Full opinion text
OPINION CLAY, Circuit Judge. This is a consolidated appeal in which the government appeals from two separate judgments entered by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee in favor of Defendant Jackson C. O’Dell III (“Defendant”) reducing his sentence and declining to order the forfeiture of certain property. In addition, Defendant cross-appeals on speedy trial grounds his conviction on charges stemming from his involvement in a marijuana growing and distribution operation. Specifically, in Case No. 99-6155, Defendant cross-appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss the indictment for violation of the speedy trial provision of the Sixth Amendment. The district court determined that Defendant failed to satisfy the four-factor balancing test of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), and was, therefore, not entitled to relief. In Case No. 99-6153, the United States appeals from the district court’s judgment sentencing Defendant to eighteen months imprisonment upon application of the “safety valve” provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and under the range established by United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual § 5C1.2. The district court determined that Defendant established his eligibility for a reduced sentence under the safety valve and then found a sentencing range of eighteen to twenty-four months imprisonment, ultimately sentencing Defendant to eighteen months. In Case No. 99-5759, the government also appeals from the district court’s failure to order the forfeiture of certain farm property pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853. The district court determined that forfeiture was inappropriate because Defendant was not the true owner of the property. On motion of the government, all three appeals were consolidated for argument and submission. We now AFFIRM the district court’s order denying the motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds as well as the district court’s refusal to order forfeiture of the farm property. But we VACATE the district court’s judgment sentencing Defendant to eighteen months imprisonment and REMAND for re-sentencing without application of the safety valve provisions. BACKGROUND Prior to August 1991, an investigation was conducted by federal authorities regarding Defendant’s involvement in drug trafficking. During the investigation, law enforcement officials received information from a citizen-informant that Defendant was involved in marijuana and cocaine distribution and further that he had been a pilot smuggling drugs for an organized crime operation. In corroboration of this information, two federal agents observed Defendant and his two sons enter a barn on some farm property (later identified as the 171-acre farm property). They worked for an extended period of time, coming out periodically to cool off. During the investigation, one of the agents used a thermal imaging device to detect heat emanating from the barn structure. In addition, utility bills for the barn reflected a significant electricity usage. Upon obtaining and compiling this and other information, agents filed affidavits in support of search warrants, which they successfully obtained. On August 15, 1991, law enforcement officers executed two federal search warrants in Monroe County, Tennessee, at the property owned or controlled by Defendant. The first warrant authorized the search of a 243.7-acre lot of farm property in the Tellico Plains area of Monroe County, Tennessee; the second warrant authorized the search of Defendant’s home at 266 Tonawanda Trail in Madisonville, Monroe County, Tennessee. The agents discovered what they later described as the most sophisticated marijuana growing operation they had ever seen. Over two hundred marijuana plants in various stages of growth were being cultivated in three separate rooms of the barn. Business records recovered by agents showed that between 1987 and 1989, Defendant received thirteen shipments of marijuana growing equipment valued at approximately $3,000. An agent testified that the marijuana possessed by Defendant would have had a wholesale value of $406,000. At Defendant’s home at 266 Tonawanda Trail, officers discovered numerous items linking Defendant to participation in the cultivation and growing of marijuana and to the barn where the marijuana operation had been discovered. These included several magazines and pamphlets regarding marijuana use and production as well as brochures for marijuana seeds and growing equipment. On the same day the search warrants were executed, the government filed civil forfeiture actions against Defendant’s residence and against the 243.7-acre farm property and the improvements thereon. These cases were assigned the numbers 3:91-cv-487 and 3:91-cv-488, respectively. When the civil forfeiture action against the 243.7-acre farm property was filed, the property deed on file reflected that the barn on the farm property (in which the marijuana-growing operation was discovered) was in the name of Defendant’s father, Jackson C. O’Dell, Jr. O’Dell, Jr. stated at the time that the barn belonged to Defendant, his son. The government later learned that the barn and 171 acres of the farm property had been the subject of a 1977 Escrow Agreement and Warranty Deed between father and son. Thereafter, a third civil forfeiture action was commenced against the barn and the 171 acres. This case was assigned number 3:92-ev-275. On May 15, 1992, Defendant filed a verified claim asserting that he was, in part, “entitled to ownership in the seized property as the owner of said property.” The earlier forfeiture action against the entire 243.7 acres (3:91-ev-488) was then dismissed. As the civil forfeiture actions commenced, Defendant disputed the underlying criminal charges against him for marijuana possession and intent to distribute. Numerous delays were occasioned by changes in Defendant’s plea agreement. Fourteen months of plea negotiations ended with Defendant entering a guilty plea on November 8, 1993 to an information charging him with manufacturing marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Over the next ten months, the parties negotiated the terms of the plea agreement, which were dependant upon the guilty pleas of Defendant’s father and sons on related charges. FACTS A. Case No. 99-6155 (Sixth Amendment Speedy Trial Claim) This case has an extensive procedural history dating back nearly a decade and involving civil forfeiture actions, criminal prosecutions and multiple appeals to and reversals by this Court. Approximately one year after the case was referred to the United States Attorney’s Office, it was assigned to Assistant United States Attorney (“AUSA”) Stephen H. Cook. Due to the lengthy mandatory minimum sentences Defendant faced, AUSA Cook and defense counsel engaged in extensive plea negotiations. After several months Defendant agreed to plead guilty to violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, later changed to a guilty plea to 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The plea agreement also called for Defendant’s father and sons to plead guilty to state charges regarding their involvement in the offenses. A letter confirming the proposed plea agreement was sent to all parties, making clear that the government’s acceptance of the plea agreement was conditioned on the pleas of Defendant’s father and sons. Defendant and his father and sons were concerned that the plea