Full opinion text
MOTLEY, District Judge. Opinion on Motion for Summary ■ Judgment This action was instituted against defendants to recover civil penalties for alleged violations of a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) cease and desist order. Federal Trade Commission Act (F.T.C. Act), Section 5(1), 15 U.S.C. § 45(1). The order, which was enforced by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit with modifications, see J. B. Williams Company v. Federal Trade Commission, 381 F.2d 884 (6th Cir. 1967), reads in pertinent part as follows: IT IS ORDERED that respondents, The J. B. Williams Company, Inc., a corporation, and Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc., a corporation, . directly or through any corporate or other device, in connection with the offering for sale, sale or distribution of the preparation designated Geritol Liquid or the preparation designated Geritol Tablets, or any other preparation of substantially similar composition or possessing substantially similar properties, under whatever name or names sold, do forthwith cease and desist from: 1. Disseminating or causing to be disseminated by means of the United States mails or by any means in commerce, as “commerce” is defined in the Federal Trade Commission Act, any adverstisement ****** (b) which represents directly or by implication that the preparation is a generally effective remedy for tiredness, loss of strength, rundown feeling, nervousness or irritability ; (c) which represents directly or by implication that the preparation is an effective remedy for tiredness, loss of strength, rundown feeling, nervousness or irritability in more than a small minority of persons experiencing such symptoms; (d) which represents directly or by implication that the use of such preparation will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of tiredness, loss of strength, run-down feeling, nervousness or irritability, unless such advertisement expressly limits the claim of effectiveness of the preparation to those persons whose symptoms are due to an existing deficiency of one or more of the vitamins contained in the preparation, or to an existing deficiency of iron or to iron deficiency anemia, and further, unless the advertisement also discloses clearly and conspicuously that: (1) in the great majority of persons who experience such symptoms, these symptoms are not caused by a deficiency of one or more of the vitamins contained in the preparation or by iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia; and (2) for such persons the preparation will be of no benefit; (e) which represents directly or by implication that tiredness, loss of strength, run-down feeling, nervousness or irritability are generally reliable indications of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia; ****** In Matter of J. B. Williams Company, Inc., Federal Trade Commission Docket No. 8547, November 24,1967. (Modified order to cease and desist.) This order became final by operation of law on December 24, 1967, 15 U.S.C. § 45(i), and has remained in effect since that date. The validity of the order is not subject to question in this action. See Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U.S. 37, 54, 68 S.Ct. 822, 92 L.Ed. 1196 (1948); Piuma v. United States, 126 F.2d 601, 603 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 637, 63 S.Ct. 28, 87 L.Ed. 513 (1942); United States v. H. M. Prince Textiles, Inc., 262 F.Supp. 383, 388 (S.D.N.Y.1966); United States v. Vitasafe Corporation, 212 F.Supp. 397, 398 (S.D.N.Y.1962); cf. Parke, Austin & Lipscombe, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission, 142 F.2d 437, 442 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 323 U.S. 753, 65 S.Ct. 86, 89 L.Ed. 603 (1944). The alleged violations of the order consist of the dissemination by defendants of eleven different television advertisements on a total of 100 separate occasions. The United States seeks the maximum penalty of $5000 for each violation, as prescribed by Section 5(0, of the F.T. C. Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45 (l), or a total of $500,000 in penalties against each defendant. Before initiation of the instant suit by the United States, the facts which gave rise to it were properly certified by the FTC to the Attorney General of the United States, as required by Section 16 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 56. The United States now moves for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is granted. I. Propriety of the Motion for Summary Judgment A. Defendants Do Not Have the Right to Trial by Jury. At the outset, the court must consider defendants’ claim that summary judgment would be improper in this action because “the Sixth Amendment requires a jury trial in this case.” Defendants’ Memorandum 32. To support this argument defendants cite the Supreme Court decision in Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 194, 88 S.Ct. 1477, 20 L.Ed.2d 522 (1968), which held that serious criminal contempts must be tried to a jury. Defendants argue that the instant action, seeking penalties of $1,000,000, is “inherently criminal in nature” and “so similar to a criminal contempt proceeding, [that] defendants must be extended exactly the same right to a jury trial as they would have enjoyed had the Commission sought to impose the identical fines in a criminal contempt proceeding.” Defendants’ Memorandum 32, 34-35. Plaintiff simply responds in its reply brief that “this action, as well as all prior civil penalty actions involving violations of Federal Trade Commission orders to cease and desist, is clearly civil in nature.” Reply Memorandum 14. Plaintiff also points out that no court has ever held that a civil penalty action involving violations of a FTC order was criminal rather than civil in nature. The court does not believe that defendants’ contention can be dismissed so easily. However, the court reads two lines of Supreme Court cases as clearly establishing that the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial does not apply to suits brought by the United States pursuant to Section 5(Z). The first line of cases culminating in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 83 S.Ct. 554, 9 L.Ed.2d 644 (1963), considers the question of whether a sanction imposed by a particular legislative enactment is penal or regulatory in character. The Court in Kennedy set forth the revelant criteria for answering this question in a specific case. Absent conclusive evidence of congressional intent as to the penal nature of a statute, the Court noted, in dictum, that “[various] factors must be considered in relation to the statute on its face.” Whether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint, whether it has historically been regarded as a punishment, whether it comes into play only on a finding of scienter, whether its operation will promote the traditional aims of punishment — retribution and deterrence, whether the behavior to which it applies is already a crime, whether an alternative purpose to which it may rationally be connected is assignable for it, and whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned are all relevant to the inquiry .... Kennedy, supra, 372 U.S. at 168-169, 83 S.Ct. at 567. On their face the statutory provisions under which this action has been brought, Sections 5(1), 12 and 16 of the F.T.C. Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 45, 52 and 56, are regulatory in character. There is no doubt that, taken together, one of their objects is to control false or misleading advertising of drugs in order to shield the typical consumer against deception and misinformation resulting from dissemination of such advertising and to give him an opportunity to make an intelligent choice about drug products. See, e. g., J. B. Williams, supra, 381 F.2d at 890; Federal Trade Commission v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 317 F.2d 669, 674 (2d Cir. 1963). In this way, too, the provisions promote the basic policy of the F.T.C. Act of curtailing unfair competition. See, e. g., Federal Trade Commission v. Texaco, 393 U.S. 223, 225-226, 89 S.Ct. 429, 21 L.Ed.2d 394 (1968). In the regulatory scheme, the civil penalty provision of Section 5(i) serves the distinct function of compelling compliance with FTC cease and desist orders which have been issued to protect the consuming public and the business community in the manner just described. See United States v. St. Regis Paper Company, 355 F.2d 688, 692-695 (2d Cir. 1966). Section 5(1) itself specifically provides that the fines imposed are a “civil penalty” to be recovered in a “civil action”. While this characterization by Congress does not conclusively establish that the statutory provision is non-criminal in nature, see United States v. Constantine, 296 U.S. 287, 294, 56 S.Ct. 223, 80 L.Ed. 233 (1935), cf. Kennedy, supra, 372 U.S. at 163-184, 83 S.Ct. 554, it does furnish very strong evidence that Congress did not intend the provision to be punitive. Indeed, when Congress wished to make the dissemination of certain types of false advertising a criminal offense, it did exactly that. See 15 U.S.C. § 54(a). See also 15 U.S.C. § 50. A comparison of Section 12 with Section 14(a) of the F.T.C. Act strongly suggests that Congress viewed the sanction in Section 5(J) of the Act, as applied to the dissemination of false advertising, to be regulatory rather than penal in character. See also St. Regis Paper, supra, 355 F.2d at 692-699. (Held: Certification of facts by FTC to Attorney General pursuant to Section 16 of the Act is jurisdictional prerequisite to civil penalty suit under Section 5(1) of the Act.) Furthermore, since here “the source of legislative concern can be thought to be the activity . . . from which the individual [or corporation] is barred,” i. e. the dissemination of false advertising, the sanction imposed “is not punishment even though it may bear harshly upon one affected.” Flemming v. Nestor, 363 U.S. 603, 614, 80 S.Ct. 1367, 1374, 4 L.Ed.2d 1435 (1960). See id. at 616 and 616 n. 9, 80 S.Ct. 1367, approved in dictum in Kennedy, supra, 372 U.S. at 169 n. 28, 83 S.Ct. 554. The sanction prescribed by Section 5(1) remains an integral part of the regulatory scheme and is not punishment in the criminal law sense, even though its imposition may have severe effects on violators of FTC cease and desist orders. Cf. Fleming, supra, 363 U.S. at 616 and 616 n. 9, 80 S.Ct. 1367. Moreover, the civil penalty provision does not come into play only on a finding of scienter. See United States v. H. M. Prince Textiles, Inc., 262 F.Supp. 383, 388 (S.D.N.Y.1966) and eases cited therein; cf. Federal Trade Commission v. Algoma Lumber Company, 291 U.S. 67, 81, 54 S.Ct. 315, 78 L.Ed. 655 (1934). Nor is dissemination of the challenged advertisements punishable as a crime either under the F.T.C. Act or any other act of Congress. Finally, Section 5(1) has not historically been regarded as a punishment, as evidenced by the fact that not a single decision which has been brought to the attention of the court has even hinted that the provision is penal in character. Cf. St. Regis Paper, supra, 355 F.2d at 694 (“ . . . the ‘Federal Trade Commission Act is not a revenue-raising or penal measure.’ ”) See also Federal Trade Commission v. Ruberoid Company, 343 U.S. 470, 72 S.Ct. 800, 96 L.Ed. 1081 (1952) (“Orders of the Federal Trade Commission are not intended to impose eripriinal punishment . . . , but to prevent illegal practices in the future.” At 473, 72 S.Ct. at 803); United States v. Vitasafe Corporation, 234 F.Supp. 710 (S.D.N.Y.1964), aff’d per curiam, 352 F.2d 62 (2d Cir. 1965). Nor can the court say that the penalty provided in Section 5(1) is in any sense excessive in relation to the clear prophylactic purpose of the statute. On the other hand, the court does think- that the sanction prescribed by Section 5(1) may involve an affirmative disability or restraint and may serve the incidental function of deterrence and retribution, once a cease and desist order takes effect. However, these factors are far outweighed by the significance of the other factors discussed above, particularly when all the factors are viewed in relation to the statute on its face. Moreover, although the absence of an affirmative disability and of deterrent effects as a result of a sanction generally establishes its non-criminal nature, see Flemming, supra, 363 U.S. at 617, 80 S.Ct. 1367, the inverse of this proposition is not true. See Rex Trailer Company v. United States, 350 U.S. 148, 76 S.Ct. 219, 100 L.Ed. 149 (1956) and arguments of counsel in that case at 100 L.Ed. 150-152. Cf. pages 529-530 infra. Therefore, applying the Kennedy criteria set forth above to the face of the statute, the court holds that the statutory provisions in question can only be interpreted as regulatory in nature and that the Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury is not applicable to defendants in this action. This conclusion is buttressed by a second line of Supreme Court cases which consider the distinction between proceedings for civil contempt and those for criminal contempt. While serious criminal contempts must be tried to a jury, see Bloom v. Illinois, supra, the Supreme Court has held that a jury trial is not constitutionally required in civil contempt proceedings. See Shillitani v. United States, 384 U.S. 364, 365, 371, 86 S.Ct. 1531, 16 L.Ed.2d 622 (1966). Defendants argue that the instant action should be likened to a criminal contempt proceeding, both because of “the enormous size of the fines sought” and “because plaintiff is seeking to recover a penalty, not compensatory damages.” Defendants’ Memorandum 33. (Emphasis in original.) The argument is untenable. Indeed precedents in both the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for this circuit convince the court that the instant action is so analogous to a civil contempt proceeding that no jury trial can or should be required here. First, defendants’ contention ignores the fact that civil contempt proceedings may be compensatory or coercive in nature. See Shillitani, supra, at 368-371, 86 S.Ct. 1531; Backo v. Local 281, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, 438 F.2d 176, 182 (2d Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 858, 92 S.Ct. 110, 30 L.Ed.2d 99 (1971). The statutory provision underlying the present action, Section 5(1) of the F.T.C. Act, is coercive in the same way that the conditional imprisonment imposed in Shillitani was coercive. It serves the same coercive function as does the liability to a fine for violating an injunction. In each case, the question to be asked is: what does the sanction seek to accomplish? See Shillitani, supra, 384 U.S. at 370, 86 S.Ct. 1531. Where the sanction seeks to compel the person subject to it to do what he is legally required to do, the sanction is neither punitive nor criminal, but simply remedial in purpose. The penalty prescribed by Section 5(1) in the context of this action is “intended to be remedial by coercing the defendants] to do what [they