Full opinion text
STEPHEN H. ANDERSON, Circuit Judge. William Andrews appeals from the denial of his second federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus, and the dismissal of his accompanying civil rights action. Those matters were filed in the district court in July, 1989. Andrews thereafter amended and supplemented his habeas petition to include issues arising from proceedings before the Utah Board of Pardons. In August, 1989, the district court issued its decision on the matters raised by Andrews in his initial filing. However, the issues raised by Andrews’ amendment required significant additional development, including the presentation of evidence. Upon the conclusion of those proceedings the district court entered a final, appealable order in August, 1990, denying all relief. Andrews filed his notice of appeal, thus conferring jurisdiction over his habeas petition on this court, on September 17, 1990. With due consideration of appropriate briefing schedules, the matter was scheduled for oral argument to our court in January, 1991. Having considered all the written and oral argument of the parties, we now grant a certificate of probable cause, and affirm the dismissal of Andrews’ habeas petition as well as his civil rights action. A more detailed procedural history of this lengthy case follows. Andrews was convicted in Utah state court on three counts of first degree murder and two counts of aggravated robbery. The three murder counts arose out of Andrews’ participation in the torture and murders of Carol Naisbitt, Michelle Ansley, and Stanley Walker in the Hi-Fi Shop in Ogden, Utah, on the evening of April 22, 1974. The aggravated robbery counts stemmed from the robberies of Stanley Walker and his father, Orren Walker, Jr. Andrews was tried jointly with Pierre Dale Selby, formerly known as Dale S. Pierre, and Keith Roberts. Roberts was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to a prison term. Selby was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death. After extensive appeals in state and federal courts, his death sentence was carried out on August 28, 1987. Andrews was likewise sentenced to death on the murder counts. His conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal by the Utah Supreme Court. State v. Andrews, 574 P.2d 709 (Utah 1977) (Andrews I), reh’g denied, 576 P.2d 857 (Utah 1978). The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Andrews v. Utah, 439 U.S. 882, 99 S.Ct. 220, 58 L.Ed.2d 194 (1978). In November, 1978, Andrews filed a petition, subsequently amended, for postconviction relief in the district court of Salt Lake County, Utah. That petition was dismissed and the Utah Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal after reviewing the merits. Andrews v. Morris, 607 P.2d 816 (Utah 1980) (Andrews II). The United States Supreme Court again denied certiorari. Andrews v. Morris, 449 U.S. 891, 101 S.Ct. 254, 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980). Andrews then filed his first federal habe-as petition in the United States District Court for the District of Utah. While that petition was pending, the Utah Supreme Court issued a decision, State v. Wood, 648 P.2d 71 (Utah 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 988, 103 S.Ct. 341, 74 L.Ed.2d 383 (1982), which was possibly relevant to Andrews’ case. The federal district court stayed the proceedings in Andrews’ habeas petition to permit him to again seek collateral relief in the Utah Supreme Court on the question of the retroactive application of the Wood decision to his case. The Utah Supreme Court held that the decision was not retroactive and denied the petition for postcon-viction relief. Andrews v. Morris, 677 P.2d 81 (Utah 1983) {Andrews III). Proceedings in Andrews’ federal habeas petition were resumed, and ultimately the petition for habeas relief was denied. Andrews v. Shulsen, 600 F.Supp. 408 (D.Utah 1984) (Andrews IV). This court affirmed the denial. Andrews v. Shulsen, 802 F.2d 1256 (10th Cir.1986) (Andrews V). Again, the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Andrews v. Shulsen, 485 U.S. 919, 108 S.Ct. 1091, 99 L.Ed.2d 253 (1988). Meanwhile, in October, 1987, Andrews filed another petition for postconviction relief in the district court of Salt Lake County, Utah, raising for the first time some of the issues presented in the present habeas petition. That state petition was denied, and the denial was affirmed on appeal by the Utah Supreme Court. Andrews v. Shulsen, 773 P.2d 832 (Utah 1988) (Andrews VI). A new execution date was set for August 22, 1989. The present petition for a writ of habeas corpus was filed on July 19, 1989. Andrews simultaneously filed a civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Both matters were referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). In an 89-page Report and Recommendation, the magistrate judge recommended dismissal of the habeas petition. The district court adopted the Report and Recommendation and dismissed the petition. Andrews v. Barnes, 1989 WL 230923 1989 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 17246 (D.Utah 1989). By order dated August 19, 1989, this court issued a stay of execution. While the present habeas petition was pending before the district court, the Utah Board of Pardons conducted a hearing on Andrews’ Application for Commutation of Death Sentence. The hearing took place on August 10 and 11, 1989, and resulted in the denial of Andrews’ application to commute his death sentence to life imprisonment. At that hearing, however, certain information came to light which formed the basis of a new application for postconviction relief before the Utah Supreme Court, as well as the supplement to the present petition for habeas corpus relief. The Utah Supreme Court addressed the two issues raised on their merits, and, on August 18, 1989, denied the petition for postconviction relief and refused to grant a stay of execution. Andrews v. Barnes, 779 P.2d 228 (Utah 1989) (Andrews VII). The United States Supreme Court again denied certio-rari. Andrews v. Barnes, 493 U.S. 945, 110 S.Ct. 354, 107 L.Ed.2d 341 (1989). After the stay of execution was entered by this court on August 19, the supplement to the present petition for habeas relief generated additional discovery and a hearing before the magistrate judge. Ultimately, on May 10, 1990, the magistrate judge issued a 68-page Report and Recommendation recommending dismissal of the issues raised in the supplement to that petition. Andrews made numerous motions in the district court pertaining to the magistrate judge’s report. By order dated August 3, 1990, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation and dismissed Andrews’ supplement to the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Andrews v. Barnes, 743 F.Supp. 1496 (D.Utah 1990). Andrews filed a Motion for Reconsideration and/or a New Trial as well as a Motion for Certificate of Probable Cause, which were denied. Those denials, as well as the dismissal of his civil rights claim, were timely appealed to this court. DISCUSSION Issues Presented on Appeal. Andrews’ habeas petition, as supplemented, raises five issues: (1) whether Andrews’ court-appointed counsel was ineffective, as demonstrated by his failure to differentiate Andrews’ culpability from that of his co-defendant, Pierre Selby, and, particularly, by his failure to request a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of second degree murder; (2) whether Andrews was denied his right to due process and to freedom from arbitrariness in capital sentencing by the failure of the trial court to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of second degree