agreement could prevent the father and sons from obtaining a judicial diversion from the state court. Thus, AUSA Cook added a clause to the plea agreement indicating that “nothing in this clause of the plea agreement is intended to prevent the defendant’s father or the defendant’s sons from applying for or obtaining judicial diversion and their obtaining such diversion will not affect this plea agreement.” Subsequently, plea negotiations between the district attorney and Defendant’s father and sons broke down. Once it was clear that Defendant’s father and sons would not plead guilty to state charges, AUSA Cook filed a Notice of Failure to Comply with Plea Agreement. Though the government reported this breach to the district court and indicated that it was no longer bound to honor the plea agreement, it did not actually seek to withdraw from that agreement. Rather, the notice merely gave Defendant the opportunity to withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant then filed a Motion to Enforce the Plea Agreement. But the district court acknowledged that the failure of Defendant’s father and sons to plead guilty to state charges constituted a breach and declined to enforce what it deemed to be an “unenforceable” plea agreement. On June 14, 1994, Defendant filed a Motion to Reconsider This Court’s Memorandum and Order Dated June 1, 1994, or in the Alternative, Notice of Withdrawal of Plea (J.A. at 332.) In that pleading Defendant stated that his withdrawal of the plea would not be a “voluntary act.” The government responded and urged the district court to proceed to sentencing. But on August 11, 1994, the district court entered a memorandum and order withdrawing Defendant’s guilty plea and set a trial date of October 20, 1994. At this point, the two civil forfeiture actions were pending and Defendant was charged in the one-count information. Meanwhile, a significant decision in a forfeiture case was issued by one of our sister circuits. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that a civil forfeiture action was barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it constituted multiple punishment following a defendant’s conviction in a parallel criminal case stemming from the same criminal offense. See United States v. $405,089.23 U.S. Currency, 33 F.3d 1210, 1216 (9th Cir.1994), amended by 56 F.3d 41 (9th Cir.1995) (noting that the government could seek forfeiture as part of a criminal prosecution without subjecting defendants to multiple and successive proceedings). On October 14, 1994, Defendant filed numerous pretrial motions. The government responded on October 17, 1994, with a motion to dismiss the information “without prejudice”, ostensibly to pursue other charges against Defendant and his family members through a grand jury. The government then alerted the district court to its double jeopardy concerns. On October 25, 1994, the district court granted the government’s motion to dismiss the information without prejudice. At this point, two civil forfeiture actions were pending (one against Defendant’s home at Tona-wanda Trail and one against the 171-acre farm property) and there were no criminal charges. On December 6, 1994, a federal grand jury returned a four-count indictment against Defendant charging him with the following: Count One, possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B); Count Two, manufacturing marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B); Count Three, as owner, making an enclosure available for manufacture and • storage of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856; and Count Four, a criminal forfeiture action pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 858 seeking forfeiture of Defendant’s interest in the property used to commit the crimes (Defendant’s home at 266 Tonawan-da Trail and the 171-acre farm property). After the four-count indictment was returned, the government moved to dismiss the civil forfeiture action pending against the 171-aere farm property (3:92-cv-275), seeking to avoid possible double jeopardy concerns that would bar the criminal prosecution. This motion was granted on December 20, 1994 by U.S. District Judge James H. Jarvis. Subsequently, the government also sought dismissal “without prejudice” of the remaining civil forfeiture action against Defendant’s home at 266 Tonawanda Trail (3:92-cv-487). Though Defendant had previously opposed the civil forfeiture claim, he contested the government’s motion to dismiss the claim. In fact, he urged the district court to keep the civil and criminal proceedings separate, likely in an effort to preserve the double jeopardy issue. Defendant then filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment in favor of the government on the civil forfeiture action against his home at the Tonawanda Trail address. Defendant submitted this motion to U.S. District Judge Thomas G. Hull, who was not associated with the civil forfeiture action against the farm property, which was assigned to U.S. District Judge Jarvis. Defendant therein asked the district court to enter partial summary judgment for the government, failing to alert the district court to the government’s double jeopardy concerns. Defendant claimed that he wanted to “finalize his position so that we [sic] can get on with his life.” After the government opposed the partial summary judgment motion, the forfeiture case was assigned to Judge Jordan. Defendant also filed a Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition to the Government’s Motion to Dismiss Without Prejudice. In that motion, Defendant asked the district court to enter summary judgment and alleged that AUSA Cook had made material misrepresentations upon which the district court had relied in dismissing the prior criminal case (the information). Defendant served the government with three interrogatories and subpoenaed AUSA Cook seeking to obtain information on the prosecutorial decision-making process. The government filed a motion to quash. Judge Jordan granted the government’s motion to quash and denied Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment. But he also dismissed the civil forfeiture action “with prejudice.” On May 1, 1995, the government filed a notice of appeal from this order and Defendant filed a cross-appeal on May 12 of the same year. Defendant subsequently filed numerous motions to dismiss the criminal charges against him on res judicata and collateral estoppel grounds. On September 21,1995, Judge Jordan denied relief on most of Defendant’s claims, but dismissed the portion of Count Four of the criminal indictment seeking forfeiture of the residence at 266 Tonawanda Trail. The next day, Defendant filed a notice of appeal pursuant to Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977) (permitting interlocutory appeal on a double jeopardy issue in criminal cases). The criminal prosecution was stayed at Defendant’s request pending the disposition of the appeal. On October 12, 1995, the government filed a cross-appeal seeking reinstatement of the portion of Count Four that was dismissed by Judge Jordan. Approximately one year later, this Court, in a published opinion, reversed Judge Jordan’s dismissal of the civil forfeiture action with prejudice. See United States v. One Tract of Real Property, 95 F.3d 422 (6th Cir.1996). In an unpublished opinion, we affirmed the denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds. We also granted the government’s cross-appeal and reversed Judge Jordan’s dismissal