have] refused to do,” i. e. to cease and desist from disseminating adverstisements of a type which the Commission has.f°und to be misleading. See Penfield Company of California v. Securities and Exchange Commission, 330 U.S. 585, 590, 67 S.Ct. 918, 91 L.Ed. 1117 (1947); Gompers v. Bucks Stove & Range Company, 221 U.S. 418, 442, 31 S.Ct. 492, 55 L.Ed. 797 (1911). Cf. L. G. Balfour Co. v. Federal Trade Commission, 442 F.2d 1, 24 (7th Cir. 1971). Second, defendants’ contention that the size of the fines sought in this action turns the action into a criminal proceeding is erroneous. The Supreme Court has upheld the power of courts to imprison witnesses who refuse to testify before a grand jury under a civil contempt order, even though the imprisonment may continue for a lengthy period and may depend upon “fortuitous circumstances, such as the life of the grand jury and when a witness appears.” Shillitani, supra, 384 U.S. at 371-372, 86 S.Ct. 1531 at 1536. Similarly, the imposition of a fine of $5000 for each separate violation of a FTC cease and desist order while it is in effect remains a civil penalty, so long as it was within the power of the violator to have abided by the order and thereby to have avoided the sanction. See Shillitani, supra, 368-370, 86 S.Ct. 1531. See also 8A J. Moore, Federal Practice If 42.02 [2] (2d Ed. 1972). In other respects as well, Section 5(1) resembles a civil contempt sanction. Liability to a civil contempt penalty does not require that violation of a court order be wilful. See McComb v. Jacksonville Paper Company, 336 U.S. 187, 191, 69 S.Ct. 497, 93 L.Ed. 599 (1947); National Labor Relations Board v. Local 282, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, 428 F.2d 994, 1001 (2d Cir. 1970). Nor does a civil contempt proceeding open to reconsideration the factual or legal basis of the underlying court order. See Maggio v. Zeitz, 333 U.S. 56, 69, 68 S.Ct. 401, 92 L.Ed. 476 (1948). These attributes of a civil contempt proceeding apply equally to actions under Section 5(i)-See pages 527 and 529 supra. Finally, defendants’ argument that the FTC could have petitioned the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to bring criminal contempt proceedings against defendants for precisely the same alleged violations and asking for the same fines as are involved here (Defendants’ Memorandum 33-34) is of no avail to defendants. Indeed, it simply points up the fact that Congress intended Section 5(J) to provide a non-criminal means for the FTC to enforce valid cease and desist orders. The statutory provision bolsters the regulatory goals of the entire Federal Trade Commission Act. In contrast, a criminal contempt proceeding to enforce a Commission order would have to be brought under the United States Criminal Code, 18 U.S.C. § 401, which is designed to vindicate the authority of the courts of the United States, a purpose wholly separate from that of the regulatory statute. See, e. g., Cheff v. Schnackenberg, 384 U.S. 373, 377-378, 86 S.Ct. 1523, 16 L.Ed.2d 629 (1966); United States v. Schine, 260 F.2d 552, 557 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 934, 79 S.Ct. 318, 3 L.Ed.2d 306 (1959); 8A J. Moore, Federal Practice j[ 42.02 [2] (2d Ed. 1972). Furthermore, the same conduct can amount to both civil and criminal contempt. See United States v. United Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258, 298-299, 67 S.Ct. 677, 91 L.Ed 884 (1947); Gompers, supra, 221 U.S. at 441-442, 31 S.Ct. 492; 5 J. Moore, Federal Practice If 38.33 [1] (2d Ed. 1971). Therefore, the observation of defendants does not support its claim that this action has the character of a criminal proceeding. B. Femlron Femlron is another iron preparation sold by defendant J. B. Williams Company. Counts ten and eleven of the complaint relate to the dissemination by defendants of Femlron advertisements. In their answer to the complaint, defendants deny that Femlron is a drug preparation within the meaning of Section 15 of the F.T.C. Act. Moreover, defendants contend that whether Femlron is covered by the FTC order presents a genuine issue' of fact which cannot be determined on this motion for summary judgment. Both contentions are rejected. Section 15(c) of the F.T.C. Act states that the term “drug” means, inter alia, “articles intended for use in the . . . prevention of disease in man . . . .” 15 U.S.C. § 55(c)(2). In paragraphs 46 and 50 of their answer, defendants aver that “Femlron is a product for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia.” Consequently, it is clear that Femlron is a “drug” and that Femlron advertisements are a proper subject of the FTC order. See 15 U.S.C. § 52. The FTC order applies by its terms not only to advertisements of Geritol Liquid or Geritol Tablets, but also to advertisements of “any other prepararation . . . possessing substantially similar properties, under whatever name or names sold.” Defendants argue that Femlron does not possess properties substantially similar to those of Geritol. They support this argument with numerous affidavits of recognized experts in the fields of iron deficiency anemia and nutrition. Thus, defendants assert, there is a dispute as to this substantial issue of fact and the motion for summary judgment, at least as to counts ten and eleven, should not be granted. See Defendants’ Memorandum 47-48. The court rejects this argument for two reasons. First, it is undisputed that both Geritol and Femlron are iron preparations. They are also both indicated for use as a dietary supplement. The Geritol Tablet label states that it is “A HIGH POTENCY IRON AND VITAMIN TONIC” and that it may be used “As a dietary supplement: One (1) tablet daily.” See, e. g., Beutler Affidavit, Exhibit B, submitted by defendants. The Femlron label indicates that it is a “DAILY IRON SUPPLEMENT FOR WOMEN . . . DIRECTIONS: One tablet every day with any meal.” Id. The labels in themselves establish that the preparations possess substantially similar properties within the meaning of the FTC order. Second, the FTC order was designed to prohibit representations by defendants with respect to the benefit to be derived from the iron contained in Geritol. The phrase “possessing substantially similar properties” must be interpreted in this light. It is undisputed that Femlron contains only one nutritive ingredient, iron, and that it is less effective than Geritol, which contains more iron per tablet as well as seven vitamins. Therefore, Femlron’s single chemical property is the very same property which distinguishes Geritol from other drug preparations and for which Geritol is advertised. In this sense, Femlron possesses properties substantially similar to those of Geritol. Indeed, Femlron’s only nutritive property is identical to the most significant nutritive property of a Geritol tablet or a tablespoon of Geritol Liquid. The thrust of all the expert affidavits submitted by defendants is that Femlron and Geritol differ in their properties, because Femlron contains less iron than does Geritol and is, therefore, less effec Uve when taken as directed as a remedy for iron deficiency anemia. These observations are undoubtedly correct. However, it is disingenuous for defendants to argue that Femlron is exempt from the order because it is a less effective preparation than Geritol. To the extent that the representations prohibited by the order with respect to Geritol are deceptive, they are also deceptive with respect to Femlron. The court concludes that the dissemination of Fem-Iron advertising is covered by the FTC order. C. No Other Genuine Issues of Fact Remain to be Tried. Defendants contend that this is not a proper case for summary judgment because there are material issues of fact in dispute, including: 1) The proper interpretation of the FTC order; 2) Whether defendants had been given notice and a reasonable opportunity to discontinue the challenged advertisements; and 3) The meaning of each of the advertisements challenged in the complaint. Memorandum 24. See id. at 24-32, 36-46, 49-64. The court will consider each of these contentions in succession. 