Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER SCHWARTZ, District Judge: Defendant, Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc. (“Astra”) moves pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below, defendant’s motion is granted. BACKGROUND This action is brought by Pfizer Ine. (“Pfizer”), one of the nation’s largest pharmaceutical companies and manufacturer of cardiovascular drugs called PROCARDIA and PROCARDIA XL, against Astra, an American subsidiary of a Swedish pharmaceutical company with a substantial market share in Europe and significant sales in the United States, and manufacturer of the cardiovascular drug called TOPROL XL. The complaint seeks injunctive relief, damages, product recall and attorneys fees under several causes of action including: (1) infringement of the registered PROCARDIA XL trademark in violation of § 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114; (2) false designation of origin in violation of § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (3) infringement and unlawful misappropriation of the unregistered XL trademark under New York common law; (4) unlawful dilution of the distinctive quality of Pfizer’s unregistered XL trademark and injury to Pfizer’s business reputation under New York General Business Law § 368 — d; and (5) unfair competition under New York common law. The heart of Pfizer’s complaint is that Astra’s use of the XL mark on its product, TOPROL XL, is likely to cause confusion as to the origin or sponsorship of the goods at issue and, therefore, violates the Lanham Act. The facts concerning the drugs at issue are, in all material respects, uneontested although the parties dispute their significance. The parties contest (1) whether XL, as used by Pfizer, is a suggestive or a descriptive mark, (2) whether XL has acquired secondary meaning, and (3) whether Astra’s use of XL on its TOPROL XL product is likely to cause confusion as to the origin or sponsorship of TOPROL XL. As detailed below, Astra has met its burden of proving that there exists no genuine issue of material fact and that summary judgment is appropriate. Specifically, the Court concludes that there is no genuine issue of material fact that: (1) XL as used on Pfizer’s extended release cardiovascular drug is descriptive; (2) XL lacks secondary meaning; and (3) even if XL is a suggestive mark, or a descriptive mark that has acquired secondary meaning, there is no likelihood of confusion. In sum, the Court concludes that no rational jury could find in favor of Pfizer in this case because the evidence in support of Pfizer is so slight that there is no genuine issue of material fact and a grant of summary judgment is, therefore, proper. See Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. Partnership, 22 F.3d 1219, 1223-34 (2d Cir. 1994). 1. The Parties, Their Dispute and Their Products (a) Pfizer and PROCARDIA XL In 1982 Pfizer introduced PROCARDIA, a cardiovascular drug used primarily for the treatment of angina. The active ingredient in PROCARDIA is nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker (which works by blocking calcium pathways thereby causing blood vessels to dilate). PROCARDIA has, by all accounts, been highly successful; in 1989, PROCARDIA achieved U.S. sales in excess of $400 million. It is uncontested that PROCARDIA is a registered trademark of Pfizer and that Pfizer is the exclusive user of the PROCARDIA mark in commerce in the United States. While the record is silent with respect to the precise expiration date(s) of Pfizer’s pat-entes) on PROCARDIA, the parties agree that the patent(s) with respect to PROCAR-DIA expired in the late 1980s or early 1990s. In September 1989, Pfizer obtained Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval to market a new product it had developed containing nifedipine, the active ingredient in PROCARDIA. The new product featured a patented drug release or delivery system known as the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (“GITS”). GITS utilizes a controlled release tablet which emits a continuous and steady dosage of the active ingredient into the bloodstream over a 24 hour period. In October 1989, Pfizer introduced its new nifedipine product under the brand name PROCARDIA XL. PROCARDIA XL is an extended release version of PROCARDIA. By using the GITS delivery system, patients need only take one tablet a day instead of several tablets per day. Additionally, because of the GITS delivery system, PRO-CARDIA XL produces consistent blood levels of nifedipine. Finally, the GITS delivery system enables PROCARDIA XL to be used for hypertension and angina whereas PRO-CARDIA is only used for angina. The timing of PROCARDIA XL’s release and Pfizer’s marketing strategy was widely commented upon in the press. Pfizer was concerned that competition would erode the success of PROCARDIA once the PROCAR-DIA patent(s) expired. Consequently, Pfizer began marketing PROCARDIA XL (whose GITS delivery system remains patented and thus not subject to competition) prior to the expiration of the PROCARDIA patent(s) in order to wean PROCARDIA users off of the old product and onto the new product. Notably, Pfizer priced PROCARDIA XL at a significant discount — roughly 18% below the price of PROCARDIA. Pfizer’s marketing efforts and planning were highly successful. PROCARDIA XL’s sales, like PROCARDIA’S sales, have been extraordinary. In its first full year on the market, PROCARDIA XL’s sales exceeded $400 million, the highest level of sales reached by PROCARDIA during its first seven years on the market. In 1991, PRO-CARDIA XL’s sales were $785 million, and in 1992 sales exceeded $1 billion. Moreover, plaintiff’s allegations in its Second Amended Complaint dated November 9, 1992 (the “Complaint”), that PROCARDIA XL is one of the two best selling cardiovascular drugs in the United States and one of the five best selling prescription drugs in any category are uncontroverted. Similarly, defendant has not challenged the statement made by Marie-Caroline Sainpy, Vice-President of Marketing of Pfizer Labs, a division of Pfizer Inc., in her declaration dated April 29, 1993 (“Sainpy Declaration”), that “PROCARDIA XL is currently the best-selling cardiovascular drug, and the second best-selling prescription drug of any type, in the United States.” Sainpy Declaration at ¶ 7. PROCARDIA XL is a registered trademark of Pfizer and Pfizer is the exclusive user of the PROCARDIA XL mark in commerce in the United States. For purposes of this motion, Astra does not dispute that “PROCARDIA XL” (as opposed to “XL”) has acquired secondary meaning. Moreover, it is undisputed that Pfizer has spent many millions of dollars to advertise and promote PROCARDIA XL. Pfizer, however, has not sought to register the mark “XL” with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTO”), nor has it spent any money to advertise or promote the XL mark separate and apart from PROCARDIA XL. (i) Pfizer’s Adoption of the XL Mark: Is It Descriptive? According to Pfizer, XL does not convey an immediate idea of the characteristics of an extended release cardiovascular drug — i.e., it is not merely descriptive — but rather “suggests” extended duration and excellence. The Sainpy Declaration states: Pfizer chose PROCARDIA XL as the tradename for its nifedipine GITS product for a variety of reasons. PROCARDIA was an established brand name, and Pfizer