murder, which, Andrews asserts, was clearly available under the evidence; (3) whether Andrews was denied the right to a fair and impartial jury because the trial judge failed to take appropriate action to determine the prejudicial effect on the jury, if any, of the jury’s exposure during the trial to a note depicting a hanging with the words “Hang the Niggers;” (4) whether Andrews was impermissibly prejudiced by the prosecutor’s use of a peremptory challenge to dismiss the only black juror impanelled; and (5) whether Andrews was similarly prejudiced by the presentation by the prosecution, during the penalty phase of Andrews’ trial, of allegedly false testimony concerning the incidence of recidivism by convicted murderers at the Utah State Prison. His civil rights claim seeks injunctive relief from the imposition of his death sentence. The state asserts numerous grounds for dismissing Andrews’ habeas petition: abuse of the writ, procedural default, lack of exhaustion, nonretroactivity under Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), and lack of substance on the merits. The magistrate judge and district court rejected all of Andrews’ arguments, finding that some were an abuse of the writ, some were procedurally defaulted, and some were without merit. Additionally, they found one claim barred under Teague’s nonretroactivity doctrine. Andrews challenges those rejections and argues also that the district court failed to conduct the kind of de novo review of the magistrate judge’s Reports and Recommendations required by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Article III of the Constitution. He likewise challenges the dismissal of his civil rights claim. Summary of Our Decision. We hold as follows: (1) Andrews’ claim of entitlement to a second degree murder instruction under Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980) is dismissed as an abuse of the writ; alternatively, it is barred by Teague’s non-retroactivity doctrine; (2) his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are dismissed as an abuse of the writ; alternatively, they are procedurally barred and, alternatively, after a careful review of the record, those claims are rejected on their merits; (3) his claims relating to the napkin incident are dismissed because they are brought in a successive habeas petition; (4) his claims based upon the exclusion of the black juror are rejected on their merits; (5) his claims relating to the presentation of allegedly false testimony during the penalty phase of his trial are dismissed as an abuse of the writ; alternatively, they are rejected on their merits; (6) the district court’s review of the magistrate judge’s Reports and Recommendations was adequate; and (7) the district court properly dismissed Andrews’ civil rights action. We therefore grant the certificate of probable cause because Andrews has raised substantial questions, and affirm the dismissal of Andrews’ habeas petition, as supplemented, as well as the denial of his motions for reconsideration and/or a new trial. Our treatment below of the issues raised in the habeas petition is structured for convenience of analysis rather than in the order that the issues are raised in the petition. HABEAS PETITION I. DE NOVO REVIEW OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORTS. We treat this issue first, because it is fundamental to the appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) requires a district court judge to “make a de novo determination of those portions of the [magistrate judge’s] report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” The judge may then “accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate.” Id. The judge is afforded considerable discretion in determining what reliance he or she may place upon the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations. See United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 100 S.Ct. 2406, 65 L.Ed.2d 424 (1980) (“in providing for a ‘de novo determination’ rather than de novo hearing, Congress intended to permit whatever reliance a district judge, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, chose to place on a magistrate’s proposed findings and recommendations.”). This court has stated: In order to conduct a de novo review a court “should make an independent determination of the issues ...; [it] ‘is not to give any special weight to the [prior] determination’.... ” “The district judge is free to follow [a magistrate judge’s recommendation] or wholly to ignore it, or, if he is not satisfied, he may conduct the review in whole or in part anew.” Ocelot Oil Corp. v. Sparrow Industries, 847 F.2d 1458, 1464 (10th Cir.1988) (citations omitted). We have also noted that “an appellate court must be satisfied that a district judge has exercised his nondelega-ble authority by considering the actual testimony, and not merely by reviewing the magistrate's report and recommendations.” Gee v. Estes, 829 F.2d 1005, 1008-09 (10th Cir.1987) (per curiam) (quoting United States v. Elsoffer, 644 F.2d 357, 359 (5th Cir.1981) (per curiam)). Andrews argues that the brevity of the district court’s orders adopting the magistrate judge’s two reports, the lack of a specific discussion in those orders of many of the issues or the record in this case, and the rapidity with which the district court reviewed and adopted the reports all indicate that the district court failed to conduct the kind of de novo review required by section 636(b)(1). We disagree. In its ruling and order adopting the magistrate judge’s report and dismissing the first part of the habeas petition, the district court specifically stated that it did so “[a]f-ter full review of the R & R, Andrews’ objections and the case file.” R. Vol. I Tab 38. In its second ruling and order, adopting the magistrate judge’s report and dismissing the remainder of the habeas petition, the court stated it did so “[a]fter careful review of the lengthy record, including extensive written memoranda, and thorough analysis of the facts and applicable law outlined by the magistrate in his R & R.” R.Vol. II Tab 112. It indicated it had engaged in an “independent de novo review of the evidence.” R. Vol. II Tab 112 (citing Gee v. Estes, 829 F.2d 1005). We will not look behind a district court’s express statement that it engaged in a de novo review of the record. The record in this case demonstrates that the district court conducted the appropriate review under section 636(b)(1). II. ABUSE OF THE WRIT: NAPKIN INCIDENT AND RECIDIVISM TESTIMONY. A. Principles Governing Abuse of the Writ. A federal court may dismiss a petition for a writ of habeas corpus as an abuse of the writ under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) and 28 U.S.C. foil. § 2254, Rules Governing Section 2254 Proceedings, Rule 9(b) if the writ is a "second or successive petition ... [that] ... fails to allege new or different grounds for relief and the prior determination was on the merits, or, if new and different grounds are alleged, the judge finds that the failure of the petitioner to assert those grounds in a prior petition constituted an abuse of the writ.” Section 2244(b) contains a similar prohibition: “a subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus ... need not be entertained ... unless the application alleges and is predicated on a factual or other ground not adjudicated on the hearing of the earlier application for the writ, and unless the court, justice, or judge is satisfied that the applicant has not on the earlier application deliberately withheld the newly asserted ground or otherwise abused the writ.” As these provisions indicate, and as we noted in Coleman v. Saffle, 869 