Full opinion text
EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge: These appeals and cross-appeals by the City of Houston and regulated entities arise out of an action brought by 105 individuals and 88 adult entertainment establishments challenging the City of Houston’s 1997 amendments to its ordinances governing sexually oriented businesses (SOBs). We overrule the district court’s determination that certain provisions of the amendments should be treated as content-based and thus subject to strict scrutiny. Instead, all of the provisions of City Ordinance 97-75 challenged on First Amendment grounds should be subjected to intermediate scrutiny. We reverse and remand the court’s holding that invalidated the provisions of the amendments that extended the distance regulations for SOBs. We dismiss for lack of appellate jurisdiction the court’s partial rulings on the provisions that included public parks and redefined multi-family dwellings for purposes of establishing buffer zones between SOBs and protected land uses. We affirm the district court’s judgment in nearly all other respects. BACKGROUND City Ordinance 97-75 is the most recent in a long line of ordinances enacted by the City of Houston to regulate SOBs. In 1977, the City enacted Ordinances 77-1259 and 77-1260, which prohibited the operation of adult commercial establishments within 2,000 feet of any church, school, or other educational or charitable institution. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 770. This ordinance was struck down by a federal district court on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds; on appeal this court did not reach the constitutional issues. Id. The City of Houston enacted new ordinances in 1983, 1985, 1986, 1991, and 1997. Under the 1985 version of the ordinance (as amended in 1986), SOBs were prohibited from operating within 750 feet of a school, church or place of worship, or daycare center; or within 1,000 feet of any other SOB, or on any other tract of land for which seventy-five percent or more of the tracts within a 1,000-foot radius were residential. Id. The 1985/1986 ordinance also regulated the exterior decor and signage of SOBs. Id. These regulations were upheld against various constitutional challenges in SDJ, Inc. v. City of Houston, 837 F.2d 1268 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied sub nom., M.E.F. Enters., Inc. v. City of Houston, 489 U.S. 1052, 109 S.Ct. 1310, 103 L.Ed.2d 579 (1989). Ordinance 97-75 was enacted on January 15, 1997. It significantly amended Houston’s ordinances governing SOBs. Several aspects of 97-75 are challenged in this case: (1) the increase in the minimum distance from 750 feet to 1,500 feet between an SOB and protected land uses; (2) the addition of public parks to the list of protected land uses; (3) the increased importance of multi-family dwellings in determining whether an area is at least seventy-five percent residential; (4) regulations of “adult mini-theatres”; (5) delayed implementation and amortization provisions; (6) added restrictions on exterior signs; (7) added requirements regarding interior lighting, design and layout; and (8) licensing of managers and entertainers. The appellees filed suit a week after the ordinance was enacted. In 1998, the district court granted summary judgment on most of the issues in the case. The district court held that the portion of the ordinance increasing the distance requirements was an unconstitutional content-based regulation that must be reviewed with strict scrutiny under the First Amendment. The court denied summary judgment on whether it was constitutional to add public parks to the list of protected uses and on the modification of the treatment of multi-family dwellings, finding genuine issues of material fact as to whether there would be sufficient alternative avenues of communication for the SOBs if these modifications were upheld. The court upheld nearly all of the provisions of the ordinance related to exterior and interior appearance, implementation and amortization, finding that they were content-neutral regulations that survive intermediate scrutiny. The court subjected the signage provision’s application to § 216 of the Texas Local Government Code. The court upheld the regulations pertaining to adult mini-theatres. The court upheld the permit requirements for entertainers and managers under intermediate scrutiny but enjoined the City of Houston from requiring on individuals’ applications the disclosure of personal phone numbers, home addresses, and criminal record information beyond what the Ordinance uses in granting or denying a permit. The court also enjoined the City from requiring managers to conspicuously display personal identification cards while working in SOBs, as it found this requirement a content-based regulation that does not withstand strict scrutiny. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Hodges v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 44 F.3d 334, 335 (5th Cir.1995) (en banc). Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence and all justifiable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999); see also Fed.R.CivP. 56(c). If the moving party meets its burden, the non-movant must designate specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial. Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir.1994) (en banc). We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Ott v. Johnson, 192 F.3d 510, 513 (5th Cir.1999). DISCUSSION Several dozen issues are raised on appeal by the parties. Overarching the discussion are the questions whether strict or intermediate scrutiny governs the constitutional analysis of the Ordinance and whether the Ordinance generally violates state constitutional or statutory provisions. We will discuss these issues first. Next we will address 97-75’s provisions that limit the location of SOBs. The interpretation and constitutionality of amended regulations for the physical structure and exterior signage of SOBs comprise the third section of the opinion. Finally, we consider issues surrounding the licensing of SOB employees. I. General Issues A. Strict or Intermediate Scrutiny While no sea change occurred in the constitutional status of SOBs during the pendency of this case on appeal, the Supreme Court refined the Renton test in the interim, see City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc., 535 U.S. 425, 122 S.Ct. 1728, 152 L.Ed.2d 670 (2002), and partially superseded the district court’s analysis. In Alameda Books, the Court majority (including Justice Kennedy in a separate concurrence) reaffirmed the three-part Renton test, which considers (a) whether a sexually oriented business zoning ordinance is a time, place and manner regulation; (b) whether the ordinance is aimed at the content of sexually-oriented speech (content-based) or the “speech’s” secondary effects on the community (content-neutral); and after passing those tests, (c) whether the ordinance is designed to serve a substantial governmental interest and leaves open reasonable alternative avenues of communication. