Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER FITZGERALD, District Judge. These two cases, now before the court on cross-motions for summary judgment, manifest a continuing effort by plaintiffs to secure oil and gas leases on the North Slope of Alaska. Plaintiffs are unsuccessful applicants for federal oil and gas leases filed under provisions of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920. The defendants are the United States, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, and the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, one of twelve Native corporations established by Act of Congress in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. In large part, plaintiffs seek judicial review of the Secretary’s rulings upholding certain land selections and subsequent conveyances made to defendant Regional Corporation pursuant to the Settlement Act. These conveyances, plaintiffs claim, should be made subject to oil and gas leases to which plaintiffs are entitled. A review of the history of Alaska Native land claims, and their relationship to the mining laws applicable to Alaska, serves to put the issues in perspective. I. HISTORY OF THE CASE Alaska Native land claims extend back in time to the Treaty of Cession of March 30, 1867; however, they were not directly addressed by Congress until passage of the Settlement Act in 1971. Although an earlier opinion of this Court traces this history in considerable detail, it bears repeating that when the Mineral Leasing Act was passed in 1920, no provision was included respecting Alaska Native use or occupancy. The first significant statute providing for conveyance of lands to Natives in Alaska, then under territorial status, merely provided procedures whereby Natives might acquire patents to lots within Native town-sites. For a number of reasons, no treaties were ever executed between the United States and Alaska Native groups either designating reservation lands for Native occupation, or defining Native fish and game rights; and although seven reservations were created by the Secretary, and other lands withdrawn by various Executive Orders for the benefit of certain Native groups, these actions did not affect the Native groups inhabiting the North Slope. The situation of the North Slope Natives remained largely unchanged until passage of the Alaska Statehood Act in 1958. Congress provided in the Statehood Act that Alaska in making its selection of 102,-500,000 acres, “disclaim all right and title to any lands or other property (including fishing rights), the right or title to which may be held by any Indians, Eskimos, or Aleuts . . . or is held by the United States in trust for said [NJatives.” The Act went on to declare that such “lands or other property” would remain within the absolute jurisdiction and control of the United States “until disposed of under its authority, except to such extent as the Congress had prescribed or may hereafter prescribe . . . .” As a result, Native rights were untouched by the Statehood Act. It was the intent of Congress in the Statehood Act to provide the new state with a solid economic foundation. It is therefore not surprising that in addition to the grant of 102,500,000 acres of land, the State of Alaska was granted 90 percent of the revenues received by the United States from coal and mineral leases situated on Alaskan lands retained by the federal government. Given this policy of the federal government regarding the disposition of Alaskan lands, it is also not surprising that in the same year as passage of the Statehood Act, the Secretary issued Public Land Order 1621 opening large sections of federally-owned North Slope lands to mineral exploration by private individuals through issuance of oil and gas leases under the Mineral Leasing Act. The 1958 lease opening of PLO 1621 amounted to a general release of the lands described. Before designated tracts might be opened to leasing, it was necessary to prepare, approve and file leasing maps and to publish a notice of availability in the Federal Register. By early 1964 only two areas had had the proper protraction maps drawn up and filed. Leases were issued for those lands. At that time protraction maps existed for the balance of the opened lands, but the Secretary had not yet caused them to be filed. However, the Department did have detailed plans underway to lease approximately 16-18 million acres located between the two areas already leased. This was to be accomplished in four separate openings. It is the fourth and last of these openings that is the subject of controversy in these two cases. An analysis of the essential features of the Mineral Leasing Act as it existed in 1966 is appropriate at this time. Section 226 of the Act grants discretionary authority to the Secretary to issue oil and gas leases on federal lands. Subsection (c), the provision applicable to these cases, concerns the leasing of lands “not within any known geological structure of a producing oil or gas field” and provides that such leasing may occur without competitive bidding, on a priority-in-time basis. Two procedures were devised for the noncompetitive leasing of § 226(c) federal lands. Under the first, or “simultaneous filing” method, lease applicants filed offers pursuant to a notice from the Secretary that lands were available for leasing. This was the procedure followed by the plaintiffs in Rowe. On a designated date, the Secretary would hold a drawing to determine the “successful drawee,” as between several lease applicants for a particular block of acreage. Once so determined, the successful drawee became the first qualified applicant or offeror for a particular lease. The second or noncompetitive leasing method (involving the Rowlett plaintiffs) simply involved the filing of “over-the-counter” lease offers in the designated office of the Bureau of Land Management; the first qualified applicant to file an offer would acquire priority for a lease as against other lease applicants. The Department employed this second method to facilitate the leasing of two types of land: land for which no lease applications had been received under the “simultaneous filing” method but which remained opened and available, and land for which current lease terms had expired under the mandatory ten-year limitation. Public Land Order 1621, together with Public Land Order 3521, required that a simultaneous filing period be provided for in the four separate openings previously mentioned. Additionally, the Secretary had promulgated extensive regulations governing the two noncompetitive lease filing procedures. In September, 1966, the Secretary published the fourth and last notice relating to PLO 3521 lands. The September notice provided that those offers to lease filed between September 26,1966, and November 18, 1966, would be considered as having been simultaneously filed. Thereafter over-the-counter offers to lease would be considered for blocks of lands which did not have outstanding simultaneous offers on the date of the drawing. The Rowe plaintiffs responded to the September notice by filing offers within the simultaneous filing period. The Rowlett plaintiffs thereafter filed over-the-counter offers for a number of the remaining blocks. The Rowlett plaintiffs apparently also filed over-the-counter offers for lands opened by the three earlier notices, although all the Rowlett offers were filed between 1966 and 1969. Long before the September, 1966 leasing program, Native