specialized’s request to amend its invalidity contentions comes extremely late, after the close of discovery, and is therefore denied. The Cassani claim chart attached to Werner’s report and Werner’s opinions regarding Cassani shall be stricken. 9.Yates and Flager with Martin Icon also contends that the combination of each of Yates and Flager with Martin was not disclosed in Specialized’s invalidity contentions as rendering the '938 patent obvious. ECF No. 168 at 20. This issue will be addressed below in the Court’s discussion of Icon’s motion for summary judgment. ■ 10. Argument Regarding Non-infringement of '180 Patent Finally, Icon contends that Werner’s non-infringement opinions regarding the '180 patent include improper legal argument concerning the proper construction of the “hinge” terms and improper comparison of the embodiments in the specification with the accused products. ECF No. 168 at 20-24. Icon seeks to exclude the opinions contained in Sections VI.C.1-2 of Werner’s Rebuttal Report on this basis. ECF No. 208 at 13 n.l. See Rebuttal Expert Report of Stephen M. Werner (“Werner Rebuttal Report”), ECF No. 168-8. Specialized responds that Werner properly adopted the Court’s claim constructions and simply provided his non-infringement opinions based on how a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the Court’s constructions. ECF No. 185 at 15-18. In particular, Specialized notes that the Court did not construe “substantially independent arcuate movement,” and contends that it is appropriate for Werner to. provide his opinion that the accused saddles to not move enough to have a hinge that allows this degree of flexing. Id. at 16. The construction of claims in light of the specification and prosecution history is a question for the court, not for the jury. Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 387, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). At trial, parties may introduce evidence as to the plain and ordinary meaning of terms not construed by the court, as long as the evidence does not amount to arguing claim construction to the jury. MediaTek Inc. v. Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., No. 11-cv-5341-YGR, 2014 WL 971765, at *4 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 5, 2014). “Arguing claim construction to the jury is inappropriate because it risks confusion and the likelihood that a jury will render a verdict not supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (quoting Apple v. Samsung, No. 12-cv-630-LHK, 2014 WL 660857, at *3 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 20, 2014)); see also Cordis Corp. v. Boston Scientific Corp., 561 F.3d 1319, 1337 (Fed.Cir.2009) (‘We have held that it is improper to argue claim construction to the jury because the risk of confusing the jury is high when experts opine on claim construction.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). In MediaTek, the court excluded an expert’s opinions as improperly arguing claim construction to the jury where the expert “relie[d] heavily on the prosecution history, specifications, and even provisional applications to explain and expound upon a specific meaning and/or requirements of the terms identified.” Id. at *5. Here, the Court concludes that the challenged portions of Wer-ner’s Rebuttal Report, which rely heavily on Werner’s interpretation of the specifications and preferred embodiments of the '180 patent, similarly include improper claim construction arguments. Icon’s motion to exclude these opinions is therefore granted. D. Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude James Mcllvain and Paragraphs 90, 104, 106, 127, 159, 168, 194 and 203 of the Expert Rebuttal Report of Jeffrey Kinrich (ECF No. 169) Icon moves for an order excluding the expert report and testimony of James Mcllvain and the portions of the Expert Rebuttal Report of Jeffrey Kinrich that rely on Mcllvain’s opinions. ECF No. 169 at 1-2. Icon contends that Mcllvain is not an expert on the commercial success of Specialized’s saddles or demand for Specialized’s saddles compared to Nelson’s saddles, and that his opinions are unreliable and irrelevant because they are based on his subjective beliefs. “The Ninth Circuit has found opinions based on an expert’s experience in the industry to be proper: ‘When evaluating specialized or technical expert opinion testimony, the relevant reliability concerns may focus upon personal knowledge or experience.’ ” GSI Tech., Inc. v. Cypress Semiconductor Corp., No. 11-cv-03613-EJD, 2015 WL 364796, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 27, 2015) (quoting United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645, 655 (9th Cir.2006)). “Subjective beliefs and opinions are proper expert testimony.” Id. Here, Mcllvain has extensive experience in the cycling equipment industry as journalist for and editor of cycling magazines. In this role, he has conducted product reviews and comparisons of cycling gear. His experience in the industry qualifies him to testify about his impressions of the Specialized and Nelson saddles he tested. See United States v. Brooks, 610 F.3d 1186, 1195-96 (9th Cir.2010) (“The fact that Detective Hein lacked an advanced degree, supervisory experience, previous experience as an expert witness, or relevant publications did not render her unfit to provide expert testimony.”). The Court concludes that Mcllvain’s opinions will be helpful to the jury and that they are sufficiently reliable to be admissible. The weight to be accorded his testimony, in view of the fact that Mcllvain does not purport to have a sophisticated understanding of patent law or engineering, did not consult other experts, and did not conduct any type of market study in forming his opinions, is a question for the jury. See Alaska Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget Grp., Inc., 738. F.3d 960, 969-70 (9th Cir.2013) (“Basically, the judge is supposed to screen the jury from unreliable nonsense opinions, but not exclude opinions merely because they are impeachable. The district court is not tasked with deciding whether an expert is right or wrong, just whether his testimony has substance such that it would be helpful to a jury.”). Because the Court denies this motion insofar as it seeks the exclusion of Mcll-vain’s opinions, it also denies Icon’s request to exclude any opinions of Kinrich that rely on Mcllvain. E. Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude the Testimony of Stephen G. Kunin and Bar Testimony Attacking the Competency of the Patent Office about Patent Law or Practice (ECF No. 170) Icon seeks an order excluding the testimony of Specialized’s expert, Stephen G. Kunin, who plans to explain the policies, practices, and procedures of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”); describe the prosecution history of the '180 patent; and express his opinion as to the proper level of deference to be given to the PTO in view of this file history. ECF No. 170 at 1, 10; see Expert Report of Stephen G. Kunin (“Kunin Report”), ECF No. 170-2. The Court will permit Kunin, who spent more than thirty-four years working at the PTO, to testify about the general practices and procedures of that office. See Szoka v. Woodle, No. 02-cv-5524, 2004 WL 5512964, at *3 (N.D.Cal. June 7, 2004) (“Given the complexity of patent litigation, courts have regularly permitted expert testimony by patent attorneys on a range of issues, including proceedings before the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)”); see also Bausch & Bomb, Inc. v. Alcon Labs., Inc., 79 F.Supp.2d 252, 256 (W.D.N.Y.2000) (“Obviously PTO procedures are foreign to the average person, and it may be helpful to the jury to hear someone experienced in those procedures explain how they operate in terms that a layperson can understand.”). Kunin may also testify about the particular patent application at issue, to the extent that Specialized seeks to present evidence that there were defects in the process and to suggest that deference to the PTO’s determination may not be appropriate in this case. Bristol-Myers Squibb v. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, 326 F.3d 1226, 1235 n. 8 (Fed.Cir.2003); Bausch & Lomb, 79 F.Supp.2d at 255. When a challenger “has evidence that there actually were defects in the particular application process at issue in this case, thus suggesting that deference to the PTO’s determination may not be appropriate, it may seek to offer such evidence.” Bausch & Lomb, 79 F.Supp.2d at 255. Kunin may not, however, offer generalized testimony about quotas, time pressures, or the problems examiners generally face in completing their work at the PTO, as “the purpose of this testimony would be to attempt to undermine the presumption of validity under 35 U.S.C. § 282 by inviting the jury to speculate about possible defects, errors, or omissions in the application process that led to the issuance of the patent-in-suit.” Bausch & Lomb, 79 F.Supp.2d at 255-56; see also Applied Materials, Inc. v. Advanced Semiconductor Materials Am., Inc., No. 92-20643, 1995 WL 261407, at *3 (N.D.Cal. April 25, 1995) (“Testimony about overwork, quotas, awards or promotions at the Patent Office, or the number of patents that issue annually or insinuating that the Patent Office does not do its job properly is ... irrelevant speculation and would constitute an inappropriate attack on the Patent Office.”). Kunin also may not speculate about what the PTO would have done had specific prior art references been brought to the examiner’s attention or offer legal opinions about the appropriate level of deference to be given to the PTO’s determination of patentability in this case. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 599, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (requiring more than “subjective belief or unsupported speculation” from expert testimony); United States v. Weitzenhoff, 35 F.3d 1275, 1287 (9th Cir.1993) (“It is well settled ... that the judge instructs the jury in the law.”); Applied Materials, 1995 WL 261407, at *3 (excluding former Patent Office employee’s testimony about what an examiner would have done if he had different information). F. Defendant’s Motion Pursuant to F.R.E. 702/Daubert to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Frank Ber-natowicz (ECF No. 171) Specialized seeks an order excluding the reasonable royalty opinions of Icon’s damages expert, Frank Bernatowicz, on the basis that they are based on unreliable methodologies and rely on inappropriate evidence, no evidence, or evidence made up by Bernatowicz. ECF No. 171 at 2. Specifically, Specialized contends that Bernatowicz’s opinion that the patented inventions are the “driving factor” of Specialized’s accused sales is unsupported and unreliable; Bernatowicz’s determination of the baseline royalty rate is fundamentally flawed; Bernatowicz’s Georgia-Pacific analysis is arbitrary and unreliable; Bernatowicz’s apportionment analysis is fundamentally flawed; Bernatowicz improperly failed to separately analyze the two patents-in-suit; and Bernatowicz’s report violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 because he failed to disclose the basis for statements that are fundamental to his opinions and because he failed to disclose phone conversations with other witnesses that he considered and relied upon in forming his opinions. Specialized does not challenge Bernatowicz’s qualifications as a damages expert or argue that his opinions are irrelevant. Rather, Specialized urges that Bernatow-icz’s opinions should be excluded because they are “unsupported, unreliable, or grounded in junk science.” ECF No. 171 at 22. Bernatowicz is a Certified Public Accountant, a Registered Professional Engineer, and an experienced damages expert. In preparing his damages report, he utilized the Georgia-Pacific framework to calculate a reasonable royalty based upon a hypothetical negotiation between a willing licensor and licensee. Expert Report of Frank A. Bernatowicz (“Bernatowicz Report”), ECF No. 223-7 ¶¶ 35-114; see Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp., 318 F.Supp. 1116, 1120 (S.D.N.Y.1970). The Court notes at the outset that “any reasonable royalty analysis ‘necessarily involves an element of approximation and uncertainty.’ ” Lucent Techs., Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 580 F.3d 1301, 1325 (Fed.Cir.2009) (quoting Unisplay, S.A. v. Am. Elec. Sign Co., Inc., 69 F.3d 512, 517 (Fed.Cir.1995)). “Shaky but admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the burden of proof, not exclusion.” Primiano, 598 F.3d at 564. The Court concludes that most of Specialized’s criticisms of Bernatowicz’s opinions go to the weight that a jury should give his opinions, rather than their admissibility, and that these arguments are therefore improper bases to exclude Bernatowicz’s expert opinions. In particular, “the question of a reasonable royalty rate and the similarity of licensing agreements as a basis of reference for arriving at a reasonable royalty rate, are questions of fact.” Sargent Mfg. Co. v. Cal-Royal Prods., Inc., No. 08-cv-408 (VLB), 2012 WL 3101691, at *6 (D.Conn. July 27, 2012) (citing Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 632 F.3d 1292 (Fed.Cir.2011);ResQNet.com, Inc. v. Lansa, Inc., 594 F.3d 860, 869 (Fed.Cir.2010)); see also Virnetx, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 767 F.3d 1308, 1331 (Fed Cir.2014) (explaining that “the degree of comparability” of license agreements was a factual issue best addressed by cross examination, rather than exclusion, and that the jury was “entitled to hear the expert testimony and decide for itself what to accept or reject”). Upon review of Bernatowicz’s report, the Court concludes that his opinions pass muster under the reliability and relevance requirements of Daubert and Rule 702. Specialized may challenge Bernatowicz’s conclusions with respect to the “driving factor” of Specialized’s accused sales, his royalty rate calculations, his apportionment analysis, and his decision to analyze the patents together based on his assessment of comparable licenses on cross-examination. Specialized