F.2d 1377, 1380 (10th Cir.1989), there is a difference between “claims raised and reached on the merits in an earlier habeas petition, referred to as ‘successive petitions,’ and claims raised for the first time in a subsequent petition,” commonly referred to as abusive petitions. Both have application to Andrews petition. The Supreme Court has recently clarified the standard for determining when a petitioner abuses the writ by raising a new claim in a subsequent habeas petition. After exploring the history of the writ and the Court’s habeas corpus precedents, the Court in McCleskey v. Zant, - U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991), held that the Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), cause-and-prejudice test applicable to cases of procedural default applies also "to determine if there has been an abuse of the writ through inexcusable neglect." McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1470. Thus, claims raised for the first time in a second or subsequent habeas petition will be dismissed as abusive unless the petitioner can show cause for the failure to raise the claim in an earlier habeas petition, and prejudice therefrom. Additionally, as in cases of procedural default, even a petitioner who fails to establish cause and prejudice may nonetheless have his "default"i.e. his failure to raise a claim in a previous habeas petition-excused if he can show that the failure to hear his claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. id. As the Court has made clear in its procedural default cases, “cause ... requires a showing of some external impediment preventing counsel from constructing or raising the claim.” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 492, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 2648, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986); see also Coleman v. Thompson, - U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1472 (“For cause to exist, the external impediment, whether it be government interference or the reasonable unavailability of the factual basis for the claim, must have prevented petitioner from raising the claim.”); Amadeo v. Zant, 486 U.S. 214, 222, 108 S.Ct. 1771, 1776-77, 100 L.Ed.2d 249 (1988). The exception to cause for fundamental miscarriages of justice is a narrow one. It applies only in “extraordinary instances when a constitutional violation probably has caused the conviction of one innocent of the crime.” McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1470; Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. at 495-96, 106 S.Ct. at 2649-50 (“actually innocent”); Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 410-12 n. 6, 109 S.Ct. 1211, 1220 n. 6, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989). We suggested in Coleman that a successive petition — i.e., one alleging claims raised and reached on the merits in earlier petitions — would be evaluated under the “factual innocence” test of Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 477 U.S. 436, 106 S.Ct. 2616, 91 L.Ed.2d 364 (1986), or the three-part test of Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 15, 83 S.Ct. 1068, 1077, 10 L.Ed.2d 148 (1963) (successive petition would be dismissed if same ground was previously argued and determined adversely to petitioner and if the “ends of justice” would not be served by reaching merits of successive petition). McCleskey does not appear to refine the successive petition analysis, except that “the exception to cause for fundamental miscarriages of justice gives meaningful content to the otherwise unexplained ‘ends of justice’ inquiry mandated by Sanders." McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1471. Once the state raises abuse of the writ and pleads it with particularity, “the burden shifts to the petitioner to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he has not abused the writ procedure.” Coleman v. Saffle, 869 F.2d at 1381; see also McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1470; Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 292, 68 S.Ct. 1049, 1063, 92 L.Ed. 1356 (1948). We apply these principles to the issues here, holding that Andrews has presented a successive petition with respect to the napkin incident and that he has abused the writ by raising now his claim based on the recidivism testimony. B. Napkin Incident. Andrews makes two claims relating to the napkin incident. One of these claims the magistrate judge and district court held proeedurally barred; the other they dismissed as an abuse of the writ because it had been determined on its merits in his previous habeas petition. We hold that both claims were previously determined on their merits and that they therefore are brought in a successive habeas petition and are properly dismissed. These allegations of prejudice arise out of an incident which occurred during Andrews’ trial in 1974. While the jury was having lunch at a restaurant, one of the jurors discovered a napkin with a written depiction of a hanging along with the words “Hang the Niggers.” The trial judge conducted a hearing at which the bailiff testified to the facts surrounding the napkin incident. The trial court denied Andrews’ motion for a mistrial and did not conduct a voir dire of the jury or otherwise question the jurors as to the effect, if any, of the note on them. No request for a voir dire was made by any party. The court did admonish the jury to “disregard the communications received from foolish persons and ignore the same,” T-14 at 2456, and repeated a similar admonition many times throughout the trial. Andrews argues that the trial court’s failure to take “meaningful action to determine the prejudicial effect of that communication or to counteract it” deprived Andrews of his right to a fair and impartial jury, as guaranteed by the Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The magistrate judge subdivided this claim into two issues. First, he considered Andrews’ claim of a constitutional violation by virtue of the court’s failure to voir dire or otherwise inquire of the jury as to the prejudicial effect of the “napkin incident.” Second, he considered the more general claim that the exposure to the napkin impermissi-bly prejudiced the jury. As to the first issue — failure to voir dire the jury — the magistrate judge and district court concluded that this claim had never been presented to any Utah court and was, accordingly, not exhausted. However, after determining that there was no available state remedy on this issue, the magistrate judge and district court held that the claim was procedurally barred under Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. at 298, 109 S.Ct. at 1068, and Andrews failed to establish cause for or prejudice from the procedural default. As to the second claim — jury prejudice, by virtue of the jury’s exposure to the napkin — the magistrate judge and district court concluded that the issue had been previously presented to federal courts and rejected on its merits, and it was therefore an abuse of the writ to “reopen” this issue. We agree with the district court that this issue has been raised before, both in the federal district court and in this court, as well as in the state courts. It has been rejected on its merits. See Andrews IV, 600 F.Supp. 408, 419 (napkin incident did not “violate petitioner’s constitutional rights.”); Andrews V, 802 F.2d at 1260 (this court adopted district court opinion concerning the treatment of napkin incident.) Thus, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Andrews has had a “full determination” of this issue on the merits in a prior habeas proceeding. As to the issue of failure