groups and individuals had voiced protests against State and Federal disposition of lands alleged by the Natives to be subject to claims of aboriginal ownership. Beginning in late 1961 the Bureau of Indian Affairs filed protests on behalf of various Native groups, including protests conflicting with 1,750,000 acres of the State’s initial selections. As State selections continued through the 1960’s, the filing of individual or village protests mounted steadily. By April, 1968, forty protests, covering some 300,000,000 acres, or 80% of the State, had been filed, with the North Slope Native Association laying claim to virtually the entire North Slope. The position of the Bureau of Land Management shifted somewhat over these years as the number of protests increased. In 1961 the relevant provision of the Department regulations required only that “lands occupied by Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos, in good faith will not be subject to entry or appropriation by others.” (Emphasis added.) Protests filed for lands falling beyond the narrow scope of the regulations were thus dismissed. The corresponding position of the Regional Solicitor of the Department was to recognize only protests based upon occupancy ultimately leading to grant of allotments under the Alaska Native Allotment Act. Claims based solely on Indian title were to be dismissed. However, in 1962 appeals from dismissals of Native land claims had reached the office of the Director of the Bureau and beginning in 1963 the Director transferred all Native protests to the central office in Washington, D. C. for consideration. Despite this increased sensitivity to the mounting Native claims, Interior decided to proceed with the September, 1966 North Slope opening as scheduled. But by this time, Native groups had become so organized that the protests in response to the opening were almost immediate. At this juncture Secretary Udall determined that further leasing activity on the questioned North Slope lands should be temporarily brought to a halt. By memorandum dated October 13, 1966, the Regional Solicitor instructed the State Director of the Bureau to suspend any issuance of leases in areas affected by Native protests. In turn, the State Director notified the Fairbanks Land Office of the suspension on pending and future applications for leases within the areas under protest. The Fairbanks office was instructed to give notice to the affected parties. A press release to this effect was issued by the Bureau’s Anchorage office on November 28, 1966. On November 30, 1966, the Anchorage Land Office issued a public notice which confirmed that the opening would proceed as scheduled, the drawing of simultaneous filings to be held on December 20, 1966. However, the notice added: The Native residents of the area have asserted an aboriginal claim to the area and have protested any form of disposition of the land or its resources. The Secretary of the Interior has, therefore, issued instructions to determine successful drawees among the offerors, but to postpone issuance of the leases until the question of the aboriginal claim is further considered. Upon determination of the successful drawee for each leasing block the first year’s rental will not be returnable, unless the offer is rejected. At this time there is no estimate as to when or if the leases will be issued. On November 30, 1966, a similar notice was posted in the Fairbanks Land Office and published the next day in the local newspaper, the Fairbanks Daily News Miner. It stated in relevant part: Because the North Slope Native Association has filed claims to the area and has protested the disposition of the land or its resources, the leases won in the drawing will not be issued until Native claims are resolved. It is not known when the leases will be issued. Those who have filed bids for leases may withdraw their bids before the drawing. After winners of the leases are drawn, the winners are committed to pay the first year’s rent on the land. This rent is not returnable. On December 1, 1966, Secretary Udall issued a notice, published December 8, 1966 in the Federal Register, announcing the suspension of any lease issuance pending consideration of the protests. Bureau of Land Management records indicate that of 1131 acceptable simultaneous offers filed, 342 were withdrawn prior to the date of the drawing, and 24 more were withdrawn on December 20, 1966, prior to commencement of the drawing. The records further reveal that the bulk of these withdrawals occurred after November 28, 1966. The drawing was held as scheduled and the Rowe plaintiffs were among those who drew priority status. The Rowlett plaintiffs filed offers for various blocks of land within the 16 million acre area designated by Public Land Order, both before and after the Atlantic Richfield mid-1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay. In 1969, the Secretary issued Public Land Order 4582 formally withdrawing all public lands in Alaska from mineral leasing, “for the determination and protection of the rights of the Native Aleuts, Eskimos and Indians of Alaska.” In the wake of the land freeze Congress began considering several proposals for settlement of the Native claims for the benefit of both the Natives and the continued orderly development of Alaska. In December 1971, Congress enacted the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The Act expressly extinguished all past or future claims for land or damages arising from aboriginal title. In return, the Natives were granted a monetary settlement of some one billion dollars and allowed to select limited quantities of lands from large tracts withdrawn by Congress under § 1610. The Settlement Act also established twelve Native Regional Corporations, including the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation and smaller Village Corporations to manage the settlement for the benefit of their members. Under provisions of ANCSA § 12(a) Village Corporations were allowed to make selections from lands Congress had withdrawn in § 11 of the Settlement Act. The Act provided that the Village Corporations would receive patent to the surface estate and the Regional Corporation would receive patent to the subsurface estate in equal amounts. In the event the quantity of lands to which a Native corporation was entitled under Sections 12 and 14 proved greater than the available withdrawn lands, Congress provided in § 11(a)(3) that the Secretary would withdraw additional lands, or “deficiency withdrawals,” from which the Natives could make the balance of their entitlement. In part due to the existence of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation was unable to make its allowable selections from the withdrawn lands. Accordingly, by a complex multistep procedure, a sufficient “deficiency withdrawal” was arrived at by the Secretary. The additional withdrawal included lands for which plaintiff lease applicants had previously filed oil and gas lease offers. Subsequently, the Regional Corporation selected the balance of its entitlement and in the fall of 1976 the Bureau approved an interim conveyance of the lands selected from the deficiency withdrawal. Part of the lands selected by the Regional Corporation included the same lands for which lease offers under the Mineral Leasing Act had been filed by plaintiffs. This is the backdrop against which plaintiffs’ claims for oil and gas leases are to be considered. II. THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS