Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER INCORPORATING FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW MacLAUGHLIN, District Judge. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff H.B. Fuller Co. (Fuller) is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Minnesota, having its principal place of business in St. Paul, Minnesota. Defendant National Starch & Chemical Corporation (National) is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having its principal place of business in Bridgewater, New Jersey. Fuller commenced an action for a declaratory judgment of patent invalidity and non-infringement, arising under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202 and 1338. Fuller asserted two grounds for invalidity of the patent: obviousness and inequitable conduct. National responded to Fuller’s complaint, filing a counterclaim alleging patent infringement. By stipulation of the parties prior to trial, Fuller dropped its claim of obviousness and the parties proceeded to trial before the Court on the issues of inequitable conduct, infringement and damages. The patent in suit is United States Letters Patent No. 4,526,577 (the ’577 patent). Plaintiff’s Exhibit 10. The ’577 patent issued July 2, 1985. The inventors are Robert Schmidt and Paul Puletti. Schmidt is employed as project supervisor, hot melt development for National. Puletti is director of product development for National but at the time the product underlying the ’577 patent was developed he served as manager of hot melt development. National is assignee and record owner of the ’577 patent. The ’577 patent relates to disposable articles prepared using multi-line construction and to hot melt adhesives useful for the assembly thereof. The ’577 patent discloses and claims a multi-line constructed disposable diaper (or in some claims, disposable articles generally) in which the various diaper substrates are bonded by specific adhesive compositions based upon AB-A block or A-B-A-B-A-B multi-block copolymers, where the A component is styrene and the B component is butadiene in stated ranges, together with various other chemical constituents. In general, disposable diapers are composed of a polyethylene or polypropylene outside sheet and inner absorbent material covered by an inner liner of non-woven tissue. Adhesives such as the type described in the ’577 patent are used to bind these inner and outer layers together. Multi-line or fine line construction is an assembly using a number of thin lines of adhesive to adhere the outer polyethylene sheet to the batted, non-woven fluid absorbent layer and to the inner tissue. The adhesive is applied in the form of very fine parallel longitudinal strips or in a “multi-dot” pattern of application, requiring the use of a large number of adhesive deposits, each deposit being of a very small quantity of adhesive. In order to be commercially acceptable a multi-line adhesive must possess certain physical properties. For example, the adhesive must possess a high degree of adhesion since it is applied in the form of a number of very fine parallel longitudinal strips thus requiring each line to possess exceptionally high bonding properties. The adhesive must also possess sufficient adhesive and cohesive strength to provide high bond strength values when subjected to stress so the constructions cannot be easily separated. It is necessary that the adhesive, upon application, not absorb through the actual disposable construction and that the adhesive bonds not only remain secure but also be flexible even after prolonged periods of storage. In addition to requiring heat and oxidation resistance on aging they must also possess sufficient bonding range and must be white or clear in color. See ’577 Patent Col. 1, lines 19-40. Further, the adhesive must withstand high mixing and application temperatures without degrading and sacrificing necessary adhesive properties. Prior to the development of the adhesive described in the ’577 patent the primary adhesives sold and used for multi-line diaper construction were plastic-based adhesives whose main components were ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers or atactic polypropylene (APP) copolymers. Although suitable for multi-line construction, EVA and APP adhesives in some respects fell short of the desired physical specifications. The disposable diaper industry in the United States was and is big business. In 1983, disposable diaper sales were more than $2 billion at wholesale. As such, a great financial incentive existed for adhesives manufacturers to develop an improved diaper adhesive which would capture the market. To this end, Puletti and Schmidt set about formulating an adhesive that would satisfy all the strict technical requirements for multi-line diaper construction. Their experimentation yielded fruit with the formulation in March-April 1983 of a hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive based on an A-B-A-B-A-B multi-block co-polymer with styrene endblocks and butadiene midblocks. National successfully tested the new adhesive system in the laboratory and on disposable diapers. Thereafter, Schmidt, Puletti and National patent agent Ellen Dec prepared a patent application which later issued as the ’577 patent. II. PATENT PROSECUTION On January 9, 1984 National filed with the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) the patent application (Serial No. 569,001) which later issued as the ’577 patent. The application was prepared by National patent agent Ellen Dec in conjunction with Schmidt and Puletti. As originally filed, the application included fifteen claims which recited a fully-constructed disposable diaper using S-B-S or S-EB-S adhesive. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 17-20. On July 23, 1984 the PTO (patent examiner James C. Cannon) issued a First Office Action which rejected all fifteen claims as unpatentable. The basis for the patent examiner’s ruling of unpatentability was his finding that the claimed invention would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the disclosures of the Puletti (No. 4,419,494) and Harlan (No. 3,239,478) patents. The examiner’s notes state: Puletti discloses that hot melt A-B-A copolymer compositions are useful as adhesives for PE layers used in the production of disposable diapers. Harlan teaches that pressure-sensitive, hot melt adhesive compositions reading on those of the above-rejected claims have utility as adhesives for PE films and non-woven fabrics. In view of the known practice of using hot melt A-B-A copolymers as adhesives for PE layers used in disposable diapers (Puletti) and the known utility of applicants’ compositions as adhesives for PE films and non-woven fabrics (Harlan), it is not seen that at the time of applicants’ invention it would have been unobvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to have used the hot melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives of Harlan to adhere a PE non-woven layer to a PE film layer in the production of disposable diapers. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 45. Thereafter, Dec, Schmidt and Puletti prepared an amendment to the patent application, which amendment was submitted to the patent examiner October 17, 1984. Claim 1 of the patent was amended to more specifically define the block copolymer, and further argument was offered in support of National’s claim of patentability. In brief, in their amendment National argued that while Puletti and Harlan described A-B-A type block copolymer adhesives suitable for bonding a multitude of substrates, they were not directed to or suitable for the specific end use identified by the ’577 patent, i.e., multi-line construction. National contended that, due to the breadth in scope of the Harlan and Puletti patents, they offered “little or no suggestion to the artisan that a limited number of compositions within their scope might be employed for this very specific end use.” Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 50. National further contended that because the ’577 patent was directed toward a specific end use, and the ’577 patent overcame the physical deficiencies inherent in other copolymer-based adhesives, it was not obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art and did constitute a significant advance over and above the teachings of Harlan and Puletti. Following review of the amendment, the patent examiner issued an amended Office Action approving issuance of the ’577 patent. The examiner’s amendment is dated March 25, 1985, and states: The specificity of applicants’ application of adhesive, the breadth of the Puletti and Harlan disclosures, and the non-utility of many of the adhesives disclosed in said references for applicants’ purposes are convincing of the patentability of applicants’ claims over the Puletti and Harlan disclosures. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 54. Accordingly, the patent issued July 2, 1985. Since its development, National has manufactured and sold the adhesive described in the ’577 patent under the designation “adhesive composition 34-2881” to various manufacturers of disposable diapers. This product, along with similar S-B-S adhesives sold by National, has enjoyed substantial commercial success. In fact, as of the time of trial, sales to Kimberly Clark alone were approximately one million pounds per month. Furthermore, National has received royalties from other adhesive manufacturers who took non-exclusive licenses under the patent. Fuller also manufactures a commercial S-B-S adhesive under the designation HM-1979. National contends that Fuller’s product, when used in the manufacture of multi-line constructed disposable diapers, infringes the ’577 patent, and it is this contention which forms the basis for National’s patent infringement counterclaim. Fuller commenced this action on October 31, 1985. Fuller’s complaint is in one count, and seeks a declaratory judgment that the ’577 patent is invalid, unenforceable and void and not infringed by Fuller, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285. Specifically, paragraph 7 of Fuller’s complaint alleges that the ’577 patent is invalid, void and unenforceable by virtue of the fact it was obtained as a result of inequitable and fraudulent conduct on the PTO. III. NONDISCLOSURE Before proceeding to an evaluation of the legal and factual basis of Fuller’s inequitable conduct claim, a brief description of the alleged nondisclosures underlying that claim is in order. A. S-I-S Performance Data As noted above, the ’577 patent describes an adhesive made from the A-B-A block copolymer base, as well as a tackifier, an oil, and other chemical constituents. In A-B-A block copolymers, the A blocks (endblocks) are styrene, and the B blocks (midblocks) can be either butadiene, hydrogenated butadiene, or isoprene. Thus, an A-B-A block copolymer can be an S-B-S, S-EB-S, or S-I-S copolymer. Endblock Endblock Midblock S-B-S = styrene styrene butadiene S-EB-S = styrene styrene hydrogenated butadiene S-I-S = styrene styrene isoprene A-B-A block copolymers were known in the art prior to issuance of the ’577 patent. The basic patent governing A-B-A block copolymers is the Harlan patent, issued in 1966. The Harlan patent generally discloses that A-B-A block copolymers can be used to make adhesives, and notes that such adhesives can “be applied to ... polyolfin films ... non-woven fabrics ... and for bonding ... such materials together.” Plaintiff’s Exh. 801, Harlan Patent Col. 6, line 65-68. The Puletti patent, issued in 1983, describes a particular application of A-B-A block copolymers in connection with disposable diapers. Specifically, the Puletti patent discloses the use of the A-B-A block copolymer adhesives to attach elastic to the polyethylene or polypropylene outer layer of the diaper to form the leg band of a disposable diaper. Plaintiff’s Exh. 64, Puletti Patent Col. 8, lines 8-14. To substantiate its claims of inequitable conduct, Fuller cites allegedly fraudulent conduct on the part of National which took place in connection with the October 17, 1984 amendment proffered by National. As noted above, following the examiner’s initial rejection based on the prior art teachings of Harlan and Puletti, National filed an amendment which distinguished the “specific” application of ’577 from the “general” teaching of Harlan and Puletti. Fuller contends the amendment was fraudulent. In its October 1984 amendment, National noted that the ’577 patent specifies only S-B-S and S-EB-S block copolymers, in contrast to the more expansive Harlan patent, which describes S-B-S, S-EB-S and S-I-S (isoprene) copolymers, and the Puletti patent, which refers to any A-B-A type adhesive. Fuller argues that National was able to distinguish Harlan and Puletti by stating in its amendment that S-B-S and S-EB-S copolymers were superior to S-I-S copolymers for multi-line use. Thus narrowed, the patent examiner found that ’577 was, in fact, an advancement over the general teachings of Harlan and Puletti, and in that respect fully patentable. The difficulty with this argument, Fuller contends, is that S-I-S copolymers simply are not inferior in a multi-line context. Fuller claims that National knew S-I-S copolymers were not inferior and yet fraudulently led the examiner to believe otherwise. This point centers on a test of a particular brand of S-I-S copolymer — Kraton 1111 — which Schmidt and Puletti conducted in connection with their research efforts. National’s test suggested that adhesives using Kraton 1111 were not inferior in all respects to S-B-S and/or S-EB-S adhesives as a multi-line glue. The results of National’s Kraton 1111 test, however, was not disclosed to the patent examiner, either in connection with the original application or the October 1984 amendment. Fuller contends that had National disclosed the Kraton 1111 test, the patent examiner would have concluded that S-I-S is not inferior, and would have rejected National’s attempt to distinguish Harlan and Puletti. B. Thermal Degradation During the production of multi-line disposable diapers, the multi-line adhesive is heated (melted) and applied to the various diaper substrates in a fluid form. Because this exposure to high temperature is sometimes prolonged in the manufacturing process, a multi-line hot melt adhesive must be able to survive such heat exposure in order to be usable for diaper construction. If an adhesive cannot survive at elevated temperatures, it is said to thermally degrade. S-I-S adhesives thermally degrade and otherwise perform poorly when exposed to high temperatures for long periods in the diaper manufacturing process. When exposed to high temperatures, S-I-S adhesives progressively thin until unusable. S-I-S adhesives do not thermally degrade if a protective nitrogen blanket is used to prevent oxygen in the air from attacking the adhesive. Disposable diaper manufacturers are unwilling, however, to use nitrogen blankets in their manufacturing plants. Fuller contends that in distinguishing SB-S and S-EB-S adhesives from those based on S-I-S, National failed to disclose the real reason it believed S-I-S products to be unacceptable for multi-line construction — the required use of a nitrogen blanket to prevent thermal degradation. Fuller