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 433-34, 122 S.Ct. at 1733-34, citing City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 47, 106 S.Ct. at 930. In that opinion, the Court expressly distinguished between the second and third parts of the Renton test, explaining that: The former requires courts to verify that the “predominate concerns” motivating the ordinance “were with the secondary effects of adult [speech], and not with the content of adult [speech].” The latter inquiry goes one step further and asks whether the municipality can demonstrate a connection between the speech regulated by the Ordinance and the secondary effects that motivated the adoption of the Ordinance. Only at this stage did Renton contemplate that courts would examine evidence concerning regulated speech and secondary effects. Id. at 440-41, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (quoting Renton, 475 U.S. at 47, 106 S.Ct. 925) (alterations in original). According to the majority, intermediate scrutiny applies to SOB regulations whenever the governmental entity was predominantly concerned with regulating secondary effects of adult speech. Justice Kennedy agreed that “the central holding of Renton is sound: a zoning restriction that is designed to decrease secondary effects and not speech should be subject to intermediate rather than strict scrutiny.” Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 448, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (Kennedy, J., concurring). Consequently, while Justice Kennedy takes issue with the plurality’s use of the content-based/content-neutral dichotomy in these cases, he, too, would apply the intermediate scrutiny standard to regulate secondary effects of adult speech so long as a municipal regulation does not ban the protected speech. The district court intermingled the second and third prongs of the Renton test in a way rejected by the Alameda Books majority. To determine the City’s “predominant concern,” the district court felt it should ascertain “whether the City Council relied on evidence in the legislative record from which it could have determined that negative secondary effects associated with adult businesses actually exist and that the proposed regulations would in some way address these effects.” N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 776 (emphasis added). The district court required this double proof before assessing the standard of review (strict or intermediate scrutiny) applicable to each provision of 97-75. For example, in discussing whether the provision that increased from 750 to 1,500 feet the distance an SOB must be located from eertain land uses was content-neutral or content-based, the court repeatedly stated that there was no evidence in the record before the City Council that SOBs caused secondary effects more than 750 feet but less than 1,500 feet away. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 805, 870, 875. Alameda Books forecloses this approach. The standard of constitutional scrutiny, after Alameda Books, and taking into account Justice Kennedy’s concurrence, is simply whether Ordinance 97-75 addressed secondary effects of adult speech, as demonstrated by the legislative record submitted by the City. Even before Alameda Books, however, neither the Supreme Court nor this court required proof of the efficacy of an ordinance in order to determine the constitutional review standard. This court has invariably analyzed ordinances regulating SOBs as content-neutral time, place, and manner restrictions where the legislative record demonstrated that the municipality’s predominant concern was to regulate secondary effects of SOBs and not to censor the expression itself. Thus, in SDJ, Inc., as in other cases, this court treated the ordinance at issue as a content-neutral regulation where “the findings of the Houston council as to the secondary effects of sexually oriented businesses satisfy [the court] ... that the city’s predominant concern was with secondary effects and not the content of expression itself.” 837 F.2d at 1273 (emphasis added). This line of case fulfills Renton, which, while reiterating that legislators’ subjective motivations alone cannot condemn an otherwise constitutional statute, cited as sufficient the purpose of the city’s ordinance. Renton, 475 U.S. at 48, 106 S.Ct. at 929, quoting United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 383-84, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 1683, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968). Because that ordinance’s expressed purpose was to “ ‘protec[t] and preservfe] the quality of [the city’s] neighborhoods, commercial districts, and the quality of urban life,’ not to suppress the expression of unpopular views,” id., the Court deemed it content-neutral. Further, the City need not demonstrate that the City Council actually relied upon evidence of negative secondary effects when it enacted 97-75. A local government can justify a challenged ordinance based both on evidence developed prior to the ordinance’s enactment and that adduced at trial. J & B Entm’t, Inc. v. City of Jackson, Miss., 152 F.3d 362, 371-72 (5th Cir.1998) (citing Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560, 582, 111 S.Ct. 2456, 2469,115 L.Ed.2d 504 (1991) (Souter, J., concurring)). This is because the “appropriate focus is not an empirical inquiry into the actual intent of the enacting legislature, but rather the existence or not of a cmrent governmental interest in the service of which the challenged application of the statute may be constitutional.” Barnes, 501 U.S. at 582, 111 S.Ct. at 2469 (Souter, J., concurring). To require the legislature to show evidence of negative secondary effects and of the new regulations’ efficacy requires too much of the City at this stage in the inquiry. Disputes over the effectiveness of the proposed regulations are properly reserved for the final prong of the Renton analysis. See, Alameda Books, supra. The Houston City Council made express findings of adverse secondary effects related to SOBs and the City’s interest in ameliorating those effects. The preamble to 97-75 states: WHEREAS, the City Council finds that sexually oriented businesses can exert dehumanizing influences on churches, schools, and day care centers, can have negative effects on property values, [and] can contribute to increased criminal activities in the surrounding areas ... and ... WHEREAS, the City Council finds that comprehensive new land use studies by the Department of Planning and Development demonstrate that increasing such distances to 1,500 feet would not unduly impact the availability of conforming sites for sexually oriented businesses; and WHEREAS, the City Council finds that increasing such distances to 1,500 feet would provide additional and needed protection to the community from the adverse effects of sexually oriented businesses without depriving such businesses of adequate opportunities to locate within the City; and WHEREAS, the City Council finds that Article III of Chapter 28 of the Code of Ordinances should be amended to enhance provisions regarding signage, configuration, conduct of entertainment, age of admission and related matters to reduce the secondary effects of sexually oriented businesses upon the community and further protect the health, safety and welfare of the public; and WHEREAS, the City Council finds that sexually oriented businesses provide enhanced opportunities for employee participation in various forms of criminal activities, including prostitution, lewd conduct, indecent exposure, obscenity law violations and related crimes that are associated with sexual conduct or sexually-oriented materials; and WHEREAS, the City has a substantial public concern that its residents be protected from criminal activity and be protected from casual sexual activity that facilitates the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.... Preamble to Ordinance 97-75, at 2, 4. Further, as part of