The interim conveyance of the lands selected by the Regional Corporation from the “deficiency withdrawal” lands was appealed to the Alaska Native Claims Appeal Board. In view of the serious issues raised in the appeals the Secretary undertook to assume direct jurisdiction over the claims. In his decision of November 24, 1976, the Secretary dismissed the appeals and approved the conveyances. This decision constituted the final action by the agency. On November 30, 1976, an interim conveyance of the lands was made to the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation. This lawsuit followed. III. THE ROWLETT CLAIMS A. Was the Secretary Required to Take Action Accepting or Rejecting Lease Applications Prior to November, 1976? It has long been recognized as a cardinal principle of statutory construction that an agency interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to great weight within areas of agency expertise. However, courts are not obliged to “stand aside and rubber-stamp [agency] affirmance of administrative decisions that they deem inconsistent with a statutory mandate or that frustrate the congressional policy underlying the statute.” [O]ne factor to be considered in giving weight to an administrative ruling is “the thoroughness evident in its consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking in power to control.” The Rowlett applicants filed over-the-counter offers from late 1966 through mid-January, 1969, at which time the Secretary issued PLO 4582. These offers were made pursuant to the Secretary’s opening orders and 43 C.F.R. 3123. Unlike the Rowe plaintiffs, there was no cut-off date beyond which these applicants were barred from withdrawing their offers (and the advance rentals which had accompanied them). Pri- or to the time the Rowlett applicants filed their offers the Secretary and the Bureau had made it amply clear, through several notices, that a large degree of uncertainty surrounded the entire North Slope leasing program, and the prospect of future leases being executed was subject to considerable doubt. Plaintiffs have advanced several arguments in support of their position that the Secretary should have issued leases to them during these interim years, and that they justifiably expected such action. In light of the undisputed facts, I am not persuaded by plaintiffs’ arguments in favor of departing from authoritative decisions regarding Departmental issuance of oil and gas leases to over-the-counter lease applicants. It has been squarely held in this Circuit that in the leasing of lands under the Mineral Act, The permissive word “may” in Section 226(a) allows the Secretary to lease such lands, but does not require him to do so. Although Section 226(c) requires the Secretary to issue the lease to the first qualified applicant if the land is leased, the Secretary has discretion to refuse to issue any lease at all on a given tract, (citations omitted). Given the Secretary’s discretion whether to lease the lands at all, plaintiffs’ offer to lease could not, in and of itself, vest plaintiffs with any right to a lease . . . Burglin v. Morton, 527 F.2d 486, 488 (9th Cir. 1976) (emphasis added). Moreover, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held in Schraier v. Hickel, that the pendancy of an applicant’s offer could not interfere with a state selection because (1) “[t]he fact that the Bureau published a notice that it would receive offers to lease did not preclude a later exercise of discretion to decline to lease” and (2) an “application for lease, even though first in time or drawn by lot from among simultaneous offers, is a hope, or perhaps expectation, rather than a claim.” (Emphasis added.) These holdings were but recently reaffirmed in an appeal taken from a decision of this court dismissing a similar challenge by over-the-counter applicants who filed offers in 1967 and 1968, offers rejected by the Secretary in favor of subsequent State selections authorized under the Statehood Act. I conclude that the Rowlett applicants had no cognizable contract or property interest which created a right to issuance of leases. The discretion of whether or not to lease is not exercised when a mere notice is given inviting offers and delineating procedures to be followed. As the District of Columbia Circuit determined in Duesing v. Udall “the filing of an application which has not been accepted does not give any right to a lease, or generate a legal interest which reduces or restricts the discretion vested in the Secretary whether or not to issue leases for the lands involved.” The Secretary was under no requirement to issue or reject leases within a certain time limit, since “it was the clear intent of Congress to give him discretion.” In view of these authorities and the events relevant to the 1966 drawing, I find plaintiffs’ claimed expectations totally unwarranted. No action based upon the Secretary’s inaction may lie. Plaintiffs also argued in their moving papers and at oral argument that even under the limited right of fair consideration recognized in Schraier, this Court should find that the plaintiffs were not fairly treated vis-a-vis the defendant Native Regional corporation which ultimately received patent to the land. The error in this argument is rooted in plaintiffs’ misunderstanding of this procedural safeguard: the right to be fairly and equally considered applies only among competing lease applicants, not between the applicants and the Natives whose rights were created and vested under other legislation. The Statehood Act recognized and preserved Native rights; thereafter Congress respected those rights through a land and monetary settlement. While Congress could have chosen to recognize an equal or superior right in plaintiffs, it did not do so. Consequently, since plaintiffs do not complain of a lack of fair treatment vis-a-vis other lease applicants, the Schraier safeguards have indeed been fully respected. B. Did the Secretary Properly Reject Plaintiffs’ Lease Applications? In the course of affirming the Bureau’s interim conveyance of ANCSA lands to the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, the Secretary rejected all pending oil and gas lease applications filed for the same lands, or any part thereof. In so doing, he reasoned that (1) ANCSA § 1621(i) did not authorize the issuance of leases on lands subject to conveyance to Native corporations; (2) the discretion embodied in § 226 of the Mineral Act allowed the Secretary to continue the Department’s policy regarding nonleasing of lands arguably subject to Native claims (the policy behind the earlier land freeze) in order not to frustrate Congressional policy in the Settlement Act; (3) issuance of leases in 1976 would “nullify the years of policy decision and withdrawals preventing lease issuance in order to protect the rights of Alaska Natives”; (4) the offerors were not due greater deference due to suspension, rather than rejection, of their applications during the period of Secretarial withdrawals from leasing in aid of legislation. Arnold v. Morton stands for the proposition that the Secretary, in granting or refusing to grant leases, must act upon grounds “which would have been within his discretion at the time of plaintiffs’ filing.” However, in a footnote the Court elaborates that due to the absence of any time limit on Secretarial action, We do not mean to suggest that the Secretary must go through the mental gymnastics of