also argues that Bernatow-icz’s opinions must be excluded because he has failed to comply with the disclosure requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. ECF No. 171 at 20-22. Courts enforce the disclosure requirement by excluding from use at trial information that was not properly disclosed, “unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1). Specialized argues that Bernatowicz failed to disclose the basis for his statements that the patented inventions are “important and essential” and “enabled” Specialized to sell accused saddles, and that the patented inventions confer “comfort and performance,” which is the “driving factor” for Specialized’s accused sales. ECF No. 171 at 20 (citing Bernatowicz Report ¶ 45). Icon responds that Berna-towicz’s conclusions “were fully supported by his assessment of the industry, Specialized’s marketing material, and the patents-in-suit.” ECF No. 196 at 25. With the exception of the phone conversations discussed below, there is no suggestion in the briefing on this motion that Bernatowicz will seek to present additional bases for his opinions beyond those disclosed in his expert report. To the extent that he seeks to do so, Specialized may move for exclusion of such testimony at that time. Specialized’s argument that Bernatowicz should not be permitted to rely on information gleaned from conversations with witnesses Paul Nelson, Peter Strover, and Timothy Harrigan is well-taken. See ECF No. 171 at 20-22. Bernatowicz’s report does not mention these phone conversations. Specialized apparently learned about them during Bernatowicz’s deposition, which took place after Harrigan’s deposition. Id. Icon argues that Bernatowicz was not required to disclose these conversations because they simply provided “a bit more color” to his understanding of the case, and that any improper failure to disclose was harmless both because Bernatowicz did not learn any new facts or obtain any new data in these conversations and because Specialized had the opportunity to question Bernatowicz about them during his deposition. ECF No. 196 at 25. Rule 26 requires expert witnesses to disclose “a complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and the basis and reasons for them,” as well as “the facts or data considered by the witness in forming them.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(B). To the extent Bernatowicz relied on these phone conversations as part of the basis of his opinions, they should have been timely disclosed to Specialized. The Court will therefore grant Specialized’s request to preclude Bernatowicz from relying on these conversations in his testimony at trial. G. Plaintiffs Motion to Exclude Roger Minkow,' M.D. (ECF No. 173) Icon seeks an order excluding the testimony of Specialized’s expert, Roger Min-kow, M.D., because his opinions are unreliable and will not assist the trier of fact in determining whether the accused products infringe the '938 patent. ECF No 173. Minkow is a medical doctor who has been a consultant to Specialized on the ergonomics of bicycle seats and other cycling equipment for more than fifteen years. His rebuttal report responds to the opinion of Icon’s expert, Harrigan, that the accused saddles infringe the asserted claims of the '938 patent. Icon argues that: (1) Minkow’s report is inadmissible because it was written by Specialized’s counsel in violation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B)(ii); (2) Minkow failed to apply the proper level of ordinary skill in the art; (3) Minkow should not be allowed to rely on the pressure map included in his report; (4) Minkow should not be allowed to testify on the shapes and contours of the accused saddles; and (5) Minkow should be excluded as a sanction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1). ECF No. 173 at i. Icon argues first that Minkow’s report must be excluded because “the only reasonable conclusion” from Minkow’s deposition testimony is that he did not write his report. ECF No. 209 at 6. See Numatics, Inc. v. Balluff, Inc. & H.H. Barnum Co., No. 13-11049, 66 F.Supp.3d 934, 943-46, 2014 WL 7211167, at *5-7 (E.D.Mich. Dec. 16, 2014) (excluding the testimony of a proposed expert based on the “inescapable” conclusion that he “is nothing more than a ‘highly qualified puppet’ and the opinions in his report do not reflect his own reasoned views of the case” (citing DataQuill Ltd. v. Handspring, Inc., No. 01 C 4635, 2003 WL 737785, at *4 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 28, 2003))). In particular, Icon contends that at his deposition, Minkow was unable to clearly discuss the opinions in his report without coaching from Specialized’s counsel and admitted that counsel