1. Meaning of the Order Interpretation of the FTC order is undoubtedly a question of law for the court to determine. In upholding the order with modifications on appeal, the Sixth Circuit necessarily decided that the modified order here in issue was not vague and fairly apprised defendants of what was expected of them. See 3. B. Williams, supra, 381 F.2d at 891. Defendants cannot relitigate that issue in this action. See Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Company, 334 U.S. 37, 54, 68 S.Ct. 822, 92 L.Ed. 1196 (1948). On the other hand, correct interpretation- of the order requires the court to consider not only its plain language, but relevant proceedings before the FTC and the Sixth Circuit’s decision as well. The court finds that the undisputed documentary evidence now before the court is more than sufficient to enable it to fully perform this task. 2. Notice to Defendants of Alleged Violations The court disagrees with defendants’ assertion that “it is settled that the Government may not impose penalties under 15 U.S.C. § 45(0 with respect to alleged violations of orders where these violations preceded Commission notice that the conduct was deemed in violation of the order.” Defendants’ Memorandum 58-59. Such notice is neither required by the statutory scheme nor by the Commission’s rules and procedures. The only procedural step required by the F.T.C. Act before institution of a Section 5(1) suit is the certification of facts relating to the alleged violation to the Attorney General. See Section 16, 15 U.S.C. § 56. A blanket rule requiring prior notice by the Commission of alleged violations of its 'Orders has absolutely no statutory basis whatever. See generally Government Reply Memorandum 27-39. If defendants intend by this assertion to claim a violation of their right to due process in this case, the claim is rejected. The record shows that the FTC informed defendants that the advertisements contained in their first compliance report were in violation of the order. The Commission took the unusual step of permitting defendants to file a second compliance report. The Commission informed defendants in June, 1969, on the basis of this report, that they were still not in compliance with the order. When, after this notice and after 17 months since the order became final, defendants proceeded to disseminate the advertisements challenged here without prior approval by the Commission, defendants acted at their own peril. Cf. Federal Trade Commission v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 380 U.S. 374, 394, 85 S.Ct. 1035, 13 L.Ed.2d 904 (1965). If defendants’ argument were accepted, it would reduce Section 5 (i) to meaninglessness. 3. Eepresentations in the Advertisements Defendants also oppose the motion for summary judgment on the ground that there are genuine issues of material fact as to what representations are made in the challenged advertisements and whether these representations are prohibited by the FTC order. Defendants argue that these factual questions must be submitted to a jury and cite three court decisions in support of their argument. Plaintiff responds to this argument by citing seven cases where “courts in similar situations have held that no issue of fact is presented when the question before them is whether an advertisement falls within the prohibition of a cease and desist order and have disposed of these cases by summary judgment.” Only one of the eases cited by the par-. ties actually considered the precise issue presented here. See notes 7 and 8 supra. That case is United States v. Vulcanized Rubber & Plastics Company, 178 F.Supp. 723 (E.D.Pa.1959), aff’d, 288 F.2d 257 (3d Cir. 1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 821, 82 S.Ct. 38, 7 L.Ed.2d 26 (1961). In Vulcanized Rubber, the defendant was ordered by the FTC to cease and desist from representing, directly or by implication, by any advertisement or labeling that combs which it manufactured were “rubber” or “hard rubber” or were “made of ‘rubber’ ” or “made of ‘hard rubber,’ ” unless such combs were in fact made of vulcanized hard rubber. After the order became final, the defendant labeled its combs “rubber-resin.” The United States brought suit under Section 5(1) of the F.T.C. Act and moved for summary judgment. The defendant’s argument that the marking “rubber-resin” was not a “misrepresentation to the purchasers thereof that the same are, in fact, made of ‘rubber’ or ‘hard rubber’ ” was rejected by the District Court and the court granted summary judgment. 178 F.Supp. at 726. The Third Circuit panel affirmed this decision stating that “since there was no issue of fact presented, the district court properly disposed of the case on summary judgment.” 288 F.2d at 258 n. 2. The court then ruled that “the labeling of the combs as being made of rubber-resin falls within the proscription of the Order.” 288 F.2d at 259. This court holds that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the advertisements here challenged violate the provisions of the FTC order. There is no dispute as to what words were used or what was shown in the challenged advertisements. The FTC order prohibited any direct representation as well as any implication that a product covered by the order “is a generally effective remedy for tiredness, loss of strength, run-down feeling, nervousness or irritability.” Paragraph 1(b). The court has read the television scripts and has viewed the films which were televised. From the oral and visual content of the advertisements, the court has determined that the implicit representations made in the advertisements fall within the scope of the prohibitions in the FTC order. See Part II of this opinion. Defendants attempt to support their contention that a factual dispute exists as to the representations made in the advertisements with the affidavits of so-called expert witnesses. These affiants state that the advertisements do not impress them as violative of the order and that viewers would not be so impressed. See Defendants’ Memorandum 54-55 and the affidavits cited therein. However, the question for this court is not whether the challenged advertisements tend to mislead or deceive the viewing public. The sole issue before the court is whether the advertisements fall within the prohibitions of the valid FTC order which became effective on December 24, 1967. The Sixth Circuit has already determined that, if they do, they violate Section 12 of the F.T.C. Act because they are false within the meaning of Section 15 of tjjat Act. The court’s conclusion has a sound basis in policy. The F.T.C. Act is designed to protect the consuming public and the business community from false advertising. To effectuate this goal, the statute invests the FTC with broad authority to investigate advertising practices, see Section 6, 15 U.S.C. § 46, and to prohibit such advertising as the Commission determines is false by the issuance of appropriate cease and desist orders. 