attempting to make the decision he would have made at the time of application. We mean only that a public land order which was issued at a time when the Secretary was laboring under a mistake of law cannot in and of itself be a proper ground for the exercise of the Secretary’s discretion to refuse the leases. Id. at 1106, n. 12. In the text, the Court adds, [WJhile he may not refuse to grant a lease on the basis of the later public land orders per se, it would clearly be appropriate to consider whether the factors which led to the issuance of those orders also indicate that it is not in the public interest to lease the lands in question at this time. (Emphasis added). Id. at 1106. While it may be true that some of the Secretary’s reasons in his November 24, 1976, decision went beyond the Arnold admonishment, I find that given the latitude in the Arnold standard, the Secretary reasonably and sufficiently grounded his rejection of plaintiffs’ lease offers upon factors clearly in existence in the period from 1966 to 1969, e. g., serious questions had been raised, via Native protests, concerning the status of Native aboriginal rights, and it had become certain that Congress would finally undertake the settling of Native aboriginal claims in Alaska. While plaintiffs strongly urge that identical factors were involved in all four openings, the record reveals otherwise; the Native response in protest against the fourth opening was immediate and strong, no doubt in large part due to the Bureau’s actions in the three earlier openings. Essentially the Secretary found that the same reasons which supported the land freeze policy of 1966 justified rejection of the lease offers. That this policy was in existence in 1966 is further evidenced by the Department’s submission soon thereafter of a draft bill to settle the Native claims. For the Secretary to have intervened in this area by issuing leases would have usurped the reservations of power in Congress declared in the Statehood Act, usurped the intent of Congress to ultimately deal with Native rights, and would have seriously prejudiced the rights of Alaskan Natives. I cannot say that such a position was irrational, untimely or beyond the scope of the Secretary’s broad discretion under the Mineral Act to refuse to issue oil and gas leases. And while there may be several competing opinions as to what action would have been in the public interest, the decision of the Secretary under the circumstances appears to be entirely reasonable and objective. C. Objections to Interior Appeal Procedures. When plaintiffs objected to the interim conveyance of selected lands to the Regional Corporation (under ANCSA) an appeal was lodged with ANCAB. However, prior to a decision in the matter the Secretary assumed original jurisdiction over the appeal, under authority of 43 C.F.R. 4.5 (April 15, 1971). Also involved in the appeals were the still-pending oil and gas lease applications of plaintiffs. Because of the interrelatedness of the ANCSA and Mineral Leasing Act claims, the Secretary took original jurisdiction over the lease applications as well, under authority of Section 226 of the Mineral Act and 200 Departmental Manual 1.9. Plaintiffs argue that this assumption of jurisdiction, as well as the absence of a hearing, deprived them of their rights under the Administrative Procedure Act, the Department’s regulations, and the Due Process Clause. In regard to the Secretary’s assumption of original jurisdiction, Subchapter 4.5, Title 43 of the Code of Federal Regulations unambiguously states in part: Nothing in this part shall be construed to deprive the Secretary of any power conferred upon him by law. The Secretary reserves under his supervisory powers the right to take original jurisdiction of any case and render the final decision in the matter, after holding such hearing as may be required by law. . . . (Emphasis added). Given the clear language of this provision, I find plaintiffs’ position regarding the assumption of jurisdiction absolutely untenable. The Secretary’s action was an act of discretion, not an abuse thereof. Under the language of the Mineral Leasing Act itself, the Secretary is delegated the discretionary authority to act upon lease applications. Although ordinarily the Bureau performs this function, these applications did not arise in an ordinary situation. I find the Secretary’s decision to review the appeal and the lease applications to be a decision well within his discretion and not subject to review in this Court. I also reject plaintiffs’ position that since the Government did not have sufficient time to file briefs in opposition to plaintiffs’ appeals, plaintiffs’ rights were somehow prejudiced. Plaintiffs were able to file a comprehensive and well-considered 59-page appellate brief with the Board. Accordingly, I find no prejudice. Finally, in regard to the absence of a hearing, plaintiffs argue that applicable regulations required a hearing before the Secretary prior to issuance of a decision, a hearing in which evidence could be heard and reviewed. Plaintiffs conclude from the Secretary’s failure to hold a hearing that their due process rights were violated. Without reaching defendants’ argument based upon Rowe v. Kleppe, No. 75-1152 (D.D.C. July 29, 1976) that plaintiffs’ interests in the land did not rise to an interest protectable under the due process clause, I find that the absence of a hearing was proper in this instance. The Department’s hearing regulations provide for evidentiary hearings in appeals before the Interior Board of Land Appeals and the Alaska Native Claims Appeal Board. The two regulations are substantively identical and provide that a hearing “on an issue of fact” may be held in the discretion of the Board. The Secretary found that in these appeals there were no unresolved issues of fact which might be dispositive of the case, and that the questions raised were purely legal questions. In light of this finding, well supported in the record, the Secretary properly exercised his discretion not to order a hearing. Plaintiffs’ motion on this ground is also denied. D. Did the Pickett Act Require the Secretary to Issue a Public Land Order in 1966? Plaintiffs have argued in their briefs that even if the Secretary generally had discretionary authority under the Mineral Leasing Act to reject lease offers after the date of the drawing, in the fall of 1966 the Secretary issued several notices to the effect that action on lease applications for the North Slope would be suspended, not rejected, until further consideration was given to the claims of aboriginal title asserted by various Native groups. Plaintiffs argue that this action, having not been accomplished through means of a public land order declaring a withdrawal, exceeded the Secretary’s authority given the proscriptions of the Pickett Act. The Pickett Act provided that the President, acting through the Secretary of the Interior, could “at any time in his discretion, temporarily withdraw from settlement, location, sale, or entry any of the public lands of the United States, including Alaska, and reserve the same for . . . classification of lands, or other public purposes to be specified in the orders of withdrawals » When Executive Order 10355 was signed, delegating the Act’s authority to the Secretary, it provided in Section 1(b) that: All orders issued by the Secretary of the Interior under the authority of this order shall be designated as public land orders Nothing in the