of the trial court to voir dire the jury or otherwise inquire as to the prejudicial effect of the napkin incident, which issue the district court held procedurally barred under Teag-ue, Andrews argues that it was raised in his first federal habeas petition, and rejected by the district court. He also argues it was raised in at least one previous state court proceeding, Andrews II, 607 P.2d 816 (first state collateral proceeding). We agree with Andrews that a careful reading of his briefs and arguments in prior proceedings indicates that he did in fact raise the issue of lack of adequate inquiry of the jury before. It was, indeed, rejected on the merits by the federal district court in Andrews IV, 600 F.Supp. at 419, and affirmed on appeal by this court. Since Andrews has had a full determination on the merits of both of these issues, he must now demonstrate why the “ends of justice” require a reconsideration of these issues in this successive petition. See McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1471 (equating “ends of justice” inquiry with “fundamental miscarriage of justice” inquiry of procedural default cases); Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 477 U.S. at 452-54, 106 S.Ct. at 2626-27; Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. at 15, 83 S.Ct. at 1077; Coleman v. Saffle, 869 F.2d at 1380; 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b); Rule 9(b). Andrews argues as justification for reopening these issues a recent Fourth Circuit case, Stockton v. Commonwealth, 852 F.2d 740 (4th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071, 109 S.Ct. 1354, 103 L.Ed.2d 822 (1989) as well Tenth Circuit authority. We reject the argument that those cases justify a reconsideration of these issues and conclude that Andrews has filed a successive petition which was properly dismissed as it relates to the napkin incident. Alternatively, were we to conclude that these issues are not presented in a successive habeas petition, and subject to dismissal on that ground, we would reject them for numerous additional reasons. First, while the magistrate judge and district court correctly concluded that this circuit has at times required inquiry of jurors where a nonfrivolous allegation of improper external influence on the jury has been made, they also correctly noted that “there does not appear to be any clear standard of inquiry that has been imposed by the Supreme Court on state trials.” Report and Recommendation at 31 n. 25, R. Vol. I Tab 33. Andrews directs us to no such standard to be applied to this case. Second, even if we were to conclude that there is, in certain circumstances, a constitutional right to a jury voir dire in a state proceeding, such a rule would be a new one within the meaning of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 299-310, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 1068-1075, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), and would accordingly be inapplicable in our collateral review of this case. Third, as we have already indicated, no motion for a voir dire was ever made, even though two motions for a mistrial were made based on the incident. Thus, in addition to constituting a successive petition dismissable as an abuse of the writ, Andrews’ claims relating to the napkin incident can be dismissed for numerous additional reasons. We now apply abuse of the writ principles to Andrews’ claims arising out of the recidivism testimony. C. Testimony On Recidivism. The magistrate judge and district court rejected on its merits Andrews’ claim based on certain testimony during the penalty phase of his trial phase concerning the rate of recidivism among convicted murderers. We now hold that Andrews has abused the writ by raising this issue now; alternatively, we reject it on its merits. The facts upon which this issue is based also arose out of the Utah Board of Pardons hearing conducted in August, 1989. At Andrews’ original sentencing proceedings, Dr. Allen Roe, a psychologist then employed by the Utah Department of Corrections, testified for the prosecution. As part of his testimony, he stated his recollection that three people in Utah who had been convicted of murder had been released and then murdered again: Q: Now, sir, have you done any surveys or are you acquainted factually with, made yourself acquainted factually with whether or not any persons who have served or were serving for murder in the first degree after they had either served or by any means been released or while incarcerated, had committed another murder? A: I know of some who have been convicted of murder, I don’t know whether it’s murder first or second who were later released and then committed another murder, yes. Q: Could you tell me what your information is in connection with this? A: Nothing personal, just from being in the prison. I haven’t done a survey on it as such, so I don’t know how many. Q: You do not know how many? A: No, but I know personally, I think, I remember three. Q: Who had been convicted of murder and had been released and committed another murder? A: Yes, I think, so, three. T-23 at 4165. On cross-examination, he gave the names of the three he believed, from memory, had murdered and then murdered again. Andrews asserts that in July and August, 1989, in connection with preparation for his Board of Pardons hearing and during the course of that hearing, he learned from Dr. Kay Gillespie, a professor at Weber State College in Ogden, Utah, and an expert in crime and corrections in Utah, that Dr. Roe’s testimony was apparently erroneous, in that two of the three inmates named had not, in fact, murdered and murdered again after release from prison. Like the juror exclusion issue, this issue was raised for the first time before the Utah Supreme Court in Andrews’ petition in Andrews VII. Without addressing procedural default, the Utah Supreme Court rejected the claim on the merits, and held that any error in Dr. Roe’s testimony was insufficient “to have played any role whatsoever in the jury’s determination of the appropriate penalty under the circumstances.” Andrews VII, 779 P.2d at 229. Andrews then presented this issue, along with the juror exclusion issue, in a supplement to the current habeas petition. The magistrate judge permitted discovery and received affidavits pertaining to the matter. Among the affidavits received were two which stated that Utah State Prison files indicated that in fact four people in Utah had murdered, been released from prison, and had murdered again. Of the four, one was among the three originally named by Dr. Roe at Andrews’ sentencing proceeding. All four cases occurred prior to Dr. Roe’s testimony at Andrews’ trial. Dr. Roe submitted an affidavit in which he stated that he did not have his file with him at Andrews’ trial and that he had testified from memory, as the testimony itself shows. The magistrate judge and district court concluded that there was no procedural bar to a consideration of the merits of Andrews’ claim, nor was there an abuse of the writ. They went on, however, to reject the argument on its merits. The magistrate judge stated: [T]he evidence given by Dr. Roe as to the number of recidivist murderers from the U.S.P. was not false, but true as to the tenor of the testimony and as to Dr. Roe’s beliefs. It was also true in fact. Only the names of two individuals, brought out on cross-examination by co-defendant’s counsel, were in error. Report and Recommendation at 63, R.Vol. II Tab 97. The magistrate judge then concluded, “the evidence was not material and any falsity was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 66. We hold that Andrews’ presentation of this