of Count Four (the forfeiture count), remanding the case to the district court. See United States v. O’Dell, Nos. 95-6414, 95-6415, 1996 WL 515345 (6th Cir. Sept. 10, 1996). After the case was remanded, Defendant moved to dismiss on October 21, 1995, claiming a violation of the Speedy Trial Act. On November 26, 1996, the magistrate judge filed a Report and Recommendation in which he concluded that seventy-four days had run on the Speedy Trial Act clock. In so recommending, the magistrate judge noted that the government was to blame for delay in prolonging its motion to dismiss the information. The magistrate judge then recommended dismissal of all counts of the indictment with prejudice. The government filed timely objections to this Report and Recommendation. On December 13, 1996, the district court dismissed with prejudice Count Two (manufacturing marijuana) and .Count Three (use of an enclosure to manufacture and store marijuana), but retained Counts One and Four of the indictment. That same day, Defendant filed a notice of interlocutory appeal and the government filed its own notice of appeal. Again, upon motion of Defendant, trial was stayed pending disposition of the appeal. On August 31, 1998, this Court dismissed Defendant’s appeal but granted the relief sought by the government’s appeal, reversing the district court’s dismissal of Counts Two and Three on Speedy Trial Act grounds. See United States v. O’Dell, 154 F.3d 358 (6th Cir.1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1029, 119 S.Ct. 1275, 143 L.Ed.2d 369 (1999). The case was then remanded for trial. On September 14, 1998, although the Court of Appeals mandate had not yet been issued, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, claiming his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial had been violated. On the same day, Defendant filed his first speedy trial motion. But despite his assertion that he wanted a speedy trial, Defendant also petitioned the Court for a rehearing en banc, which was objected to by the government and subsequently denied by this Court. On November 13, 1998, three days after the district court regained jurisdiction, the government filed a Motion for Ruling on all Pending Motions and for Expedited Trial Date. The government’s motion was granted and a trial date of February 16, 1999 was set. On December 9, 1998, the magistrate judge filed a Report and Recommendation recommending that Defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim be denied. On February 4, 1999, Defendant filed a conditional motion for continu-anee of trial, suggesting a trial date in early April. Over the government’s objection, the district court granted the motion, but delayed the trial only until March 3, 1999. On February 23, 1999, the district court adopted the report of the magistrate judge recommending that Defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim be dismissed. On the morning of trial, Defendant waived his right to a jury trial and the case was tried before Judge Jordan. At trial, Defendant did not contest his guilt on Counts One (possession of marijuana with intent to distribute) or Two (manufacturing marijuana). But Defendant argued that he was not guilty of Count Three (as owner, making an enclosure available for manufacturing and storing marijuana) and that the district court should not order forfeiture of the 171-acre farm property. On May 21,1999, the district court entered a memorandum and order finding Defendant guilty on Counts One and Two but not guilty on Count Three. Defendant filed an appeal of the judgment regarding Counts One and Two, docketed as Case No. 99-6155. B. Case No. 99-6153 (Application of the Safet Valve and Reduced Sentence) Defendant’s presentence investigation report (“PSIR”) indicated that the mandatory minimum provisions of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B) applied, calling for a term of imprisonment of no less that five (5) years. (PSIR at 40). Defendant objected to this report and sought application of the safety valve protection of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f), which would provide a sentence below the five-year minimum. The government responded to these objections, asserting that Defendant did not meet the fifth criterion for the safety valve because he did not provide all information and evidence he had concerning the offense that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan. Defendant’s cooperation consisted chiefly of unhelpful information provided only hours before his sentencing hearing. Defendant refused to answer questions about marijuana growing activity aside from that undertaken in the barn on the farm property. The government further alleged that even if the safety valve applied, a sentence below the minimum of twenty-four months would be in error. Despite the government’s concerns, the district court found that Defendant established eligibility for the safety valve, thereby, avoiding the mandatory minimum sentence of five years. The district court then applied a sentencing range of eighteen to twenty-four months, ultimately sentencing Defendant to eighteen months. The government filed a notice of appeal on the safety valve and sentencing issue, which was docketed as Case No. 99-6153. C. Case No. 99-5759 (Criminal Forfeiture) With respect to Count Four of the indictment, the district court ordered that Defendant’s interest in the residential property at 266 Tonawanda Trail be forfeited, but declined to order forfeiture of Defendant’s interest in the 171-acre farm property. Defendant’s relationship to this property dates back to October 28, 1977. On that date, Defendant’s father, Jackson C. O’Dell, Jr., executed a Warranty Deed conveying the 171-acre farm property to Defendant. This deed was not recorded, but was delivered to an escrow agent pursuant to a 1977 Escrow Agreement between Defendant and his father. The Escrow Agreement provided that the deed was to be held in escrow until Defendant satisfied his father’s indebtedness on the property to the Federal Land Bank, at which time the escrow agent would be authorized to deliver the deed to Defendant. The Escrow Agreement also provided that O’Dell, Jr. could reclaim the deed if Defendant failed to meet the terms of the agreement, which required Defendant to make consistent and prompt payments to the bank holding the Deed of Trust on the property. Defendant had continuous possession of the farm property for approximately fourteen years. Defendant’s father even testified that he was sometimes denied access to the interior of the farm. From the time the deed was placed in escrow until the execution of the search warrants, Defendant maintained the 171-acre farm property and paid the mortgage, taxes, and utility bills. After Defendant’s arrest, the government instituted a civil forfeiture action against the farm property. Soon after that action was filed, Defendant filed a verified claim that he was “entitled to ownership in the seized property as the owner of said property.” Defendant ceased making payments on the property after his arrest and O’Dell, Jr. paid off the balance of the loan. But Defendant still claimed to own the property in his January 1994 summary judgment motion and at a suppression hearing on March 6-7, 1995. On March 3, 1999, however, the day before trial, Defendant filed a Notice of Disclosure and Retraction, reversing his longstanding position regarding his ownership of the 171-acre property. In this notice, Defendant