its summary judgment materials, the City introduced sections of the legislative record supporting its current and former SOB ordinances. See N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 803 n. 103. That legislative record was held sufficient by this court to justify characterizing Houston’s prior SOB ordinance as content-neutral. See SDJ, Inc., 837 F.2d at 1273. Together, these materials justify the conclusion that the City’s predominate concern was to regulate the secondary effects of SOBs. Under either the plurality opinion or Justice Kennedy’s concurrence in Alameda Books, intermediate scrutiny applies. The City need not relitigate this issue every time its SOB ordinances are challenged. As Justice Souter observed: “Given our recognition that ‘society’s interest in protecting this type of expression is wholly different, and of lesser, magnitude, than the interest in untrammeled political debate,’ I do not believe that a State is required affirmatively to undertake to litigate this issue in every case.” Barnes, 501 U.S. at 584-85, 111 S.Ct. at 2470 (Souter, J., concurring); see also City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 296-98, 120 S.Ct. 1382,146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000) (O’Connor, J., opinion joined by Rehnquist, C.J., Kennedy and Breyer, JJ.) (city can rely on the evidentiary foundation found in other Supreme Court cases regarding secondary effects); Encore Videos, Inc. v. City of San Antonio, 330 F.3d 288, at 291 (5th Cir.2003) (opinion on reh.) (where a predecessor ordinance was sufficiently supported to apply content-neutral review, same findings were sufficient to consider a subsequent ordinance content-neutral); BGHA LLC v. City of Universal City, Texas, 340 F.3d 295 (5th Cir.2003). Because the constitutional standard of review depends only upon the City’s predominate legislative concern, not its pre-enactment proof that the ordinance would work, there is no reason to parse each provision of the ordinance separately to determine the standard of review. The district court’s conscientious methodology, bred by its misapplication of the second prong of Renton, was flawed in this respect. In fact, all parties seem to recognize the court’s error; although differing in which level of scrutiny they advocate, they urge us to apply one level consistently to the Ordinance. . The purpose and scope of the entire Ordinance are reflected in the above-quoted preamble, which summarizes City Council’s concern about multiple effects of SOBs. That all of such effects are targeted by the Ordinance’s various provisions is clear, as it is also clear that none of the provisions directly censors adult speech. Thus, the Preamble, together with the legislative record, provides sufficient evidence to justify an intermediate scrutiny standard of review to the entirety of 97-75, as a content-neutral enactment. B.The “Shell Game” Argument Appellees argue that it is unconstitutional for a city to change the rules repeatedly, with retroactive impact, and to affect drastically the overwhelming majority of existing adult businesses each time. The district court rejected what the SOBs describe as a “shell game” argument, observing that the City “has the prerogative of experimenting with different possible solutions to municipal problems even when dealing with First Amendment interests.” N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 882 (citing City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 52, 106 S.Ct. at 931). The district court further noted that the plaintiffs “cited no authority for the proposition that enacting a significant change of rules for adult businesses, even for a second time, in and of itself violates the First Amendment.” Id. On appeal, no relevant legal authority has been cited in support of the “shell game” argument. Moreover, the SOBs have not attempted factually to support their contention that the City’s course of amendments has successively put SOBs out of business. Their argument also fails, because, as stated by the district court, it conflicts with the authority expressly reserved to cities in City of Renton, and reaffirmed in Alameda Books, to experiment with different possible solutions to municipal problems. Renton, 475 U.S. at 52, 106 S.Ct. at 931; see also Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 434, 122 S.Ct. at 1736-37. Appellees’ broad argument, if accepted, would hobble municipalities. C. Article I, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution AHD contends that Article I, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution affords broader free speech rights to those involved in sexually oriented businesses than does the federal Constitution. This argument is foreclosed by Fifth Circuit precedent. Woodall v. City of El Paso, 49 F.3d 1120, 1127-28 (5th Cir.1995). Since Woodall was written, neither the Texas Supreme Court nor lower state courts have issued any rulings undermining its conclusion. D. 97-75’s Status as a Texas “Zoning Regulation” AHD argues that Ordinance 97-75 is a “zoning regulation” that was not validly enacted. In Texas, the passage of zoning regulations requires compliance with special procedural rules. But AHD’s premise is invalid. This ordinance is no zoning regulation. The district court thoroughly and completely rejected this argument. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 795-98. First, while the Texas Supreme Court characterized certain ordinances, which restricted the permissible locations of mobile homes, as “hav[ing] the effect of a zoning regulation,” the court also held that the regulations were not “zoning regulations.” City of Brookside Village v. Comeau, 633 S.W.2d 790, 793 n. 4 (Tex.1982). Second, AHD cites no authority to support its argument that prohibiting adult businesses from locating within 1,500 feet of churches, schools, day care centers, parks, and residential areas would produce. hundreds of 162-acre regulated areas and would effectively comprise a comprehensive land use plan tantamount to zoning. Finally, AHD observes that this and other courts have described regulations similar to those in 97-75 as zoning ordinances. For example, this court described the predecessor to 97-75 as “a detailed ordinance imposing licensing and zoning restrictions upon sexually oriented businesses” and described the ordinance adjudicated in City of Renton as “a city zoning provision similar to the Houston ordinance.” SDJ, 837 F.2d at 1271, 1273. The use of generic terminology in federal court opinions is a far cry from a legal holding that the Houston ordinance amounts to zoning under Texas law. II. 97-75’s Provisions Regarding the Location of SOBs and the Treatment of Multi-family Dwellings and Public Parks as Protected Uses The district court split the amended locational restrictions on SOBs into three parts: the expansion from 750 to 1,500 feet of the buffer zone between SOBs and protected land uses; the addition of public parks to protected land uses; and the extra weight afforded multi-family residences in the buffer zone calculation. The court then separately determined the constitutional standard of scrutiny for each part of the restrictions according to the methodology we have previously found in error. Additional procedural and substantive complications flow from the court’s final complex ruling on locational restrictions. Ultimately, however, the locational restrictions lack only one qualification for being instantly upheld. First, although the court no doubt acted with the best intentions, it