Full opinion text
BLACK, Circuit Judge: James Callahan was convicted and sentenced to death in Alabama state court for the intentional murder of Rebecca Suzanne Howell. Callahan filed a federal habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, which was granted in part and denied in part. The Government and Callahan both appeal the district court’s decision. The district court granted a certificate of appealability on four of Callahan’s claims: (1) the trial judge’s failure to re-cuse himself violated his Sixth Amendment rights; (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel due to his counsel’s failure to object to the admission of his statements based on a prior ruling of the Alabama Supreme Court; (3) his statements should not have been admitted because they were involuntary and obtained in violation of the right to counsel; and (4) he received ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing due to his counsel’s failure to investigate and present mitigating evidence. We affirm the district court’s denial of claim (2) and reverse the district court’s grant of relief on claims (1) and (4). I. BACKGROUND This appeal comes to us more than 23 years after the death of Rebecca Suzanne Howell. In the interim, there have been two trials, two sentencing hearings, two direct appeals, a post-conviction relief proceeding in state court, which included a two-day evidentiary hearing, and the current habeas petition. In order to place the issues and our decision in the proper context, it is necessary for us to review the entire history of the case. A. Facts 1. Becky Howell’s Disappearance On February 3, 1982, around 11:00 p.m., Becky Howell met her fiancé, Murray Knight, at the club where he was performing with his band in Jacksonville, Alabama. Howell, 26, was a student at Jacksonville State University. After visiting Knight for 10 to 15 minutes, Howell went across the street to the Norge Washerteria to do laundry. Howell was supposed to return to the club, but when Knight’s band finished playing at 1:30 a.m., she had still not returned. Knight became worried and went to the washerteria to look for Howell. He found her car, her school books, her laundry, and her jacket, but he did not find her. Knight called the police, and Officer Joe Carter and Sergeant Kathy Thienes responded. The officers searched the area and discovered a roll of gray duct tape and a pair of men’s blue jeans in the vicinity of Howell’s car but found no other evidence of Howell’s whereabouts. On February 17, 1982, two weeks after her disappearance, Howell was found dead of asphyxiation in the Tallasseehatehee Creek in Calhoun County, Alabama—her hands were taped together; her belt was on upside down; and she was not wearing pantyhose, socks, or shoes. A vaginal swab revealed the presence of seminal fluid. 2. James Callahan Becomes a Suspect On the night of Howell’s disappearance, Jimmy Dunagan was in his car outside of a washerteria six or seven blocks from the Norge Washerteria. Around 11:00 p.m., Dunagan observed a late model green Ford pickup truck being driven by a man, pull into a parking lot across the street from a young woman in a phone booth. After watching the woman for about ten minutes, the man in the truck pulled out of the parking lot and parked within ten feet of the woman in the phone booth. A few minutes later, the woman left the phone booth, and as she passed by the green truck, she began running to her car. When the woman drove away, the green truck followed her for several blocks, stopping when she turned onto Jacksonville State University campus. Dunagan followed the truck and wrote down its tag number. On February 20, Dunagan told Detective Max Kirby what he saw on February 3 and that the tag number of the track was either “NRF467” or “RNF467.” Kirby searched the database for tag number “NRF467” and nothing came up, but the tag number “RNF467” belonged to an orange Ford truck registered to James Callahan. Further investigation revealed the “RNF467” tag was now on a green 1982 Ford pickup track. On February 21, police located the green Ford outside of the residence of Harvey Callahan, the defendant’s father. Dunagan identified the track at Harvey Callahan’s as the same one he saw on February 3 at the washerte-ria. Starting at 9:30 p.m. on February 21, police staked out the green Ford. Around 5:00 a.m. the next morning, Deputy Johnny Alexander and Sergeant Thienes observed James Callahan get into the truck and drive away. The officers pulled Callahan over for driving with a switched tag. Callahan opened the driver’s side door, placed something behind the seat of his truck, and exited, leaving the driver’s side door open. The officers explained to Callahan that he was going to be ticketed for having the wrong tag on his vehicle. At this point Callahan became very nervous and attempted to get back to his truck. Callahan walked around Alexander and, without getting back into the truck, shut the previously open driver’s side door and locked it. The officers then transported Callahan to the jail so they could write him a ticket for driving with a switched tag. After receiving his ticket, Callahan was told investigators would like to talk to him and he could wait for them in the lobby. He agreed. At approximately 9:00 a.m., Callahan was placed under arrest for violating his probation by driving a vehicle with an incorrect tag. A subsequent search of Callahan’s truck revealed, inter alia, a pistol, a pillow, and two pairs of men’s blue jeans. 3. Callahan’s Statements to Police Over the course of February 22 and 23, Callahan gave four statements to the police concerning his whereabouts and actions on the night of February 3. Before each statement Callahan was read his Miranda rights and signed a waiver of counsel. Statement # 1 was given orally to Kirby who transcribed it. Statements # 2, # 3, and # 4 were given during questioning by Assistant District Attorney Joseph Hubbard; the latter three statements were audio taped and transcribed by a court reporter. a. Statement # 1: February 22, 9:30 a.m. Callahan stated he went to a washerte-ria between 7:30 p.m. and 7:45 p.m. and was driving a green 1982 Ford pickup truck. After going to get something to eat, he returned to the washerteria and left again at approximately 10:00 p.m. He then went to the Jacksonville Hospital where he met his father who was visiting the defendant’s mother. At 11:00 p.m., Callahan left the hospital and followed his father to his father’s house, where Callahan remained for the rest of the night. b.Statement # 2: February-22, 1:45 p.m. to 3:25 p.m. Callahan stated he arrived at a was-herteria around 10:00 p.m. Howell was not there. Callahan placed his clothes in a washing machine and left to get something to eat. When he returned to the was-herteria approximately 30 minutes later, Howell was there by herself. Callahan knew Howell because Billy Griffith’s wife introduced them to each other at the Jacksonville Nursing Home a few years ago. Since they were introduced, Callahan and Howell spoke in passing several times. That night, Callahan told her he was thinking of renting out his mobile home and asked if she was interested. He offered to take her there and told her to think about it while he went and visited his mother in the hospital. He left to go to the hospital around 11:00 p.m. and returned around 12:00 a.m. When he returned, Howell told him she would like to see the mobile home that night. It was at