wished to capitalize on its goodwill with physicians. However, Pfizer also wanted its tradename to suggest that the product was not merely an extended release version of PROCARDIA, but a new and unique dosage form with benefits distinct from other long acting drugs. It therefore rejected commonly used suffixes such as LA, and chose a term — XL—that had never been used in the medical community or the pharmaceutical industry. XL was chosen because it had the ability to suggest the essential selling features of the product: the fact that it had an extended delivery profile, that it was an “excellent” or superior product, and that it was different from all other extended release cardiovascular drugs. Sainpy Declaration at ¶3 (emphasis added). These assertions are echoed throughout Pfizer’s submission and the deposition testimony of Pfizer’s representatives. What is also clear from Pfizer’s submissions is that Pfizer uses XL as “a symbol” for the GITS delivery system. And, according to Pfizer, “XL does not merely denote a garden-variety extended release mechanism; it symbolizes the technologically advanced, controlled delivery system, and the benefits it confers to PROCARDIA XL.” Id. at ¶ 10. Importantly, the GITS delivery system uses POLYPLASDONE XL, a chemical bonding agent patented by Aza and a registered trademark of GAF Corporation. Alza and GAF have been using the XL suffix in connection with the bonding agent for the GITS delivery system since as early as 1976. Pfizer also relies on the results of a telephone survey that it commissioned in November 1987 to help it select a name for its new PROCARDIA product as evidence that XL is suggestive of the product’s characteristics (the “Pre-Litigation Survey”). The objective of the survey was to evaluate three proposed suffixes (CR, TR and XL) for Pfizer’s new product. Doctors were told that the sponsor was considering names for a “new and unique oral dosage form of PROCAR-DIA” and were asked “Suppose the new name were PROCARDIA XL, what does the suffix XL imply to you? What do you think it means?” Roughly two-thirds of the physicians surveyed responded that XL implied or meant “extra length” or “extended-life.” Finally, Pfizer dismisses the relevancy of the sixth edition of the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary (1993), which defines XL as (1) “extended release (once a day oral solid dosage form)” and (2) “extra large”. Pfizer claims that to the extent this entry implies that XL is a common descriptive suffix, the entry is either a mistake or merely shows that Pfizer has popularized XL to the point where the authors elected to include the term in their most recent edition. Pfizer also contends that when it adopted the XL mark it was not defined as meaning extended release because XL had no such meaning in medicine at that time. Astra asserts that the evidence shows as a matter of law or undisputed fact that XL is a descriptive mark and has not achieved secondary meaning. Astra points to several items including (1) numerous dictionary references, such as the Medical Abbreviation Dictionary, as well as definitions contained in general dictionaries for XL which include “extra long”, “extra large”, and “extended life” and (2) numerous uses of XL in the marketplace, including in connection with health care and medical products. Finally, Astra persuasively argues that the very evidence that Pfizer touts as proving that XL is suggestive (the admissions of Pfizer’s employees and the Pre-Litigation Survey), in fact, illustrates that XL is descriptive. See Discussion-§ 4 infra. (b) Astra’s TOPROL In January 1992 Astra launched TOPROL XL. TOPROL XL is a sustained-release, one-a-day dosage form of a metoprolol an-tianginal/antihypertensive drug. TOPROL XL is a beta blocker. Thus, both TOPROL XL and PROCARDIA XL are prescription, one-a-day cardiovascular drugs indicated for hypertension and angina. TOPROL XL has achieved $50 million in sales since the product was launched (approximately $25 million per year). While Astra has advertised and promoted TOPROL XL, it has failed to provide the Court with information as to the amount that it has actually spent on advertising and promotion. In response to the Court’s questioning at the March 3,1994 oral argument (the “Oral Argument”), both parties agreed that TOPROL XL’s presence in the marketplace has had no significant impact on the sales of PROCARDIA XL. See March 3, 1994 Oral Argument Transcript (“Oral Argument Transcript”) at 29-30; 48. (i) Astra’s Adoption of the XL Mark Pfizer alleges that Astra’s use of the XL mark is a blatant bad faith attempt to plagiarize, thereby indicating both secondary meaning and likelihood of confusion. Specifically, Pfizer contends that Astra adopted the XL mark to trade on Pfizer’s goodwill. As-tra, however, contends that it adopted XL, a descriptive suffix, in conformity with industry practice and the plain meaning of the acronym XL. Pfizer’s allegations in this regard are not supported by any evidence. It is undisputed that Astra initially applied for trademark protection and submitted labelling to the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the mark TOPROLOL LA. However, in July 1991, the FDA objected to the name TOPROLOL LA on the grounds that the mark was too close to the generic name of the drug, metoprolol succinate. It is also undisputed that in the fall of 1991, Astra commissioned Jordan Research to conduct a survey among physicians (20 physicians were interviewed) to assist in the selection of a new name (the “Jordan Report”). The survey tested the following suffixes: XL, CR, LA and SR and doctors responded favorably and/or unfavorably to each suffix. As a threshold matter, the Court observes that plaintiff has mischaracterized the Jordan Report’s findings. Specifically, Pfizer quotes the following language from the section of the Jordan Report entitled “Statement of Purpose” to the Court “it ‘seemed quite possible that in the year since the original marketing research, especially because of the heavy promotions of ... PRO-CARDIA XL,”’ this “‘newer’” suffix “ ‘might have gained in favor over the older designation L.A.’ ” Declaration of Steven A. Zalesin dated April 30,1993 at ¶ 9 (emphasis added in declaration). In point of fact the complete quote is as follows: “It seemed quite possible that in the year since the original marketing research, especially because of the heavy promotions of Cardizem SR and Procardia XL, one of the newer suffixes might have gained in favor over the older designation ‘LA.’ ” Jordan Report (emphasis added). This distinction is significant. Astra has submitted evidence that it chose XL because it was a commonly used acronym for extra long and it was the industry practice to use descriptive designators. The Declaration of Charles E. Yon, General Counsel for Astra, dated January 31, 1992 (the “Yon Declaration”) states: ... the basis of the decision to use ‘XL’ in association with TOPROL was the belief on the part of Astra that “XL is a commonly-used acronym for ‘extra long1, which thereby conveys the message that its TO-PROL XL product is an extra long or extended release formulation. It was the belief of Astra, when the FDA required it to change its name from TOPROLOL LA to something else ... that TOPROL XL was a trademark which avoided the problems that concerned the FDA and was at the same time a marketable term identifying an extra long acting or extended release formulation. It is common practice for companies marketing a pharmaceutical product with an extra long acting delivery system to use a commonly recognized acronym following the brand name in order to distinguish the longer acting product from the basic product. Yon Declaration at ¶¶ 6; 18. Mr. Yon’s statements concerning the wide use of XL and Astra’s motivation for using XL on its product are echoed throughout Astra’s submissions. Furthermore, when Astra selected the TOPROL XL mark, it followed its uniform and standard practice of having outside counsel search and clear the mark prior to usage. Id. at ¶5. Ultimately, Astra selected the name TO-PROL XL and in November 1991 filed a trademark application for TOPROL XL. On January 10, 1992 the FDA approved the product; the product was then launched. During the prosecution of the trademark and the course of this case, Astra disclaimed any exclusive right to use the “XL” portion of the TOPROL XL mark. Pfizer has opposed As-tra’s trademark application. The PTO has yet to act on the opposition, and TOPROL XL remains an unregistered mark. 2. Has XL Acquired Secondary Meaning? In opposition to Astra’s motion for summary judgment, Pfizer argues that Pfizer selected the “XL” mark because it suggested extended duration and excellence. In the alternative, Pfizer contends that the “XL” mark is a descriptive mark that has acquired secondary meaning (¿a, it has become distinctive of Pfizer’s goods in commerce) and, as such, is entitled to trademark protection. In support of its argument that XL has become distinctive of Pfizer’s goods in commerce, Pfizer points to, among other things: (1) the sales success of PROCARDIA XL; (2) the fact that from October 1989 to the introduction of TOPROL XL in January 1992, PROCARDIA XL was the only prescription drug sold under an XL designation; (3) the fact that Pfizer has spent over $400 million dollars to advertise and promote PROCARDIA XL; (4) “substantial unsolicited media coverage, including a significant number of articles that refer to the product as simply ‘XL’ ”; and (5) a survey conducted by The Gallup Organization, Inc. (“Gallup” and the “Gallup Survey,” respectively) which Pfizer states “provides definitive proof that physicians associate XL primarily with PRO-CARDIA and PROCARDIA XL, and only secondarily with the concept of extended relief.” It is important to observe that none— or virtually none — of Pfizer’s evidence of secondary meaning relates to the use of the XL mark alone; rather it relates to the use of the PROCARDIA XL mark. The two or three bits of evidence which are arguably XL specific are, as shown below, mischaracteriza-tions of the record or without probative value. Astra argues that Pfizer’s secondary meaning argument must fail for two primary reasons. First, Astra relies on the updated version of the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary which defines XL as “extended release (once a day oral dosage form)” and “extra large”. Second, Astra offers a sound and well reasoned critique of the Gallup Survey. See Discussion-§ 5 infra. 3. Uses of the XL Mark and Evidence of Confusion (a) Product Distribution, Packaging and Sales As stated above, TOPROL XL and PRO-CARDIA XL are prescription one-a-day cardiovascular drugs indicated for hypertension and angina; however, they have different compositions and different delivery systems. While the parties apparently disagree with respect to whether the products may be prescribed interchangeably, there is no dispute that these products are only prescribed after a doctor’s evaluation and are only dispensed with a doctor’s prescription. It is not disputed that the parties’ marketing efforts are conducted in substantially similar ways through (a) advertising in medical journals, (b) mailings sent to doctors, and (c) the use of large forces of “detail men” who solicit doctors’ at the latter’s offices and discuss their products directly with the doctors. In most instances, references to PRO-CARDIA XL and TOPROL XL in the advertising and promotional literature are followed by references to their generic names, ie., nifedipine extended release or metoprolol succinate extended release. It is also not disputed that the packaging and the promotional literature for both TOPROL XL and PROCARDIA XL include the words “Extended Release Tablet” and that both companies emphasize their advanced delivery system. Pfizer agrees that the TOPROL XL and PROCARDIA XL packaging and promotional literature generally include the As-tra and Pfizer housemarks, respectively. Further it is not disputed that Pfizer highlights the XL portion of the PROCARDIA XL mark on virtually all of its packaging and promotional literature. Additionally, it is undisputed that pharmaceutical companies use suffixes to describe characteristics of their products. See n. 5, supra (listing certain suffixes used by pharmaceutical companies). Moreover, the parties agree that since at least 1950, pharmaceutical companies have concentrated on producing products that are capable of delivering drugs over an extended period of time and that, the delivery system has become an important element of the product. Pfizer did not disagree with the Court’s observation that “[w]hat you are trying to do is identify in a shorthand way a function. So we have ‘long-acting,’ we have ‘sustained release,’ we have different letters and words which in short form tell the consumer that this product does not require taking repeated dosages during the day but can through one dose sustain the release or the delivery of the pharmaceutical product in the system.” Oral Argument Transcript at 36-37. That this is a fact is illustrated by the following cardiovascular drugs, each of which use a descriptive suffix: DILACOR XR, CARDIZEM CD and INDERAL LA. Finally, it is not disputed that the presence of TOPROL XL in the marketplace has had no adverse impact on the sales of PROCAR-DIA XL. (b) Uses of XL In the Marketplace on Other Products Defendant concedes that prior to the introduction of PROCARDIA XL in 1989, XL had not been used on prescription drugs. Today, Pfizer is the only pharmaceutical company (other than Astra) to market a prescription drug product with XL in the United States. It is also not disputed, however, that certain health care and medical products (other than prescription drugs) use an XL suffix as part of the product’s tradename. Importantly, as noted above, Alza has licensed Pfizer to use the GITS delivery system in PROCAR-DIA XL. The GITS delivery system uses POLYPLASDONE XL, a chemical bonding agent patented by Alza. Several Alza patents make reference to a bonding agent known as POLYPLASDONE XL. Moreover, it is uncontested that the POLYPLAS-DONE XL mark was registered to GAF Corporation in 1981 for a “chemical suitable for use as a binder and/or disintegrant medicines.” The Certificate of Registration indicates that GAF first used the mark in January 1976. Thus, Alza and its predecessor were using XL as part of the name of the bonding agent used in GITS (which Pfizer touts as PROCARDIA XL’s most important selling feature) for over a decade prior to Pfizer’s use of XL on its product. Other health care and medical products that use XL as a suffix include PERMAL-ENS XL and SOLA XL for extended-wear contact lens products. See also n. 9, supra. Finally, XL is widely used on a variety of