acknowledged that at the start of trial he thought he was the owner of the farm property, but maintained that he never owned the farm property under Tennessee law. Both parties agreed that the issue of whether the farm property was owned by defendant required some factual findings and asked the district court to hear evidence on this issue. They also agreed that the relevant time period for determining ownership was August 15, 1991 — the date Defendant committed the criminal acts giving rise to the forfeiture claim. After hearing evidence on the ownership issue, which was integral to Count Three (as owner, making the property available for manufacture of marijuana), the district court declined to order forfeiture, finding instead that O’Dell, Jr. owned the property at the time in question. DISCUSSION I. Case No. 99-6155: SIXTH AMENDMENT SPEEDY TRIAL CLAIM On cross-appeal, Defendant challenges the district court’s denial of his request to dismiss the criminal indictment due to an alleged violation of the Sixth Amendment’s speedy trial provision. For the following reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss. A. “This Court examines de novo the constitutional question of whether a defendant has been denied a speedy trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment.” United States v. Brown, 169 F.3d 344, 348 (6th Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Smith, 94 F.3d 204, 208 (6th Cir.1996)). However, the district court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. See id. B. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial.” U.S. Const, amend VI. We note that Defendant has already asserted and failed on a claim under the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161. Although the government’s compliance with the Speedy Trial Act does not bar future Sixth Amendment speedy trial provision claims, we have previously held that “it will be an unusual case in which the time limits of the Speedy Trial Act have been met but the Sixth Amendment right to speedy trial has been violated.” United States v. DeJesus, 887 F.2d 114, 116 (6th Cir.1989) (quoting United States v. Nance, 666 F.2d 353, 360 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 918, 102 S.Ct. 1776, 72 L.Ed.2d 179 (1983)); see also United States v. Schlei, 122 F.3d 944, 986 (11th Cir.1997). In Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), the Supreme Court identified four factors that district courts must consider in determining whether a defendant has been denied a speedy trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) the prejudice to the Defendant. Twenty years later the Court revisited the issue in Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 112 S.Ct. 2686, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 (1992) and refined the inquiry that district courts must pursue. The Court stated that it is necessary for district courts to balance “whether delay before trial was uncommonly long, whether the government or the criminal defendant is more to blame for that delay, whether, in due course, the defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial, and whether he suffered prejudice as the delay’s result.” Id. at 651, 112 S.Ct. 2686 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182). None of these factors alone is sufficient to establish a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Instead, the Supreme Court declared that “these are related factors and must be considered together with such other circumstances as may be relevant.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S.Ct. 2182. When a defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial has been violated, dismissal of the indictment is the only remedy even when it allows a defendant who may be guilty of a serious crime to go free. See id. at 522, 92 S.Ct. 2182. 1. Length of the Delay In all Sixth Amendment speedy trial cases, the length of the delay is the triggering mechanism. As the Doggett Court stated, “simply to trigger a speedy trial analysis, an accused must allege that the interval between accusation and trial has crossed the threshold dividing ordinary from ‘presumptively prejudicial’ delay, since, by definition, he cannot complain that the government has denied him a ‘speedy’ trial if it has, in fact, prosecuted his case with customary promptness.” Doggett, 505 U.S. at 651-52, 112 S.Ct. 2686 (citations omitted). In the instant case, the parties agree that the delay before trial is sufficient to trigger speedy trial concerns. 2. Reasons for the Delay If a defendant shows a delay sufficient to trigger speedy trial concerns, the district court must then address the related issue of reasons for the delay. The core task is determining which party shoulders the balance of blameworthiness for this delay. In analyzing this factor, the Supreme Court has noted that “different weights should be assigned to different reasons” for delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182. Thus, the Supreme Court held in Barker: A deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense should be weighted heavily against the government. A more neutral reason such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily but nevertheless should be considered since the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government rather than with the defendant. Finally, a valid reason, such as a missing witness, should serve to justify appropriate delay. Id (footnote omitted). The Court further noted in a footnote: “We have indicated on previous occasions that it is improper for the prosecution intentionally to delay ‘to gain some tactical advantage over (defendants) or to harass them.’ ” Id. at 531 n. 32, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (citing United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 325, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971)). But the Court has delivered equally strong language indicating that defendants might also engage in strategic delay: Delay is not an uncommon defense tactic. As the time between the commission of the crime and trial lengthens, witnesses may become unavailable or their memories may fade. If the witnesses support the prosecution, its case will be weakened, sometimes seriously so. And it is the prosecution which carries the burden of proof. Thus, unlike the right to counsel or the right to be free from compelled self-in-crimination [sic], deprivation of the right to speedy trial does not per se prejudice the accused’s ability to defend himself. Barker, 407 U.S. at 521, 92 S.Ct. 2182. Thus, Defendants do not have carte blanche in asserting constitutional speedy trial claims. In addition to these improper x-easons for delay, courts have also designated presumptively justifiable reasons, including resolution of pretrial motions. See, e.g., United States v. Schlei, 122 F.3d 944, 987 (11th Cir.1997) (delay due to resolution of pretrial motions did not trigger violation of Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial); United States v. Jones, 91 F.3d 5, 8 (2d Cir.1996) (holding that “legitimate pretrial pi-oceedings are ‘neutral reasons not attributable to the government’ ”). In an attempt to cast the facts in the light most favorable to their respective positions, each party in the case at bar argues at length its own vex-sion of the procedural history. Defendant alleges that after he entered into a plea agreement, AUSA Cook made affirmative mis-i'epresentations regarding his intentions to charge