this time that Gladys Callahan, the defendant’s estranged wife, pulled up outside of the washerteria, but did not enter and soon drove off. Callahan and Howell left the washerte-ria at approximately 12:10 a.m. Howell entered Callahan’s truck on the driver’s side because you could not get in on the passenger side. Five minutes after they arrived at his mobile home, Gladys also arrived and accused Callahan of “running around” on her. After arguing with Gladys for roughly 20 minutes, Callahan told her he and Howell were leaving. That was when Gladys removed a pistol from her pocketbook and pointed it at Callahan. She then directed Callahan and Howell into the kitchen where she forced Callahan to tape Howell’s hands together. A few minutes later Callahan escaped out the back door of the mobile home and drove away, leaving Howell alone with Gladys. He did not have sexual relations with Howell. c. Statement # 2 (addendum): February 22, 3:48 p.m. Callahan stated that about a year and a half prior to February 3, he had dated Howell, and they had sexual relations on one occasion. When Callahan saw Howell at the washerteria, after returning from the restaurant, Howell intimated that she wanted to have sex with Callahan again. In particular, she said, “I remember several of the good times we had at one time. Are the good times still out there?” Callahan replied, “I don’t know. Why don’t you try it and we’ll find out.” After Callahan returned from the hospital, Howell said she wanted to look at Callahan’s mobile home and commented, “We’ll have a good time once we get there.” Callahan and Howell arrived at the mobile home, had sex, and were still in bed when Gladys entered the bedroom. Gladys pointed a pistol at them and ordered them to move to the kitchen. Callahan taped Howell’s hands together then escaped through the back door. d. Statement # 3: February 23, 10:20 a.m. After the officers retrieved a photograph from Callahan’s father’s house at Callahan’s request, he stated his wife may have thought Howell was the woman in the photograph, Malera Fox. Callahan’s wife was very jealous of Fox. Callahan further detailed his relationship with Becky Howell. He and Howell first met in 1977 at Federal Mogul where they were introduced by Billy Griffith. Callahan asked her out and gave her his phone number. The following weekend they went out on a date. Callahan told Howell he was currently seeing someone, but he was not sure he wanted to stay with that person. Two weeks later Callahan took her water skiing on his boat. While on the boat, they had sex and Howell told Callahan he needed to make up his mind who he wanted to be with or she would not see him anymore. They next spoke three months later, when Howell told him she had started seeing someone else, but could call it off very easily if Callahan would leave his girlfriend. After that, Callahan only spoke briefly with her on two occasions before they met in the Norge Washerteria on February 3. e. Statement # 4: February 23, 2:50 p.m. Callahan stated that on February 4, he went to the Norge Washerteria, for the first time that night, a little after 12:00 a.m. There were several people in the washerteria, including Howell, whom he had met before. He placed his clothes in a washing machine and then went to eat at a restaurant. Callahan returned to the was-herteria at approximately 12:30 a.m. MR. HUBBARD: What did you do when you arrived back at the Laundromat from Gino’s? MR. CALLAHAN: I talked with her a few minutes, and I asked her, I said, “Becky, you’re needed over yonder.” She said, “For what?” And I said, “You’re just needed over yonder.” I said, “Come on, I’ll carry you over there.” MR. HUBBARD: All right. What did you mean when you said, “You’re needed over yonder”? MR. CALLAHAN: I just told her she was needed across the road. MR. HUBBARD: Did you mention anybody’s name in particular? MR. CALLAHAN: No. I didn’t mention nobody’s name. I just told her she was needed. MR. HUBBARD: Did you say who she was needed by, Mr. Callahan? MR. CALLAHAN: No, I didn’t. MR. HUBBARD: What did she respond when you said somebody needed her over there? MR. CALLAHAN: She said, “Undoubted it must be my boyfriend.” She said, “That’s the only one I know that’d be over there.” MR. HUBBARD: All right. Did you say anything else to her at that time? MR. CALLAHAN: We started out the door and she said, “Well, I’ll just take my car.” I said, “No. Get in the truck and we’ll go in it.” MR. HUBBARD: After you got outside with Miss Howell, what happened then? MR. CALLAHAN: She said a few things. She said, “I’ll just drive my car.” I said, “No. Go ahead and get in the truck.” I said, “I’ll carry you over there.” MR. HUBBARD: What did she say? MR. CALLAHAN: She started to the truck and she changed her mind just about the time she started to get in the truck. MR. HUBBARD: What happened then? MR. CALLAHAN: I told her, “Just go ahead and get in.” I said, “We got to go.” MR. HUBBARD: What else did you say? MR. CALLAHAN: That was about the extent of it. I told her to just go ahead and get in the truck and let’s go. And she said, “Well, I don’t know. I might ought to just take my car.” And I said, “Well, no, not really.” I said, “You need to just go get in the truck.” MR. HUBBARD: Did you say anything about hurting her, Mr. Callahan, if she didn’t go with you? MR. CALLAHAN: No. Really, I didn’t say anything about actually hurting her or harming her. I guess she might have thought I would have, though, on account of there was a Bowie knife laying up on the dash of the truck at that time. MR. HUBBARD: Did you point to the Bowie knife? MR. CALLAHAN: No. I didn’t actually point to it. It was just laying there. MR. HUBBARD: Did she see it? MR. CALLAHAN: Yes, sir. MR. HUBBARD: Did she say anything about the Bowie knife? MR. CALLAHAN: When she turned around and seen it she didn’t say anything, she just sat down. MR. HUBBARD: She sat down where? MR. CALLAHAN: In the seat, and slid over. There was no way to get in the passenger side there at that particular time. MR. HUBBARD: After you got in-after she got inside the truck, what happened then? MR. CALLAHAN: I started over that way. She said, ‘What’s going on Jimmy?” And I said, “I just want to get you by yourself again.” MR. HUBBARD: What did she say? MR. CALLAHAN: She said, “I don’t know.” I said, ‘Well, I just want to be by you—just be with you again.” MR. HUBBARD: She said she wanted to be with you again? MR. CALLAHAN: No. I wanted to be with her again. MR. HUBBARD: Mr. Callahan, she didn’t want to be with you? MR. CALLAHAN: Not at that particular time. MR. HUBBARD: Did she scream at any time? MR. CALLAHAN: No, she did not. MR. HUBBARD: Did she try to get away from you? MR. CALLAHAN: Not to try and get away. She just told me, she said, “Stop the truck and let me out. And I’ll forget anything ever happened.” Callahan’s story then changed: MR. HUBBARD: Okay. All right. Jimmy, you went inside the Laundromat and you told Miss Howell that she was needed across the street; is that correct? MR. CALLAHAN: Right. MR. HUBBARD: All right. And then what did she do? MR. CALLAHAN: She didn’t know whether it was true or not and she jumped up and took off to the door. MR. HUBBARD: All right. She ran to the door. What did you do then? MR. CALLAHAN: I just followed behind her. MR. HUBBARD: All right. What did you do then? MR. CALLAHAN: When she went out toward her car I told her the best thing to do—when I put my hand on her shoulder, I said, “Best thing