typed the report for him. ECF No. 173 at 4-5. Having reviewed Minkow’s report and testimony, the Court concludes that Minkow’s statements at his deposition do not establish that counsel impermissibly “ghostwrote” Minkow’s report. Minkow testified that “counsel typed the report up,” but that “[t]he information in the report came from me,” including “[t]he ergonomics, the illustrations, the interpretation.” Deposition of Roger Minkow, M.D. (“Minkow Dep.”), ECF No 184-1 at 8. Minkow acknowledged that he “didn’t write the law portions of this in that vernacular,” but insisted that “the ideas and the illustrations came from me.” Id. at 8-9. Because Minkow provided the information, analyses, and opinions expressed in his report, the Court will not exclude him as “[a]n expert witness who is merely a party’s lawyer’s avatar.” Numatics, 2014 WL 7211167, at *3. The Court also finds unconvincing Icon’s argument that Minkow’s opinions must be excluded because he did not consider the level of ordinary skill in the art. ECF No. 173 at 5-6. Icon relies on Sundance, Inc. v. DeMonte Fabricating Ltd,., 550 F.3d 1356 (Fed.Cir.2008), in which the Federal Circuit explained: Patent claims are construed from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. For the purposes of the doctrine of equivalents, identification of the claim elements as well as the determination of infringement itself are done from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. What a prior art reference discloses or teaches is determined from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. Whether a patent claim would have been obvious in light of prior art references is determined from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. Id. at 1361 n. 3 (internal citations omitted). But Minkow presented only a literal infringement analysis. Specifically, he compared the claims with the accused saddles and gave his opinion about whether the saddles are contoured to match the. shape of the gluteus maximus muscles, whether they compress soft tissue outside the ischial bones, and whether they permit a rider to sit upright with his backbone arranged generally vertically. These opinions, presented by a medical doctor who has extensive experience consulting with Specialized about the ergonomic advantages of the accused saddles, is relevant, reliable, and will be helpful to the jury. There is no basis to exclude these opinions because Minkow did not discuss his interpretation of the level of ordinary skill in the art. The Court will not exclude Min-kow’s testimony concerning a “representative” pressure map of an accused saddle. He testified at his deposition that he has experience reviewing such pressure maps, that he is generally familiar with the testing performed to produce such maps, and that he could identify the map in his report as being a pressure map of one of Specialized’s saddles. This knowledge is sufficient to satisfy Rule 702’s requirement that an expert opinion must be based on “sufficient facts or data” to be presented to the jury. Fed.R.Evid. 702(b). Icon does not argue that pressure maps are irrelevant or that studying them is an unreliable methodology—indeed, Icon’s own expert, Harrigan, relies heavily on such maps. Whether Minkow’s inability to identify precisely which saddle the map represents makes his testimony less credible is a question for the jury. The Court also will not exclude Minkow’s testimony regarding the shapes and contours of the accused saddles. Although Icon describes this testimony as unacceptably conclusory, in fact, Minkow’s report provides a detailed explanation, including illustrations, of his opinion that the contour of the accused saddles does not match the contour of the gluteus maximus muscles. His opinions are properly explained and may be presented to the jury. Icon’s argument that Minkow failed to fully consider the Court’s claim construction, which describes abutment segments “contoured to provide a generally curved profile, matching the contour of the gluteus maximus muscles adjacent a person’s ischial bones ” is a proper topic for cross-examination. Claim Construction Order at 20 (emphasis added). Finally, the Court denies Icon’s request that Minkow’s opinions be excluded as a sanction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1). ECF No. 173 at 8-9. Icon contends that Minkow’s opinions are subjective, personal impressions that should have been disclosed during fact discovery. Id. Specialized acknowledges that Minkow was originally designated as a fact witness, and that in his fact discovery deposition, he truthfully stated that he had not been asked to serve as an expert in this case. ECF No. 183 at 7. Specialized later timely disclosed