commercial goods such as the well known DURACELL XL long acting battery. See Oreck Corp. v. U.S. Floor Systems, Inc., 803 F.2d 166, 170 (6th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1069, 107 S.Ct. 2462, 95 L.Ed.2d 871 (1987) (XL is “widely used on a variety of commercial goods, including cameras, computers, automobiles, audiotapes and chainsaws”). (e) Lack of Evidence of Actual Confusion PROCARDIA XL and TOPROL XL have been on the market eoextensively for approximately 30 months and hundreds of thousands of prescriptions have been written for these products. Despite Pfizer’s concerns, there has been no evidence of actual eonfusion as to the source of these products or misprescription. Pfizer, however, points to the following factors in support of its argument that there is a likelihood of confusion regarding the source, affiliation or connection of TOPROL XL: (1) XL is a strong mark as evidenced by the factors cited in support of their argument that XL has acquired secondary meaning; (2) XL is used identically on PROCARDIA XL and TOPROL XL; (3) the fact that “PROCARDIA XL and TOPROL XL are both one-a-day prescription cardiovascular drugs indicated for hypertension and angina that are sold through identical channels of commerce and are advertised and promoted in substantially the same way;” (4) their contention that the drugs compete for prescriptions; (5) surveys conducted by Da-taTactics, Inc. (“DataTactics” and “DataTacties Survey”, respectively) and Oxtoby-Smith, Inc., which Pfizer asserts show a confusion rate of approximately 15 percent; (6) Astra’s lack of good faith in adopting the XL mark; (7) their contention that doctors do not generally know who manufactures or sells the drugs they prescribe; and (8) testimony of an “expert” “that a significant percentage of doctors are likely to be confused about the source or affiliation of TOPROL XL.” 4. History of Proceedings Plaintiff initiated this action on January 20, 1992 seeking injunctive relief, product recall, corrective advertising and damages. Judge Conboy conducted a preliminary injunction hearing on January 31, February 7 and February 10, 1992 (collectively, the “Preliminary Injunction Hearing”). On February 20, 1992, Judge Conboy denied plaintiff’s request for preliminary injunctive relief, finding, among other things, that there was little (if any) credible evidence in the record before the court of likelihood of confusion, no evidence of actual confusion, an extremely sophisticated targeted product selection group, and only marginal and inconsequential similarity between the rival marks when viewed in their entirety. On November 10, 1992, Pfizer filed a Second Amended Complaint. The amended complaint eliminated any reference to alleged medical harm to a patient whose physician is confused about the source or affiliation of TOPROL XL. Indeed, Pfizer now agrees that there is little likelihood of misprescription or dispensing error as between TO-PROL XL and PROCARDIA XL. DISCUSSION 1. Standard for Summary Judgment Summary judgment is appropriate where, as here, Astra has proven that there is no issue of material fact and no rational jury could find in favor of Pfizer. In reaching this conclusion, the Court is mindful of the Second Circuit’s recent admonitions and reiterations of the standard for summary judgment in Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. Partnership, 22 F.3d 1219 (2d Cir.1994). In Gallo, the Court set forth the following test: First, summary judgment may not be granted unless ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). Second, the burden is upon the moving party to demonstrate that no genuine issue respecting any material fact exists.... In considering that, third, all ambiguities must be resolved and all inferences drawn in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought.... Fourth, the moving party may obtain summary judgment by showing that little or no evidence may be found in support of the nonmoving party’s case.... When no rational jury could find in favor of the nonmoving party because the evidence to support its case is so slight, there is no genuine issue of material fact and a grant of summary judgment is proper.... Finally, the trial court’s task at the summary judgment motion stage of the litigation is carefully limited to discerning whether there are any genuine issues of material fact to be tried, not to deciding them. Its duty, in short, is confined at this point to issue-finding; it does not extend to issue-resolution. 22 F.3d at 1223-24 (citations omitted). The Court also observes that the Second Circuit has in the past affirmed the use of summary judgment in a trademark infringement case using language similar to Gallo. Chief Judge Oakes, in Lang v. Retirement Living Pub. Co., 949 F.2d 576 (2d Cir.1991), affirming a grant of summary judgment in an action brought under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, observed: As the Supreme Court explained in Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2509-10, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986), “the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” A dispute as to a material fact is “genuine,” and hence summary judgment is not appropriate, under this standard, only “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2510. Id., 949 F.2d at 580 (emphasis in original) (also citing the following cases affirming the use of summary judgment in trademark cases: Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd., 746 F.2d 112, 115 (2d Cir.1984); Lois Sportswear, U.S.A, Inc. v. Levi Strauss & Co., 799 F.2d 867, 876 (2d Cir.1986); Murphy v. Provident Mutual Life Ins. Co., 923 F.2d 923, 930 (2d Cir.1990), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 65, 116 L.Ed.2d 40 (1991)). Finally, on a motion for summary judgment the moving party must initially satisfy its burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, which can be done merely by pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case (and as discussed above, all ambiguities are resolved in the nonmoving party’s favor). Celotex Cotp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 328-25, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The non-moving party then must meet the burden of coming forward with “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e), by a “showing sufficient to establish the existence of [every] element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. at 2552; see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2514, 91 L.E.2d 202 (1986) (“In sum, we conclude that the determination of whether a given factual dispute requires submission to a jury must be guided by the substantive evidentiary standards that apply to the case”). 2. Availability of Trademark Protection (a) The Unregistered XL Mark “XL” is not a registered trademark. Pfizer, therefore, relies on § 43(a) of the Lanham Act which prohibits any person from using in connection with any goods ... or any container for goods, ... any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof ... which ... is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive ... as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods ... by another person. 