should not have trifurcated the locational restrictions. The court cited no authority to explain why separate constitutional analysis of the components of a buffer zone formula is required, meaningful or practical. That a city may choose to insulate public parks and multi-family residences from SOBs because of the likely presence of children at the protected locations is just as obvious, and done for the same reasons, as the choice of insulating schools, churches, single-family homes and daycare centers. (Houston’s ordinance already protected these other land uses.) The material constitutional questions, posed by Renton’s third prong, are whether the buffer zone in toto addresses substantial governmental interests and leaves sufficient alternative avenues of communication. Thus, the City was required to justify its buffer zone in light of all the protected uses it might define. The City’s burden is substantial even without its having to foresee, and separately map out, the possibilities that would arise from a court’s picking and choosing among each individual protected use. Here, for instance, the court was requiring the City to provide information on the separate impacts of public parks and the recalculated multifamily residence formula on the number of alternative sites available for SOBs. Given such facially legitimate protected land uses, however, the court should have analyzed the locational restrictions adopted by the City rather than hypothetical variations it created by deconstructing the buffer zone rule. Second, the court’s trifurcation creates a question of appellate jurisdiction, which we consider sua sponte. The court certified for review under Fed. R. Civ. PROc. 54(b) its decision that the 1,500-foot buffer zone, increased from 750 feet, is “content based” and unconstitutional under a strict scrutiny standard. The court also certified as a “final” judgment under Rule 54(b) its partial approval of the public parks and multi-family residence components of the buffer zone, but, finding fact issues extant, it expressly declined to complete the analysis of those components. The latter certifications are flawed, because Rule 54(b) allows a district court to enter final judgment “as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay....” Eldredge v. Martin Marietta Corp., 207 F.3d 737, 740 (5th Cir.2000) (quoting Rule 54(b)). At best, the court certified only elements of what it viewed as separate claims concerning the public parks and multi-family residence components. The certifications satisfy neither the “final judgment” nor “separate claim” requirements of Rule 54(b). Consequently, we lack Rule 54(b) appellate jurisdiction over the public parks and multi-family residence provisions. The issue thus correctly before us is the constitutionality of the City’s amended 1,500-foot locational restriction without considering the public parks and multifamily residence amendments. See City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 53-54, 106 S.Ct. at 932. The amended restriction is reviewed under intermediate scrutiny, as was previously explained. Under the Renton test, the remaining questions are whether the increased locational restriction addresses substantial governmental interests and allows reasonable alternative avenues of communication. In Alameda Books, the Court determined to “clarify the standard for determining whether an ordinance serves a substantial governmental interest.” 535 U.S. at 430, 122 S.Ct. at 1731. The plurality began with a recapitulation of Renton, noting that the city there had met its burden of proving that an ordinance prohibiting the location of any SOB within 1,000 feet of protected land uses served a substantial governmental interest. The city had relied on other cities’ studies of the secondary effects of SOBs. With regard to the different type of SOB dispersal ordinance at issue before it in Alameda Books, the Court rejected the Ninth Circuit’s requiring Los Angeles to prove that the amelioration of secondary effects postulated by its ordinance “is a necessary consequence of’ Los Angeles’s independent study. Id. at 437, 122 S.Ct. at 1735. The Court added that it would not require localities to disprove other possible implications of the legislative materials at their disposal, because Renton “specifically refused to set such a high bar for municipalities that want to address merely the secondary effects of protected speech.” Id. at 438, 122 S.Ct. at 1736. Nor would municipalities be required to prove, not merely by common sense, but empirically, that SOB ordinances will successfully reduce crime, as this would undermine Renton’s allowance of local experimentation in responding to secondary effects. Id. at 439, 122 S.Ct. at 1736. The Court explained its deference to the legislative evidentiary judgment as born of competing policies: that of protecting constitutional speech and that of respecting local legislators’ superior understanding of local problems. Id. at 440, 122 S.Ct. at 1737. The point of deference is this: legislators cannot act, and cannot be required to act, only on judicial standards of proof. Legislative zoning decisions are generally upheld on a rational basis standard. Imposing a level of intermediate scrutiny, in cases like this, requires more conviction of the connection between legislative ends and means than does the rational basis standard, but only in the sense of “evidence ... [that] is reasonably believed to be relevant” to the secondary effects in question. Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 442, 122 S.Ct. at 1738, quoting Renton, 475 U.S. at 51-52, 106 S.Ct. at 931. Viewed from the perspective of Alameda Books, the City of Houston has proven that its strengthened distance regulation furthers substantial governmental interests. The challengers did not demonstrate that the evidence fails to support the City’s rationale or that the City’s factual findings are wrong. Alameda, 535 U.S. at 439, 122 S.Ct. at 1736 (municipality “cannot get away with shoddy data or reasoning.”) Hypothesizing, as the City of Houston did here, that the adverse secondary effects of SOBs, such as increased crime, auto theft, opportunities for prostitution and transmission of sexual diseases, neighborhood blight, and reduced property values would be decreased by dispersing SOBs further from protected land uses, is hardly a new concept. Consequently, after relying on the judgments, both legislative and judicial, that supported its previous SOB distance regulations and after conducting public hearings (with a mailing list of over 1,000. names), receiving hundreds of written submissions, and receiving copious materials from its Planning, Police and Legal Departments, the City concluded that (a) adverse secondary effects of SOBs remain a problem and (b) increasing the distance restriction to as much as 1,500 feet is necessary to restrain those effects. On similar evidence, this court recently found that a Texas city’s SOB zoning ordinance fulfilled the “substantial government interest” prong of Renton. See BGHA, LLC v. City of Universal City, Texas, supra. The district court alternatively held that the City failed to prove its amended buffer zone is “narrowly tailored” at 1,500 feet, but in light of Renton, as explained by Alameda Books, requiring proof to this degree of exactitude set the bar too high. The City is entitled to experiment with distance regulations. See also, SDJ, Inc., supra at 1276 (courts will not challenge city’s legislative decision on the most appropriate distance). Courts