15 U.S.C. §§ 45(b), 52(b) and 55. A primary sanction for compelling compliance with such orders, once they become final, is Section 5(i) of the Act. Thus, the statutory framework contemplates that, upon a well-grounded finding of deeeptiveness in a company’s advertising practices, the Commission will have the power to prevent the continuation or recurrence of such practices by the company. The orders in themselves place the company on notice of what types of advertising violate the statute. It would vitiate the vei’y purpose of the statute to require the Commission, after a valid cease and desist order has gone into effect, to establish in respect to each subsequent advertisement disseminated by the company that it is false or deceptive. Once the Commission establishes that a cease and desist order is in effect and that a particular advertisement has been disseminated which allegedly violates that order, it is for the court to determine as a matter of law whether the oral and/or visual content of the challenged advertisement falls within the scope of the prohibitions in the order.- II. Merits of the Action In reaching the merits of this action, the court must consider each challenged advertisement in relation to the specific injunctions in the FTC order. First, the court will consider paragraphs 1(b), 1 (c) and 1(d) of the order. The three paragraphs prohibit very similar types of representations concerning the effect of Geritol or Femlron on tiredness, loss of strength, run-down feeling, nervousness or irritability, which for brevity may be described as the “tiredness symptoms.” The parties appear to agree that if an advertisement violates paragraph 1(d), it will violate paragraphs 1(b) and 1(c) as well. Likewise, it is suggested that any advertisement which is not prohibited by paragraph 1 (d) will also comply with the two other paragraphs. See Defendants' Memorandum 11; Government Memorandum 27-33. This approach is sensible. Paragraph 1(d) enjoins the dissemination of any advertisement “which represents directly or by implication that the use of [Geritol or any similar preparation, e. g. Fern-Iron,] will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of [any of the tiredness symptoms,].” unless the advertisement contains certain express disclosures. This prohibition is comparable, if not identical, to the injunction in paragraph 1(b) against representing that the preparation is “a generally effective remedy” for any of the tiredness symptoms and to the paragraph 1(c) injunction against representing that the preparation is “an effective remedy [for any of the tiredness symptoms] in more than a small minority of persons experiencing such symptoms.” It is undisputed that the challenged advertisements do not contain the disclosures set out in paragraph 1(d). Therefore, any advertisement will violate that paragraph, if, but only if, it represents directly or by implication that the preparation advertised will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of any of the tiredness symptoms. This test can also be used to determine whether the same advertisement complies with or violates paragraphs 1(b) and 1(c) of the order. The only other portion of the order which the United States claims has been violated by the challenged advertisements is paragraph 1(e). That paragraph prohibits defendants from disseminating any advertisement “which represents directly or by implication that tiredness, loss of strength, run-down feeling, nervousness or irritability are generally reliable indications of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia.” The basic thrust of paragraphs 1(b)-1(e) of the FTC order is to prohibit the dissemination of any advertisement which “creates the impression that [a] tired feeling is caused by something [i. e. iron deficiency] which Geritol can cure” or which links “common, non-specific symptoms [i. e. any of the tiredness symptoms] with iron deficiency anemia.” J. B. Williams, supra, 381 F.2d at 889, 890. Before testing the challenged advertisements against these injunctions in the order, it is appropriate to note some comments of the Supreme Court in Federal Trade Commission v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 380 U.S. 374, 393, 85 S.Ct. 1035, 13 L.Ed.2d 904 (1965), since they are relevant to several of the arguments made by defendants with respect to the commercials at issue here: If [defendants] in their . . . commercials attempt to come as close to the line of misrepresentation as the Commission’s order permits, they may without specifically intending to do so cross into the area proscribed by this order. However, it does not seem “unfair to require that one who deliberately goes perilously close to an area of proscribed conduct shall take the risk that he may cross the line.” Boyce Motor Lines, Inc. v. United States, 342 U.S. 337 [340, 72 S.Ct. 329, 331, 96 L.Ed. 367] [1952]. 380 U.S. at 393, 85 S.Ct. at 1047. A. Counts One through Four The first advertisement to be considered is entitled “Blood Cells” (#G-218-40, TV Script, Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc.) and was disseminated by defendants on June 16, 1969. This dissemination is the basis for count one of the complaint. The television script reads as follows : 1. MS ON TED MACK IN LIBRARY, STANDING NEXT TO LIGHT BOX. HE FLIPS SWITCH, LIGHTING UP LEFT HALF OF SHADOW BOX TO SHOW BAD BLOOD CELLS AND TITLE: “IRON-POOR BLOOD BEFORE GERITOL.” 2. DISSOLVE TO FILM CLIP OF “POOR” & “RICH” CELLS. IN THIS SEQUENCE WE WILL USE OUR FILM OF THE BLOOD CELLS FRAMES 2 AND 3. 3. CUT BACK TO SHOW MACK STANDING BY LIGHT BOX. HOLDS UP BOTTLE OF TABLETS. 1. MACK: (O.C.): Hello, I’m Ted Mack. Your bloodstream has been called your lifeline. Look! You could have iron-poor blood cells like these . . . pale, few in number, badly shaped. 2. If that’s so, take Geritol to build more blood cells . . . better shaped . . . rich in iron . . . like these. 3. There’s no finer, more effective way to build iron-richKred blood than with Geritol. 4. CUT TO TWO BOTTLES. BACK 4. TO MACK. 5. 'TITLE: “TWICE THE IRON 5. IN A POUND OF CALF’S LIVER.” 6. CUT TO BOTTLES SHOT. TITLE: BUILDS IRON POWER FAST. Geritol-iron enters your bloodstream fast carrying its blood-building power to every part of your body. Just 2 Geritol tablets or two tablespoons of Geritol liquid contain twice the iron in a pound of calf’s liver. 6. Take Geritol. It builds iron power in your blood fasti Geritol really works! The United States contends that the phrases “iron power” and “blood-building power,” as used in this commercial, suggest that Geritol will have an effect upon tiredness, that it will increase a person’s strength, and that it will overcome the feeling of being rundown. Memorandum 29. Defendants reply that the advertisement makes no symptomatic claims at all, that it simply shows the actual effects of Geritol on iron-poor blood cells and states that Geritol will relieve iron deficiency, and that the word “power” refers solely to the strength of the preparation. Defendants’ Memorandum 55. The court holds that dissemination of the advertisement violated paragraph 1 (d) of the order and, therefore, violated paragraphs 1(b) and 1(c) as well. The representations that Geritol carries “blood-building power to every part of your body” and that it “builds iron power in your blood fast” clearly imply that a person who takes Geritol will have more power after taking it than he had before. To say that Geritol builds power in your blood is the effective equivalent of saying that Geritol builds power in you. Just as the advertising term “tired blood” was used