Pickett Act restricted the manner in which the Secretary was to exercise his authority over public lands when such action was based on grants of authority derived from other Acts of Congress. By its own terms the § 1(b) restriction applied only to orders issued under authority of the Pickett Act. When the Secretary acted under the authority of the Mineral Act to suspend Bureau action on lease applications, he was beyond the reach of the Pickett Act and therefore not required to act exclusively through issuance of a public land order. To hold otherwise would be equivalent to declaring that unless the Secretary accepts or rejects lease offers immediately upon receipt thereof, he must issue a public land order announcing a withdrawal of the subject lands. Then, when he is ready to act, he must issue a revocation of the order in the form of another public land order. Given the intent of Congress in the Mineral Act to grant broad discretion to the Secretary on whether or not to lease public lands, I do not agree that Congress intended each such discretionary action to constitute a “Pickett Act” action. There is no support for such a position in either act, and counsel have pointed to none in their briefs. Rather, at least one Court of Appeals that has addressed the argument has endorsed the Department’s interpretation of the Pickett Act set forth in Richard K. Todd, et al., 68 I.D. 291, 296, in which then Assistant Secretary Carver observed Stripped of all authority to withdraw lands, the Secretary would still have his discretionary authority to refuse to issue leases where he thinks issuance would not be in the public interest. The formal exercise by the Secretary of his discretionary authority is nothing new in the administration of the Mineral Leasing Act. I find this reasoning persuasive and therefore conclude that the Secretary’s decision to withhold action on numerous North Slope leasing applications was well within the discretion granted in the Mineral Act and did not contravene the constraints of the Pickett Act. On the basis of the above discussion I conclude that plaintiffs’ over-the-counter applications for oil and gas leases, filed in response to a departmental invitation to submit such offers on specified lands, did not confer any substantial contract or property rights upon the applicants. Despite the “invitation,” the law is well settled that the Secretary did not forfeit any discretion to consider — and reject — such applications at any time in the future. I further conclude that the Secretary properly based his rejection of plaintiffs’ lease offers upon a reasonable belief that issuance of leases was not in the public interest. E. Were the “Deficiency Withdrawals” in the North Slope Region an Abuse of Discretion by the Secretary of the Interior? Plaintiffs have argued that the process by which ANCSA deficiency withdrawals were computed for selection by defendant Regional Corporation was arbitrary, capricious and an abuse of discretion. I find this argument without merit. At the outset, it should be observed that based on plaintiffs’ failure to establish a cognizable property interest in the lands withdrawn by the Secretary, plaintiffs face a serious standing problem in challenging the propriety of the ANCSA § 11(a) withdrawals and subsequent conveyances to defendant Regional Corporation. Nevertheless, even if standing to raise this argument were established by plaintiffs, the claim of arbitrariness must be rejected. Upon examination, the process by which the deficiency withdrawals were computed demonstrates a responsible and rational exercise of discretion by the Secretary. In fulfilling his responsibility under ANCSA, then Secretary Morton created an Alaska Task Force in January 1972, to determine the location, amount and type of public land withdrawals needed to comply with the Act. The affidavits submitted by the government regarding the withdrawal calculations for the Arctic Slope region detail the groundwork done by ATF’s working group, including the step-by-step calculations which led to the determination of necessary Village and Regional Corporation deficiency withdrawals, and the consideration of other withdrawals required by ANCSA. These preliminary results were presented to ATF in February 1972. Following consultation with representatives of Native groups, ATF directed its working group to outline the necessary withdrawals based upon certain additional determinations, including the order of priority in which entitlements would be satisfied. The working group proceeded to plot out the actual lands involved and these map plottings formed a basis for the overall public land orders issued in March 1972. As attested to by Mr. Bingham, former Chief of the Division of Lands and Realty for the Bureau, the task of determining the proper withdrawals needed for the Arctic Slope region raised unusual problems. Due to the size and configuration of the Arctic Slope region, its few villages, the existence of [Naval] Petroleum Reserve No. 4, the Arctic National Wildlife Range, State selections at Prudhoe Bay and the [oil pipeline] utility corridor, there was a substantial deficiency factor for the region. In the ensuing months the ATP working group continued to update its statistical information and to revise the assumptions upon which the withdrawals had been based. In September 1972, a delegation from defendant Regional Corporation met with members of ATF to discuss numerous differences of opinion as to the manner in which ANCSA § 11(a)(3) deficiency withdrawals had been computed. Among other things, the Regional Corporation challenged many of the assumptions upon which the initial withdrawals had been made. Following three days of discussion and consultation between the parties and the Secretary, the Secretary and ATF agreed, based upon revised calculations, that the acreages withdrawn in the Arctic Slope region as regional deficiency withdrawals should be augmented by 1,215,568 acres. A public land order amending the earlier March 1972 withdrawal was, in turn, issued. Nevertheless, insufficient knowledge concerning many factors resulted in certain continuing inadequacies. In September 1973, it was again necessary to modify the acreages based upon newly-acquired enrollment data and revised statistics. Five subsequent public land orders were required before the withdrawal process was finally completed, based on the best information available at the time, in December 1975. It was from these combined withdrawals that defendant Regional Corporation ultimately filed their selection applications which were later approved by the Bureau in 1976. Given the highly complex nature of the calculations involved in establishing the necessary deficiency withdrawals, and the continuing efforts of the Department over the course of four years to modify and revise the withdrawal calculations as errors and new information came to its attention, I conclude that the deficiency withdrawal process employed by the Department was not arbitrary or capricious, nor did it constitute an abuse of discretion. Indeed, the government has shown that the utmost care and consideration was given to this labyrinthine undertaking. The evidence is uncontroverted in this regard and therefore plaintiffs’ motion on this ground is also denied. F. May Plaintiffs Claim Protection Under ANCSA’s “Savings Clause”? Because of my finding that plaintiffs lacked any substantive rights whatsoever in the ultimate award of leases, it follows