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (1994). “ ‘[I]t is common ground that § 43(a) protects qualifying unregistered trademarks and that the general principles qualifying a mark for registration under § 2 of the Lanham Act are for the most part applicable in determining whether an unregistered mark is entitled to protection under § 43(a).’ ” Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. McNeil-P.P.C., Inc., 973 F.2d 1033, 1038 (2d Cir.1992) (citing Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., — U.S. -, -, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 2757, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992)). Thus, the critical inquiry is whether the use of XL by Astra on TOPROL XL is likely to cause consumer confusion with respect to the source or sponsorship of the product. Before the ultimate issue of confusion is addressed, the threshold question of whether this is a trademark that deserves protection must be considered. See Thompson Medical Co. v. Pfizer, Inc., 753 F.2d 208, 213 (2d Cir.1985); see also Centaur Communications, Ltd. v. A/S/M Communications, Inc., 830 F.2d 1217, 1221 (2d Cir.1987). (b) The Registered PROCARDIA XL Mark Pfizer alleges a cause of action pursuant to § 32 of the Lanham Act for infringement of the registered PROCARDIA XL trademark. Section 32 provides, in pertinent part: (1) Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant— (a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or (b) reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or col-orably imitate a registered mark and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution or advertising of goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake or to deceive, shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant ... 15 U.S.C. § 1114 (1994) (emphasis added). 3.Pfizer’s Allegation of Infringement Although Pfizer’s Complaint pleads two federal claims — one for infringement of its registered PROCARDIA XL trademark under § 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114, and a second for infringement of its unregistered XL mark under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) — Pfizer focuses on the infringement of the XL mark. Indeed, Pfizer does not allege that TOPROL XL infringes its “PROCARDIA” mark or the “PROCARDIA” portion of the PROCARDIA XL mark. For example, in the section of Pfizer’s Complaint entitled “Pfizer’s Injury”, all references are to injury as a result of Astra’s alleged appropriation of the XL mark. See Complaint at ¶¶ 18-19; ¶ 21 (Illustratively, ¶ 18 states: “Pfizer has invested substantial resources to establish within the health care community the advantages of a product labelled “XL”. By appropriating the XL designation for TOPROL, Astra is facilitating the introduction and sale of its own product and is trading upon the value which Pfizer established for the XL mark”) (emphasis added). Similarly, Pfizer’s Local Rule 3(g) Statement focuses on the XL mark. Additionally, Pfizer’s Memorandum in Opposition to Astra’s Motion for Summary Judgment dated April 30, 1993 (“Pfizer’s Memorandum in Opposition”) criticizes Astra’s motion because it “ignores the core issue in this case: whether Pfizer owns a trademark in the term “XL” as applied to prescription cardiovascular drugs, and whether that trademark is infringed by Astra’s use of the identical term on its competing product, TOPROL XL ... [Astra] never confronts the central issue of whether XL itself — either because it has acquired secondary meaning or because it is suggestive — functions as a trademark.” Pfizer’s Memorandum in Opposition at 1-2. Indeed, Pfizer now emphasizes that it is not asserting that TOPROL XL infringes its PROCARDIA XL mark. Pfizer’s Memorandum in Opposition at 31-32. Pfizer is bound by the limitations asserted in its Rule 3(g) statement and its brief. Pfizer’s proof, unlike its argument, however, focuses on the PROCARDIA XL mark and not the XL mark. Thus, while Pfizer argues that the XL mark has acquired secondary meaning, the proof that it submits relates to advertising expenditures and sales success, among other things, of PROCAR-DIA XL, and not XL alone. Similarly, Pfizer’s proof with respect to certain of the factors considered in the likelihood of confusion analysis relates to PROCARDIA XL, and not XL alone. For example, the evidence submitted and the arguments made by Pfizer with respect to the proximity of the products, actual confusion and the quality of the products compares PROCARDIA XL and TO-PROL XL. This inconsistency (between Pfizer’s argument that the mark at issue is XL and its submission of evidence with respect to PROCARDIA XL) arises because there is no product using the mark XL alone. 4.XL is Descriptive A trademark is defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1127 as including “any word, name, symbol, or device or any combination thereof’ used by any person “to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown.” In determining whether a mark is worthy of trademark protection, it must be capable of distinguishing the trademark holder’s goods from those of others. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., — U.S. -, -, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 2757, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992). The first step in determining whether a mark is worthy of protection is to classify the mark. Judge Friendly in Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., 537 F.2d 4, 9 (2d Cir.1976), wrote, “[a]rrayed in an ascending order which roughly reflects their eligibility to trademark status and the degree of protection accorded, these classes [of terms] are (1) generic, (2) descriptive, (3) suggestive, and (4) arbitrary or fanciful.” These categories of marks have been defined and described as follows: [glenerie terms — “the common descriptive name of an article or substance” ... — are ineligible for any trademark protection. Descriptive marks, those “deserib[ing] the qualities, ingredients, effects or other features of the product naturally and in ordinary language” ... are protectible only where secondary meaning can be established. Suggestive terms require “imagination, thought and perception to reach a conclusion as to the nature of goods,” ... and are eligible for protection without proof of secondary meaning. Finally, arbitrary or fanciful marks “enjoy all the rights accorded to suggestive terms as marks — without the need of debating whether the term is ‘merely descriptive’ and with ease of establishing infringement.” Thompson Medical Co., 753 F.2d at 212-13 (citations and footnotes omitted). The Second Circuit has recently reiterated the characteristics that distinguish descriptive marks from suggestive marks: A descriptive mark is one that “ ‘forthwith conveys an immediate idea of the ingredients, qualities or characteristics of the goods.’ ” ... “[A] term can be descriptive in two ways. It can literally describe the product, or it can describe the purpose or utility of the product.” ... A term is suggestive “‘if it requires imagination, thought and perception to reach a conclusion as to the nature of the goods.’” Bristol-Myers, 973 F.2d at 1040 (citations omitted). Thus, a descriptive mark “is one that tells something about a product, its qualities, ingredients or characteristics. It may point to a product’s intended purpose, its junction or intended use, its size, or its merit.” Gruner & Jahr USA Publishing v. Meredith Corp., 991 F.2d 1072, 1075 (2d Cir.1993) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). The Court also observes that in determining whether or not a mark is suggestive or descriptive, the Court should “look, not to the owner’s subjective intent, but to the natural interpretation the public would give the word.” See Leathersmith of London, Ltd. v. Alleyn, 695 F.2d 27, 30 n. 4 (1st Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1209, 103 S.Ct. 1202, 75 L.Ed.2d 444 (1983) (citations omitted). Under this legal standard, XL is descriptive. The undisputed facts of this case lead to this inevitable conclusion. Pfizer’s patents relating to PROCARDIA, an extraordinarily successful product, were to expire. Pfizer, as virtually every major pharmaceutical manufacturer, has for the past fifty years been engaged in the development of sustained release delivery systems. These systems are commonly advertised and appended as suffixes to the name of the product. Pfizer, in an understandable effort aimed at maintaining PROCARDIA’S sales, offered PROCARDIA in sustained release form, advertising that fact and denominating its product PROCARDIA XL. The suffix XL was designed to, and did, describe the new product as one that has a sustained release or extended delivery system. Under these circumstances, the natural and inevitable conclusion is that XL is descriptive. Pfizer argues that “XL” is suggestive because it does not immediately convey the characteristics of the cardiovascular drug but, instead suggests extended duration and excellence. Pfizer’s argument fails for several reasons. First, Pfizer uses XL as a modifier to its well known brand name PROCARDIA and, as required by the FDA, PROCARDIA XL is followed by its generic name, nifedipine extended release. Thus, Pfizer uses XL as a descriptive suffix — Pfizer uses XL to describes the utility, purpose, function, qualities and characteristics of its product. Second, as Judge Conboy recognized and as discussed above, there is a “widespread practice in the drug industry to functionally identify long acting medicines with ... suffixes.” Injunction Opinion at 5 (emphasis in original); see also n. 5, supra. Third, the sixth edition of the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary defines XL as “extended release (once a day oral solid dosage form)” and “extra large.” Moreover, the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary makes no mention of Pfizer or PROCARDIA XL in defining XL. And, indeed, general dictionaries define XL as “extra long,” “extra large” and “extended life”. See Nestle Co. v. Chester’s Market, Inc., 571 F.Supp. 763, 777 (D.Conn.1983), vacated on other grounds, 756 F.2d 280 (2d Cir.1985) (“presence of a term in the dictionary is often treated by courts as persuasive evidence of how a term is understood and used by the consuming public”) (citations omitted); see generally Declaration of Lawrence J. Raphael dated March 8, 1993 (submitted by Astra and detailing dictionary references to XL). Fourth, while PROCARDIA XL is the first prescription drug to use the suffix XL, it is not the first product in the health care and pharmaceutical industry to use XL. POLY-PLASDONE XL, which is used in PROCAR-DIA XL’s GITS delivery system, was first used as a mark in 1976 and was registered as a mark in 1981. See Background-§ 3(b) supra. XL is also widely used outside the pharmaceutical industry. Fifth, the findings of the Pre-Litigation Survey, contrary to plaintiffs contentions, indicate that the term is descriptive for two reasons. The survey clearly shows that Pfizer was considering descriptive suffixes. And the results of the survey indicate that the term XL is descriptive: approximately two-thirds of the physicians surveyed responded that XL implied or meant “extra length” or “extended-life”. Finally, and similar to the results of the Pre-Litigation Survey, the testimony of Dr. Susan Schwartz McDonald, Pfizer’s marketing consultant, at the preliminary injunction hearing and at her deposition further indicates that the term XL is descriptive. As Judge Conboy observed, Dr. McDonald “conceded that the market perceives the “XL” suffix as signifying a prolonged dosage, much like other common drug suffixes, and product excellence in general, but not the GITS per se.” Preliminary Injunction Opinion at 4 (citing Preliminary Injunction Hearing Transcript at 200-204); see also Sainpy Declaration at 3 (quoted supra). The Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether XL is descriptive and that no rational jury could find that the mark is suggestive. 5. XL Has Not Acquired Secondary Meaning Since XL is descriptive, proof of secondary meaning is required for protection. See Two Pesos, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. at 2757. “‘To establish secondary meaning, a manufacturer must show that, in the minds of the public, the primary significance of a product feature or term is to identify the source of the product rather than the product itself.’” Bristol-Myers, 973 F.2d at 1039 (citing Inwood Laboratories v. Ives Laboratories, 456 U.S. 844, 851 n. 11, 102 S.Ct. 2182, 2187 n. 11, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982)). As the Second Circuit has stated: the crux of the doctrine of secondary meaning “is that the mark comes to identify not only the goods but the source of those goods,” even though the relevant consuming public might not know the name of the producer. [20th Century Wear, Inc. v. Sanmark-Stardust, Inc., 815 F.2d 8, 10 (2d Cir.1987) ] (“[CJonsumers often buy goods without knowing the personal identity or actual name of the [producer].”). Nonetheless someone seeking to establish secondary meaning must show that the purchasing public associates goods designated by a particular mark with but a single-although anonymous-source. Id.; ef. 3 R. Callmann, The Law of Unfair Competition Trademarks and Monopolies § 19.25, at 81-82 n. 7 (L. Altman 4th Ed. 1983) ... (“It suffices if consumers accept the trademark as an indication of origin.”). Centaur Communications, 830 F.2d at 1221. In determining whether a mark has acquired secondary meaning courts have examined the following factors: “advertising expenditures, consumer studies, sales success, unsolicited media coverage, attempts to plagiarize and length and exclusivity of use.” Bristol-Myers, 973 F.2d at 1041 (citing Thompson Medical Co. v. Pfizer Inc., 753 F.2d at 217). An analysis of whether XL has acquired secondary meaning exposes the fundamental flaw in Pfizer’s § 43(a) argument and the overall correctness of Astra’s position. XL is not a product that is sold independently. Rather, XL is always used in conjunction with Pfizer’s concededly well-recognized PROCARDIA trademark. As a result, there are no advertising expenditures with respect to XL — highlighting XL on certain promotional literature for PROCARDIA XL is not sufficient and indeed there is no evidence with respect to an XL-only advertising budget; there is no evidence of XL’s sales success; and there is no evidence concerning the length and exclusivity of the use of the trademark XL independent from PRO-CARDIA. Moreover, the evidence submitted by Pfizer that is arguably XL specific is both questionable and trivial and fails to create a dispute issue of material fact, e.g., evidence with respect to unsolicited media coverage. Finally, the widespread practice in the drug industry to functionally identify long-acting medicines with suffixes, the entry for XL in