contends that if National excluded S-I-S adhesives from the scope of the ’577 patent because S-I-S adhesives thermally degrade if not protected by a nitrogen blanket, National should have disclosed that reason to the patent examiner. Failure to state its reliance on the problems of thermal degradation, Fuller contends, constitutes inequitable conduct on the part of National. C. Collins Patent Another nondisclosure upon which Fuller bases its claim of inequitable conduct relates to United States Letters Patent No. 4,136,699, the so-called Collins patent. The Collins patent, of which Fuller is the assignee of record, issued January 30, 1979 and discloses a sanitary napkin comprised of: (1) an elongated absorbent pad, (2) an outer covering layer in adherent contact with at least one surface of the pad, (3) an adhesive strip or layer on the exposed surface of the outer layer, and (4) a release liner for protecting the adhesive layer. Plaintiff’s Exh. 630, Abstract. The adhesive layer, utilizing an S-EB-S hot melt adhesive, serves two functions. First, the outer surface of the adhesive layer “is useful for removably attaching the article to the inside of an undergarment or the like.” Plaintiffs Exh. 630, Abstract. In this function, referred to at trial as the positioning function, the adhesive acts to secure or position the sanitary napkin to a supporting garment so as to further the intended purpose of the article, i.e., absorption of body fluids. Second, the adhesive layer serves a construction function which operates as follows. The structure of the sanitary napkin usually includes: an absorbent pad enclosed in a fluid-pervious wrapper which is overlapped to provide a seam, the seam typically running lengthwise through the middle of a major surface of the pad. The layer (or layers) of [adhesive] can be applied to this seam (overlapped) area. If the [adhesive] has sufficient fluidity when applied, it can permeate the seam, binding together the overlapped area and sealing the absorbent pad inside the fluid-pervious wrapper. Plaintiffs Exh. 630, Col. 4, lines 26-34. The adhesive layer thus aids in the construction of the sanitary napkin. As described in the Collins patent, the adhesive layer “comprises an elongated strip of said adhesive, narrower in width than the width of said absorbent pad.” Plaintiffs Exh. 630, Col. 16, line 49-51. Sanitary napkins constructed in accord with the Collins patent have at times used multiple strips or lines of adhesive to accomplish the positioning and construction function described by the Collins patent. See Defendants’s Exh. 110-11. Fuller contends that this application of adhesive constitutes multi-line construction which, because of the use of a butadiene adhesive, falls within the claims of the '577 patent. Fuller thus contends the Collins patent was highly relevant to National’s application for the ’577 patent and its nondisclosure constitutes inequitable conduct rendering the '577 patent invalid. IV. INEQUITABLE CONDUCT It is well accepted that every patent applicant has an “uncompromising duty” to report to the PTO facts and information affecting the patentability of the claimed invention. Precision Instrument Manufacturing Co. v. Automotive Maintenance Machinery Co., 324 U.S. 806, 818, 65 S.Ct. 993, 999, 89 L.Ed. 1381 (1945). Title 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(a) provides: A duty of candor and good faith toward the [PTO] rests on the inventor, on each attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application and on every other individual who is substantially involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application____ All such individuals have a duty to disclose to the Office information they are aware of which is material to the examination of the application. Patent applicants accordingly must show the highest degree of candor and good faith. Kingsland v. Dorsey, 338 U.S. 318, 319, 70 S.Ct. 123, 124, 94 L.Ed. 123 (1949). When a patent applicant fails to uphold this duty of candor and good faith, and procures a patent by withholding material information from, or submitting false information to, the PTO, the applicant is said to have procured the patent through inequitable conduct or fraud on the PTO. A patent obtained by inequitable conduct is unenforceable. J.P. Stevens & Co. v. Lex Tex Ltd., 747 F.2d 1553, 1560 (Fed.Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 822, 106 S.Ct. 73, 88 L.Ed.2d 60 (1985). Inequitable conduct is broader than, and should be distinguished from, common law fraud. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559. Common law fraud requires: (1) misrepresentation of a material fact, (2) intent to deceive or a state of mind so reckless respecting consequences as to be the equivalent of intent (scienter), (3) justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation by the party deceived, inducing him to act thereon, and (4) injury to the party deceived resulting from reliance on the misrepresentation. Norton v. Curtiss, 433 F.2d 779, 793, 57 CCPA 1384 (1970). Inequitable conduct is broader than common law fraud and “includes failure to disclose material information, or submission of false material information, with an intent to mislead.” J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559. Inequitable conduct is an issue of law based on two factual findings, materiality and the level of culpability or intent. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559-60; American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350 (Fed.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821, 105 S.Ct. 95, 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984). Inequitable conduct requires proof by clear and convincing evidence of a threshold degree of materiality of the nondiselosed or false information and a threshold level of intent. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559-60. After the actual levels of materiality and intent are determined, the Court must balance them and determine as a matter of law whether the scales compel a conclusion that inequitable conduct occurred. Atlas Powder Co. v. E.I. Dupont DeNemours & Co., 750 F.2d 1569, 1578 (Fed.Cir.1984). As to the materiality element, inequitable conduct requires proof of a threshold degree of materiality of the non-disclosed or false information. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559; Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1577. That threshold can be measured by any of four tests: (1) an objective “but for” standard, which requires a showing that the patent would not have issued “but for” the misrepresentation or concealment; (2) a subjective “but for” standard, which requires a showing that the PTO examiner would not have allowed the application if he or she had known the facts in question; (3) a “but it may have been” standard, which requires a showing that the facts might reasonably have affected the examiner’s decision as to patentability; and (4) the standard set forth in PTO Rule 1.56(a), i.e., whether there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered the omitted reference or false information important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent. See J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559; American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1362; KangaROOS U.S.A., Inc. v. Caldor, Inc., 585 F.Supp. 1516, 1524-25 (S.D.N.Y.1984), vacated and remanded, 778 F.2d 1571 (Fed.Cir.1985). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has declared that the PTO standard is the appropriate starting point for any discussion of materiality, in that it is the broadest standard, thus encompassing the others, and because that materiality boundary most closely aligns with how one ought to conduct business with the PTO. American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1363. Inequitable conduct also requires proof of a threshold level of intent. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560, citing Hycor Corp. v. Schlueter Co., 740 F.2d 1529 (Fed. Cir.1984). That intent need not be proven with direct evidence. Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1578. It may be proven by showing acts the natural consequences of which are presumably intended by the actor. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560; Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1578. Proof of deliberate scheming is not needed; gross negligence is sufficient. Gross negligence is present when the actor knew or should have known of the materiality of a withheld reference or of an affirmative mis-statement. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560, citing Driscoll v. Cebalo, 731 F.2d 878, 885 (Fed.Cir.1984); Kansas Jack, Inc. v. Kuhn, 719 F.2d 1144, 1152 (Fed.Cir.1983). On the other hand, simple negligence, oversight or an erroneous judgment made in good faith is not sufficient. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560, citing Orthopedic Equipment Co. v. All Orthopedic Appliances, Inc., 707 F.2d 1376, 1383 (Fed.Cir.1983).- Therefore, although subjective good faith alone is not a complete defense to a charge of inequitable conduct, Argus Chemical Corp. v. Fibre Glass-Evercoat Co., 759 F.2d 10, 14-15 (Fed.Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 903, 106 S.Ct. 231, 88 L.Ed.2d 230 (1985), simple oversight does not provide a sufficient degree of culpability. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560; N. V. Akzo v. E.I. Dupont DeNemours, 810 F.2d 1148, 1153 (Fed.Cir.1987). Once the thresholds of materiality and intent are established, the Court must determine as a matter of law whether the relevant values establish that inequitable conduct occurred. Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1578. In that respect, questions of materiality and intent are closely intertwined, in that the less material the proffered or withheld information, the greater the degree of intent that must be proven. In contrast, a lesser degree of intent must be proven when the information has a great degree of materiality. Indeed, gross negligence may suffice to establish inequitable conduct if the misrepresentation has a high degree of materiality. Akzo, 810 F.2d at 1153; Digital Equipment Corp. v. Diamond, 653 F.2d 701, 716 (1st Cir.1981). The inverse relationship between materiality and intent was explained by the Federal Circuit in American Hoist: Thus, for example, where an objective “but for” inquiry is satisfied under the appropriate standard of proof, and although one is not necessarily grossly negligent in failing to anticipate judicial resolution of validity, a lesser showing of facts from which intent can be inferred may be sufficient to justify holding the patent invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part. Conversely, where it is demonstrated that a reasonable examiner would merely have considered particular information to be important but not crucial to his decision not to reject, a showing of facts which would indicate something more than gross negligence or recklessness may be required, and good faith judgment or honest mistake might well be a sufficient defense. American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1363. Intent remains, however, a separate and essential component of inequitable conduct; materiality does not presume intent. Allen Organ Co. v. Kimball International, Inc., 839 F.2d 1556, 1567 (Fed.Cir.1988). A. Collins Patent 1. Materiality Fuller contends that the Collins patent was highly material to National’s application. As characterized by Fuller, Collins taught the use of a butadiene-based adhesive in a multiline constructed sanitary napkin. This application, Fuller contends, is virtually identical to that disclosed in claim 1 of the ’577 patent. In support of its claim of materiality, Fuller relies heavily on the deposition testimony of Robert Roeder. Roeder testified regarding the construction function performed by the adhesive layer in a sanitary napkin falling within the teaching of the Collins patent. Roeder explained that the adhesive layer seals the overlapping non-woven outer covering layer of the sanitary napkin and simultaneously permeates the resulting seam, binding the non-woven layer to a polyethylene layer that lies between the non-woven layer and the inner absorbent material. Tr. 402-04. Thus described, the sanitary napkin constructed according to the claims of the Collins patent bears some similarity to the construction dynamics outlined in the patent in suit. Specifically, per the Collins patent, the sanitary napkin employs a butadiene-based adhesive to bind a non-woven to a polyethylene. This construction is accomplished by application of multiple strips of adhesive. Seizing on this apparent similarity, Fuller argues that the Collins patent describes an adhesive system identical to that described in the ’577 patent. Accordingly, Fuller asserts that the Collins patent is highly material to National’s application, and argues that its non-disclosure constitutes inequitable conduct on the part of National. Although the Court has no reason to doubt the accuracy of Roeder’s testimony regarding sanitary napkin construction under the Collins patent, the Court cannot accept Fuller’s characterization of that construction as multi-line nor its argument in favor of a finding of materiality. Initially, the Court notes that the adhesive layer disclosed in the Collins patent can be and is applied in the form of multiple lines or strips. Yet, even a cursory reading of the Collins patent and a brief examination of plaintiff’s exhibit 822 and defendant’s exhibits 110 and 111 illustrates that the “lines” of S-EB-S adhesive described in Collins and employed in the named exhibits are dissimilar from the multiple lines of adhesive used in the multi-line construction of diapers described in the ’577 patent. The Collins patent contemplates application of a relatively large amount of adhesive (an adhesive “layer”) to seal the overlapping non-woven material. As demonstrated, for example, by defendant’s exhibits 110 and 111, a heavy strip of adhesive is applied to complete the desired construction of a Collins-type sanitary napkin. Conversely, the multi-line concept described in the ’577 patent involves application of minute deposits of adhesive in very fine parallel longitudinal lines. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 930. Even the sheer number and size of the adhesive strips shown in plaintiff’s exhibit 822 and used in defendant’s exhibits 110 and 111 belie Fuller’s suggestion that such construction approximates multi-line construction. For example, defendant’s exhibit 111 employs three adhesive strips, each approximately one-fourth inch wide. As illustrated by plaintiff’s exhibit 930, however, even at its narrowest width, a multi-line constructed diaper employs more than ten fine lines of a barely measurable width. In sum, it is clear to the Court that the sanitary napkin construction described in the Collins patent does not sufficiently resemble multi-line construction to render the Collins patent material to National’s application for the ’577 patent. Another distinction exists between Collins and the ’577 patent rendering the Collins patent immaterial to the patent in suit. The Collins patent describes a disposable article employing “an elongated strip of ... adhesive, narrower in width than the width of said absorbent pad, which has at least partially impregnated [the] non-woven wrapper along a seam of said wrapper____” Plaintiff’s Exh. 630, Col 16, Lines 50-53. As this statement suggests, in order to effectively perform a construction function for a sanitary napkin, adhesive applied pursuant to the Collins patent must permeate non-woven material and supply adhesive properties on both sides of the material. Such adhesive penetration, however, is not desirable in the multi-line construction of disposable diapers, where adhesive penetration would bring adhesive in contact with the baby’s skin and cause irritation. Accordingly, the Collins adhesive system is distinct from multi-line construction and thus the Collins patent is not particularly material to National’s patent application at issue herein. As noted above, there is some small degree of similarity between the disclosures of the Collins patent and the claims of the ’577 patent. Collins discloses the use of a multi-block copolymer hot melt adhesive to bond non-woven material to polyethylene. The Court finds, however, that this similarity does not render the Collins patent anything more than marginally material. Prior art or information is not material if “it is less pertinent than or merely cumulative with prior art or information cited to or by the PTO.” FMC Corp. v. Manitowoc Co., 835 F.2d 1411, 1415 (Fed.Cir.1987). In its application, National cited references describing the bonding of a non-woven to a polyethylene through application of a block copolymer hot melt adhesive. National cited United States Patent 3,239,478 (the Harlan patent) in Group I of its disclosed references. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 23. The Harlan patent teaches application of an A-B-A block copolymer hot melt adhesive for bonding polyethylene and non-woven fabrics. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 801 at Col. 3, Lines 48-56, Col 6, Lines 63-68. National also cited United States Patent 4,419,494 (the Puletti patent) which discusses use of A-B-A copolymer adhesives to bond leg band elastic to polyethylene in the construction of disposable diapers. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 64, Col. 8, Lines 8-14. National further cited United States Patent 4,147,-580 (the Buell patent) which describes construction of disposable diapers including bonding of a non-woven to a substrate through a pattern (e.g. multi-line) application of hot melt adhesive. See Defendant’s Exh. 100. In light of the above references, the Court finds the Collins patent to be immaterial or at most marginally material to National’s application for the ’577 patent. 2. Intent Questions of materiality and intent are closely intertwined in that the less material the proffered or withheld information, the greater the degree of intent that must be proven. See American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1363. When prior art or information is merely instructive as to the general character of a proposed invention, and would not be crucial to the decision of a reasonable examiner not to reject an application, more than gross negligence or recklessness is required to prove inequitable conduct. See American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1363. Given the Court’s finding that the Collins patent is only marginally material to National’s application for the ’577 patent, Fuller must show a relatively high degree of intent to prevail. The Court finds that Fuller has failed to carry this burden of proving intent. In fact, Fuller has failed to demonstrate that National’s nondisclosure of the Collins patent resulted from gross negligence, the minimum threshold level of intent. Intent need not be proven with direct evidence. Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1578. It may be proven by showing acts the material consequences of which are presumably intended by the actor. J.P. Stevens, 14H F.2d at 1560; Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1578. Fuller asserts that National patent agent Ellen Dec knew well the teachings of the Collins patent and the applicability of that patent to National’s application for the ’577 patent. Fuller contends that Dec’s failure to disclose the Collins patent was grossly negligent and should cause the Court to infer an intent on the part of Dec to mislead the PTO. Fuller further contends co-inventor Paul Puletti knew of the applicability of the Collins patent and was at least grossly negligent in failing to insure its disclosure to the PTO. Fuller argues that both Dec and Puletti were familiar with the teachings of the Collins patent and intentionally or negligently withheld it despite its relevance. In support of this argument, Fuller notes that in an earlier lawsuit between National and Fuller concerning the Collins patent, both Dec and Puletti served as in-house contacts for National’s outside counsel. See Tr. 1423. Fuller asserts that as a research scientist actively involved in overseeing hot melt adhesive development, Puletti was skilled in the technology underlying the Collins patent and thus should have recognized the applicability of its disclosures. Dec cited the Collins patent as prior art in National’s application for a patent on a PET bottle constructed with hot melt adhesive and so was well versed in the teachings of Collins, Fuller contends. See Tr. 1483-84; Plaintiff’s Exh. 661. The Court finds that while Dec and Puletti had some knowledge of the teachings of the Collins patent, neither believed it to be particularly applicable to National’s claims under the ’577 patent. Clearly, neither Dec nor Puletti, nor any National employee involved with the '577 patent application, intentionally withheld the Collins patent while believing it to be a relevant reference. Further, given the obvious distinctions between the Collins disclosures and the multi-line construction described in the patent in suit, the Court cannot conclude that Dec or Puletti was grossly negligent in failing to include Collins in the '577 patent application. The testimony of Puletti, which the Court found highly credible and enlightening, clearly illustrates his belief that Collins taught an adhesive construction fundamentally different from that involved in the ’577 patent. Puletti testified that he recognized the Collins patent purely as a positioning adhesive patent. Tr. 1006. Puletti stated that at the time of National’s application, he was not aware of the construction aspect of the Collins patent. Tr. 1006-07. Puletti further stated that he did not consider the Collins patent to be relevant to multi-line construction. Tr. 1007. The Court finds without a doubt that Puletti did not intentionally suppress the Collins patent. In fact, at the time Puletti participated in the application process, he never even considered the Collins patent. Tr. 1007. Furthermore, as evidenced by the testimony cited above, Puletti’s judgment as to the relevance of the Collins patent to the ’577 patent application comports with the Court’s finding as to materiality; i.e., that the Collins patent taught an adhesive construction significantly different from, and therefore largely immaterial to, the claims of the ’577 patent. Accordingly, the Court finds that Puletti had no reason to include the Collins patent as a prior art reference and thus was not grossly negligent in failing to insure its disclosure. As for National patent agent Dec, another witness whom the Court found very believable, the Court finds that neither her involvement in the Collins patent litigation nor her previous