should not second-guess such restrictions as long as they are not designed as a subterfuge for banning the protected speech. Here, the hearings, Legal Department advice, SOB Ordinance Revision Committee’s Legislative Report, and the Preamble to 97-75 all disclaim any such goal. The district court’s concern with the City’s doubling of its buffer zone from 750 to 1,500 feet between SOBs and protected land uses is better placed with Renton’s last inquiry, which concerns whether the regulation leaves available sufficient alternative sites for the protected speech. Justice Kennedy’s concurrence in Alameda Books, a vote necessary to the Court’s judgment, emphasizes that the City may not use its regulation to eliminate businesses as a means to reduce their secondary effects. Alameda Books, Id. at 451, 122 S.Ct. at 1728. Before enacting 97-75, the City’s SOB Ordinance Revision Committee took extensive testimony from Joseph Chow, the Planning Department’s executive responsible for determining the practical effect of each of the municipal SOB distance ordinances for the last 20 years. Chow discussed at length in a legislative hearing how the Planning Department, aided by new computer techniques, calculated the availability of potential SOB sites under all of 97-75’s locational restrictions. Even with the 1,500-foot requirement, strengthened by the addition of public parks and recalculation of multi-family residences, Chow estimated conservatively that the City offers thousands of potential SOB sites. After litigation commenced, the City offered the two-page affidavit of a Police Vice Division Officer, Steven Andrews, who asserted that 97-75 affords at least 1,362 actual conforming SOB sites and 183 sites that can be operated consistently with the minimum distance between adult businesses. Since there were at most 128 SOBs in Houston when 97-75 was enacted, under any of these estimates it would seem that the City could support its contention that sufficient alternative avenues of communication have been provided. Like many other issues in this case, however, the path to resolving the question of reasonable alternative sites is not straight. To begin with, the City bears the burden of proving the existence of reasonable alternative sites. See SDJ, Inc., 837 F.2d at 1273 (“Applying [the Ren-ton] test requires the City to prove that the Ordinance ... leaves open alternative channels of communication.”). See also Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 434, 122 S.Ct. at 1733-34 (plurality opinion states that the ordinance in Renton “would be upheld so long as the City of Renton showed ... that reasonable alternative avenues of communication remained available”); Lim v. City of Long Beach, 217 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir.2000); Phillips v. Borough of Keyport, 107 F.3d 164, 177 (3d Cir.1997) (en banc). But cf. Woodall v. City of El Paso, 49 F.3d 1120, 1126 (5th Cir.1995) (“The Adult Businesses had the burden of proving that the ordinances ... fail[ed] to provide reasonable alternative avenues of communication.”) The City did not meet its burden for two technical reasons. First, Chow’s testimony to the SOB Ordinance Revision Committee was neither offered by the City nor admitted by the district court for the truth of its contents in the summary judgment proceedings. The district court specifically noted this failing, N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 877. Second, and somewhat inconsistently, the court also held that the different estimates of reasonable alternative sites made by Chow and Officer Andrews, both of which well exceed the total number of SOBs affected by 97-75, created a genuine, material fact issue on which it declined to rule. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 880-81. We agree with the district court and with the SOBs, however, that Andrews’ affidavit is too conclusory to be probative for summary judgment purposes. In its one-and-a-half pages, there is neither any explanation of Andrews’ methodology nor is a map or other device incorporated by which his conclusion may be verified. The City cannot sustain its burden at this point solely based on Officer Andrews’ affidavit. On remand, further proceedings will be necessary to determine whether there exists any basis for the fear, expressed by Justice Kennedy in Alameda Books, supra, that the ordinance seeks to reduce secondary effects by depriving SOBs of reasonable avenues of communication. If Chow’s legislative testimony is properly admitted, and the City supports Andrews’ testimony adequately, and if the SOBs decline, as they did before, to offer controverting evidence, the remaining doubts as to the ordinance’s constitutionality in its entirety may be easily dispelled on further summary judgment proceedings. III. SOB Regulatory Issues A. Applying 97-75 to Adult Arcades and Mini-Theatres 1. Applicability of 97-75 Article III to the arcades and mini-theatres regulated by Article II In two footnotes, the district court noted that, while 97-75 Article II applies only to “adult arcades and adult mini-theatres,” Article III “applies to all sexually oriented business enterprises, including adult arcades and mini-theatres.” N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 772 n. 35 (emphasis in original); see also id. at 791 n. 81. N.W. Enterprises argues instead that the ordinance, if properly construed, regulates adult arcades and mini-theatres under Article II alone, while Article III regulates all other SOB’s that are not adult arcades or mini-theatres. We disagree. Article II of 97-75 governs adult arcades and adult mini-theatres. For purposes of Article II, “adult arcade” and “adult mini-theatre” are defined as “any premises that are subject to regulation under Chapter 243 of the Texas Local Government Code” and as premises where people are permitted to use “arcade devices” or “mini-the-atre devices,” respectively. See 97-75: § 2:28-81. N.W. Enterprises acknowledges that, by incorporating Chapter 243’s multi-entity definition of “sexually oriented business,” Article II explicitly includes “adult video arcades” and “adult movie arcades” in its scope. It contends, however, that Article III separately regulates “sexually oriented businesses” that fall within the definition of “enterprise” found in § 28-12Í of 97-75. Because the Article III definition of “enterprise” does not specifically list these two businesses, N.W. Enterprises argues the distance regulations do not apply to adult arcades and adult mini-theatres. This argument is flawed for three reasons. First, the list of “enterprises” in § 28-121 of Article III is on its face nonexclusive. After identifying specific businesses within its definition, the ordinance adds the following catch-all phrase: “or any establishment whose primary business is the offering of a service or the selling, renting or exhibiting of devices or any other items to provide sexual stimulation or sexual gratification to its customers....” 97-75, § 3:28-121. Adult arcades and mini-theatres certainly fall within this catch-all provision. Second, adult arcades and mini-theatres are not among the businesses explicitly excluded from the enterprise definition. Third, § 28-83 of Article II states that its provisions “are supplemental and shall be cumulative with all other laws and ordinances applicable in any manner to an adult arcade or adult mini-theatre or to any owner or operator thereof.” 97-75 § 2:28-83. The district court correctly held that adult arcades and adult mini-theatres are subject to the provisions of Article III of 97-75. 