issue for the first time in this supplement to his second federal habeas petition constitutes an abuse of the writ. See McCleskey v. Zant, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991); Delo v. Stokes, 495 U.S. 320, 110 S.Ct. 1880, 109 L.Ed.2d 325 (1990) (per curiam); Coleman v. Saffle, 869 F.2d at 1380; 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b); Rule 9(b). Andrews has failed to establish “cause” for not having raised this issue in his earlier federal habeas petition. Abuse of the writ doctrine examines petitioner’s conduct: the question is whether petitioner possessed, or by reasonable means could have obtained, a sufficient basis to allege a claim in the first petition and pursue the matter through the habeas process, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254 Rule 6 (Discovery); Rule 7 (Expansion of Record); Rule 8 (Eviden-tiary Hearing). The requirement of cause in the abuse of the writ context is based on the principle that petitioner must conduct a reasonable and diligent investigation aimed at including all relevant claims and grounds for relief in the first federal habeas petition. McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1472 (emphasis original in part, added in part). The existence of Dr. Roe’s testimony, including his specific reference by name to three alleged recidivist murderers, was obviously a matter of trial record since 1974. There is no argument that Utah State Prison records were not available and accessible to Andrews during the last 15 years. Accordingly, Andrews has abused the writ by raising this issue now. Even were we to reach the merits of this issue, we would affirm the district court’s conclusion that the claim is without merit. As the magistrate judge specifically found, Dr. Roe’s testimony was evidently based on his memory and recollection and was couched in those terms, rather than upon a survey or study. It was only one part of the substantial testimony presented at the sentencing phase of Andrews’ trial, and was not unduly or repeatedly emphasized by the prosecution in its arguments to the jury. Furthermore, it was substantially truthful, in that the rate of recidivism was not substantially misstated, only the names of the recidivist murderers. If required to reach the merits, we would affirm the conclusion that the testimony was “not material and any falsity was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Report and Recommendation at 66, R.Vol. II Tab 97. III. MERITS OF EXCLUSION OF BLACK JUROR CLAIM. This issue arose out of statements made at a hearing before the Utah Board of Pardons on August 10 and 11, 1989. At Andrews’ trial, the prosecutor, Robert Newey, excused the only black member of the jury panel, James Gillespie, by means of a peremptory challenge. The exercise of that peremptory challenge followed a lengthy voir dire of Gillespie, portions of which are as follows: THE COURT: Your vocation? A: I am a peace officer for the State of Utah. Q [by Athay]: Would it be fair to say, Mr. Gillespie, that during this period of time [during his years in law enforcement] that you have developed an attitude that favors prosecution in criminal cases? A: I believe so, yes. Q: You believe the people against whom you present a case are in fact guilty, don’t you? A: I suppose that would be correct. Q: Do you also assume that your fellow officers proceed against guilty people? A: Yes, sir; I guess so. Q: So you do not generally presume those against whom your fellow officers file complaints and prepare cases to be innocent. Correct? A: It’s depending on sometimes the officer; yes, sir. T-2 at 255, 270, 281. Gillespie also testified that he was acquainted with and had worked with many of the officers investigating the murders in question. Immediately following the voir dire, Gil Athay, Selby’s attorney, challenged Gillespie for cause: I also move for his challenge for cause on the basis of ... the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror which leads to a just inference in the case that he will not act with entire impartiality with respect to the issues. I realize that Mr. Gillespie has indicated to the court than he can discount the fact that he has worked with some over thirty of the prespective [sic] witnesses in this case actively as a law enforcement officer. I realize that he has indicated to this court that he can put all of this aside and view the evidence different. I think the last few questions that were propounded and the last few responses elicited from Mr. Gillespie indicated that he, himself has not presumed that the people against whom he proceeds against to be innocent and that except for a couple of officers he does not presume people to be innocent against whom his fellow officers proceed. I submit the background, the extensive involvement with law enforcement, the extensive involvement in the presentation of criminal eases for prosecution leads this court to the only possible conclusion that his state of mind is such that we can infer that he could act impartially. Id. at 283-84. Caine then specifically stated: “On behalf of Mr. Andrews we agree with the sentiments expressed by Mr. Athay and challenge the juror for cause.” Id. at 284. After some discussion, the prosecutor, Newey, stated: I do not challenge this juror for cause, but to protect against the possibility of any retrial of the case on possible error or to eliminate an appeal on this point which will take a great number of hours and so forth, the State will agree with Mr. Athay that he should be excused, although we submit he is, we do not feel that he should be excused for cause. Id. at 286-87. Counsel for Keith Roberts, Andrews’ and Selby’s co-defendant, refused to join in a stipulation that Gillespie be removed from the jury for cause. New-ey subsequently exercised his tenth, and last, peremptory challenge to excuse Gillespie. Andrews made no objection to Gillespie’s exclusion. At the Board of Pardons hearing, held in August, 1989, Newey testified for the state. When questioned by a member of the Board as to why he removed Gillespie from the jury, Newey indicated that part of the reason was that Gillespie was black and Newey felt Gillespie might be subject to “undue pressure.” Appendix to Brief of Petitioner/Appellant at 76-78. In a subsequent hearing before the magistrate judge, Newey indicated he also challenged Gillespie because Gillespie had been a police officer, he was acquainted with and had worked with many of the officers investigating the murders in question, he “presumed” a person was guilty against whom he (Gillespie) investigated and presented a case, and because Newey was concerned about “reversible error” if he did not challenge Gillespie. Andrews focuses solely on Newey’s statement to the Board of Pardons, arguing that the prosecutor’s admitted racial basis for excluding Gillespie violated his Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Although Andrews has argued on many previous occasions that his trial was infected generally with racism, the precise argument here — that the only black juror on the voir dire panel was excluded by the prosecution because of race — had not been raised prior to Andrews’ petition to the Utah Supreme Court in Andrews VII, filed shortly before his scheduled execution date of August 22, 1989. The Utah Supreme Court declined to find the claim procedurally barred, stating: Since the issue did not arise until the testimony given by Judge Newey before the Board of Pardons, there is good cause under rule 65B(i)(4), Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, which warrants addressing the issue on its merits even though there have been previous petitions for