Defendant’s father and sons with crimes. Defendant contends that the AUSA concealed his alleged true intent, which was to avoid possible double jeopardy problems stemming from the civil forfeiture action on the farm property. Among other factors, Defendant notes that after the AUSA threatened prosecution for many months and voluntarily dismissed the information, the government eventually brought no charges against his father and sons. Defendant also points to the fact that the government acknowledged its double jeopardy problem in moving to dismiss the civil forfeiture action the day after the present indictment was filed. (J.A. at 455.) Defendant further argues that the interlocutoi'y appeals that delayed his trial from October 25, 1994 to March 3, 1999 would have all been unnecessary if the government had proceeded to sentencing pursuant to the plea agreement instead of inviting Defendant to withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant also contends that the third interlocutory appeal was useless because it was clear that the Sentencing Guidelines would have caused Defendant’s sentences to be served concurrently. As a result, additional charges would have re-suited in no additional jail time. Finally, Defendant points to statements made by the magistrate judge and the district court indicating that the government was to blame for the delays: The largest part of the delay in this case was occasioned by the government in [the 1993 case] prolonging its motion to dismiss the information in that case. The government has not proceeded in a diligent manner in this prosecution and Judge Jordan so noted in a Memorandum and Order filed on September 21, 1995. The court is aware that the government has attempted to manipulate the court in order to save its criminal prosecution of the defendant as well as the forfeiture of his assets. With the dismissal of the defendant’s residence from Count IV of the indictment, the government and the defendant are in nearly the same position they were when the information was filed and the defendant plead guilty. In its effort to protect all its options, the government has prolonged this prosecution beyond what would be seen as necessary. The government has proceeded with five separate actions against this defendant over the past five years and has already obtained various dismissals, all of which were obtained for the purpose of preserving the government’s criminal prosecution in this case during a time when the law was unclear as to whether a civil forfeiture would preclude criminal prosecution when both actions revolved around the same conduct. (Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge, J.A. at 743-44.) (citing to district court Memorandum and Order granting Defendant relief on Speedy Trial Act claim) The Report and Recommendation went on to state: “Thus, Judge Jordan’s observation that the delays in this case are not the result of mere negligence or oversight by the government, but appear to have been rather deliberate in an attempt to ‘protect all its options’ is well-founded.” (Id., J.A. at 749.) In response, the government asserts that much of the delay was due to litigating Defendant’s pretrial motions. First, the government cites to the dozens of motions, motions to reconsider, and objections filed by Defendant over the years. The district court noted these numerous motions in denying Defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim: [T]here were several reasonable explanations for the delay. One of the primary reasons for the delay in bringing this case to trial was the number of pretrial motions filed by the defendant in this case. Without taking the time to actually count all of the defendant’s motions, it is enough to note that there are well over 200 docket entries in this case. In addition, the defendant has filed two interlocutory appeals to the Sixth Circuit with cross-appeals by the government. These two factors alone have caused much, of the total delay in bringing this case to trial. Multiple motions have been filed by defendant, including a motion for a continuance of the trial date due to a scheduling conflict of the defendant’s counsel.... Sentencing was set in January 1994 and, at least once, if not twice, the defendant’s hearing was continued at the defendant’s request. Thereafter, of course, the whole deal fell apart and the defendant withdrew his plea of guilty. (Memorandum and Order dismissing Defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim, J.A. at 610-11.) The government also points to the fact that the references made in the report and recommendation and quoted by Defendant related to a 74-day time period in the 1993 pre-indictment case against Defendant, the majority of which we previously found excludable for Speedy Trial Act purposes. See O’Dell, 154 F.3d at 360-62. Indeed, the magistrate judge noted in rejecting Defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim, “The undersigned has been critical of the government in connection with the handling of the prior case involving the Information in the instant case.... But the actions criticized do not add up to a Sixth Amendment speedy trial violation under the circumstances.” (Report and Recommendation, J.A. at 598.) In reviewing the procedural history, we conclude that the government is not more to blame for the delays in this trial. We accept the government’s contention that it reported the breach of the plea agreement in order to give the Defendant an opportunity, if he so chose, to withdraw his guilty plea, which it appears that he did. Although the government informed the district court of Defendant’s breach of the plea agreement, it did not seek any relief and did not seek to withdraw from the agreement. Defendant alleges that AUSA Cook somehow influenced the state authorities’ unwillingness to strike a favorable plea bargain with his father and sons in an effort to undermine his own plea agreement. But these allegations are vague and completely unsupported by the record. We believe that Defendant’s withdrawal of his guilty plea belies his claim that he wanted to proceed to sentencing. Moreover, if Defendant truly wanted to proceed to trial, he would have done so instead of filing multiple appeals and requesting numerous stays of trial. We also disagree with Defendant’s charge that the third interlocutory appeal was “useless.” In that appeal, the government appealed from the district court’s dismissal of Counts Two and Three of the indictment, charging Defendant with growing marijuana and using an enclosure to manufacture and store the marijuana, respectively. (J.A. at 752.) The government argues that though it realized the sentences would run concurrently, it sought reinstatement of the charges because its proof on Count Two was the strongest inasmuch as Defendant could not deny that he was growing marijuana in the barn. The government also acknowledged that reinstatement of the counts strengthened its position with respect to the criminal forfeiture claim, Count Four. Upon interrogation by the district court as to the government’s motivation for such an appeal, the AUSA responded: “Judge, I think a lot of it goes to the forfeiture. Counts Two and Three are distinct, separate grounds, which is important to the forfeiture ...” (J.A. at 795.) We find this to be a valid and non-frivolous basis for seeking to retain all counts of the indictment. Although we cannot divine the parties’ intent in filing the various motions, we can say with some degree