the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary and the acknowledged use by others of the acronym XL — including with respect to POLYPLASDONE XL, a component of the GITS delivery system — rebuts the concept of secondary meaning. As noted above, Pfizer adopted the descriptive term “XL” as part of an attempt to maintain the life of its PROCARDIA product after patent protections expired, and it did so consistent with industry practice concerning the use of descriptive suffixes. The suffix XL, as used by Pfizer and others, simply does not suggest a source of manufacture. There is no reason, in law or in equity, to protect this suffix under the undisputed facts. And, perhaps, most important, there is no evidence, after almost three years of competition between plaintiff and defendant, of any confusion in the minds of consumers as to the source of their respective products. In sum, Pfizer has submitted no evidence suggesting a material dispute as to the essential elements which would give rise to a finding of secondary meaning. (a) Survey Evidence The Gallup Survey, after screening physicians, poses the following question: “Thinking of the practice of cardiovascular medicine, what first comes to mind when you hear the letters XL?” Seventy percent of the physicians immediately mentioned PRO-CARDIA or PROCARDIA XL. Roughly one physician in five (22%) indicated that XL is a drug suffix signifying “controlled release” or “extended release”. This survey does not support secondary meaning in the mark XL alone for several reasons. First, the survey results do not distinguish between PROCARDIA and PRO-CARDIA XL. It is conceded that PROCAR-DIA is an extremely successful cardiovascular drug and a well recognized trademark of Pfizer. Second, the Gallup Survey is dated June 1992; at that time TOPROL XL had been on the market only approximately 6 months, while PROCARDIA XL had been on the market approximately 31 months and PRO-CARDIA had been on the market approximately 10 years. Indeed, Pfizer has not disputed the statements of Astra’s expert, Ivan Ross, that PROCARDIA XL was the only XL-suffixed brand having significant presence in the market at the time of the survey. It is not probative of secondary meaning for respondents to have responded with one of the two best known drugs on the market and the only drug on the market of any significance that used XL. Third, the Gallup Survey — both the questions asked and the screening questions— conditioned physicians to respond with the name of a product rather than how the product functions or works, or the meaning of the acronym XL. Thus, by asking a screening question with respect to the drugs the doctors prescribed, the doctors were conditioned to respond with the name of a product rather than a function. It is not probative of secondary meaning that physicians conditioned (or asked) to respond with a drug name responded with one of the most popular, if not the most popular, cardiovascular drug on the market and the only XL-suffixed brand having significant presence in the market at the time. (b)Unsolicited Media Coverage It is beyond dispute that PROCARDIA XL has been the subject of hundreds if not thousands of references in lay, business and-medical publications. Once again, those references are not to XL alone. Pfizer argues that there also have been a number of publications that refer to the product as XL. Pfizer’s characterization of these articles is unfounded. All of the articles submitted by Pfizer refer to PROCARDIA XL as well as XL and a significant number of those articles refer to “the XL version” or “the XL formulation” or quote Pfizer’s advertisements where Pfizer itself refers to the product as XL. (c)Attempts to Plagiarize Pfizer also argues that Astra plagiarized Pfizer’s use of the XL suffix. In support of this secondary meaning argument, Pfizer points to two Astra documents. First, the Jordan Report which assessed doctors’ reactions to various comments. Pfizer writes: “[w]hen exposed to XL, physicians ‘made favorable comments about their experience with PROCARDIA XL.’ On the other hand, not one doctor said anything about ‘extra long’ or ‘extra length.’ ” Neither the conduct nor the conclusions of the Jordan Report, which surveyed 20 physicians over the telephone, indicates that Astra was seeking to plagiarize Pfizer’s mark or that Astra adopted XL in order to trade on Pfizer’s goodwill. Doctors interviewed in the Jordan Survey made both favorable and unfavorable comments with respect to PROCARDIA XL as well as comments with respect to other drugs including Inderal LA and Cardizem SR. Moreover, one physician commented that XL “sounds like something ‘extra’ ”. The second document which Pfizer points to is a handwritten note from George Road-man, Astra’s Vice President of Sales and Marketing, on a memorandum which states: “This is a tough sell. The parallel that Lars will see is_XL (I forgot the extended release version that is ultrasuccessful).” Pfizer concludes that “there is no reason to believe that XL is any less distinctive among doctors than it is among Astra’s own executives.” Pfizer may not bootstrap a one-sentence handwritten note into a finding that there has been an attempt at illegal copying and secondary meaning. The Court concludes that neither document is probative of bad faith or of an attempt to plagiarize the XL mark. (d)Third Party Uses Pfizer argues that the fact that Procter & Gamble was considering a license of the XL mark (negotiations that were ultimately unsuccessful) supports a finding of secondary meaning. The Court rejects as a matter of law that this fact is indicative of secondary meaning. See Lang, 949 F.2d at 581 (rejecting concept of secondary meaning in the making). Similarly, Pfizer argues that Boehringer’s abandonment of its plans to use the CATAPRES XL mark supports its argument that XL has acquired secondary meaning. Boehringer’s withdrawal of its application as a result of Pfizer’s demand letter is not evidence of its acceptance of XL as having acquired secondary meaning, nor is such action binding upon Astra. (e)Conclusion In sum, there is insufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that consumers identify XL (as opposed to PROCARDIA XL) with the source of a nonexistent product called XL. In other words, no reasonable jury could find that XL has acquired secondary meaning. 6. There Is No Evidence of Likelihood of Confusion Even if XL had acquired secondary meaning, which it has not, such a result would have only marginal significance because “[t]he bottom line is if no such likelihood of confusion is found, a defendant will generally not be held to have infringed plaintiffs mark.” Gruner & Jahr USA Publishing, 991 F.2d at 1074. In order to be confused, the public must be shown to believe that Pfizer, “sponsored or otherwise approved” the use of the XL trademark on TOPROL XL. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, Inc. v. Pussycat Cinema, Ltd., 604 F.2d 200, 206 (2d Cir.1979); see also Centaur Communications, 830 F.2d at 1225 (“plaintiff must show a ‘likelihood that an appreciable number of ordinarily prudent purchasers are likely to be misled, or indeed simply confused, as to the source of the goods in question’”) (citations omitted). In Lois Sportswear, U.S.A., Inc. v. Levi Strauss & Co., 799 F.2d 867 (2d Cir.1984), the Second Circuit explained that the essence of confusion is the public’s mistaken belief that the owner of the mark sponsored or otherwise approved of its use. The Court observed: “[t]he harm to [the trademark owner]” ... “is the likelihood that a consumer, hearing the [similar sounding] name and thinking it had some connection with [the trademark owner] would consider [the product] on that basis. The [similar sounding] name therefore would attract potential customers based on the reputation built up by the [trademark owner] ... [T]he Lanham Act was designed to prevent a competitor from such a bootstrapping of a trademark owner’s goodwill by the use of a substantially similar mark. Id. at 872 (citations omitted); see also Lang, 949 F.2d at 579 (“Whether a trademark owner receives judicial protection depends on “whether there is any likelihood that an appreciable number of ordinarily prudent purchasers are likely to be misled, or indeed simply confused, as to the source of the goods in question.’”) (citations omitted). In determining likelihood of confusion the Court adheres to the nonexclusive list of factors set forth by Judge Friendly in Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Elecs. Corp., 287 F.2d 492, 495 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 820, 82 S.Ct. 36, 7 L.Ed.2d 25 (1961), commonly referred to as the Polaroid factors: the strength of the [prior owner’s] mark, the degree of similarity between the two marks, the proximity of the products, the likelihood that the prior owner will bridge the gap [between the two products], actual confusion, and the reciprocal of defendant’s good faith in adopting its own mark, the quality of defendant’s product, and the sophistication of the buyers. Id. The foregoing list of factors “ ‘does not exhaust the possibilities — the court may have to take still other variables into account’ ... Moreover, ‘no single Polaroid factor is determinative.’ ... The proper approach is to weigh each factor in the context of the others to determine if, on balance, a likelihood of confusion exists.” W.W.W. Pharmaceutical Co. v. Gillette Co., 984 F.2d 567, 572 (2d Cir.1993). As explained below, the Court concludes that an application of these factors to the facts of this case, reveals that Pfizer cannot possibly show confusion as to source or sponsorship and that no reasonable jury could return a verdict in favor of Pfizer. (a) Strength of the Mark “The strength of the mark is its tendency to identify the goods sold as emanating from a particular source, even when the source is unknown to the consumer.” Centaur Communications, 830 F.2d at 1225. The degree of the mark’s distinctiveness depends upon whether it is arbitrary, fanciful, suggestive, descriptive or generic. Id. However, as the Second Circuit observed, “a mark’s category is not alone controlling” “Mather, its strength should be examined in its commercial context.” Id. at 1226; see also W.W.W. Pharmaceutical Co., 984 F.2d at 572 (in analyzing the “origin-indicating quality” of a mark, “strength is assessed using two factors: (1) the degree to which it is inherently distinctive and (2) the degree to which it is distinctive in the marketplace”) (citations omitted). XL is, at best, a weak mark. First, as discussed above, XL is a descriptive mark and thus not inherently distinctive. Second, as discussed above, Pfizer has failed to demonstrate secondary meaning. See, e.g., Cullman Ventures, Inc. v. Columbian Art Works, Inc., 717 F.Supp. 96, 122-27 (S.D.N.Y.1989) (the criteria used for determining the strength of the mark are similar to those used in assessing secondary meaning). There simply is no XL product; as a result, there is no evidence of advertising expenditures or sales success with respect to XL independent from PROCARDIA. Moreover, the widespread practice in the drug industry to functionally identify long acting medicines with descriptive suffixes and the entry for XL in the Medical Abbreviations Dictionary reflects that XL is not distinctive in the marketplace. (b) The Degree of Similarity Between the Two Marks An obvious factor to be considered is whether the similarity of the marks is likely to provoke confusion. See Lang, 949 F.2d at 581; McGregor-Doniger Inc. v. Drizzle Inc., 599 F.2d 1126, 1133 (2d Cir.1979). “In making this determination, a court should look at the general impression created by the marks, taking into account all factors that potential purchasers will likely perceive and remember.” Lang, 949 F.2d at 581 (citing McGregor-Doniger, 599 F.2d at 1133-34). The marks as used by the parties in their sale of cardiovascular drugs are not similar. First, neither party uses XL in isolation. PROCARDIA or TOPROL always immediately precedes XL. Additionally, the following factors, among others, ensure that despite the fact that both parties use XL on their cardiovascular product, there is no likelihood of confusion: (1) the widespread practice in the pharmaceutical industry to functionally identify long acting medicines with descriptive suffixes; (2) the general use of the Pfizer and Astra housemarks on TO-PROL XL and PROCARDIA XL packaging and promotional literature; and (3) in most instances, references to PROCARDIA XL and TOPROL XL are followed by references to their generic names, i.e., nifedipine extended release or metoprolol succinate extended release. See generally Bristol-Myers, 973 F.2d at 1046 (use of housemarks can dispel likelihood of confusion); L.A Gear, Inc. v. Thom McAn Shoe Co., 988 F.2d 1117, 1133-1134 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 291, 126 L.Ed.2d 240 (1993) (same and applying Second Circuit law); Bose Corp. v. Linear Design Labs, Inc., 467 F.2d 304, 309 (2d Cir.1972) (same). Moreover, the way the products are marketed and sold to prescribing physicians must be factored into consideration in determining the similarity of the marks. As discussed above, it is not disputed that the parties’ marketing efforts are conducted in substantially similar ways through (a) advertising in medical journals, (b) mailings sent to doctors, and (e) the use of “detail men” who are employed by the hundreds and who go to doctors’ offices and discuss their products directly with the doctors. Significantly, As-tra’s submissions include testimony to the effect that it has over 175 representatives promoting TOPROL XL throughout the United States. Pfizer has submitted evidence that it has had as many as 1200 representatives assigned to promote PROCAR-DIA XL. Pfizer asserts that doctors frequently do not know which pharmaceutical company develops or puts out a particular product and thus “the fact that TOPROL XL is being promoted by an ‘Astra’ representative is unlikely to dispel any confusion a doctor may have about whether TOPROL XL and PRO-CARDIA XL are affiliated products or are put out by the same company.” Pfizer’s argument is neither logical nor consistent with well established principles of trademark law. While Pfizer has submitted evidence tending to show that some doctors do not know who manufactures a given drug, all a doctor needs to know, for purposes of dispelling any issue concerning likelihood of confusion, is that the doctor cannot order, receive information or obtain samples or other matter concerning TOPROL XL and PROCAR-DIA XL from the same detail person because the drugs come from different sources; the doctor does not have to be able to identify those sources. Finally, Pfizer argues that “even if doctors do not believe TOPROL XL