to do is just go get in the truck. Don’t holler, don’t say nothing.” MR. HUBBARD: Then what happened? MR. CALLAHAN: Then to start with she just bucked on me. She said, “I don’t know.” I said, “Well, I don’t want to have no trouble.” I said, “Best thing to do is just go on.” MR. HUBBARD: All right. Then what happened? MR. CALLAHAN: So, she got in the truck and she started to change her mind just about the time she got to the truck. She reached up in the truck and grabbed the tape and throwed it back out. Callahan took her to his trailer and locked her in the bedroom. He kept her locked in the bedroom the entire day of February 4. That night, Callahan asked Howell to have sex with him, and she said she would if he let her go. Later that night, after they had sex, Callahan taped Howell’s hands together and drove her to the Tal-lasseehatchee Creek bridge. He bound her hands to make it look like she had escaped. When they neared the bridge, Howell jumped out of the passenger side door and ran toward the creek, which was about 30 yards away. Callahan drove off and did not pursue her. f. Judge Monk’s Involvement While Callahan was giving his fourth statement, attorney Fred Lybrand, at the request of Callahan’s father, came to Sheriff Snead’s office to talk with Callahan. The Sheriff asked Lybrand if he represented Callahan and Lybrand said no. The Sheriff told Lybrand he would not allow him in to talk with Callahan because Callahan was being interrogated and had not requested a lawyer. Having been refused access to Callahan, Lybrand went to see Judge Samuel Monk (who would later preside over both trials). Lybrand explained to Judge Monk that he was trying to speak with Callahan at the request of Callahan’s father, but the Sheriff would not let him because Callahan was being interrogated and had waived his right to an attorney. Judge Monk accompanied Lybrand to the Sheriffs office and spoke with the Sheriff. The Sheriff told Judge Monk what he had told Lybrand, and then Judge Monk entered the interrogation room after knocking. The best evidence of what happened when Judge Monk entered the room comes from the transcript: MR. HUBBARD: Jimmy, is there anything else you want to add of your own free will at this time? MR. CALLAHAN: I didn’t mean to hurt anybody. She just jumped out and run. JUDGE MONK: Excuse me, Mr. Callahan. Excuse me. May I interrupt? MR. HUBBARD: Yes, sir. JUDGE MONK: Mr. Callahan, I’m Judge Monk. Now, I know you’ve been explained your rights so far. I want to run over those rights with you once again. Do you understand what I’m saying? MR. CALLAHAN: Right. JUDGE MONK: All right. And do you understand that you have the right to remain silent in this case and not cooperate with the police in anyway? MR. CALLAHAN: Right. JUDGE MONK: Do you understand that anything that you tell them can and will be used against you in court by the State in the prosecution of this case? MR. CALLAHAN: Yes, sir. I do. JUDGE MONK: Do you understand that you have a right to discuss the case or to talk with an attorney before any questioning proceeds? MR. CALLAHAN: Right. JUDGE MONK: All right. And do you understand that if you cannot afford to hire an attorney that an attorney will be appointed to represent you and that the questioning will stop until such time as you’ve had an opportunity to talk with that attorney? MR. CALLAHAN: I understand all that. JUDGE MONK: All right. Do you understand that you can stop at any time that you wish to? In other words, that you can stop answering their questions at any time you want to? Do you understand all of that? MR. CALLAHAN: Right. JUDGE MONK: Now, it’s my understanding that you told them you do not wish to have an attorney with you; is that correct? MR. CALLAHAN: I don’t need one. I just— JUDGE MONK: All right. Now, let me tell you—listen to me, please, Mr. Callahan. Your father has retained the services of an attorney by the name of Fred Ray Lybrand. Do you know Mr. Lybrand? MR. CALLAHAN: Yes, I do. JUDGE MONK: All right. Mr. Lyb-rand is outside in the outer jail office at this time. He’s available to talk to you if you wish to talk to him. However, it’s a personal choice of yours. You do not have to speak with Mr. Lybrand if you do not wish to, but he is outside at your father’s request, available for you to talk to if you want to do so. Do you understand that? MR. CALLAHAN: Yes, sir. JUDGE MONK: Do you want to talk to Mr. Lybrand or would you just—do you want to go ahead and continue talking with the police officers without talking to him? It’s your personal decision, Mr. Callahan, and it must be made by you, not by your father. MR. CALLAHAN: I’m not trying to hide anything. I just—I’m just upset. I don’t want—I didn’t want anybody to get hurt over this. It wasn’t intentions of nobody getting hurt. JUDGE MONK: Do you understand my question? Mr. Lybrand is available to speak with you if you want to talk with him, but no one is forcing you or telling you that you have to talk with him. It’s your choice. I’m going to ask you again, would you like to talk to Mr. Lybrand before you go any further or would you like to waive your right to talk to Mr. Lybrand? MR. CALLAHAN: Hold on just for a second. Can I talk to you just a minute? JUDGE MONK: Mr. Callahan, you cannot look to the police officers to advise you as to your rights. That’s something that I’ve already advised you to, and I know they’ve given you your rights. But it’s a decision that you have to make. Now, I’m going to ask you one more time. Do you wish to speak to Mr. Lybrand or do you want me to tell Mr. Lybrand that you do not wish to speak with him? MR. CALLAHAN: If my father sent him down here, I might ought to talk to him briefly. But that would be about all. JUDGE MONK: That’s your choice. And they’ll stop all proceedings at this point. The next morning, Lybrand told District Attorney Bob Field that he did not represent Callahan. g. Statement # 5: February 24, 11:00 a.m. Callahan would give no other formal statements after his fourth one, but on February 24, 1982, between 11:00 and 11:30 a.m., Callahan sent word to Kirby that he wanted to see him. What transpired next has been repeatedly referred to as the “fifth statement.” Although the evidence Callahan produced is more important than what he said, for simplicity, we will refer to the events on the 24th as Callahan’s fifth statement. Kirby had Callahan brought to see him roughly 30 minutes after Callahan made his request. When Callahan said he wanted to talk about the case, Kirby advised Callahan of his Miranda rights, and Callahan signed a waiver of counsel. Callahan told Kirby he could show him where he threw Howell’s boots out of his truck. Kirby and Sheriff Snead, accompanied by Callahan, went, among other places, to Callahan’s father-in-law’s house. Callahan directed the officers to a woodpile, and the officers found a purse behind it. Callahan then directed the officers to his father’s house. At his father’s house, he removed a knife from a camper and told the officers it was the knife he had in his truck on February 3. The police did not recover a pair of boots at this time. On April 5, 1982, James Callahan was indicted for the intentional murder of Rebecca Suzanne Howell, in violation of Section 2(a)(1) of Act No. 81-178 of the Acts of Alabama and Ala.Code § 13A-5-40. 