of certainty that they were all submitted to some strategic end. But despite the fact that numerous strategies were employed, we cannot say that the tactic of either party was actually to delay the trial. Moreover, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on a speedy trial violation on the same day he moved the district court for a speedy trial. As the district court indicated, it could not speed the trial along until it regained jurisdiction from this Court after its decision on an interlocutory appeal. Furthermore, the district court’s initial finding that the government caused delay poses no barrier to our finding that the government is not more to blame for the delay, for we later determined that this period of delay did not count against the speedy trial clock. Moreover, any delay attributable to the government is balanced by Defendant’s own strategic machinations. As the Supreme Court noted in United States v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 316, 106 S.Ct. 648, 88 L.Ed.2d 640 (1996), “[a] defendant who resorts to an interlocutory appeal should not be able upon return to the district court to reap the reward of dismissal for failure to receive a speedy trial.” The Loud Hawk Court considered the extent to which appellate time consumed by the review of pretrial motions should weigh in favor of a defendant’s speedy trial claim. Balancing speedy trial concerns with the need for orderly appellate review, the Court found that the delay attributable to interlocutory appeals did not count towards the defendant’s speedy trial claims. See id. at 316-17, 106 S.Ct. 648. The Court found particularly persuasive the fact that the defendant’s appeals were frivolous. We do not question the validity to Defendant’s appeals in the instant case. Rather, it is the numerosity and frequency of those appeals which guides our finding that Defendant’s culpability with respect to delay is at least equal to that of the government. Thus, neither party is completely free of blame for the ensuing delays. 3. Defendant’s Assertion of His Right We next consider whether Defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial. In Barker v. Wingo, the Supreme Court emphasized that “failure to assert the right will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial.” 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. 2182. Defendant contends that he “surely and certainly” asserted his right to a speedy trial, asserting that he moved the district court for a speedy trial after this Court delivered its panel opinion in the third interlocutory appeal. Defendant also contends that his attempts to enforce the plea agreement served to make it clear that he wanted to proceed to sentencing. Defendant presents these attempts as evidence that he invoked the right to a speedy trial. The district court found this logic unpersuasive: The first, and only, motion demanding a speedy trial pursuant to the Sixth Amendment was filed on September 14, 1998. As the mandate was not issued from the Sixth Circuit until November 10, 1998, this court did not have jurisdiction over the defendant’s motion until that date. Since [that time], multiple motions have been filed by defendant, including a motion for a continuance of the trial date due to a scheduling conflict of the defendant’s counsel, yet the trial is set for March 3, 1999, and no further delays are anticipated. The defendant argues that his efforts to have the court enforce an unenforceable plea agreement should somehow be considered as an assertion of his Sixth Amendment rights. To this court’s mind this argument stretches credulity. The defendant entered his plea to the information in November 1993. Sentencing was set in January 1994 and, at least once, if not twice, the defendant’s hearing was continued at the defendant’s request. Thereafter, of course, the whole deal fell apart and the defendant withdrew his plea of guilty. This court finds ... that this factor weighs against defendant since he has only recently made a Sixth Amendment demand for a speedy trial, and the defendant’s trial has been set as timely as his counsel would allow. (Memorandum and Order, J.A. at 611-12.) The Supreme Court considered a similar claim in Loud Hawk, finding that the Sixth Amendment right to speedy trial was not properly invoked in light of the circumstances: Although the Court of Appeals found that respondents have repeatedly moved for dismissal on speedy trial grounds ... that finding alone does not establish that respondents have appropriately asserted their rights. We held in Barker that such assertions from defendants are “entitled to strong evidentiary weight” in determining whether their rights to a speedy trial have been denied. These assertions, however, must be viewed in the light of respondents’ other conduct. Here, respondents’ speedy trial claims are reminiscent of Penelope’s tapestry. At the same time respondents were making a record of claims in the District Court for speedy trial, they consumed six months by filing indisputably frivolous petitions for rehearing and for cer-tiorari. 474 U.S. at 814, 106 S.Ct. 648 (citation omitted) (footnote omitted). Given the multitude of motions filed by Defendant, we believe that he has woven such a self-destructive tapestry in the instant appeal. In light of Defendant’s own conduct, we cannot say that he effectively asserted his constitutional right to a speedy trial. For these reasons, Defendant has not convinced this Court that the district court’s finding that he did not timely assert his right to a speedy trial was clearly erroneous. 4. Prejudice to the Defendant In Barker, the Supreme Court provided guidance on the issue of prejudice to a defendant: Prejudice, of course, should be assessed in the light of the interests of defendants which the speedy trial right was designed to protect. This Court has identified three such interests: (i) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Of these, the most serious is the last, because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (footnote omitted). Recently, the Third Circuit noted that the next most important interest of a defendant is the need to prevent oppressive incarceration. See United States v. Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir.1998) (finding that fewer speedy trial concerns are implicated where a defendant is not detained during the delay). In accordance with these decisions, the district court found that the key issue in determining prejudice was whether Defendant’s ability to prepare a defense and present testimony at trial was impaired by the length of the delay. (Memorandum and Order, J.A. at 613.) The district court found that Defendant made absolutely no showing of such impairment. See id. On appeal, Defendant points to the recommendations of the magistrate judge and the order of the district court in his Speedy Trial Act claim to show that he was prejudiced. Using these findings as a foundation for an initial speedy trial problem, Defendant invokes the Doggett decision for the proposition that “[t]he presumption that pretrial delay has prejudiced the accused intensifies over time.” 505 U.S. at 652, 112 S.Ct. 2686. Defendant asserts that the government produced no evidence to rebut this presumption. But this argument fails, for it is based on the premise that the delay is attributable to the government. In considering Defendant’s Speedy Trial Act claim, the district court dismissed Counts Two and Three, but we reversed, finding