by defendants to signify the condition of a tired person, see Government Exhibit 1, at 106 (FTC Exhibit 9A appended to FTC opinion, Docket No. 8547, September 28, 1965), so “power in your blood” signifies your condition as a powerful or energetic person. Clearly, the claim in the advertisement that Geritol gives a person power or additional power is a representation by implication that Geritol will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of tiredness, loss of strength, and run-down feeling. This implied representation is strengthened by the transformation in the advertisement of “iron-poor blood cells . . . pale, few in number, badly shaped,” i. e. “tired blood,” into “iron-rich red blood” with “more blood cells . . . better shaped . . . rich in iron,” i. e. healthy, “untired” blood, as a result of the use of Geritol. While the advertisement only speaks of the transformation of a person’s blood cells, the advertisement strongly implies that the same transformation from paleness, weakness and deformity to red-bloodedness, strength and shapeliness will take place in the person himself. The court further holds that dissemination of the advertisement violated paragraph 1(e) of the order. It has already been shown that the advertisement represents by implication that Geritol will relieve tiredness. The way in which the advertisement claims Geritol will do this is by furnishing iron to a person’s body. In this way, the advertisement represents that a person who is tired needs iron; otherwise, Geritol could not be beneficial as claimed in the advertisement. A person who needs iron has an iron deficiency. Thus, it is seen that the advertisement represents by implication that tiredness results from an iron deficiency or, in medical terms, that the tiredness symptoms are generally reliable indications of iron deficiency. This is the type of representation which paragraph 1(e) specifically prohibits. Counts two through four of the complaint relate to the dissemination by defendants of three different advertisements. The television scripts for these advertisements are reproduced in the Appendix to this opinion as Scripts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Each of these three advertisements contains statements by Ted Mack, the announcer, and a concluding title, “Builds Iron Power Fast” or “Builds Iron Power in Your Blood”, which are substantially identical to those contained in the “Blood Cells” script discussed above. For the reasons set forth in the court’s analysis of that advertisement, the court holds that dissemination of these three advertisements also violated paragraphs 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) of the FTC order. B. Counts Five through Seven The three advertisements challenged in counts 5-7 are entitled “Vacation” and have substantially identical scripts. The “Vacation” television script sued upon in count five (Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc., #G-556-40) reads as follows: 1. A MAN AND A WIFE ARE FILLING A STATION WAGON WITH VACATION GEAR. WIFE LOOKS SAD BUT NOT TIRED. 2. WIPE TO TED MACK IN LIBRARY 3. HOLDS UP BOTTLE OF GERITOL TABLETS. 4. CUT TO ECU TABLET BOTTLE. TITLE: “TWICE THE IRON IN A POUND OF CALF’S LIVER” UNDERCUT: “PLUS 7 VITAMINS.” 5. DISS TO MAN AND WIFE COMING INTO THE HOUSE AFTER THEIR TRIP. WOMAN IS SMILING. SUPER: “WEEKS LATER.” 1. HUSBAND: Honey, we’re going on vacation. Why do you look so sad? WIFE: I found out I have iron-poor blood. . 2. MACK: (O.C.): If you have iron-poor blood, don’t be sad . . . be glad for GERITOL. 3. Geritol-iron enters your bloodstream fast carrying its high potency iron throughout your whole body. 4. Just two Geritol tablets contain twice the iron in a pound of calf’s liver . . . plus 7 vitamins for nutrition. 5. HUSBAND: It’s good to see you smile again. WIFE: Thanks to the Geritol I’ve been taking. 6. BACK TO TED MACK. 7. CUT TO PRODUCT SHOT. SUPER: “BUILDS HIGH POTENCY IRON IN YOUR BLOOD.” BULLET: “AMERICA’S NO. 1 TONIC.” 6. MACK: Check with your doctor, and if iron-poor blood is your problem . . . 7. . . . don’t be sad ... be glad for Geritol. Geritol builds high potency iron in your blood. Try it! The scripts of the two other “Vacation” advertisements are reproduced in the Appendix, Scripts 4 and 5. The court holds that dissemination of these advertisements by defendants violated the PTC order. More specifically, the court holds that the visual impression created by the transformation of the woman in the advertisements from a “sad” to a “glad” state, combined with the references to “high potency iron,” represents by implication that the use of Geritol will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of one or more of the tiredness symptoms. Defendants argue that the “contrast between ‘sad’ and ‘glad’ emotions was selected because these are basic human emotions and thus provide human interest.” Memorandum 57. Furthermore, defendants assert that “the actresses who portrayed the women who took Geritol were selected specifically to project sadness, and defendants made every effort to assure that sadness, and not tiredness, was projected.” Id. at 56. However this may be, the difficulty of carrying out the “sad/glad” theme and, at the same time, complying with the FTC order is manifest in the affidavit of Donald Blauhut, who was in charge of producing the commercials: A great deal of time, money and worry went into assuring that the women’s faces in the so-called sad/glad series of commercials . . . projected sadness but not tiredness. Blauhut Affidavit 1, submitted by defendants. See also Eiehler Affidavit 2-3, submitted by defendants: “ . . .a great deal of time and money were devoted to obtaining expressions on the subjects which carried the message of sadness but did not carry the message of tiredness. I ran many versions of the commercials to make sure the expressions were not those depicting tiredness.” The court has viewed these commercials carefully and believes that the “sad/glad” contrast in the advertisements may be easily perceived as a contrast between feeling weak and run-down and feeling lively. The wife, who looks dreary and perhaps run-down in her “sad” state at the beginning of the advertisements, looks energetic when she gives a broad smile at the end of the advertisements. There is no question but that the change in her feelings is the result of Geritol: “Husband: It’s good to see you smile again. Wife: Thanks to the Geritol I’ve been taking.” Defendants contend that the wife is sad at the beginning of the advertisements, not because she is tired or rundown, but because she has learned that she has iron-poor blood. However, this explanation of the advertisements cannot offset the visual impression just noted. Moreover, the visual impression is strengthened by what must be the common-sense response of many viewers to the advertisements — that the wife is not sad only because of the knowledge that she has iron-poor blood, but because of the effects that this condition has had and is having on her. In this way, the “sad/glad” contrast produces a “tired/energetic” motif when the wife smiles at the end of the commercials. Her smile may convey to viewers her happiness that she no longer has iron-poor blood, but it definitely conveys something else as well. It shows her in good spirits and makes her look stronger and healthier. The implication is that she was sad not simply because she had iron-poor blood, but because she was feeling run-down as a result of that fact. Now she is smiling not simply because she has iron-rich