4. The First Trial a. Pre-Trial Callahan was represented by Wilfred Lane. On April 19, 1982, Lane filed an affidavit asserting his belief that Callahan was suffering from a mental disease that would prevent him from standing trial and assisting in preparing a defense. Lane requested Callahan receive a psychiatric evaluation, and the court ordered Callahan admitted to the Taylor Hardin Medical Facility. After a month of evaluation, a final report was issued by three psychiatrists, Alexander Salillas, C.B. Harden, and James Thompson, diagnosing Callahan with adult antisocial behavior and narcissistic personality. They found he functioned within the normal range of intellectual abilities and was competent to stand trial and assist in his defense. In addition to the examinations by the aforementioned psychiatrists, Callahan was also interviewed by psychologists Don Whittaker and Allen Shealy. They found Callahan to be of normal intelligence with no signs of psychosis and “a rather dramatic individual who uses frequent and obvious exaggerations in describing personal life events.” Callahan told them he used to abuse alcohol, but stopped smoking and drinking in 1981 after a religious conversion. He had a “strained emotional relationship” with his father, but always felt close to his mother. There was no mention in the report of Callahan or his mother being abused by his father. Vicki Young, a psychiatric social worker, also filed a report based on interviews with the defendant and Mary Callahan, the defendant’s mother. Callahan discussed his childhood with Young and indicated he had trouble getting along with his father due to his father’s heavy drinking. However, according to Callahan, he cured his father’s alcoholism by leaving him outside in a wheelbarrow in 13-degree weather. Callahan said he hit puberty at 14 and dated frequently through his teenage years because he was extremely popular with the young ladies. He also abused alcohol for most of his life—including one time purportedly spending $1200 at the Jack Daniel’s refinery on whiskey that did not last him six months—but quit drinking and smoking in 1980. During her talk with Young, Mary Callahan described in great detail the defendant’s youth and her own history of psychotic problems. She said the defendant was breast fed, had no problem with toilet training, and began walking at the age of ten months; he was an energetic and ambitious child who always did his chores around the house; and he suffered assorted injuries growing up, such as falling out of a tree house and spilling a pot of hot coffee on himself. Mary Callahan claimed she was the one who had to discipline the children because her husband was often busy and absent from home. She said she began experiencing psychological problems when her first child left home 19 years earlier. Since then, she had been treated approximately 20 times for psychiatric problems. Despite going into great detail about the defendant’s upbringing and her own psychological problems, Mary Callahan did not mention the defendant being physically abused by his father. After being declared competent to stand trial, Callahan made a motion for Judge Monk to recuse himself based on Judge Monk’s actions on February 23. Specifically, Callahan argued if the State sought to introduce any of Callahan’s statements, then Callahan would want to call Judge Monk as a witness to testify to what he observed in the interrogation room. Judge Monk denied the motion and explained: Mr. Fred Lybrand an attorney practicing with the City of Anniston approached the Court and informed the Court that Mr. Callahan was being questioned in the Calhoun County Jail and requested of the Court assistance in gaining access ... to his client whereupon I proceeded to the Calhoun County Jail with Mr. Lybrand; informed the Sheriff, Roy Snead, that Mr. Lybrand was there to see Mr. Callahan and I entered the room where Mr. Callahan was located with a court reporter and I believe two, perhaps three other persons. The record will disclose that I informed Mr. Callahan of his rights and informed him that his father had retained an attorney who wished to speak to him, whereupon Mr. Callahan informed the Court that he did wish to speak with Mr. Lybrand or that he would speak with him. But, the Court knows nothing about the facts and circumstances surrounding the case and I’m denying Mr. Lane’s motion to recuse myself. There is no material fact that the Court knows that he had testified to in regard to the voluntariness of any statement. After Judge Monk’s statement, the following discussion occurred: MR. LANE: Your Honor page twenty-six of the statement that, I am referring to, line fourteen is when you entered the room. It says, “Mr. Callahan, I’m Judge Monk. Now, I know you have been explained your rights so far.” Was the Honorable Court present or did the Honorable Court know that the Defendant had had his rights read to him? THE COURT: No, I did not. That was purely an assumption on my part. You know that no judge participates in any interrogation of any Defendant, you know that of your own knowledge. b. Trial During the trial, the State attempted to introduce Callahan’s fifth statement (but not the first four) and Callahan objected, arguing the statement was not voluntary. In support of his objection, Callahan called Fred Lybrand. Lybrand described Callahan’s demeanor on February 23 as tired, somewhat emotional, and almost to the point of tears. After Lybrand, Callahan attempted to call Judge Monk as a witness, but Judge Monk refused. After the State offered detailed evidence that Callahan had been read his rights and voluntarily waived them before making his fifth statement, Judge Monk denied Callahan’s objection. In addition to Callahan’s fifth statement, the State presented the following evidence against Callahan: • Jimmy Dunagan testified as to what he saw on February 3. • Susan Bragg testified she drove by the Norge Washerteria a little after 12:00 a.m. on February 4 and saw a “bluish green Ford pick-up truck” parked outside the washerteria with someone in it. • Kevin Wayne Prichard testified that on February 4 around 1:00 a.m., he drove past the Norge Washerteria and saw a man and woman inside. He described the woman as having dark hair and wearing nice clothes. The man had slightly curly, reddish or brownish blonde hair, which was not well kept. Prichard was struck by the contrast between the pretty girl who was dressed nicely and the ragged man. • Sergeant Thienes testified she arrived at the Norge Washerteria on February 4 and inspected Howell’s car. There appeared to have been an altercation on the hood of Howell’s car. She observed fingerprints starting at the top of the hood and continuing all the way down it, including an unusual amount of fingerprints on the lower part. • Walter Chauncey testified Callahan usually met him at his house in the morning, so the two of them could ride to work together. On February 4 around 5:00 a.m., Callahan called Chauncey and told him he would not be going to work that day. The next day, Callahan showed up at Chauncey’s house to ride to work with him. Chauncey observed fresh scratches on both of Callahan’s arms. When he asked Callahan if the scratches were from having trouble with his wife, Callahan laughed. • Karen Howell, Becky’s sister, identified the purse the officers found behind the woodpile as Becky’s purse. • Paul Henninger, Callahan’s brother-in-law, testified that on February 21, he removed a pair of boots from Callahan’s trailer and turned them over to the police a few days later. • Donna Howell, Becky’s sister, identified the