that the Act did not apply to the time period in question. As noted above, though defeat on a Speedy Trial Act claim does not bar a similar Sixth Amendment claim, it will be persuasive in considering the merits of the constitutional claim. Cf. United States v. DeJesus, 887 F.2d 114, 116 n. 1 (6th Cir.1999) (declining to consider a Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim after resolving a Speedy Trial Act claim against defendant). In his reply brief, Defendant claims that the district court improperly focused on the third concern articulated in Barker and failed to fully consider that the Sixth Amendment’s speedy trial provision also protects criminal defendants from a lengthy period of “anxiety and concern,” and that particularized proof of prejudice is not essential to every speedy trial claim. But nowhere in either of Defendant’s briefs does he detail any “anxiety and concern” from which he may have suffered. But even assuming that Defendant suffered some anxiety, such a claim would be undermined by the fact that he greatly contributed to his own anxiety by virtue of his incessant appeals and motions. c. We conclude that a balancing of the four Barker factors weighs against dismissal of the indictment. Although the lengthy delay in this case is presumptively prejudicial, other factors, including the extent to which Defendant asserted his speedy trial rights, the lack of prejudice to Defendant, and the reasons for delay— both as to the government’s and Defendant’s interlocutory appeals — support the district court’s finding that Defendant’s right to a speedy trial was not violated. Thus, we affirm the district court’s holding denying Defendant relief under the Sixth Amendment’s speedy trial provision. II. Case No. 99-6153: DEFENDANT’S SENTENCE In its first appeal, the government contends that the district court ei’red in finding that Defendant established eligibility for the “safety valve” provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and, in the alternative, that even under the safety valve provisions, his sentence of eighteen months imprisonment fell below the statutorily prescribed sentence. Because Defendant failed to demonstrate sufficient cooperation, we find that application of the safety valve was improper. Thus, we need not further address the legality of Defendant’s eighteen month sentence. A. Whereas this Court reviews a district court’s interpretation of a statute or guideline provision de novo, we review a district court’s factual determination of whether a statute or guideline applies in a particular case under a clearly erroneous standard. See United States v. Adu, 82 F.3d 119, 124 (6th Cir.1996); United States v. Maduka, 104 F.3d 891, 894 (6th Cir.1997) (applying a de novo standard of review to the district court’s interpretation of United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual § 5C1.2 (Nov.1998)). B. The Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq., sets mandatory minimum sentences for major drug trafficking offenses. Originally, the only way a defendant could reduce his sentence was to provide “substantial assistance in the investigation.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e). Ironically, this sentencing reduction provision tended to benefit those playing major roles in drug trafficking conspiracies because these individuals had the requisite knowledge to provide such substantial assistance. Meanwhile, those with minor roles who could not provide such detailed information were usually ineligible for the reduction. In an effort to more equitably mete out justice to cooperating individuals playing minor roles in such conspiracies, Congress passed 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) — the “safety valve” provision — as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub.L. No. 103-322 § 80001. That provision, entitled “Limitation on applicability of statutory mínimums in certain cases,” provides, in pertinent part: Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in the case of an offense ... the court shall impose a sentence pursuant to guidelines promulgated by the United States Sentencing Commission under section 994 of title 28 without regard to any statutory minimum sentence, if the court finds at sentencing, after the Government has been afforded the opportunity to make a recommendation, that— (1) the defendant does not have more than 1 criminal history point, as determined under the sentencing guidelines; (2) the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of violence or possess a firearm or other dangerous weapon (or induce another participant to do so) in connection with the offense; (3) the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury to any person; (4) the defendant was not an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of others in the offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines and was not engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise, as defined in section 408 of the Controlled Substances Act; and (5) not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan, but the fact that the defendant has no relevant or useful other information to provide or that the Government is already aware of the information shall not preclude a determination by the court that the defendant has complied with this requirement. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) (emphasis added). Shortly after adoption of this provision, the United States Sentencing Commission promulgated a new guideline, USSG § 5C1.2, which adopted the safety valve language verbatim. Application of the safety valve provision not only requires a defendant to admit the conduct charged, but it also imposes an affirmative obligation on the defendant to “volunteer any information aside from the conduct comprising the elements of the offense.” United States v. Arrington, 73 F.3d 144, 149 (7th Cir.1996). Unlike other reduction provisions such as USSG § 3E1.1 (acceptance of responsibility), the provisions of USSG § 5C1.2 and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) require a defendant to “reveal a broader scope of information about the relevant criminal conduct to the authorities.” United States v. Sabir, 117 F.3d 750, 753 (3d Cir.1997). These stringent requirements reflect the fact that the safety valve “was intended to benefit only those defendants who truly cooperate.” United States v. Marin, 144 F.3d 1085, 1094 (7th Cir.1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 916, 119 S.Ct. 265, 142 L.Ed.2d 218 (1998). Appellate courts have held that a defendant seeking to avoid a mandatory minimum sentence by resort to the safety valve has the burden of proving that he meets all of the criteria of the safety valve provisions. See United States v. Conde, 178 F.3d 616, 620 (2d Cir.1999); United States v. Hoskins, 173 F.3d 351, 357 (6th Cir.1999). The government contends that Defendant did not exhibit such cooperation in the case at bar and, therefore, failed to satisfy the fifth criterion for application of the safety valve. Defendant avers that he did offer to cooperate in the investigation and prosecution of others, but the government refused to accept his cooperation. But we believe that he demonstrated a lack of cooperation by failing to discuss in detail the extent of his marijuana smuggling and growing operation. The information Defendant provided related to a supplier of growing lights, fertilizer, and other items which were lawfully sold. The record reflects