writs of habeas corpus filed in this Court. Andrews VII, 779 P.2d at 228. Based on its review of the trial transcript of Gillespie’s actual voir dire examination, the court concluded: [I]t appears that the State’s reason for being willing to stipulate to the removal of Mr. Gillespie and later for the exercise of a peremptory challenge to strike him from the venire was to protect against possible error and a subsequent appeal that might be based on that issue. In all events, the record is undisputed that counsel for William Andrews clearly agreed to the removal of Mr. Gillespie after the motion to strike for cause was denied. Having twice sought to remove Mr. Gillespie from the jury panel, William Andrews cannot now claim that he was somehow prejudiced by the State’s removal of Mr. Gillespie. For these reasons, we do not believe that petitioner’s constitutional rights were in any way prejudiced. Id. at 229. Two justices dissented from the court’s holding on this ground, concluding that they would refer the issue to the district court for an evidentiary hearing. Id. To the extent the Utah court’s conclusions included factual findings regarding the reasons for striking Gillespie from the jury, we accord those findings a presumption of correctness. See Case v. Mondragon, 887 F.2d 1388, 1392 (10th Cir.1989). Andrews then presented this issue to the federal district court in a supplement to his current habeas petition. The magistrate judge permitted discovery and held a hearing on the issue. He also requested affidavits or other materials on why this issue, as well as the issue regarding the allegedly false testimony concerning recidivism, were not presented earlier. On the merits of this claim, the magistrate judge and district court concluded that Andrews failed to establish a violation of his constitutional rights. Both parties agree that the relevant standard for evaluating Andrews’ claim is that of Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965). Under the Swain standard, a defendant typically must show systematic exclusion of black jurors “in case after case, whatever the circumstances, whatever the crime and whoever the defendant or the victim may be_” Id. at 223, 85 S.Ct. at 837; see also Ford v. Georgia, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 850, 112 L.Ed.2d 935 (1991); Allen v. Hardy, 478 U.S. at 258, 106 S.Ct. at 2879-80; United States v. Jenkins, 701 F.2d 850, 860 (10th Cir.1983) (Swain has been interpreted to require proof of “systematic and intentional conduct on the part of the Government calculated to exclude Blacks from juries.”); United States v. Chalan, 812 F.2d 1302, 1313 (10th Cir.1987) ("the Court [in Swain] held that a defendant would have to show a pattern of discrimination by the prosecutor over a number of cases in order to establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination."), cert. denied, 488 U.s. 983, 109 S.Ct. 534, 102 L.Ed.2d 565 (1988). The magistrate judge and district court concluded that "[t]here is no evidence, at all, of systematic exclusion of blacks from Weber County juries." Report and Recommendation at 47, R.Vol. II Tab 97. Andrews relies, however, on an exception to the Swain systematic exclusion standard, which he presented to the Utah Supreme Court in Andrews V1L The case most frequently cited for this exception is Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046, 104 S.Ct. 719, 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984), in which the court stated: Cases where the prosecutor at trial volunteers his or her reasons for using peremptory challenges to exclude from the petit jury an identifiable group, present a situation distinguishable from Swain. In such cases, the court does not conduct the type of inquiry barred by Swain. The prosecutor's motives have been voluntarily put on the record and the prosecutor can no longer be cloaked by the presumption of correctness. Our reading of Swain, convinces us that in such circumstances a court need not blind itself to the obvious and the court may review the prosecutor's motives to determine whether "the purposes of the peremptory challenge are being perverted." Id. at 1496 (quoting Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. at 224, 85 S.Ct. at 838); see also Nevius v. Sumner, 852 F.2d 463, 467-68 (9th Cir.1988) (following Weathersby), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1059, 109 S.Ct. 1972, 104 L.Ed.2d 441 (1989); Garrett v. Morris, 815 F.2d 509, 511 (8th Cir.1987) ("Although the Supreme Court [in Swain] declined to require an inquiry into a prosecutor's decision to remove blacks from a particular jury, we believe that where, as here, the prosecutor volunteers the reasons for his actions and makes them part of the record, he opens the issue up for review."), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 898, 108 S.Ct. 233, 98 L.Ed.2d 191 (1987). This exception also finds some support in language from concurring Supreme Court opinions. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 325, 109 S.Ct. at 1083 ("There is substantial force to petitioner's argument that the volunteered explanations made this more than the `ordinary exercise of challenges' to which Swain's systematic proof requirement applies, and that the trial court erred by failing to scrutinize the prosecutor's excuses.") (Stevens, J., concurring) (quoting Swain, 380 U.S. at 227, 85 S.Ct. at 839); Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 101 n.*, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 1725 n. *, ("Nor would it have been inconsistent with Swain for the trial judge to invalidate peremptory challenges of blacks if the prosecutor, in response to an objection to his strikes, stated that he struck blacks because he believed they were not qualified to serve as jurors") (White, J., concurring). The state argues, and the district court held, that this exception only applies when the prosecutor volunteers his reasons at trial and makes those reasons part of the trial record. That was clearly not the case here, where the allegedly discriminatory reasons were given many years later when the prosecutor was directed to answer questions at Andrews’ Board of Pardons hearing. We affirm the district court’s rejection of the merits of this claim. We agree that Andrews has made no showing of systematic exclusion of blacks from juries by the Weber County Attorney. We also hold the Weathersby exception to Swain inapplicable here, where the prosecutor never volunteered his reasons for challenging Gillespie at trial. Even were we to consider whether the exclusion of Gillespie violated Andrews’ constitutional rights, we would affirm the district court’s conclusion that it did not. As we have noted, factual findings by the Utah Supreme Court are presumed correct, unless one of the seven factors listed in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) are present. Case v. Mon-dragon, 887 F.2d at 1392. The Utah court concluded that “the State’s reason ... for the exercise of a peremptory challenge to strike [Gillespie] from the venire was to protect against possible error and a subsequent appeal that might be based on that issue.” Andrews VII, 779 P.2d at 229. Further, the magistrate judge held a hearing on this issue and made factual findings, including the following: The exclusion of juror Gillespie based on his race was not because of any belief that a black person would not be fair or could not properly serve, but was because of a belief that Gillespie might be the focus of pressure and because of the actions of defense counsel seeking to exclude Gillespie. Report and Recommendation at 21, R. Yol. II Tab 97. Not only are these findings not clearly erroneous, the record amply supports these conclusions. Gillespie’s responses to questions on voir dire clearly disclosed a strong prosecution bias, and Andrews’ and Selby’s attorneys sought to excuse him for cause on that basis. Their actions were consistent with motions by defense counsel to strike numerous other jurors for cause. No constitutional error occurred when the state used a peremptory challenge to excuse Gillespie. IY. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AND LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE INSTRUCTION. Andrews’ remaining claims are: (1) that the trial court committed constitutional error by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of second degree murder; and (2) that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to differentiate his culpability from that of his co-defendant, Selby, and in failing to ask for and argue on appeal regarding a lesser included offense instruction. Both claims are, to a large extent, related. We reject them for multiple reasons. Both can be dismissed as an abuse of the writ; additionally, and alternatively, the lesser included offense claim is unavailable under Teague’s nonre-troactivity doctrine, the ineffectiveness claims are procedurally barred, and the ineffectiveness claims fail on their merits. We briefly explain the context in which these claims arose, and then address the legal basis for rejecting each one. A. Factual Background. 1. Lesser Included Offense Instruction. At Andrews’ trial, the court instructed the jury on the elements of first degree murder only. Andrews did not request an instruction on second degree murder. His co-defendant, Selby, requested a second degree murder instruction, although not under the same statutory provision upon which Andrews now relies. Andrews relies upon a section of the second degree murder statute which provided: Criminal homicide constitutes murder in the second degree if the actor: (d) while in the commission, attempted commission, or immediate flight from the commission or attempted commission of robbery ... causes the death of another person other than a party. Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-203(l)(d). Andrews argues that the evidence presented at his trial supports the claim that he lacked the intent to kill during the robbery, which is required for the first degree murder statute’s element of “intentionally or knowingly” causing the death of another. Rather, Andrews argues, the evidence supports a finding that he “cause[d] the death of another person” during one of the enumerated felonies contained in section 76-5-203(l)(d). Because the trial court did not instruct the jury on the elements of second degree murder, however, the jury was forced to choose between convicting Andrews of first degree murder and acquittal. That forced choice, Andrews argues, violated his Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. He also argues that the Utah Supreme Court failed to consider this issue in his direct appeal, despite that court’s statement that it would consider all issues, including those not specifically raised by Andrews’ attorney, and despite the fact that it did address his co-defendant’s, Selby’s, arguments relating to lesser included offense instructions. Andrews did not raise this issue until his third state postconviction petition in October, 1987 (Andrews VI). In that petition, he argued he failed to raise the issue earlier because the state and federal decisions on which the claim is based had not been decided and were “not reasonably available or foreseeable at the time of Petitioner’s appeal and previous postconviction petition.” Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus or for Post-Conviction Relief, Third District Court at 7. He also relied upon the ineffectiveness of his trial and appellate counsel to explain his failure to raise it in his direct appeal or his first state post-conviction relief petition. Both the state district court and the Utah Supreme Court in Andrews VI found the claim to be procedurally barred, and did not reach its merits. The magistrate judge and district court below held the claim procedurally barred and, additionally, held that Teague’s nonretroac-tivity doctrine prevented consideration of the claim. 2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel. At trial, and on his direct appeal, Andrews was represented by court-appointed counsel, John Caine, a Weber County public defender. At the time he represented Andrews, Caine had been a member of the bar for less than one year and had never before handled a capital murder case, although he was apparently handling another murder trial contemporaneously with this trial. See PT-1 at 46, 51. Andrews argues that Caine failed to effectively pursue his chosen trial strategy of differentiating Andrews’ culpability for the three murders from that of his co-defendant, Selby, and that he failed to recognize the availability under Utah law of a jury instruction on second degree murder. Caine did not raise the lesser included offense instruction issue in Andrews’ direct appeal nor did he raise it in his first state postconviction petition. Caine remained Andrews’ counsel through the appeal of his first state post-conviction relief petition to the Utah Supreme Court. Shortly after that first state postconviction relief petition was filed, additional counsel, Timothy Ford, appeared voluntarily on Andrews’ behalf, and filed an amended postconviction petition, which likewise failed to raise the issue of ineffectiveness and the second degree murder instruction. Andrews has continued to be represented by Ford, as well as other counsel at various times. Andrews argues Caine’s ineffectiveness at trial and on appeal violated his Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Utah Supreme Court in Andrews VI refused to reach the merits of these claims of ineffectiveness, holding that they were procedurally barred. The magistrate judge and district court held that Andrews’ claim of counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to differentiate his culpability from that of Selby had never been presented to the Utah state courts and was therefore not exhausted. However, they concluded that Andrews had no available state remedy on the issue, and the issue was, accordingly, procedurally barred under Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 298, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 1068, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). They held that the ineffectiveness claim for failing to ask for and argue a lesser included offense instruction was procedurally barred. B. Abuse of the Writ: Lesser Included Offense Instruction and Ineffectiveness Claims. The state has argued that Andrews has abused the writ by raising all of these claims — the failure to instruct on second degree murder as well as the two-part ineffectiveness claim — for the first time in his second federal habeas petition. This argument has been given new vigor by the Supreme Court's recent decision in McCleskey v. Zant, - U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991), where, as we have indicated, the Court adopted the Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), cause-and-prejudice test for abuse of the writ. Accordingly, unless Andrews establishes "cause" for his failure to raise these issues in his first federal petition, we must dismiss them as abusive. We hold he has failed to establish such "cause." 