inescapably that plaintiffs cannot claim any protection from the savings clause of ANCSA, § 14(g), which clause preserves “valid existing rights.” The Schraier court convincingly demonstrated that the rights of lease applicants cannot rise above an inchoate hope or expectation such as would draw plaintiffs within the protection of the Alaska Statehood Act’s savings clause. Since ANCSA’s savings clause is notably more restrictive than that of the Statehood Act, the Secretary correctly concluded that plaintiffs’ claim must similarly fall beyond reach of the Settlement Act. Accordingly, the Secretary’s decision in Arctic Slope is affirmed in all respects; defendants’ motion for summary judgment on all issues is granted. Plaintiffs’ motion is denied. IV. THE ROWE PLAINTIFFS As more fully described in Part I, supra, the Rowe plaintiffs differ from the Rowlett plaintiffs in that they filed simultaneous offers within a pre-set deadline. Prior to the date of the drawing these applicants could withdraw their offers, and recoup the prepaid first-year’s advance rentals. However, after the drawing the offers could not be withdrawn, nor could the prepaid rentals be recouped unless the Secretary took action and rejected the offers. In return for this more restrictive procedure, the Rowe plaintiffs acquired a priority to entitlement to leases, should leases be issued. Thus, these “first-shot” plaintiffs were spared the uncertainty of having to file first-in-time to get priority status. The Department also benefited from these procedures by (1) avoiding any frenetic rush to file offers on the first day of the land opening, and (2) eliminating to a large degree the chance for brokering of priorities by speculators. The non-returnability of the first-year’s rental had been announced in the September 1966 opening notice as one of the filing requirements necessary for an offer to be eligible for the drawing. Plaintiffs argue that while not explicitly stated in the notice, this provision for nonreturnability indicated that the Department agreed to be bound to issuance of leases to successful drawees. I disagree. The opening notices published in the Federal Register made it abundantly clear that the filing of an application constituted an “offer to lease,” and that the applicant agreed he would be bound to a lease “if such a lease is issued to him as a result of the drawing.” Nowhere in the notice is there mention that the non-returnability provision altered the Secretary’s traditional discretion over whether or not to lease. The Secretary’s purpose in changing the last three opening notices in respect to the non-returnability of the first-year’s rental was solely to prevent an obstructive practice of certain applicants who would withdraw their first-drawn offers, after the drawing but prior to lease issuance, if they were unsuccessful in bartering their lease priority. Under prior practice speculators could file offers on numerous blocks of land, tendering the nominal $10.00 filing fee per offer. If any of the offers became “first-drawn” offers following the drawing, the speculators would seek to sell those offers to a third party, for a profit. If a lease could not ultimately be sold, the first-drawn offer was withdrawn before any leases were executed. The non-withdrawal provision for advance payment of the first-year’s rental was a remedial measure designed to discourage such speculation (and the resulting obstructive effect on the Bureau office) and to require offerors, as defendants so aptly state, to “cover their bets.” Paragraph 3(d) of the first opening notice had not put a halt to the speculators because it seemed to allow for withdrawal of lease offers anytime prior to execution of a lease As a result, the several exhibits offered by plaintiffs evidence a clear recognition within the Bureau that a clearer provision for non-returnability after the drawing would remedy the recognized abuse. The documents uniformly reveal a singular Bureau intent in the notices to provide for a non-returnability policy that would be consistent with the regulations in existence at the time; particular accounting procedures were never intended to add more to this limited goal. There is no support anywhere for plaintiffs’ theory that paragraph 3(d) of the notice was somehow also intended to alter the established policy and requirements of law that lease acceptance remain within the full discretion of the Secretary up until a designated government official had executed leases in favor of priority-holding applicants. It cannot be disputed that, as plaintiffs urge, the opening notice would never have issued had the Department not determined that it desired to take the first steps in leasing the subject North Slope lands. However, it is equally well established in the Mineral Act, the interpretative regulations, and the authorities cited in Part II, B, above, that the Secretary’s ultimate discretion to accept or reject a lease offer was not in any way reduced by the issuance of the notice. Two other points are significant in this matter. First, paragraph (d) of the notice, in addition to the regulations, clearly contemplated that during the period following the drawing (when the offers and advance rentals could not be voluntarily withdrawn) the Bureau could reject a lease offer and be required to refund the advance rental; if such a rejection occurred the notice went on to provide that the advance rentals would be returned to the rejected applicant. By its own terms that provision is unrestricted as to the possible bases for rejection of an offer. Plaintiffs’ reading of this same provision would urge that a rejection based upon a non-compliance with the regulations was within the intended scope of paragraph (d), but that a rejection based upon the Secretary’s discretion under § 226(c) of the Mineral Act was not intended to be within its scope. I find nothing in any of the notices, or the regulations, to support plaintiffs’ reading. Second, the Department’s own regulations, in force at the time, explicitly stated that acceptance of a lease offer would be indicated by the exclusive method of the Secretary’s signature on the lease form. The September notice provided in paragraph (a) that “the provisions of this notice shall supersede any provisions of the regulations with which they may be in conflict.” But it also provided that absent a conflict, the regulations in 43 C.F.R. Part 3120, were to govern. Although there are clear departures from the regulations in certain procedures to be followed by lease applicants (i. e., the use of the new drawing card), the language of the opening order — and the underlying administrative intent — reveal no departure in the area of acceptance of lease offers. Rather the notice is entirely consistent, as is its counterpart in § 3123.9(c)(3) of the regulations, with the acceptance-by-execution provision of 43 C.F.R. § 3123.5(b). The reference in ¶ 3(c) of the notice regarding possible issuance of leases further supports this reading. Finding no conflict between the notice and the lease execution provisions of the regulations, I conclude that acceptance of a simultaneous lease offer could not have been indicated in any manner other than by a signature of the appropriate officer on the lease form. Under the two leading cases of the Supreme Court discussed earlier, I am required to uphold the decision of the Secretary if I find that its reasoning and its interpretation of its own regulations contain the “power to persuade.” Indeed, I find that the Secretary’s decision interpreting paragraph (c) of the September notice as a narrow provision designed solely to reduce lease brokering is a reasonable, if not the only interpretation consistent with the Department’s prior procedure in its oil and gas leasing programs. I further find that the statutory mandate of the Mineral Act is not impeded, and indeed is buttressed by the retention of discretion to lease until the moment at which leasing occurs through execution. The Secretary’s decision regarding the manner of acceptance is therefore affirmed. The Rowe plaintiffs have raised numer- ■ ous other objections to the Secretary’s action in suspending lease issuance and ultimately rejecting the lease offers. Because of the result reached above on plaintiffs’ arguments regarding the Department’s method of acceptance, I conclude that the Rowe plaintiffs had an identical legal interest as had the Rowlett plaintiffs (save, of course, for the different types of priority each one acquired if leases had been issued). For all the reasons already set out in my discussion of the Rowlett plaintiffs’ claims, plaintiff Rowe’s cross motion for summary judgment is also denied in all respects. The motions for summary judgment submitted by the defendants are granted in their entirety. I have granted defendant’s summary judgment motion against all of plaintiffs’ claims for relief, both equitable and monetary. Because of this result, there is no need to dismiss any part of plaintiffs’ complaint on the ground that the Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over damage claims against the Government in excess of $10,000.00. This is so because none of plaintiffs’ claims have survived summary judgment on the merits. Accordingly, the actions are hereby dismissed with prejudice. ORDERED ACCORDINGLY. APPENDIX United States Department of the Interior OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 Nov. 24, 1976. In Re Arctic Slope/Western, In Re Arctic Slope/Western (Central) ANCAB # RLS 76-ll(A)-(MM) ANCAB # RLS 76-12(A)-(0) BLM F-19148 et a 1. DECIDED Appeals from decisions of the Alaska State Office, Bureau of Land Management, to issue conveyances to Alaska Native Corporation. APPEARANCES: Robert L. Hartig, Esq., of Cole, Hartig, Rhodes, Norman and Mahoney, Anchorage, Alaska, for appellants; James Wickwire, Esq., of Wickwire, Lewis, Goldmark, Dystel and Schorr, Seattle, Washington, for appellee Arctic Slope; John W. Burke, Esq., Office of the Regional Solicitor, for appellee Bureau of Land Management, and others. DECISION BY THE SECRETARY John T. Rowlett and others have appealed from the decision of the Alaska State Office, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), dated August 25, 1976, 41 F.R. 36527 (August 30,1976), to issue conveyance of public lands to appellee Arctic Slope Regional Corporation under the authority of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), 43 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq. The appeal has been docketed by the Alaska Native Claims Appeal Board (ANCAB) as In Re Arctic Slope/Western, ANCAB # RLS 76-ll(A)-(MM). John T. Rowlett and others have appealed from the decision of the Alaska State Office, BLM, dated September 13, 1976, 41 F.R. 40193 (September 17, 1976), to issue conveyance of other public lands to appellee Arctic Slope Regional Corporation under ANCSA. This appeal has been docketed by ANCAB as In Re Arctic Slope/Eastern (Central), ANCAB # RLS 76-12(A)-(0). By Order issued November 15, 1976, under the authority of 43 CFR 4.5, section 17 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C. § 226, and 200 Departmental Manual 1.9, I took original jurisdiction over the appeals before ANCAB and the noncompetitive oil and gas lease offers pending in the Alaska State Office, BLM, involved in the appeals before ANCAB. Appellants in these cases are all the first qualified offerors for noncompetitive oil and gas leases under the provisions of section 17 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C. § 226. The lands in question are on the “North Slope” of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. During and after World War II, all public lands in northern Alaska were withdrawn from all forms of entry and disposal. Public Land Order (P.L.O.) No. 82, 8 F.R. 1599 (January 23, 1943). As the military demands for the land diminished and the private sector’s requests for permission to explore the area for oil and gas increased, P.L.O. No. 82 was revoked and a system for opening the land to leasing under the Mineral Leasing Act established. P.L.O. No. 1621, 23 F.R. 2637 (April 18, 1958), P.L.O. No. 3521, 30 F.R. 271 (January 5, 1965). These orders opened the land to the filing of noncompetitive oil and gas lease offers upon the completion of protraction map-leasing diagrams and opening orders notifying the public that leasing blocks had been established and that offers would be received on those blocks. These openings commenced in January 1965 (Appellants’ Ex. 12), beginning with the north-central portion of the North Slope, and continued through the Notice that offers could be filed for land in the Western Arctic involved in these appeals (Appellants’ Exhibit No. (Ex.) 1, 31 F.R. 12575 (September 23, 1966)). The opening orders provided that offers filed before a certain date would be regarded as having been simultaneously filed. When more than one offer was filed for a tract, a drawing was held to establish the first qualified offeror if a lease were to issue. Those tracts for which no offers were filed during the period specified in the opening order then were subject to over-the-counter offer filings. Under this system, public land on the North Slope not otherwise withdrawn was available for the filing of noncompetitive lease offers either 1) by simultaneous filings under an opening order, or 2) by over-the-counter filings. During this period various Native groups filed protests against lease issuance in the Fairbanks District and Land Office, BLM. In response to the protests, the Department issued a press release November 28, 1966, manifesting its intention to hold the drawing noticed by the opening order of September 23, 1966 (Ex. 1), but not to issue any leases on the first-drawn offers until the Native protests were resolved (Ex. 5). On November 30, 1966, the Department posted a public notice to the same effect (Ex. 6). On December 1, 1966; the Secretary signed a Federal Register notice confirming this policy. 