boots removed from Callahan’s trailer by Henninger as belonging to Becky. • Fulton Prevost, an Identifications Officer for the State of Alabama, testified that fingerprints on the roll of gray duct tape found outside the Norge Washerteria matched Callahan’s fingerprints. • Dr. Joseph Embry, a Forensic Pathologist, testified Howell had a one and a half inch in diameter bruise on her left temple that was present at least 30 minutes before she died, and that her legs and feet showed no scratches or other evidence of trauma. In Dr. Em-bry’s medical opinion, Howell could not have run through the area of woods near the creek where Callahan said she did. • Items recovered from the search of Callahan’s truck included a loaded .25 caliber automatic pistol, several pairs of jeans, and a pillow. • John Case, a criminalist with the Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, testified that the two pair of blue jeans recovered from Callahan’s truck were sized 29/£ by 30 and 30 by 30. The blue jeans found outside the Norge Washerteria were sized 30 by 32. Case also made several conclusions regarding hair and fiber samples: a strand of human hair recovered from a mop in Callahan’s trailer was microscopically consistent with a sample of hair from Howell; a sample of hair taken from Howell’s dog was microscopically consistent with dog hair found in Callahan’s truck; acrylic fibers in the pocket of the jeans found outside the Norge Washerteria were the same type of fibers present in the carpet of Callahan’s trailer; and a piece of white duct tape recovered from a window pane at Callahan’s trailer was identical in construction and chemical properties to the tape used to bind Howell’s hands. Case could not say with certainty that the hair, fibers, and tape were the same, only that they were consistent. • Roger Morrison, a criminalist in the Department of Forensic Sciences in the Huntsville Regional Hospital, testified that he analyzed a vaginal swab taken from the victim, a semen sample from her flaneé, Murray Knight, and a saliva sample from Callahan to determine which, if any, came from a “se-cretor.” The vaginal swab had antigens on it that were indicative of a Group O secretor. Callahan’s saliva sample contained antigens, indicative of a Group O secretor. Knight’s semen sample had no antigens present, meaning he was a non-secretor. Callahan called several witnesses in his defense. Robert Blackwelder, a professor with an expertise in fingerprint identification, did not dispute that the fingerprint found on the roll of duct tape was Callahan’s, but he opined that Callahan’s print found on the tape was unusually full and complete. Blackwelder also questioned the reliability of hair and fiber comparisons, stating one could not be certain that a particular loose hair came from a particular individual and that dog hair comparisons were less reliable than those of human hair. James Fox testified Callahan visited him from the 8th to the 16th of February in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Fox did not recall seeing any scratches on Callahan’s arms. According to Michael Callahan, the defendant’s brother, he and his father went to the defendant’s trailer on February 14 and observed a plastic milk container full of gasoline on a lit gas stove. Michael Callahan turned off the gas to the stove and left. It appeared to him that someone was trying to blow up the trailer. Paul Henninger, the defendant’s brother-in-law, testified he removed a container of gasoline from the stove at the defendant’s trailer. Two days later, the defendant arrived at Henninger’s house early in the morning and told Henninger he was on his way back from Lake Charles, Louisiana. Henninger did not observe scratches on Callahan’s arms. Sharon Henninger, the defendant’s sister, testified she also saw Callahan on February 16 without his shirt on and did not see any scratches. The jury found Callahan guilty on all three counts. c.Sentencing—Jury Recommendation The State called Forrest Dobbins, Clerk of the Calhoun County Court, and Hubbard. Dobbins read into evidence copies of Callahan’s two convictions for assault with intent to murder, and Hubbard confirmed Callahan was the individual convicted of those offenses. Callahan called Boyce Callahan, his uncle, Caroline Callahan, his aunt, and Marie Callahan, his sister-in-law. According to Boyce, he knew the defendant for his entire life and never knew him to get into any trouble or hurt anyone. Boyce believed his nephew was a very nice person who just got emotional sometimes. Caroline Callahan testified she knew the defendant for almost his entire life; she never saw him threaten or hurt anyone and did not believe he would do so. She also stated Callahan held a regular job and always supported his two children. Boyce and Caroline Callahan were both asked to tell the jury anything that might help them in making their recommendation. Boyce told the jury the defendant had made a recent commitment to God, and Caroline reasserted her belief that the defendant could never hurt anyone. Marie Callahan said she knew the defendant for 11 years, and he always held a job, supported his children, and never hurt anyone. On cross-examination, all three witnesses admitted they knew Callahan had been convicted of firing a gun into his ex-wife’s trailer, hitting his 11-year-old niece in the foot. None of the witnesses mentioned abuse, physical or sexual, occurring in the Callahan household while the defendant was growing up. The jury recommended a sentence of death. d.Sentencing—Trial Court’s Findings At the sentencing hearing, Callahan introduced notes from interviews conducted by Richard Thompson, a private investigator. Thompson interviewed people who knew James Callahan, and Callahan hoped the notes would show that some individuals in the community had a more favorable attitude towards Callahan than indicated in the pre-sentence report. The State offered no evidence. In accordance with Ala.Code §§ 13A-5-47, 13A-5-51, the trial court made findings with respect to potential aggravating and mitigating factors. On the aggravating side, the court found the defendant had been previously convicted of two separate felonies involving the use of violence to the person, and the capital offense was committed during the commission of a kidnapping in the first degree. The court found no mitigating factors present. As such, the court concluded the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors, supporting the jury’s recommendation, and sentenced Callahan to death. e.Direct Appeal The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Callahan’s conviction and sentence. Callahan v. State, 471 So.2d 447 (Ala.Crim.App.1983). The Alabama Supreme Court, addressing only the introduction of Callahan’s fifth statement, reversed. Ex parte Callahan, 471 So.2d 463 (Ala.1985) (Callahan I). In a 6-3 decision, the Alabama Supreme Court held that the fifth statement was improperly admitted because the State had failed to meet its burden of showing the fifth statement was not tainted by a prior, improperly taken confession. Id. at 470-71. Callahan’s conviction and sentence were vacated, and the case was remanded for a new trial. 