1. Cause and Prejudice. As cause for his failure to raise these claims earlier Andrews argues: (1) Caine remained as his counsel on direct appeal and in his first state postconviction petition, and would thus not be expected to raise his own ineffectiveness or to raise the lesser included offense issue; and (2) the prejudice resulting from Caine's alleged ineffectiveness, and the court's error in failing to instruct on second degree murder, did not become apparent because the federal and state court decisions regarding the availability of a second degree murder instruction tailored to fit Andrews' lesser culpability were not available or foreseeable at the time of Andrews' direct appeal and initial collateral proceedings, including his first federal habeas petition. We reject these arguments. Andrews' first argument is wholly without merit. Caine was not representing Andrews at the time of his first federal habeas petition; thus, no argument can be made based on Caine's continued involvement in this case or his alleged ineffectiveness in failing to bring the claim. The more significant argument concerns the allegedly unsettled state of federal and state law with respect to the availability of a lesser included offense instruction in Andrews' case. In particular, Andrews argues that Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2882, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980), made clear for the first time the constitutional basis for the entitlement to a lesser included offense instruction. And not until 1986, in State v. Hansen, 784 P.2d 421 (Utah 1986), was it clear that such an instruction was available to Andrews under Utah law. Accordingly, he argues, any error from the failure to give the lesser included offense instruction, as well as the prejudice resulting from his counsel’s failure to seek it and his failure to differentiate Andrews’ and Selby’s culpability for the crimes, were not apparent until the time he raised those issues in 1987 in Andrews VI, long after his first federal habeas petition was dismissed. The novelty of a constitutional claim may constitute cause for failing to raise the claim earlier. Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16, 104 S.Ct. 2901, 2910, 82 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984); see Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407, 109 S.Ct. 1211, 1215, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989). In this case, however, any novelty of his constitutional Beck claim cannot provide cause for having failed to raise the issue in his first federal petition because his federal petition was pending when Beck was decided, and the petition was not dismissed until 1984, some four years after Beck was decided. Cf. Richardson v. Thigpen, 883 F.2d 895, 899 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 934, 110 S.Ct. 17, 106 L.Ed.2d 631 (1989). Andrews asserts, however, that even though Beck was decided in 1980, any Beck claim depends upon the availability under state law of a lesser included offense fitting the circumstances of the crime charged and Utah law did not clearly so provide until Hansen in 1986. We disagree. As indicated, at the time of Andrews’ trial in 1974, Utah law provided that second degree murder included the situation where a person, in the course of committing certain enumerated felonies, including robbery, “causes the death of another person other than a party.” Utah Code § 76-5-203(l)(d). In 1983, in State v. Norton, 675 P.2d 577, 581 (Utah 1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 942, 104 S.Ct. 1923, 80 L.Ed.2d 470 (1984), the Utah Supreme Court interpreted the word “party” to mean “victim.” Thus, that section of the second degree murder statute was not, under Norton, available to someone such as Andrews who allegedly caused the death of the victims of the robbery. In 1986, in Hansen, the Utah Supreme Court specifically overruled that portion of Norton, and held that “the ‘other than a party’ language can only refer to a co-felon and not the victim of the underlying felony.” State v. Hansen, 734 P.2d at 427. Accordingly, under Hansen, the second degree murder statute could arguably be available to Andrews. Andrews asserts that, particularly in light of Norton, he could not have argued with certainty until 1986 that the trial court erred when it failed to give a second degree murder instruction. We reject that argument. Even assuming Norton should have been viewed as an absolute bar to raising the issue from 1983 until 1986, Norton was obviously not a bar to raising the issue from the time of Andrews’ trial until 1983. During that time, Andrews filed his first federal petition, and Beck gave a constitutional dimension to his claim that the trial court should have given the lesser included offense instruction. Any uncertainty as to Utah law existed only for three of the thirteen years which elapsed between Andrews’ trial and his assertion of the lesser included offense issue in 1987. In our view, that does not constitute cause for failing to raise this issue in his first federal petition or in some timely filed amendment thereto. “[T]he mere fact that counsel failed to recognize the factual or legal basis for a claim ... does not constitute cause for a procedural default.” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 486-87, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 2644, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986). Andrews has failed to show cause for not raising earlier his lesser included offense claim, as well as any arguments relating to the ineffectiveness of his counsel in failing to seek an instruction on it. 2. Evidentiary Hearing on Cause. Andrews argues the magistrate judge and district court erred in failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing on cause for his failure to raise these arguments earlier. We find no error. While Andrews correctly points out that many cases have recognized the “appropriateness” of evidentiary hearings in certain situations, those cases impose no requirement of a hearing in the circumstances of this case. Further, in its recent McCleskey decision, the Supreme Court specifically stated, “[t]he petitioner’s opportunity to meet the burden of cause and prejudice will not include an evidentiary hearing if the district court determines as a matter of law that petitioner cannot satisfy the standard.” McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. at 1470; see also Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. at 487, 106 S.Ct. at 2645 (Court rejected rule which would require federal courts to “routinely ... hold evidentiary hearings to determine what prompted counsel’s failure to raise the claim in question”); cf. Smith v. Jones, 923 F.2d 588, 590 (8th Cir.1991) (evidentiary hearing not required where ineffective assistance of counsel claim can be resolved on record); Bassette v. Thompson, 915 F.2d 932, 940-41 (4th Cir.1990) (“no hearing is required if the facts alleged by the petition and assumed to be true are insufficient to support a claim”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 1639, 113 L.Ed.2d 734 (1991). The record in this case, including affidavits from Caine, Ford and other attorneys involved in the case, makes it clear as a matter of law that Andrews will be unable to satisfy the cause and prejudice standard. Even were we to assume that Caine and others would testify at an evidentiary hearing in accordance with their affidavits and with assertions made in Andrews’ briefs, that would not change the conclusion we reach today. An evidentiary hearing would add nothing to our inquiry. See Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 312, 83 S.Ct. 745, 756-57, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963). 3. Fundamental Miscarriage of Justice. Even though he has failed to establish cause, Andrews may still have