31 F.R. 15494 (December 8, 1966). The drawing at issue in some of the appeals here was held, pursuant to this policy, on December 20,1966, and no leases have been issued. Over-the-counter offers continued to be filed for lands on which no offers were received in the drawings. In mid-1968, Atlantic Richfield Co. announced its discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay on lands leased by the State of Alaska. The announcement generated immense interest; in the next half year over 20,000 noncompetitive oil and gas lease offers were filed in Alaskan BLM offices, including offers which covered practically all potentially available land on the North Slope. The Department responded by issuing protective withdrawals, including P.L.O. No. 4582, 34 F.R. 1025 (1969), which were designed to maintain the public land status pending legislation for the resolution of Alaska Natives’ land claims. Subsequently, section 11(a)(1), (a)(2) and (b)(3) of ANCSA, 43 U.S.C. § 1610, and Secretarial withdrawals under the authority of section 11(a)(3) of ANCSA, 43 U.S.C. § 1610(a)(3), expressly prevented lease issuance. In response to the intense interest of the offerors in maintaining their first qualified status in case the lands were not conveyed under ANCSA, the Department did not reject all such pending applications wholesale. Rather it suspended action on them until the land selection rights granted the Natives by ANCSA were exercised, and it could be determined what land was still public land subject to leasing. Briefly stated, in their statement of reasons for appeal, they assert the following against the decisions to issue conveyance to appellee Arctic Slope Regional Corporation. One group of appellants asserts “vested interests” in the lands in question dating from December 20, 1966, under simultaneously-filed, noncompetitive oil and gas lease offers drawn first by the Bureau of Land Management under the opening orders described above and the provisions of 43 CFR Subpart 3123 (1966), now 43 CFR Subpart 3112 (1975). These appellants are listed in Appendix A. A second group of appellants, including all appellants in Arctic Slope/Central (Eastern), holds “interests” in the lands to be conveyed by virtue of first-filed over-the-counter noncompetitive lease offers. These appellants are listed in Appendix B. The Secretary’s failure to act timely in issuing leases on the offers has prejudiced appellants. Appellants also assert they are entitled to decisions on their lease offers before subsequent “requests” are considered, and that they are entitled to issuance of executed leases covering the lands to be conveyed. Before treating appellants’ arguments, I state the law pertaining to noncompetitive oil arid gas leasing under section 17 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C. § 226. Section 17 provides that the Secretary “may” issue noncompetitive oil and gas leases on lands not within any known geological structure of a producing oil or gas field to the first qualified applicant therefor. In Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 4, 85 S.Ct. 792, 795, 13 L.Ed.2d 616 (1965), the Supreme Court stated, “Although [the Mineral Leasing] Act directed that if a lease was issued on such a tract, it had to be issued to the first qualified applicant, it left the Secretary discretion to refuse to issue any lease at all on a given tract.” See also Pease v. Udall, 332 F.2d 62 (9th Cir. 1964); Haley v. Seaton, 108 U.S.App.D.C. 257, 260-263, 281 F.2d 620, 623-26 (1960). In Schraier v. Hickel, 136 U.S.App.D.C. 81, 85, 419 F.2d 663, 667 (1969), the Circuit Court of Appeals applied Tallman and characterized a noncompetitive oil and gas lease offer as a “proposal” which “does not rise to the level of ‘claim’ or ‘right’ within the saving clause of the Statehood Act where there has been no such determination to lease.” The savings clause of section 6(b) of the Alaska Statehood Act, 72 Stat. 339, 48 U.S.C. note preceding § 21, makes the State’s grant subject to “any valid existing claim, location, or entry . . . .” This is even more protective of outstanding interests than the savings clause of ANCSA. Section 14(g) of ANCSA, 43 U.S.C. § 1613(g), makes all conveyances “subject to valid existing rights.” We believe there is no distinction between the Statehood Act and ANCSA relevant in resolving the conflict between either of the statutory grants and pending noncompetitive oil and gas lease offers. In Arnold v. Morton, 529 F.2d 1101, 1105 (9th Cir. 1976), the Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirmed the conclusion that a noncompetitive oil and gas lease offeror has no right to a lease, and no property interest in his offer. Although the Court in Arnold concluded that the Secretary had erroneously determined that the lands in question were not subject to leasing, the Court rejected the contention that it could order lease issuance. The Secretary’s discretion in noncompetitive oil and gas leasing, and the limited nature of a noncompetitive lease offer, have been confirmed in Burglin v. Morton, 527 F.2d 486 (9th Cir. 1976); Duesing v. Udall, 121 U.S.App.D.C. 370, 372-73, 350 F.2d 748, 750-51 (1965); and Rowe v. Kleppe, Civil No. 75-1152 (D.D.C., July 29, 1976). No argument made by appellants is persuasive that these cases are distinguishable from those set out above. They are controlling, and the Department will follow them in these cases. Appellants argue that in the simultaneous drawings in question the offeror became “irrevocably bound when his name was drawn and, reciprocally, the United States accepted the offer at the instant of the drawing.” Appellant’s brief in In Re Arctic Slope/Western at 18. This argument has been previously rejected; Schraier v. Ilickel, supra, also dealt with offers filed in a simultaneous drawing. The Circuit Court of Appeals stated: Nor can it be successfully asserted that the Secretary exercises his discretion whether or not to lease when he gives notice for filing and processing applications. . . . Similarly the Secretary does not lose his ultimate authority because the Departmental officials assumed that appellant would be awarded a lease if he were found to qualify in all respects under pending regulation. Id. at 85, 419 F.2d at 667. Appellants argue that a contract was created in the fact that the offerors’ first year’s rental would be earned when the offer was first drawn, citing the notice for the drawing in which they were drawn first. All the Notices in question stated that if an offer was rejected, “the advance rental will be returned” to the offeror. E. g., Ex. 13, 30 F.R. 11697 (September 11, 1965) ; Ex. 14, 31 F.R. 4741 (March 19, 1966) . The change in policy from earlier drawings, e. g., Ex. 12, 30 F.R. 898 (January 28, 1965), was designed to prevent the obstructive practice of withdrawal of first-drawn offers prior to lease execution. It was not designed to, nor did it in effect, make the drawing an acceptance of the offer, or constitute a waiver of the Secretary’s discretion and a commitment to lease to the first drawn offeror. The regulation governing noncompetitive lease issuance at the time of the drawings in question, 43 CFR 3123.5(b) (1966), provided, “The United States will indicate its acceptance of the lease offer, in whole or in part, and the issuance of the lease by the signature of the appropriate officer thereof in the space provided.” No appellant asserts that the United States executed his offer. The Secretary may not ignore his own regulations. McKay v. Wahlenmaier, 96 U.S.App.D.C. 313, 321, 226 F.2d 35, 43 (1955). We reject the argument that a lease contract was entered into in the drawing. After the drawings in question, the Secretary retained the authority to reject the offers in response to the Native protests and refund the first year’s rentals, but did not do so in response to pressure from the lease applicants that they be allowed to retain their priority. Appellants argue at length that they expected that leases would issue to the successful drawees in these cases as a matter of course after the December 20, 1966, drawing, and that the first notice of the possibility of a suspension was a November 28, 1966, press release. The Department’s authority and discretion to lease or not to lease must be judged as of the time of lease execution, rather than the date the offer was filed or drawing notice was posted. E. g., Hannifin v. Morton, 444 F.2d 200 (10th Cir. 1971); Wann v. I