citation of the Collins patent in applying for the PET bottle patent leads to the inescapable conclusion that Dee suppressed the Collins patent intentionally or as a result of gross negligence. On the contrary, Dec’s highly credible testimony leads the Court to the opposite conclusion, i.e., that Dec did not act improperly in failing to include the Collins patent as a prior art reference. There is absolutely no evidence that Dec withheld the Collins patent in an attempt to mislead the PTO. Dec testified, quite believably, that the Collins patent did not come to mind as an appropriate reference at the time she prepared the prior art statement accompanying National’s application. Tr. 1381. Fuller attempts to impeach this testimony by showing that Dec previously cited Collins in another patent concerning hot melt adhesive construction. Tr. 1483; Plaintiff’s Exh. 661. Yet given the large number of existing hot melt adhesive patents, citing a reference for one adhesive application and not another is quite understandable. As noted by Fuller in United States Patent 4,259,220 (the ’220 patent): “Research activity in the field of hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesives has been very extensive, and even a representative citation of references drawn from this field would be difficult to provide.” Defendant’s Exh. 70, Col. 2, Lines 16-20. It is clear that mere awareness that prior art is “relevant” in some general sense does not mandate a finding of requisite intent. See American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1362. As the Court has already concluded, the Collins patent was little more than simply relevant to the ’577 patent application. While the Collins patent teaches an adhesive of the type disclosed in the claims of the ’577 patent, and used in the construction of a disposable article, sufficient other references describing that adhesive construction were included to fully brief the PTO regarding its properties. The Court finds that National patent agent Dec was not grossly negligent nor did she act with an intent to mislead the PTO in failing to disclose the Collins patent. B. Kraton 1111 Data 1. Materiality National filed its original patent application on January 9, 1984. Included in that application was a summary of test results collected under the heading “Example II.” This example demonstrated the superiority in terms of heat resistance of the claimed preferred embodiment over other adhesives including those based on S-I-S copolymers (specifically Kraton 1107). The results portrayed in the example were drawn from research conducted by National in the course of developing the adhesive claimed in the '577 patent. Omitted from Example II were the results of tests National performed on Kraton 1111, an isoprene-based adhesive. See Plaintiffs Exh. 30 at 5. These results indicated that Kraton 1111 (and inf eren tially all S-I-S adhesives) have acceptable heat resistance. So interpreted, the results cast doubt on correctness of National’s assertions in Example II. Fuller argues that the undisclosed Kraton 1111 test data was highly material to the patent examiner’s decision to allow the ’577 patent. Fuller contends that had the examiner known that S-I-S adhesives demonstrated acceptable heat resistance, the examiner would not have approved National’s amended application. Fuller thus contends the omitted data satisfies the stringent “but for” test of materiality. In support of its materiality argument, Fuller cites the language of the communications which transpired between National and Fuller during the application process. National’s original application for the patent in suit was rejected by the PTO in a First Office Action issued July 23, 1984. In that rejection, patent examiner James C. Cannon stated: In view of the known practice of using hot melt A-B-A copolymers as adhesives for PE layers used in disposable diapers (Puletti) and the known utility of applicants’ compositions as adhesives for PE films and non-woven fabrics (Harlan), it is not seen that at the time of applicants’ invention it would have been unobvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to have used the hot melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives of Harlan to adhere a PE non-woven layer to a PE film layer in the production of disposable diapers. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 45. Thereafter, National submitted an amendment to the patent application seeking to distinguish National’s invention from the prior art. In that amendment, National patent agent Dec argued: (1) that the Puletti reference describes a “construction technique [which] is not the same as, nor are the requirements thereof related to, those of a multiline construction adhesive;” and (2) that the Harlan reference “is general in its scope and includes many adhesives which applicants have shown in their examples not to be suitable for the specific end use involved here.” Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 49. Dec further stated that the “adhesives prepared using the isoprene midblock copolymers are illustrated in applicants’ Example II as giving substantially poorer and commercially unacceptable results with respect to ... heat resistance.” Id. The patent examiner responded to this amendment by allowing the patent to issue, stating: The specificity of applicants’ application of adhesive, the breadth of the Puletti and Harlan disclosures, and the non-utility of many of the adhesives disclosed in said references for applicants’ purposes are convincing of the patentability of applicants’ claims over the Puletti and Harlan disclosure. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 54. Fuller’s argument in favor of a finding that the Kraton 1111 data was highly material to National’s application may be simply stated as follows. In the amendment National filed which resulted in allowance of the ’577 patent, Dec distinguished the Harlan prior art in part by pointing to the poor heat resistance of isoprene adhesives demonstrated by National’s Example II. In allowing the ’577 patent to issue, the examiner relied on the Example II data, stating that patentability arose from “the non-utility of many of the adhesives disclosed in [the prior art] ... for applicants’ purposes____” Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 54. Fuller contends that had the examiner been provided with the Kraton 1111 data, he would not have found isoprene adhesives to be without utility and accordingly would not have allowed the patent. The Court does not agree with Fuller’s characterization of the materiality of the Kraton 1111 data as meeting the but for standard. Fuller’s suggested finding of materiality results from an unduly narrow reading of both National’s amendment and the examiner’s comments on that amendment; a reading which is not supported by the evidence presented in this case. Accordingly, the Court cannot adopt Fuller’s proposed finding of fact for materiality. Fuller’s argument presumes that the non-utility of isoprene adhesives was crucial to the examiner’s decision to allow the ’577 patent. In other words, Fuller argues that had the examiner believed isoprene adhesives perform as well as butadiene adhesives in heat resistance tests, the examiner would not have allowed the patent. To reach this conclusion, Fuller relies on a statement made by the examiner in allowing the patent. The examiner stated: The specificity of applicants, application of adhesive, the breadth of the Puletti and Harlan disclosures, and the non-utility of many of the adhesives disclosed in said references for applicants purposes are convincing of the patentability of applicants’ claims over the Puletti and Harlan disclosures. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 54. Fuller argues that because the reasons given by the examiner were stated conjunctively, each reason was necessary for the examiner’s allowance of the patent. Accordingly, Fuller contends that the Kraton 1111 data which impugns the validity of one of those reasons was highly material to National’s application for the ’577 patent. Although the examiner stated his reasons for allowing the ’577 patent conjunctively, Fuller has not shown that non-utility of S-I-S adhesives was a necessary component of the allowance decision. That is, Fuller has not demonstrated that the other reasons stated by the patent examiner were insufficient to render National’s invention patentable. Fuller’s materiality argument ignores the part of the examiner’s amendment which states that “[t]he specificity of applicants’ application of adhesive, [and] the breadth of the Puletti and Harlan disclosures ... are convincing of the patentability of applicants’ claims over the Puletti and Harlan disclosures.” Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 54 (emphasis added). Yet the evidence suggests that these reasons played a large role in the examiner’s decision to allow the patent. The evidence presented by both sides at trial demonstrates conclusively that the adhesive application described in the ’577 patent is a highly specific application to which a small range of adhesive compositions are best suited. To best serve the requirements of a multi-line constructed diaper, an adhesive must, among other things, possess a high degree of adhesion and demonstrate security and flexibility, yet said adhesive must not absorb through the actual diaper construction upon application. Neither the Harlan nor the Puletti patent deals specifically with the adhesive construction described in the patent in suit. For example, Harlan, while providing a detailed discussion of block copolymer adhesives which may be used to bond polyethylene to non-woven, does not discuss the special adhesive requirements of multi-line construction. Similarly, Puletti describes an improved block copolymer adhesive for use in diaper construction, but specifically refers not to multi-line, but to an adhesive construction used to bond elastics to polyethylene surfaces thus creating a diaper leg band. Therefore, neither Harlan nor Puletti deals with the specific adhesive application presented in the ’577 patent. Further, the evidence shows that Harlan and Puletti are considerably broader in scope than the claims of the ’577 patent. Both Harlan and Puletti deal generally with A-B-A type block copolymer adhesives and neither specifically anticipates the narrow embodiment described in the ’577 patent. Fuller has failed to show that the specificity of National’s invention and the breadth of prior disclosures were unimportant to the patent examiner and that correspondingly the non-utility of other adhesives was critically important to allowance of the patent. Although the preceding discussion demonstrates that the Kraton 1111 data does not meet the but for test of materiality, the evidence presented at trial suggests that the Kraton 1111 was somewhat material to National’s application for the ’577 patent. In several recent decisions, the Federal Circuit has noted that the standard set forth in PTO Rule 1.56(a) is the appropriate starting.point for any determination of materiality, in that the PTO standard most closely aligns with how one ought to conduct business with the PTO. American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1362; J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1559; Akzo, 810 F.2d at 1153. The PTO standard states that information is material where there is: a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would consider it important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent. 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(a); American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1362. The materiality of the Kraton 1111 data arises from the fact that, while the unacceptable heat resistance of isoprene glues was by no means the sole argument advanced by National in its amendment and cited by the examiner in his allowance, it was stressed in establishing the patentability of National’s invention. National specifically alluded to its Example II, and relied on it in part to distinguish the preferred adhesive embodiment from less suitable isoprene-based alternatives. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 49. Further, while the examiner broadly referred to the “non-utility” of other unclaimed adhesives without specifically mentioning heat resistance, certainly heat resistance is one of the components of the examiner’s finding. Id. Accordingly, because it is likely that the examiner considered heat resistance values to be somewhat important in deciding to allow National’s application, the omitted contradictory Kraton 1111 heat resistance data meets the threshold standard for materiality. 2. Intent Inequitable conduct is not established “upon a mere showing that art or information having some degree of materiality was not disclosed.” FMC Corp. v. Manitowoc Co., 835 F.2d 1411 (Fed.Cir. 1987). As stated by the Federal Circuit in FMC Corp., 835 F.2d at 1415: To be guilty of inequitable conduct, one must have intended to act inequitably. Thus in order to prove inequitable conduct, one must show that the patentee intended to mislead the PTO or acted with gross negligence demonstrating an intent to mislead. Gross negligence is present when the actor knew or should have known of the materiality of withheld information. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560. Fuller contends that Dec, Schmidt and Puletti, individually and together, acted with an intent to mislead the PTO or were grossly negligent in failing to include the Kraton 1111 data in National’s patent application. Fuller thus argues that the requisite level of intent exists for the Court to find the ’577 patent invalid based on National’s inequitable conduct. The Court finds, however, that Fuller has not established the requisite level of intent by clear and convincing evidence. After carefully observing and thoroughly reviewing the testimony of the alleged wrongdoers, the Court finds that neither Dec, Schmidt nor Puletti acted with an intent to mislead the PTO in failing to disclose the Kraton 1111 data. Further, the Court finds insufficient evidence of gross negligence from which to infer an intent to mislead the PTO. The Court finds Dec, Schmidt and Puletti to be credible witnesses and the Court places great weight upon their testimony. That testimony shows that Dec, Schmidt and Puletti upheld the duty of candor imposed on all patent applicants and exercised sufficient care in filing National’s application and amendment for the ’577 patent. To be liable for inequitable conduct, an “[ajpplicant must be chargeable with knowledge of the existence of the prior art or information, for it is impossible to disclose the unknown.” FMC Corp., 835 F.2d at 1415. However, an applicant cannot avoid learning of information through gross negligence. See FMC Corp., 835 F.2d at 1415. In the case at bar, it is clear that National patent agent Dec was not cognizant of the Kraton 1111 data during the application process. Tr. 1391, 1401. Further, the Court finds that Dec was not grossly negligent in failing to learn of the Kraton 1111 data and include it in National’s application or amendment. Nothing in her consultations with inventors Schmidt and Puletti notified Dec of the existence of the