5. The Second Trial a. Pre-Trial Wilfred Lane was replaced by Harold Knight as Callahan’s counsel. Knight hired Louis Wilkinson to assist him during the guilt phase. Callahan filed a motion for Judge Monk to recuse himself because he could possibly be called as a witness. Judge Monk denied the motion for the same reasons as before. On March 11, 1987, Knight requested a psychiatric examination for Callahan. Callahan was admitted to Taylor Hardin on April 16, 1987 and discharged on June 3, 1987. During his stay at Taylor Hardin, Callahan was examined and interviewed by several individuals. An initial psychological evaluation was done by psychologist Dr. Wilburn Rivenbark. Rivenbark did not do a complete history because one was done when Callahan was admitted in 1982. Callahan told him that when he was 12, a piece of the lawnmower he was working on broke off and knocked him out for four hours. He also talked “somewhat grandiosely” about his “sexual prowess” and the number of woman he had been with. Ri-venbark found no evidence of significant thought disorder and diagnosed Callahan with adult antisocial behavior—although he noted there was no evidence Callahan had been an antisocial juvenile—and narcissistic personality disorder. Dr. Bernard Bryant, a psychiatrist, diagnosed Callahan with adult antisocial behavior. Callahan told Bryant that as a teenager he started using drugs and alcohol and often would become inebriated to the point where he would black out. He also had numerous hospitalizations for work-related accidents and motorcycle crashes. Bryant found him to be of normal intelligence, showing no evidence of psychological abnormality. Dr. Kamal Nagi, a psychiatrist, diagnosed Callahan with adult antisocial behavior and a history of drug and alcohol abuse. With Nagi, Callahan “talk[ed] freely about different things,” including his childhood, his father being an alcoholic, and his mother’s drinking. Callahan said he started to drink at the age of 13 and would experience blackouts because he drank so much. He would also sell moonshine for his father because selling moonshine was the family’s primary source of income. Nagi saw no signs of mental illness and noted Callahan scored above average on most parts of the competency to stand trial test. Another psychiatrist, Dr. Fe Yumul, also concluded Callahan was competent to stand trial and free of mental illness at the time of the alleged crime. None of the reports contained any references to Callahan or his mother suffering physical abuse. Callahan again filed a motion for Judge Monk to recuse himself. The motion was discussed at a hearing on March 2, 1987, and at a pretrial conference on July 6, 1987. At the motion hearing, after recounting his interruption of Callahan’s interrogation on February 23, 1982, Judge Monk denied the motion, stating: “I know nothing about the facts of the case. I don’t know what you could expect me to testify to other than that. Even if I did testify to that I don’t see what it shows, number one. Number two, there are other witnesses who know all of the facts of the case.” b. Trial The State introduced all five of Callahan’s statements and offered detailed evidence about how he was advised of his rights and waived his rights before giving each statement. Jimmy Dunagan, Susan Bragg, Fulton Prevost, Donna Howell, Karen Howell, Fred Lybrand, and Paul Henninger testified to the same effect as they did at the first trial. Yet, the evidence at the second trial did differ in several respects from the first trial. Dr. Embry testified that Howell had a bruise on her temple and that her feet had no bruises or scratches consistent with having run through the area of woods where she was found, but he did not state in his medical opinion that Howell could not have run through those woods. John Case again concluded white duct tape recovered from a window at Callahan’s trailer had the same composition, construction, and dimensions as the tape used to bind Howell’s hands, but he did not testify about his comparisons of hair and fiber samples. Roger Morrison stated he examined a vaginal swab from Howell and concluded human seminal fluid was present, but he did not discuss the “secretor” tests he performed. In addition to identifying Becky’s purse, Karen Howell also testified that on February 4 she saw scratches and hand prints on Becky’s car from the top of the hood to the grill; she had not seen the marks before that day. Sergeant Thienes, Kevin Prich-ard, and Walter Chauncey were not called as witnesses at the second trial. The State introduced the pillow retrieved from Callahan’s truck, but not the gun or a description of the blue jeans. Two new witnesses were called by the State. Gladys Callahan testified she never met Becky Howell and was not at the washerteria or Callahan’s mobile home on February 3. Betty Bass, Billy Griffith’s wife, testified she did not know Becky Howell and did not introduce her to Callahan. Callahan called two witnesses in his defense—Gary Callahan, his brother, and Jenny Fordham. Gary Callahan told the jury he had witnessed an argument between Gladys Callahan and Howell at a trailer in Jacksonville in October of 1981. Howell allegedly told Gladys to leave and never come back. Afterwards, Gladys was “a little upset.” Gary Callahan said he was unable to describe Howell because it was dark the night he saw her. He explained that he did not testify about the incident at the first trial because the defendant’s first attorney did not believe his story. Gary Callahan never told the defendant what happened between Gladys and Becky Howell, nor did he tell the police when they spoke to him. Jenny Fordham testified that on August 8, 1981, James Callahan and Becky Howell picked her up at the hospital, and the three of them drove around for a few hours looking for Fordham’s truck. She described Becky as being 5'5" with dark hair and brown eyes. In the State’s rebuttal, Karen Howell testified Becky had blue eyes. The jury again found James Callahan guilty on all counts. c. Sentencing—Jury’s Recommendation The State, in its opening argument of the penalty phase, contended four aggravating factors existed: (1) the capital offense was committed while Callahan was under sentence of another felony; (2) Callahan had previously been convicted of a felony involving the use of violence to the person; (3) the capital offense was committed in furtherance of a rape or kidnapping; and (4) the capital offense in question was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel compared to other capital offenses. The case put on by the State was nearly identical to the first sentencing: the State called Forrest Dobbins, who read into the record copies of Callahan’s two convictions for assault with intent to murder. Callahan called his aunt, Caroline Callahan. Caroline Callahan said her family loved James and urged the jury to recommend a sentence of life without parole. She noted the defendant’s mother could not be at the sentencing hearing because she was “very, very ill.” We recount in full Knight’s closing argument to the jury: Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, I don’t think that there’s anything that anyone can say that can undo what’s been done. But I think sometimes that it’s said the handwriting goes and goes and passes on by. I hope you don’t think I’m foolish in speaking on behalf of him that he not be sentenced to the electric chair. It may be that you disagree about that. That’s all right. I certainly wouldn’t want the death of Becky Howell, either. I think that [is the] one thing that has been done that can’t be undone. And I would like to ask you to consider his sentence as life without parole, and that he can live out the rest of his life [with] his