blood, but because she feels better as a consequence. Thanks to Geritol. The phrases, “Geritol-iron enters your bloodstream fast carrying its high potency iron throughout your whole body” and “Geritol builds high potency iron in your blood,” reinforce this implied representation. The phrases are very similar to the phrases, “Geritol-iron enters your bloodstream fast carrying its blood-building power to every part of your body” and Geritol “builds iron power in your blood fast,” which were used in the “Blood Cells” advertisement discussed supra, at 537-538. “Potency” among other things means “power.” While the court agrees with defendants that “high potency iron” does refer literally to the iron content in Geritol, this does not alter the fact that the phrases utilized in the advertisements convey the implicit message that Geritol brings power to the person who takes it. The court concludes that the dissemination of the “Vacation” advertisements violated paragraphs 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) of the FTC order. C. Counts Eight and Nine In counts eight and nine of the complaint, the United States claims that dissemination on various dates of two virtually identical advertisements, entitled “Two Women,” violated the FTC order. The television script (Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc. #G-552-40) of the advertisement sued upon in count eight reads as follows: 1. OPEN ON FIRST WOMAN WHO QUESTIONS THE CAMERA. 2. CUT TO SECOND WOMAN WITH SAD EXPRESSION WHO ANSWERS THE CAMERA. 3. PULL BACK TO TWO-SHOT. IN BACKGROUND WE SEE KITCHEN WITH COUNTER, CABINET, SINK AND WINDOW. 4. FIRST WOMAN PICKS UP AND UNCAPS BOTTLE OF GERITOL TABLETS. 1. SCOTTIE BLOCK: What are you so sad about? 2. LOIS SMITH: I found out I have iron-poor blood. 3. SCOTTIE BLOCK: So, then it’s time . . . 4. you found out about Geritol! 5. CUT TO CLOSEUP OF GERITOL TABLET BOTTLE, IN FIRST WOMAN’S HAND, AS SHE POURS FROM IT TWO TABLETS INTO HAND OF SECOND WOMAN. 6. CUT TO CLOSEUP OF SECOND WOMAN. 7. PULL BACK TO TWO-SHOT AS FIRST WOMAN NOW POURS WATER FROM TAP INTO GLASS. 8. CUT TO CLOSEUP OF HANDS OF SECOND WOMAN WITH TABLETS AND BOTTLE. SUPER: “TWICE THE IRON IN A POUND OF CALF’S LIVER.” 9. MOVE IN ON SECOND WOMAN AS SHE SWALLOWS THE TWO GERITOL TABLETS WITH WATER, WHICH FIRST WOMAN HANDS HER. 10. SHIMMER DISS. TO SECOND WOMAN HAPPILY EXAMINING DRESSES ON RACK IN DEPT. STORE. SHE HAPPENS TO LOOK UP SMILING AS SHE NOTICES FIRST WOMAN APPROACH. SUPER: “WEEKS LATER”. 11. CUT TO CLOSEUP OF SECOND WOMAN, STILL SMILING. 12. CUT TO GERITOL TABLET AND LIQUID BOTTLES AND PACKAGES. SUPER: “BUILDS IRON POWER IN YOUR BLOOD”. Geritol can change your iron-poor blood into iron-rich blood. Here. I’ll start you off. 5. 6. LOIS SMITH: Geritol really works ? 7. SCOTTIE BLOCK: Course it really works. 8. Those two tablets contain twice the iron in a pound of calf’s liver. 9. Like they say ■ . . . Geritol-iron enters your bloodstream fast, carrying its blood-building power throughout your body. 10. LOIS SMITH: Hello! SCOTTIE BLOCK: Well! First time I’ve seen you smile in weeks! 11. LOIS SMITH: Thanks for telling me about Geritol! 12. ANNCR (V.O.): Iron-poor blood ? Be glad for Geritol! It builds iron power in your blood! Try it. The script of the advertisement challenged in count nine is reproduced in the Appendix, Script 6. The court holds that dissemination of these advertisements violated paragraphs 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) of the FTC order. For one thing, the use of the word “power” in these commercials constituted an implied representation prohibited by those four paragraphs. See pages 537-538 supra. Secondly, the “sad/glad” contrast creates the same visual impression as that produced by the “Vacation” advertisements, discussed supra, and, in conjunction with the references to “high potency” and “power,” violates the injunctions of those paragraphs. See pages 538-540 supra. D. Counts Ten and Eleven These counts relate to the dissemination by defendants of two different advertisements for Femiron. The script of the first of these, entitled “Fern Is for Women” (Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc., #FEM-31-30REV.), reads as follows: 1. OPEN ON TCU OF THE LETTERS “FEM” IN FEMIRON LOCO. 2. CUT TO WORD “IRON” IN FEMIRON LOCO. 3. SHOT WIDENS TO BECOME FULL PKG OF FEMIRON. WORD “NEW” OVER IT. (IF IT IS POSSIBLE, WE SHOULD INCLUDE BOTH THE LARGE 60’S AND THE STRETCH PACK OF 30’S.) 4. DISS TO GIANT FEMIRON PKG. WITH MAN & WOMAN RIDING OUT OF IT ON A TANDUM BIKE. 5. CAMERA MOVES IN FOR TIGHTER SHOT. 6. CAMERA PANS WITH BIKE. THEY PASS A MOTHER ON A BENCH, SMALL CHILDREN PLAYING. 7. CU OF TIRED MOTHER. FREEZE FRAME ON HER EXPRESSION. 8. DISS TO CU OF WOMAN’S HAND HOLDING FEMIRON TABLET TWIXT FINGERS. SUPER: “NEW!” SUPER: “FEMIRON” LOCO. 9. DISS TO CU OF PROFILE SHOT OF WOMAN. SHE TAKES TABLET WITH WATER. 10. DISS TO COUPLE LEANING BIKE AGAINST TREE. SHOT SHOULD FAVOR WOMAN. 11. FREEZE FRAME ON HER EXPRESSION. SHE IS LAUGHING. VITAL LOOK. 12. DISS TO CU OF LARGE BOX OF 60’S AND STRETCH PACK OF 30’S. SUPER TITLE: “THE VERY VERY FEMININE IRON TABLET” 1. ANNCR (V.O.): Fern is for women. 2. Iron is for women. 3. Femiron is the new all iron tablet for women, to help you . . . 4. . prevent a shortage of iron. 5. A medical journal reports that 6. . . . many healthy young women have little or no iron reserves. 7. You see, some women even risk becoming anemic and tired. 8. One Femiron tablet a day gives you iron ... all iron . . . 9. . . .to maintain the supply you need . . . 10. . . . to prevent iron shortage. 11. Get new Femiron . . . 12. . . . the very, very feminine iron tablet. The advertisement sued upon in count 11 is entitled “Ever Since Eve” and its script reads as follows: 1. OPEN ON PAN SHOT DOWN TREE. YOUNG COUPLE AT BASE OF TREE ON A PICNIC. 2. YOUNG MAN PULLS GIRL TO HER FEET. PUTS ARM AROUND HER SHOULDER AND THEY WALK OFF. 3. PAN WITH COUPLE. MOVE INTO CLOSE SHOT FAVORING GIRL. 4. COUPLE PASSES A MOTHER WITH SMALL CHILDREN. LOSE COUPLE. PUSH INTO SEE TIRED MOTHER WITH CHILDREN CAUSING A FUSS AND IRRITATING MOTHER. FREEZE FRAME ON MOTHER’S EXPRESSION. 5. SLOW DISSOLVE TO: ECU A PAN SHOT FEMIRON LETTERS ON BOX. THEN . . . 6. DISS TO CU. WOMAN’S HAND REMOVES TABLETS FROM BOX. 7. DISS TO NEGATIVE PROFILE SHOT WOMAN TAKING TABLET. 8. DISS TO GIRL FROM OPENING. SHE LEANS AGAINST TREE. BOY CLOSE TO HER. PUSH IN TO CU OF HER LAUGHING, VITAL LOOK. FREEZE FRAME ON HER EXPRESSION. 9. DISS TO CU OF BOX SUPER: “THE VERY, VERY FEMININE ALL IRON TABLET.” 1. ANNCR (V.O.): Ever since Eve 2. women have faced the problem of preventing a shortage of iron. 3. A leading medical journal reports that many healthy young women have little or no iron reserves. 4. You see, some women even risk becoming anemic and tired. 5. Take just one FEMIRON tablet every day. 6. FEMIRON gives you iron . . . all iron . . . 7. ... to maintain the supply you need .to prevent iron shortage . . . 8. Get FEMIRON ... the very, very . . . 