Kraton 1111 data. Further, the Kraton 1111 data was but one piece of data among the myriad of data discussing many adhesive formulations which were displayed in National’s laboratory reports. Given these circumstances, the Court finds that Dec was not grossly negligent in failing to note the Kraton 1111 data. Additionally, the Court finds that in completing the ’577 application and amendment, and specifically in assembling the data in Example II and discussing its implications, Dec acted in good faith. In her communications with the PTO, Dec did no more than permissibly attempt to distinguish National’s claimed invention from the prior art. In so doing, Dec did not carelessly construe the available test data, but rather made her best argument in favor of the patentability. Moreover, to the extent that Dec’s nondisclosure of the Kraton 1111 data resulted from failure to adequately check her work with the inventors, Dec’s actions constitute at most simple negligence and are thus insufficient to establish intent. J.P. Stevens, 747 F.2d at 1560. As to the inventors of the ’577 patent, Schmidt and Puletti, the Court finds the evidence insufficient to warrant a finding of intent, either from deliberately misleading conduct or as a result of gross negligence. First, the Court finds Fuller’s attempt to weave a theory of intentional misconduct to be implausible. While it is true that Kraton 1111 test data demonstrating the acceptable heat resistance of isoprene adhesives was compiled but not disclosed to the PTO, this nondisclosure did not result from an attempt to falsely demonstrate patentability by skewing disclosed test results. Rather, the nondisclosure occurred because of the inventors’ decision to discontinue testing S-I-S adhesives due to the thermal instability of such adhesives. Tr. 1218, 1279. The Kraton 1111 data was not focused upon by the inventors, and no evidence of intentional suppression exists. The Court finds Fuller’s narrow interpretation of isolated laboratory reports insufficient to support a finding of intent. Fuller also has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence gross negligence on the part of Schmidt or Puletti. While the evidence suggests that perhaps Schmidt and Puletti failed to attend meticulously to details of the patent prosecution, the evidence does not approach the level necessary to satisfy the clear and convincing standard. Moreover, based on its judgment of the credibility of the inventors’ testimony describing their actions in prosecuting the patent, the Court finds that Schmidt and Puletti acted in good faith and did not disregard their duty of candor. Accordingly, the Court finds insufficient intent to support a finding of inequitable conduct with regard to the Kraton 1111 data. C. Thermal Degradation The evidence presented at trial shows that in defining the scope of their invention, National’s Schmidt and Puletti excluded S-I-S adhesives largely due to the thermal instability of such adhesives. Tr. 1218. Their belief, supported by the evidence, was that S-I-S adhesives degrade during the prolonged heat exposure common in the diaper manufacturing process. This degradation results in a thinning of the adhesive and correspondingly poor performance. Although thermal degradation of S-I-S adhesives may be prevented by use of a nitrogen blanket during processing, diaper manufacturers are unwilling to use such protective measures in their manufacturing plants. Tr. 1010-11, 1219. Fuller contends that National committed inequitable conduct by failing to disclose information about thermal degradation relevant to the patent application. Fuller argues that if the real reason National rejected S-I-S adhesives was the need for a protective nitrogen blanket, National should have disclosed that reason to the PTO. In the absence of such full disclosure, Fuller contends the ’577 patent should be unenforceable. Materiality is not to be viewed in a vacuum, and isolated nondisclosures must be evaluated in light of the entire set of references disclosed to the PTO. It is well accepted that a patent applicant does not have a duty to disclose all possible relevant information. As stated by the Federal Circuit in American Hoist: Reverting to the court’s recitation of a “duty to disclose all facts pertinent to the prosecution of an application,” it is also clear that an applicant for patent is under no obligation to disclose “all pertinent prior art or other pertinent information” of which he is aware. American Hoist, 725 F.2d at 1362, citing Digital Equipment Corp. v. Diamond, 653 F.2d 701, 716 (1st Cir.1981). Non-material, merely speculative references need not be disclosed and failure to disclose such references will not result in a finding of inequitable conduct. Rolls-Royce Limited v. GTE Valeron Corp., 800 F.2d 1101, 1107 (Fed.Cir.1986). In arguing for a finding of inequitable conduct, Fuller asserts that National acted wrongly by failing to disclose information showing the need for a nitrogen blanket to prevent thermal degradation in S-I-S adhesives. In fact, National made such a disclosure. The disclosure statement submitted by National as part of its patent application includes as a Group II reference, technical literature describing the properties of Stereon 840A. See Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 23. That literature discusses the use of a nitrogen blanket to protect hot melt adhesives and illustrates the significant problem of thermal degradation in unprotected S-I-S adhesive. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 31-32. The literature further summarizes test results showing that thermal degradation was “most pronounced” in S-I-S adhesives. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 32. The patent examiner evaluating National’s application, James Cannon, initialed the Stereon reference indicating his reading and review of its thermal stability discussion. Plaintiff’s Exh. 24 at 25. In an attempt to discount the value of National’s Stereon disclosure and its effect on the patent examiner’s decision to allow the ’577 patent, Fuller relies in part on the testimony of William Hamrock, a former patent examiner in the hot melt area. This reliance is misplaced, however, because Hamrock’s testimony displayed questionable credibility at best. For example, while staunchly defending his own thoroughness in examining patents, Hamrock insisted that he read every reference before signaling completion of his review by initialing the reference. Tr. 651. Yet Hamrock suggested that examiner Cannon initialed the references contained in National’s application, including the Stereon reference, without reading or considering them. Tr. 649. Hamrock thus attempted to show that Cannon did a poor job in evaluating National’s application and could have been easily duped by National’s alleged inequitable conduct. The Court will not accept Ham-rock's implied indictment of the patent office. Throughout trial, counsel for Fuller assured the Court that Fuller had the utmost faith in the PTO. Yet through the testimony of Hamrock, Fuller attempted to portray the patent examiner as a bungler, incapable of competent, independent investigation. The Court may not delve into the mental processes of the examiner, but must objectively judge the material the examiner considered through National’s disclosures and the examiner’s written reports and acknowledgements. Reviewing those communications, the Court finds that National presented ample material prior art to the examiner regarding the thermal instability of S-I-S adhesives. In this regard, no material references were withheld or mischaracterized and accordingly no claim