that Defendant did not provide any information regarding his co-conspirators. Defendant also claims that he should somehow be accorded some protection because he filed a motion for written notice of any further information or evidence the government may contend would be necessary to fulfill the safety valve provision. In fact, Defendant argues that the government waived review of the safety valve issue by failing to respond to his motion. Defendant also contends that he should be afforded some protection because he asked the district court to advise him on whether had made a sufficient showing to satisfy the safety valve requirements. Finally, Defendant claims that he answered all the questions posed to him by the government and thereby fulfilled the fifth safety valve criterion. We disagree with all of these contentions. Under the safety valve provision, a defendant has the burden to prove that the ciiteria have been satisfied. The government has no obligation to solicit information that could help a defendant meet the requirements for the safety valve. Therefore, merely answering all questions posed by the government may not be sufficient to qualify for the fifth criterion of the safety valve. See United States v. Adu, 82 F.3d 119, 124 (6th Cir.1996) (“These provisions clearly require an affirmative act by the defendant truthfully disclosing all the information he possesses that concerns his offense or related offenses.”); United States v. Wrenn, 66 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1995) (information obtained from recordings of defendant’s conversations with an undercover agent not “provided” by defendant within the meaning of § 5C1.2(5)); United States v. Ivester, 75 F.3d 182, 185 (4th Cir.1996) (defendants must act affirmatively “to ensure that the Government is truthfully provided with all information and evidence the defendants have concerning the relevant crimes.”). In finding that Defendant qualified for the safety valve, the district court indicated that “the statute of limitations has run on his sons, whether they participated or not. He says they didn’t. Unless you can prove otherwise, you’re stuck with his answer.” (J.A. at 1082.) This statement implies that information regarding Defendant’s father and sons would be irrelevant because they could no longer be charged in relation to the offenses. Likewise, Defendant also contends that he believed that as of August 15, 1991, the government had all relevant information regarding the offenses. But, as a sister circuit noted in a strikingly similar case, this belief is irrelevant. In United States v. Myers, 106 F.3d 936 (10th Cir.1997), a defendant told the FBI all that he knew about his own actions, but refused to provide other information, such as who his buyers were or the names of others connected to his operation. It appeared that the defendant did not provide additional information because he did not think it would be helpful to the government. Against this factual background, the Tenth Circuit held that: section 5 requires disclosure “whether or not it is relevant or useful to the government’s investigation.” United States v. Shrestha, 86 F.3d 935, 939 (9th Cir.1996); see also Acosta-Olivas, 71 F.3d at 379. The burden was on Mr. Myers to prove that he met the five criteria contained in § 3553(f). United States v. Verners, 103 F.3d 108, 109-10 (10th Cir.1996). He failed to carry that burden. United States v. Myers, 106 F.3d 936, 941 (10th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1270, 117 S.Ct. 2446, 138 L.Ed.2d 205 (1997). Similarly, in the case at bar Defendant’s actions faded to satisfy the requirements of section five of the safety valve provisions. Similar to the defendant in Myers, the record reflects that in the instant case Defendant also refused to answer questions directly posed to him by the U.S. Attorney regarding marijuana activity in places other than his barn. (Sentencing Hearing, J.A. at 1075.) Even at his sentencing hearing, Defendant refused to answer certain questions, responding that he was not required to provide such information. Defendant also contends that he relied on the district court’s interpretation of the statute and that if we disagree with that interpretation that the case should be remanded to give him another opportunity to answer additional questions. We believe that this request is yet another attempt to shift the burden, this time to the district court, to ensure that sufficient facts are on the record to satisfy the safety valve requirements. We recently held in United States v. Hoskins, 173 F.3d 351 (6th Cir.1999), that the district court has no burden to provide any such findings to a defendant: [D]efendant’s contention that the district court must make findings in regard to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) is simply not supported by the plain reading of the statute. There is nothing that states a district court must make a finding in regard to section 3553(f). Moreover, as [USSG] § 5C1.2(5) makes clear, it is the burden of the defendant to provide pertinent information, no later than the time of the sentencing hearing. Defendant failed to do so in the present case. Hoskins, 173 F.3d at 357. Rather, we agree with the government’s assertion that Defendant’s decision not to provide more information in the first instance instead of making a more fulsome disclosure was a “risky gamble.” See United States v. Montanez, 82 F.3d 520, 523-24 (1st Cir.1996). We also find that remand to the district court for further consideration of the safety valve issue would be illogical on policy grounds. As the government aptly noted, “[i]f a Defendant can withhold information, claim he has carried his burden, and then restart the whole process if any court along the way disagrees, the statutory requirement that the information be provided ‘not later than the sentencing hearing’ would be rendered meaningless.” (Reply Brief of United States as Plaintiff-Appellant, at 47). C. Based on the above evidence, we hold that Defendant failed to satisfy his burden to establish eligibility under the safety valve provision and that the district court’s finding that he did establish such eligibility was clearly erroneous. We therefore vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for re-sentencing without application of the safety valve. III. Case No. 99-57659: CRIMINAL FORFEITURE CLAIM The government also appeals from the district court’s failure to order forfeiture of the 171-acre farm property pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853. The government contends that it need not prove the extent of a defendant’s interest in property prior to obtaining a criminal forfeiture order. Although we agree with this premise in principle, the circumstances of this case do not compel us to find that the district committed reversible error. A. As a threshold matter, Defendant challenges this Court’s jurisdiction to hear the government’s appeal. Defendant claims that he was initially placed in jeopardy when the district court considered the government’s forfeiture claim and that to permit an appeal would again place him in jeopardy in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. U.S. Const.amend. V. The Double Jeopardy Clause has traditionally prevented the retrial of a criminal defendant who has been acquitted of the crime charged. See United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 129-30, 101 S.Ct. 426, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980). Thi