9. . . . feminine all iron tablet. The court holds that dissemination of each of these advertisements violated paragraphs 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) of the FTC order. The court has already held that Femlron advertisements are subject to the order. See pages 531-532 supra. Having viewed these advertisements, the court finds that the closeup of the “tired mother” and the statement, “You see, some women even risk becoming anemic and tired,” especially when juxtaposed against the “vital look” of the Femlron user, represent by implication that the use of Femlron will be beneficial in the treatment or relief of the tiredness symptoms. For this reason, paragraphs 1(b), 1(c) and 1(d) of the order were violated. Paragraph 1(e) of the order was violated as well for the reasons stated at page 537 supra,. Defendants argue that “the sole theme of the Femlron commercials was prevention.” Memorandum 58. This argument is simply irrelevant, since the Government does not allege that either of the commercials violated the order because a prevention claim is made. See Government Reply Memorandum 3. Defendants further contend that “the tired, older woman briefly portrayed in the commercial[s] was shown solely to emphasize the condition which might occur if preventive steps were not taken at a younger age.” Memorandum 58. According to a Parkson employee, “the ad was not designed to appeal to older women who might already have become iron deficient.” Handman Affidavit 1. See also Lurie Affidavit 1-2. This contention is rejected by the court. The advertisements directly represent that women risk becoming anemic and tired from a shortage of iron. The clear implication is that tiredness is a generally reliable indication of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. This implication, which violates paragraph 1 (e), is in no way muted by the prevention claim. Furthermore, viewers are told that Femlron will supply iron to women who take it and will thereby prevent iron shortage. It is frivolous to argue that the only claim which is thus made is that Femlron will supply iron for the purpose of preventing iron deficiency. It is obvious that Femlron will also provide iron to any woman who takes it, even if she already has an iron shortage. In this way, the advertisements represent that Femlron will overcome an already existing iron deficiency. The advertisements strongly suggest that tired viewers, and especially tired elderly women, are probably tired because they have an existing iron deficiency. Consequently, the advertisements unmistakably represent by implication that the use of Femlron will not only prevent tiredness, but will be beneficial in the relief of tiredness as well. The message conveyed is that a tired woman who takes Femlron will soon have a “vital look.” This latter representation transgresses the prohibitions of paragraphs 1(b), 1(e) and 1 (d) of the FTC order. III. Penalties The final question for the court is whether the Government’s demand for the imposition of the maximum penalty of $5000 for each of the 100 violations as to each defendant is justified under all of the facts and circumstances of this case. Defendants raise three issues with respect to the imposition of penalties in this action. The facts relevant to the determination of these issues are undisputed and, consequently, the court can dispose of them on this motion for summary judgment. After considering these issues, the court will discuss the undisputed factual basis and the reasoning behind the award of penalties which the court has assessed. A. Jurisdiction of the Court Defendants challenge the jurisdiction of the court to impose the total amount of penalties which the United States has demanded in its complaint. Defendants argue that no more than $500,000 in penalties may be imposed in this action. The United States has demanded judgment against each defendant in the sum of $500,000 plus interest and costs, totaling more than $1,000,000. The basis of defendants’ argument is the Court of Appeals decision in United States v. St. Regis Paper Company, 355 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1966), which held that satisfaction of the requirements of Section 16 of the F.T.C. Act is a jurisdictional prerequisite to the commencement of a civil penalty suit by the Attorney General under Section 5(1) of the Act. See 355 F.2d at 699. The FTC did certify the facts underlying defendants’ liability in this action to the Attorney General, as required by Section 16, and defendants do not challenge the certification as such. See Pierpoint Affidavit, Exhibit A; Government Exhibit 5; Defendants’ Memorandum 65. However, defendants claim that the certification by the FTC was limited by the “draft of [a] complaint alleging violations of the Commission’s order and seeking $500,000 in penalties” which accompanied the certification notice. See Pierpoint Affidavit, Exhibit A, at p. 4 and Exhibit B. Defendants contend that, since the Commission “specified” that $500,000 in penalties should be sought in this action, the court lacks jurisdiction to impose penalties in a greater amount. Defendants’ Memorandum 66. The argument is based on a misreading both of Section 16 and of the FTC certification notice. Section 16 only requires that the FTC “certify the facts” which give it “reason to believe that any . . . corporation is liable to a penalty” under Section 5(1) of the F.T.C. Act. (Emphasis supplied.) Section 16 has absolutely nothing to say about either a certification, or even a recommendation, by the FTC to the Attorney General as to the amount of penalties which should be sought in the Section 5(1) action. Since the statute does not require that any certification be made in regard to penalties, it can hardly be argued that such a certification, even were it present here, constituted a jurisdictional bar to awarding greater penalties which were demanded by the United States in its complaint. The St. Regis decision, swpra, did not add any jurisdictional requirements to the statute; it merely insisted that the requirement that there be a certification of facts, as specifically prescribed in Section 16, be satisfied before the Attorney General can bring a Section 5(1) suit. Moreover, Section 16 states that it is the “duty” of the Attorney General “to cause appropriate proceedings to be brought for the enforcement” of Section 5(1). It cannot be argued that the instant action is not an appropriate proceeding for the enforcement of Section 5(1), for it seeks no more than the maximum penalty authorized by that section. St. Regis does not militate against this conclusion. Indeed, in St. Regis the Second Circuit panel noted: In Section 16, . Congress prescribed the circumstances under which civil penalty actions for violations of Commission orders shall be commenced and the officer of the United States who shall prosecute them and in Section 5(1) it prescribed the amount of the penalty .... 355 F.2d at 694-695. (Emphasis supplied.) The circumstances under which this action was brought conformed to Section 16 and, consequently, there can be no challenge to the decision of the Attorney General to prosecute the action for the full amount of the penalty prescribed by Section 5(1). Furthermore, the certification by the FTC in no way instructed the Attorney General to limit the relief sought to $500,000 in toto. The certification stated: Pursuant to the provisions of Section 16 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Commission hereby certifies the facts of violation of its order to cease and desist in its Docket 8547. The Commission in so certifying the facts states that it has reason to believe that the J. B. Williams Company, Inc., and Parkson Advertising Agency, Inc. are liable for penalties under Section 5(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act and therefore recommends that appropriate proceedings be instituted for recovery of civil penalties as prescribed in said section. Pierpoint Affidavit, Exhibit A, page 1 (Letter from the FTC to the Honorable John N. Mitchell, Attorney General of the United States, da