2. The Extension of 97-75 Article II to Cover Mini-Theatres The City previously regulated only adult arcades, placing licensing and architectural requirements upon them to discourage illicit sexual conduct. Adult arcades are defined as businesses that provide adult entertainment through machine-operated devices intended for viewing by five or fewer people in the same room. Article II of 97-75, however, extends this coverage to adult mini-theatres, businesses that provide adult entertainment through machine-operated devices intended for viewing by more than five, but less than 100, people in the same room. The district court held that the expansion of Article II to cover adult mini-theatres was content-neutral, and that it was narrowly tailored to achieve a substantial governmental interest and allowed operators of adult minitheatres sufficient alternative avenues of communication. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 792; see also 826-27. N.W. Enterprises appeals this holding on two grounds. We reject its initial contention that this amendment was content-based rather than content-neutral and as such is subject to strict scrutiny. As discussed, supra, 97-75 is properly analyzed in its entirety as a content-neutral regulation. N.W. Enterprises also challenges the district court’s holding that the inclusion of adult mini-theatres in Article II allows sufficient alternative avenues of communication. We find no error. To the extent that N.W. Enterprises rests upon the locational issues concerning Article Ill’s provisions regarding public parks and multifamily dwellings, it is misguided. Article II requires permits and controls the structural design of adult arcades and adult mini-theatres but has nothing to do with their geographic location. Thus, whether 97-75’s locational restrictions facilitate sufficient alternative avenues of communication does not affect whether Article II’s inclusion of mini-theatres leaves open sufficient communicative outlets. In any event, Article II affords adult mini-theatres ample alternative means to convey their erotic message. See J & B Entm’t, Inc., 152 F.3d at 378 (holding that regulations that required dancers to wear at least pasties and a G-string left open sufficient avenues of communication). The provisions of Article II in no way limit the message mini-theatres convey. Thus, the inclusion of mini-theatres in Article II is constitutional under intermediate scrutiny. B. Amortization and Delayed Implementation Under the Ordinance 1. 180-day amortization period Ordinance 97-75 § 8(a) provides an amortization period of 180 days following enactment for businesses affected by the distance regulations found in Article III. The ordinance was passed on January 15, 1997, but its enforcement was stayed. At the time of the district court’s decision on August 10, 1998, almost a year and a half had elapsed. Before the district court, the various plaintiffs objected to the brevity of this period, asserting that the City grants lengthier amortization periods to other businesses rendered non-compliant by the City’s regulatory actions. The district court held that the plaintiffs “do not have standing” to make this argument. Since the time consumed by litigation had already provided an exceedingly lengthy de facto amortization period, the challengers were not injured by the 180-day provision. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 823, 888. The FTU appellees do not respond to this holding. Failure to brief the issue constitutes waiver. See United States v. Thibodeaux, 211 F.3d 910, 912 (5th Cir.2000). 2. 120-day amortization period Section 7(a) of 97-75 provides a 120-day grace period for arcades and mini-theatres regulated under Article II, with 30-day extensions available upon request. This provision allows existing adult mini-theatres and adult arcades time to comply with any new design and architectural restrictions. N.W. Enterprises argues that the 120-day provision inflicts an unconstitutional taking under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. This court has, however, previously rejected virtually identical arguments because regulations of the structural design of SOB’s do not prevent all reasonable uses of the property and thus are not takings. SDJ, Inc., 837 F.2d at 1278. S. The Failure of 97-75 to provide deadlines for hearing officials to decide applications for amortization extensions and deadlines for appeals from denial of amortization extensions. Under § 8(c) of 97-75, businesses may seek extensions of the 180-day amortization period of § 8(a) by filing an application with a city hearing officer. The SOBs argue that § 8(c) is unconstitutional in light of FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 110 S.Ct. 596, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990), because it sets no definite time limit for hearings, decisions or appeals concerning applications for extension. The district court held these claims moot because many of the requested amortization hearings had already been held and in most of them, rulings had been issued. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 820. Alternatively, the court rejected the plaintiffs’ challenge to § 8(c) on the merits. Id. We agree with the SOBs that their claims are not moot: they remain subject to the provisions of 97-75, and, as the district court stated, some amortization hearings may still be pending. However, the SOBs’ argument that 8(c) is unconstitutional in light of FW/PBS is without merit. In FW/PBS, the district court overturned, as an unconstitutional prior restraint, a licensing scheme which did not require city officials to decide upon applications for SOB licenses within a definite amount of time. FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 223, 110 S.Ct. at 603. The provisions of 8(c) are readily distinguishable from those in FW/PBS. In FW/PBS, a decision based on a hearing was necessary for an SOB to obtain an operating license, and the SOBs in FW/PBS could not operate until a decision was made. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 820. The hearings at issue in this case will consider applications for extensions of time to comply with new regulations beyond the period already afforded by 97-75. So long as an SOB is not closed for failure to comply with 97-75 while awaiting a decision on its application for extension, there is no unconstitutional pri- or restraint. C. Signage and Exterior Appearance Regulations 1. 