wrongdoing in his mind. He’ll have to live with it. But to me that’s—if you talk about punishment, it seems to me that that is punishment that would meet the circumstances. Of course, that is just my opinion. And I would like to ask you to consider it, and I don’t fault you if you don’t. But I would like to ask for mercy for him in that respect. I guess sometimes mercy is a thing, you know, that somebody’s free to have mercy and sometimes see their way to forgive, and I’ll agree to do that. A lot of times I’m sure that a lot of the disgust and hatred and such has stayed alive in the Howell family for Jimmy Callahan. I think they’re probably not secrets. I don’t think that hatred can be wiped out of their hearts or their minds or their lives by recommending the electric chair to Jimmy. Maybe you think it can. I don’t see that it does. I think that’s something that if we’re going to live with it—hatred is sort of like cancer, it eventually consumes the head and heart both. And if that is the basis of the sentencing is hatred I think it wouldn’t be the right basis. I recommend to you that isn’t. I feel like that if you have any mercy in your hearts you’ll see your way to exercise on your minds and I ask you to do so. The jury recommended a sentence of death. d. Sentencing—Trial Court’s Findings The trial court found three aggravating factors: Callahan was under sentence of imprisonment for a felony, i.e., probation; he had previously been convicted of a crime involving the threat or use of violence to the person; and he committed the crime in furtherance of a kidnapping in the first degree. The court concluded the evidence supported the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Callahan to death. B. Procedural History—State Court 1. Direct Appeal On direct appeal of his second conviction, Callahan argued Judge Monk erred in denying his motion for recusal. Callahan’s argument was based on Canon 3.C.(1) of the Alabama Canon of Judicial Ethics, which states: (1) A judge should disqualify himself in a proceeding in which his disqualification is required by law or his impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including but not limited to instances where: (a) He has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding; (b) He served as a lawyer in the matter in controversy, or a lawyer with whom he previously practiced law served during such association as a lawyer in the matter, or the judge or such lawyer has been a material witness concerning it. In making this argument, Callahan stated he “[wa]s in no way accusing the trial judge of bias.” Rather, he contended Judge Monk had personal knowledge of disputed facts, such as the demeanor of Callahan and the interrogators, and without being able to call Judge Monk as a witness, “these facts could never be disclosed from an apparently unbiased witness.” Callahan also asserted he was denied the right to “confront the Judge as to his observations at the interrogation which is one of our most fundamental and basic laws known to our land.” In support of his claim, Callahan cited the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Ala.Code § 12-21-137, and several cases. Section 12-21-137 of the Alabama Code gives a defendant the right to cross-examine the witnesses called against him. Similarly, the cases cited by Callahan dealt with the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment and a defendant’s right to cross-examine an adverse witness. On appeal to this Court, Callahan argues Judge Monk’s failure to recuse himself violated his Sixth Amendment right to present witnesses on his behalf. Although the right to confront is different from the right to compel, Callahan’s argument in state court was largely premised on his ability to call Judge Monk as a witness; therefore we will assume he properly raised and exhausted his current argument. Callahan also now argues he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial tribunal. Not only did Callahan fail to make any constitutional argument in state court related to Judge Monk’s bias or appearance of bias, but he explicitly stated he was not making such a claim. Although we will assume Callahan raised this argument in state court, we are compelled to note it is a very close question. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals considered both whether Judge Monk was a material witness and whether Judge Monk acquired knowledge of disputed facts. Callahan v. State, 557 So.2d 1292, 1307-09 (Ala.Crim.App.1989) (Callahan II). As to the first issue, the Court of Criminal Appeals adopted the view of several other states that a “ ‘material witness’ is ‘a witness who gives testimony going to some fact affecting the merits of the cause and about which no other witness might testify.’ ” Id. at 1307-08 (quoting Wingate v. Mach, 117 Fla. 104, 157 So. 421, 422 (Fla.1934)). The court noted that Assistant District Attorney Hubbard, who was present in the interrogation room when Judge Monk entered, testified at the suppression hearing, and Lybrand, who entered the interrogation room after Judge Monk’s short visit, was available to testify. Id. at 1308. Because other individuals could testify, and did, as to the same events observed by Judge Monk, the Court of Criminal Appeals concluded Judge Monk was not a material witness. Id. The court next examined whether Judge Monk “avoid[ed] losing his impartiality” and “maintain[ed] his unfamiliarity with disputed matters.” Id. (citations and quotations omitted). The court recounted the description Judge Monk gave at the second trial of what occurred in the interrogation room: The entire transaction was judicial in nature. It was in the discharge of my public duty and my duty as a Circuit Judge. I observed nothing factual as far as the taking of the statement. I heard no portions of the statement other than the—a portion of a sentence or so that had no meaning. There’s nothing I could testify to that I know of. The events up until the time I knocked on that door are events that could be clearly testified to by Mr. Lybrand. After the time I knocked on that door they are a matter of court—or a matter of record having been, I assumed, ... transcribed by Mrs. Hinds. Id. at 1309. After considering Judge Monk’s statement and transcript of what happened in the interrogation room, the Court of Criminal Appeals reached the following conclusion: It appears that Judge Monk was present in the interrogation room for no more than a few moments. The transcript reflects that, while Judge Monk was present, no questions were put to Callahan regarding Ms. Howell’s death, no threats were made to Callahan, nor any rewards offered him. In fact, the only conversation after Judge Monk interrupted was that between Judge Monk and Callahan.... This is not a situation in which the trial judge conducted an independent investigation, became the “fact gatherer as well as a fact finder, and thereby subject[ed] a defendant to an impossible burden,” which would necessitate a recu-sal. Nor is it a situation in which the judge acquired “knowledge de hors the record of the truth or falsity of a matter” and later was required to make a credibility determination with regard to conflicting testimony presented on the matter. The conflicting testimony given with regard to Callahan’s statements did not concern any events occurring while Judge Monk was in the interrogation room. In this case, the trial judge considered his prior involvement and “state[d] on the record why his impartiality could not reasonably be called into question.” The “totality of the facts” did not -require Judge Monk’s re-cusal. Id. (internal citations omitted). Callahan’s conviction and sentence were affirmed. Id. at 1310. The Alabama Supreme Court, in a one paragraph decision, also affirmed Callahan’s conviction and sentence. Ex parte Callahan, 557 So.2d 1311 (Ala.1989). The United States Supreme Court denied Callahan’s petition for certiorari. Callahan v. Alabama, 498 U.S. 881, 111 S.Ct. 216, 112 L.Ed.2d 176 (1990). 