its decision to designate Minkow an expert, and Icon had the opportunity to depose him as an expert. The Court concludes that Minkow’s opinions are proper expert testimony and that they will be helpful to the jury in evaluating the characteristics of the accused saddles. Minkow was properly disclosed and deposed as an expert. Accordingly, there has been no improper “end-around the requirements of Rule 26(a)(1)” and sanctions would be. inappropriate. ECF No. 173 at 9. IY. MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT The Court will next consider each party’s motion for summary judgment. Specialized moves for summary judgment of: (1) invalidity of Claims 1, 3-6, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, and 22 of the '180 patent; (2) non-infringement of Claims 1, 3-6, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, and 22 of the '180 patent; (3) non-infringement of Claims 1-3, 5, and 11-14 of the '938 patent; and (4) laches barring Icon’s pre-suit claimed damages for alleged infringement of the '180 and '938 patents. ECF No. 153 at 1. Icon moves for summary judgment in its favor on: (1) Specialized’s defense of failure to mark; (2) Specialized’s defense of lack of standing; (3) Specialized’s defense of laches; (4) obviousness of the '180 and '938 patents; (5) indefiniteness of the '180 and '938 patents; (6) anticipation of the '938 patent based on Martin, Yates, West, Flager, Cassani, Mythos, Flite, and Turbo; and (7) whether the Mythos, Turbo, Turbomatic, and Flite saddles and Exhibits S and T to Werner’s report are prior art. ECF No. 175 at i. A. Legal Standard Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P 56(c). An issue is “genuine” only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to find for the non-moving party, and “material” only if the fact may affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). All reasonable inferences must be drawn in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir.2004). These standards apply with full force to summary judgment motions involving patent claims. See Union Carbide Corp. v. Am. Can Co., 724 F.2d 1567, 1571 (Fed.Cir.1984). B. Specialized’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 153) 1. Invalidity of the '180 Patent a. Legal Standard Patents are presumed valid. 35 U.S.C. § 282(a). A party challenging the validity of a patent bears the burden of proving invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. Pfizer, Inc. v. Apotex, Inc., 480 F.3d 1348, 1359 (Fed.Cir.2007). “Both anticipation under § 102 and obviousness under^ 103 are two-step inquiries.” Medichem, S.A v. Rolabo, S.L., 353 F.3d 928, 933 (Fed.Cir.2003). The first step is claim construction. Id. The second step requires a comparison of the properly construed claims to the prior art. Id. For a claim to be anticipated under § 102, and thus invalid, “each claim element must be disclosed, either expressly or inherently, in a single prior art reference, and the claimed arrangement or combination of those elements must also be disclosed, either expressly or inherently, in that same prior art reference.” Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 593 F.3d 1325, 1332-33 (Fed.Cir.2010). “Inherent anticipation requires that the missing descriptive material is necessarily present, not merely probably or possibly present, in the prior art.” Trintec Indus., Inc. v. Top-U.S.A. Corp., 295 F.3d 1292, 1295 (Fed.Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Whether prior art anticipates the accused device is a question of fact. Orion IP, LLC v. Hyundai Motor Am., 605 F.3d 967, 974 (Fed.Cir.2010). Under 35 U.S.C. § 103, a patent claim is invalid as obvious “if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person, having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains.” To determine whether this test is met, the Court examines four factors: (1) the scope and content of the prior art; (2) the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; (3) the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art; and (4) any relevant secondary considerations (i.e., objective indicia of non-obviousness). KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 406, 127 S.Ct. 1727, 167 L.Ed.2d 705 (2007) (quoting Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U.S. 1, 17-18, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966)). Importantly, “a patent composed of several elements is not proved obvious merely by demonstrating that each of its elements was, independently, known in the prior art.” KSR, 550 U.S. at 418, 127 S.Ct. 1727. On the other hand, “when a patent simply arranges old elements with each performing the same function it had been known to perform and yields no more