97-75 and Municipal Compensation Review Board Section 3:28-130(g) of 97-75 imposes a number of signage restrictions upon SOBs located in “commercial multi-unit centers.” This provision evolved out of a concern that some SOBs were attempting to avoid the original signage restrictions placed on freestanding SOBs by converting their premises to “multi-unit centers.” By extending the reach of the existing signage restrictions to multi-unit centers, the Houston City Council aimed to bring all SOBs, regardless of the type of premises they occupied, within the scope of these regulations. The district court granted summary judgment to the FTU and AHD appellees, holding that the City must follow the procedures outlined in § 216 of the Texas Looal Goveenment Code before enforcing 97-75 § 3:28— 130(g). See N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 896-99. Section 216 allows municipalities to require the “relocation, reconstruction or removal of a sign,” but requires municipalities to establish “a municipal board on sign control.” See Tex. Loo. Gov’t Code Ann. § 216.004(a) (Vernon 1999). In addition, § 216 provides that “[t]he owner of a sign that is required to be relocated, reconstructed or removed is entitled to be compensated by the municipality for costs associated with the relocation, reconstruction or removal.” Id. at § 216.003(b). The signage restrictions that would apply to SOBs in multi-unit centers provide that “it shall be unlawful for the owner or operator of any [SOB] ... to erect, construct or maintain any sign ... other than one primary sign and one secondary sign.” See Houston City Oedinanoe 97-75 § 3:28-130(a). In addition, the restrictions prescribe the size, content and overall appearance of the two allowable signs. See id. at § 3:28 — 130(b)—(f). For the purposes of this ordinance, a sign is defined as: Any display, design, pictorial or other representation, which shall be so constructed ... that the same is visible from the outside of an enterprise and that is used to seek the attraction of the public to any goods, services or merchandise available at such enterprises ... [and] shall also include such representations painted on or otherwise affixed to any exterior portion of an enterprise as well as such representations painted on or otherwise affixed to any part of the tract upon which such enterprise is situated. Id. at § 3:28-121. The City argues that § 216 is inapplicable to SOB signs in multi-unit centers because the regulation does not, by its own terms, require the “relocation, reconstruction or removal” of SOB signs. In addition, the City cites two affidavits from Ms. Ollie Schiller, the Deputy Assistant Director in the Sign Administration of the Public Works and Engineering Department and Sign Administrator for the City of Houston, which indicate the signs in question would not require relocation, reconstruction and removal to comply with 97-75 § 3:28-130. The City argues that Ms. Schiller’s opinion is entitled to great deference as she is in charge of enforcing signage restrictions in Houston. It is true that courts often afford agencies substantial deference in the interpretation of statutes that they are charged with enforcing. See, e.g., Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). However, the City incorrectly invokes Chevron deference here. While Ms. Schiller’s agency enforces Houston’s restrictions on signs, it is not charged with the enforcement of the provisions of § 216. Rather, when a municipal board on sign control is established under § 216, it is entitled to “determine the amount of compensation to which an owner of a sign that is required to be relocated, reconstructed or removed.” See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code AnN. § 216.005. As a result, Ms. Schiller’s interpretation of what constitutes “relocation, reconstruction or removal” of a “sign” for the purposes of the provisions of § 216 does not control this court’s determination of the matter. The state statute is, as the district court noted, somewhat vague on the types of signs it covers' — e.g., whether principally freestanding billboards or all signs that “advertise” or “inform” the public. Compare § 216.006 (compensation for relocated sign includes “dismantling” and “transporting” it to another site) with § 216.002 (definitions of “sign,” “on-premise sign” (defined as “freestanding”) and “off-premise sign”). Further, the parties’ briefs dispute whether the ordinance’s provisions will require the “relocation, reconstruction or removal” of the signs at issue, or will merely demand de minimis alterations. We express no opinion on these or other questions of fact and state law that are best resolved by a sign control board and state courts in the first instance. We essentially agree with the district court’s decision and hold that the City may not enforce § 28-130(g), as amended to include multi-unit centers, without first designating a sign board to oversee compliance with Texas Local Government Code § 216. 2. Constitutionality of signage and exterior appearance restrictions. The SOBs challenge the district court’s holding that §§ 28-129 and 28-130 of 97-75 are constitutional. Section 28-129 governs the exterior appearance of SOBs. This provision is unchanged from the exterior appearance provision that SOBs unsuccessfully challenged in SDJ, Inc., 837 F.2d 1268. Like the district court, we are bound by prior decisions of this court. The plaintiffs also challenge the constitutionality of § 28-130’s limitations on SOBs’ exterior signage. Substantively, the ordinance’s restrictions on signage are identical to provisions upheld in SDJ, Inc., but § 28-130(g) extends the signage provisions to SOBs located in commercial multi-unit centers. This extension is irrelevant for constitutional purposes. If the restrictions are constitutional as to SOBs in stand-alone buildings, the fact that an SOB is located in a multi-unit building cannot make the same restrictions unconstitutional. 3. Regulations forbidding obstruction of entrances unthin an SOB, ej¿_ 97-75 § 3:28-136(b) Provisions of 97-75 including § 3:28-136(b) require entrances to entertainment rooms to be free of obstacles, including doors. The district court held this requirement facially valid under an intermediate scrutiny standard, because the restrictions were narrowly tailored to the governmental purpose. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 824-27; see also at 892-95. One of the appellees, Ice Embassy, Inc., complained that this requirement is nevertheless unconstitutional as applied to its proposed construction of a “VIP room” in its facility. The room, as designed, would be large (4,000 square feet, seating more than 200 patrons), would be surrounded on all four sides by the main room, would be constructed with clear walls, and would be accessible by way of a clear, heavy, non-locking door. The City appears to concede that this proposed room conforms to §§ 3:28 — 136(b) and 28-258(c) in every respect except in having a door. The district court agreed with Ice Embassy, holding the prohibition of a door unconstitutional as applied to large “VIP rooms.” The court’s conclusion, however, is tainted by its erroneous application of strict scrutiny review. In defense of the district court’s analysis, Ice Embassy emphasizes that “an essential element of the erotic dance expression ... is the musical accompaniment,” and Ice Embassy aims for a different musical ambience in each of the “rooms” created by the plastic wall. The purpose of the door is thus to minimize ambient noise. The City contests the district court’s reading of the record and the court’s legal analysis. Testimony before the City Council graphically demonstrated the use of larger “VIP rooms” for prostitution. Moreover, the City asserts it could have imposed greater restrictions on these rooms (including complete prohibition), but it chose to permit them, requiring only easy access through unobstructed entrances. Finally, the First Amendment protects topless dancing from clothing, not musical accompaniment from ambient noise. The City’s arguments are persuasive. As we have previously explained, the district court should have applied intermediate scrutiny to these content-neutral regulations. The court’s misapplication of the strict scrutiny standard led it to ignore the evidence that separate rooms, even large ones, can be and have been used for prostitution. Under the test of intermediate scrutiny, there is an appropriate fit between the means (lack of obstacles) and ends (enforcement of prostitution laws) in the City’s