2. Rule 32 Petition for Post-Conviction Relief On September 30, 1992, Callahan filed a petition for post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 32 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure. Callahan contended he received ineffective assistance of counsel during both the guilt and sentencing phases of his trial. The State deposed Callahan in preparation for the evidentiary hearing on the Rule 32 motion. a. Deposition of James Callahan Callahan stated his father was often drunk and would hit him, several times knocking him unconscious. He also witnessed his father abusing his mother and younger brother. On one occasion, Callahan intervened in a fight between his younger brother and his father, breaking his father’s arm with a tire iron and disabling him. Callahan was asked several questions about the penalty phase of his second trial: he did not remember discussing the penalty phase with his counsel, Harold Knight; he did not remember wanting his aunt, Caroline, to testify; he did not remember his mother being ill at that time; he did not remember if he gave his counsel names of people he wanted to testify; he did not remember telling his counsel to talk to any witnesses; and he did not remember his counsel discussing with him the possibility of putting on mental health evidence. Judge Monk presided over the two-day evidentiary hearing on Callahan’s Rule 32 petition held July 1 and 2, 1997. Testimony at the hearing focused on Callahan’s claim that Knight was ineffective for failing to investigate and present more mitigating evidence. Because Knight passed away several years before the hearing, he did not testify. Callahan called three witnesses to support his argument: Mary Callahan, Joanne Terrell, and Dr. John Goff. The State called Dr. Karl Kirkland. b. Testimony at the Rule 32 Hearing i. Mary Callahan Mary Callahan, the defendant’s mother, testified her husband was drunk every day and beat her and raped her “pretty much everyday” of their 44-year marriage; her husband started beating the defendant when he was a toddler. According to her, the defendant often saw her husband beat her and would step between them and try to make him stop. When the defendant tried to intervene, her husband would beat him as well. As a result of being constantly raped and abused, she was destroyed emotionally, which led her to attempt suicide several times. Although she was in and out of hospitals and mental hospitals since 1962, she had no idea why her records did not mention her husband’s physical and sexual abuse. She took medication for her “nerves,” and it put her in a zombie-like state. Regarding her son’s trials, she testified neither Wilfred Lane nor Harold Knight contacted her about testifying on her son’s behalf. Knight did come to her house once and speak with her husband about the trial, but she let her husband take care of everything related to the trials. Although she admitted to being in a hospital in a “zombie-like state” during the second trial, she would have testified “zombie and all” if asked. ii. Joanne Terrell Joanne Terrell was a clinical social worker, who developed “psychosocial assessments” of individuals. Under state law, she was not authorized to diagnose mental or emotional disorders. In this case, Terrell developed a psychosocial assessment of Callahan. To prepare the assessment, Terrell interviewed Mary Callahan, Sharon Henninger, Paul Henninger, Gary Callahan, Gary’s wife (Lisa), Michael Callahan, Michael’s wife (Marie), and the defendant’s maternal aunt, Helen Hood. Terrell did not interview either of the defendant’s ex-wives because she did not feel it was important to talk to them. Along with the relevant legal records, she also reviewed the medical and psychiatric records for both Mary Callahan and the defendant. Terrell recounted her interviews with the defendant’s family members. Mary Callahan told Terrell her husband was physically and sexually abusive towards her and that she tried to commit suicide several times. She also said her husband starting beating the defendant when he was two years old. Mary was first admitted to a mental health hospital in 1962, where she was diagnosed with psychotic depression and given electric shock therapy. Sharon Henninger told Terrell that her father beat her mother and James on a regular basis. Sharon said her father began sexually molesting her when she was 11 and continued to molest her until she was 16, when she became pregnant. Sharon also told Terrell that the defendant began drinking at the age of 13 and continued until he was arrested for the present crime. Gary Callahan told Terrell that he was aware his father hit his mother and the defendant. Terrell’s conclusions were based on her belief that an individual’s personality is formed by the time they are seven or eight, and that personality will influence how an individual will respond to people. Based on her interviews and review of the records, Terrell concluded Callahan came from an abusive family that did not meet his essential emotional needs. As a result of the environment he grew up in, Callahan was not taught how to control his impulses and how to obey the laws of society. Callahan’s drinking exacerbated the problem because it diminished his already low impulse control. On cross-examination, Terrell admitted that Mary Callahan’s and James Callahan’s medical records did not corroborate any of the accounts of physical or sexual abuse. Despite her conclusion that Harvey and James Callahan were alcoholics, she conceded both were able to maintain steady employment throughout their lives. Terrell was not aware that Gladys Callahan said the defendant had once tried to smother her with a pillow. iii. Dr. John Goff Dr. John Goff, a clinical psychologist, conducted a neuropsychological evaluation of Callahan, assessing his intelligence, cognitive abilities, memory, and personality functions. Goff looked at the medical records from Callahan’s 1982 and 1987 psychiatric exams, and talked with Terrell about what the family members told her. Goff did not read the deposition Callahan gave prior to the Rule 32 hearing or interview any family members personally because he could not reach them. Goff concluded Callahan had a mild cognitive deficit, which caused poor memory skills, and a paranoid personality disorder. Callahan’s paranoid personality disorder prevented Callahan from trusting anyone, which led to hostility, suspiciousness, and distorted perceptions. Callahan also had “a tendency ... towards untruths.” Although Goff concluded Callahan had memory problems, he acknowledged Callahan was employed for most of his life, including holding the position of supervisor at some jobs. Goff was not aware of any documentary evidence to support Mary Callahan’s claims of physical and sexual abuse. He thought Mary Callahan’s testimony that she was raped every day for 44 years to be “possibly an overstatement.” Goff a