than one would expect from such an arrangement, the combination is obvious.” Id. at 417, 127 S.Ct. 1727 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Federal Circuit has often employed the “teaching, suggestion, or motivation” (“TSM”) test to determine whether a particular combination of prior art would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention. See In re Translogic Tech., Inc., 504 F.3d 1249, 1259-60 (Fed.Cir.2007). Under that test, a court asks whether the prior art would have provided a motivation, teaching, or suggestion to combine aspects of the prior art. Id. at 1259. The U.S. Supreme Court has, however, cautioned that the TSM test should be applied in a flexible, non-rigid fashion, taking into account “common sense” and “the inferences and creative steps that a person of ordinary skill in the art would employ.” KSR, 550 U.S. at 418-21, 127 S.Ct. 1727. Specialized contends that the '180 patent is invalid as both anticipated and obvious. The Court considers these arguments in turn. b. Anticipation of Claim 1 of the '180 Patent i. Blase Specialized argues first that Blase discloses every limitation of Claim 1 of the '180 patent, which claims a support system including: (1) two support portions; (2) a front portion coupled to the support portions; and (3) “a hinge between the first and second support portions and the front portion for allowing each of the first and second support portions to undergo substantially independent arcuate movement having a component at least in a substantially vertical plane when the rider is seated on the support portions and performing a pedaling motion.” ECF No. 153 at 1012. Icon disputes that Blase anticipates Claim 1. ECF No. 192 at 4-6. In particular, Icon asserts that Blase discloses an undercarriage of a bicycle seat, not a bicycle seat or support system, and that Blase does not disclose a flexible area separating each of the support portions from the nose, as required by the Court’s claim construction order. See Claim Construction Order at 18 (construing the “hinge” term in Claim 1 to require “at least one flexible area separating each of the support portions from the front portion to allow flexing to occur.”). The Court finds that summary judgment of anticipation by Blase is unwarranted because there are conflicts in the expert testimony concerning whether Blase includes the required hinge element. Specifically, although Specialized’s expert identifies a hinge in this prior art reference, Icon’s expert, Harrigan, has opined that the movement in Blase occurs throughout the wire undercarriage of the seat, so that it does not include a “flexible area separating each of the support portions from the front portion.” Claim Construction Order at 18; see also id. at 6 (“Because the hinges, support portions, and front portion are claimed as distinct elements, they are discrete and must be individually met for purposes of finding infringement.”). Harrigan relies on his FEA analysis of the Blase saddle to support his opinion that Blase does not include a separate hinge area that allows the support portions (in Blase, the rear loops), to flex substantially independently. Construing this conflicting expert testimony in the light most favorable to Icon, the Court finds that there is a genuine dispute of material fact that precludes summary judgment of anticipation. See Olsen, 363 F.3d at 922 (on summary judgment, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party); Garter-Bare Co. v. Munsingwear, Inc., 650 F.2d 975, 979-82 (9th Cir.1980) (reversing a district court’s grant of summary judgment where the parties provided conflicting expert testimony, but the district court granted summary judgment by relying solely on the moving party’s expert testimony); Brocade Commc’ns Sys., Inc. v. A10 Networks, Inc., 843 F.Supp.2d 1018, 1024-25 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 6, 2012) (relying on expert declarations to find that a genuine dispute of material fact precluded summary judgment). ii. Urban Specialized also contends that Urban discloses every limitation of Claim 1. ECF No. 153 at 12-13. Icon disputes this anticipation argument and the opinions of Specialized’s expert, Werner. ECF No. 192 at 6-8. It argues that Urban does not disclose a flexible area that separates the front of the saddle from the rear of the saddle; rather, according to Icon and its expert, the front and rear of the rails move uniformly. Moreover, Icon contends, the Urban patent teaches a seat that is designed to receive the weight of the rider throughout the perineum and the coccyx, rather than through two separate support regions. Construing this conflicting testimony in the light most favorable to Icon, the Court con