regulation. D. Preemption of the regulation of businesses housing “adult arcades and adult mini-theatres” imposed by 97-75 Article II N.W. Enterprises argues that Article II of 97-75, which regulates adult arcades and adult mini-theatres, is preempted by Texas Local Government Code § 243.005 because the Ordinance discriminates against them “on the basis” of their coin-operated machines. Section 243.005 states, in pertinent part, that a “regulation adopted under this chapter may not discriminate against a business ... on the basis of whether it contains one or more coin-operated machines.” Tex. Loo. Gov’t Code Ann. § 243.005(b) (Vernon 1999). Further, a “business is not exempt from regulation under this chapter ... because it contains one or more coin-operated machines.” Id. at § 243.005(a). The district court granted summary judgment to the City, reasoning that the basis for 97-75 Article II’s regulation of “adult arcades and adult mini-theatres” is their provision of adult entertainment, not possession of coin-operated machines. SDJ, Inc. rejected a similar preemption challenge to a zoning ordinance affecting alcohol-serving establishments: “the Ordinance does not regulate the land use of these businesses on the basis of their alcohol use, but regulates them as a result of the secondary affects [sic] they have on surrounding areas.” N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 790 (quoting SDJ, Inc. v. City of Houston, 636 F.Supp. 1359, 1373-74 (S.D.Tex.1986)); see also SDJ, Inc., 837 F.2d at 1280. Additionally, § 243.005(a) of the Texas Looal GoveRnment Code explicitly forecloses the preemption argument that N.W. Enterprises presents. Section 243.005(a) explicitly states that a business is not exempt from municipal regulations enacted pursuant to chapter 243 of the Local Government Code because it contains coin-operated machines that are subject to regulation under other statutes. Since 97-75 was enacted by the City of Houston under the authority of Chapter 243, adult arcades and adult mini-theatres are not exempt from its provisions based on the fact that they contain coin-operated machines. N.W. Enterprises also argues that 97-75’s location and distance requirements violate another state law. Specifically, they contend, under § 2153.452 of the Texas Oocupations Code the City may not prohibit the location of coin-operated machines more than 300 feet from churches, schools, or hospitals. See B & B Vending Co. v. City of Garland, 711 S.W.2d 132, 134 (Tex.App. — Tyler 1986, writ refd n.r.e.). The statute provides that (a) For purposes of zoning, a political subdivision of this state shall treat the exhibition of a music or skill or pleasure coin-operated machine in the same manner as the political subdivision treats the principal use of the property where the machine is exhibited. (b) Subsection (a) does not prohibit a municipality from restricting the exhibition of a coin-operated amusement machine within 300 feet of a church, school, or hospital. Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 2153.452 (Vernon 2003). This argument is refuted by the statute itself. As noted earlier, the City enacted 97-75 pursuant to authority granted under Chapter 243 of the Local Government Code. Section 243.005(a) states that businesses are not exempt from ordinances enacted pursuant to Chapter 243 even though they contain coin-operated machines that are also subject to regulation under 2153.452. B & B Vending Compa ny is distinguishable because the ordinance at issue in that case was not a regulation of SOBs. B & B Vending Company, 711 S.W.2d at 133 (coin-operated machine owner sought a permit to put video games in a fast food restaurant). Thus, § 243.005(a)’s exemption was unavailable to the City to defend its regulation in that case. In sum, we affirm the district court’s holding that the provisions of 97-75 are not preempted either by Texas LOCAL GOVERNMENT Code § 243.005(b) or Texas Oocupations Code § 2153.452. E. Stay of enforcement of 97-75 after court rulings In FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 110 S.Ct. 596, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990), the Supreme Court held that any restraint of SOBs prior to judicial review must be limited to a specified brief time period. This court, interpreting this requirement, has held: “Maintaining the status quo means in our view that the County cannot regulate an existing business during the licensing process.” TK’s Video, Inc. v. Denton County, Tex., 24 F.3d 705, 708 (5th Cir.1994). Section 8(a) grants non-complying SOBs a 180-day enforcement moratorium for certain provisions of 97-75. The FTU plaintiffs argue that, while this 180-day moratorium might otherwise be valid, the unusual procedural posture of this case condemns it here. The posture and argument is this: The district court invalidated the ordinance’s locational restrictions upon enactment. If the ordinance is upheld, the FTU plaintiffs still have the right to a stay-of-enforcement for a certain period of time after this court’s ruling. Because the ordinance does not specifically provide for such a contingency, it is constitutionally invalid. The district court ruled against the FTU plaintiffs, finding that a 180-day delay more than satisfied TK’s Video’s, limited stay-of-enforeement requirement: “Nothing in TK’s Video supports Plaintiffs’ novel argument that the City was required to build into its Ordinance additional periods of delay contingent on various possible judicial rulings regarding the Ordinance’s validity.” ' N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 888. We agree. TK’s Video merely grants non-complying businesses “a fair opportunity to completé the administrative process and access courts within a brief period.” TK’s Video, 24 F.3d at 709. N.W. Enterprises makes a similar argument regarding the grace periods embodied in §§ 7(a) and 9(a) of 97-75. The employee licensing provisions and the structural, visibility, and lighting provisions for adult arcades and adult minitheatres were originally to become effective on or about May 15, 1997, 120 days after the passage of the ordinance. 97-75: §§ 7(a), 9(a). On account of the pending litigation, the City did not enforce the ordinance until the district court ruled on the City’s summary judgment motion and the various cross-motions for summary judgment. N.W. Enters., Inc., 27 F.Supp.2d at 767. After finding most of the licensing provisions constitutional, the district court allowed the City to begin enforcement of these restrictions on June 5, 1998, over a year after initial enforcement was to begin. Id. at 900. Upon finding the entirety of the arcade and adult mini-theatre provisions to be constitutional, the trial court allowed the City to begin overall enforcement against these entities. Before this court, N.W. Enterprises argues that the district court committed fundamental error and violated due process by allowing one part of the ordinance to be enforced in advance of the others. In support of this proposition it cites United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968). Because we find no support for this proposition in O’Brien or in the other cases that N.W. Enterprises cites, we find no error in the district court’s handling of the enforcement of these regulations. IV. Employee Licensing The Ordinance requires each manager and entertainer of SOBs to obtain a permit and to display it conspicuously upon himself or herself while working. The City must issue a permit within 10 days' from the date of application unless the ap