Full opinion text
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge. Rocky Dale Snow seeks federal habeas relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to challenge his Oklahoma state court conviction and sentence for unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, assault and battery with a deadly weapon, and murder in the first degree. He claims he received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and that the state suppressed exculpatory and material evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). The district court denied relief and Rocky appeals. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, we affirm. I Rocky filed his habeas petition after the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). We are therefore bound by the provisions of that statute. McGregor v. Gibson, 248 F.3d 946, 951 (10th Cir.2001). Pursuant to AEDPA, our review of Rocky’s claims for relief is determined by how those issues were addressed by the state courts. LaFevers v. Gibson, 182 F.3d 705, 711 (10th Cir.1999). Where the state court has addressed a petitioner’s claims on the merits, habeas relief will only be granted where the state court decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). The Supreme Court noted that when Congress drafted this portion of the statute, it specifically used the word “unreasonable,” and not a term like “erroneous” or “incorrect.” Under § 2254(d)(l)’s “unreasonable application” clause, then, a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). We are thus precluded from granting habeas relief where we conclude the state court was merely erroneous or incorrect in its application of federal law. Rather, we may grant relief only when we are convinced the state court’s application of federal law goes beyond being erroneous and instead becomes objectively unreasonable. McLuckie v. Abbott, 337 F.3d 1193, 1197 (10th Cir.2003). This standard does not require our “abject deference,” id. at 1202 n. 5, but nonetheless prohibits us from substituting our “own judgment for that of the state court.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 25, 123 S.Ct. 357, 154 L.Ed.2d 279 (2002). In addition, factual findings made by the state court are presumed to be correct unless rebutted by the petitioner with clear and convincing evidence. Smith v. Mullin, 379 F.3d 919, 925 (10th Cir.2004). “To the extent that the state court has not addressed the merits of a claim and ‘the federal district court made its own determination in the first instance,’ this court reviews ‘the district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its findings of fact, if any, for clear error.’ ” Cannon v. Gibson, 259 F.3d 1253, 1260 (10th Cir.2001) (quoting LaFevers, 182 F.3d at 711). “If the district court’s factual findings depend entirely on the state court record, we independently review that record.” Allen v. Mullin, 368 F.3d 1220, 1234 (10th Cir.2004) (citations omitted). AEDPA also governs Rocky’s ability to obtain a remand to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on his claims. Section 2254(e)(2) of the statute provides that [i]f the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that — (A) the claim relies on — (i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or (ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and (B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) (emphasis added). Section 2254(e)(2) does not apply, however, where a petitioner has diligently sought to develop the factual basis underlying his habeas petition. A petitioner is diligent when he requests an evidentiary hearing and presents evidence “that would be readily available if the claim were true,” Cannon v. Mullin, 383 F.3d 1152, 1177 (10th Cir.2004), but his request is nonetheless denied, Miller v. Champion, 161 F.3d 1249, 1253 (10th Cir.1998). In such settings, an evidentiary hearing is warranted so long as the petitioner’s “allegations, if true and not contravened by the existing factual record, would entitle him to habeas relief.” Id. With these standards in mind, we turn to the facts presented at Rocky’s trial. II Rocky’s case was tried to a jury over a five-day period. The evidence presented at trial indicated that around 10:30 a.m. on December 8, 1988, a young man entered the office of the 12th Street Flea Market in Ada, Oklahoma. Betty Bush ran the flea market and was in the office that morning along with Richard Newland and Wayne Russell. The young man had “a full head of ... blondish ... light brown hair,” which “seemed to be a little fluffed up or disheveled ... by the wind that day.” Tr. at 304, 422. According to Newland, the man was wearing jeans and a gray or dark blue t-shirt. He was a “comparatively young man ... [and] was probably near six feet tall.” Id. at 304. Newland speculated the man weighed between 170 to 175 pounds. The man seemed to be in a hurry and “kind of held his neck like maybe he had a crick in [it]” over to the right side. Id. at 307. Russell testified the man was wearing a “gray-hooded, zip-up-the-front sweatshirt, faded blue jeans, [and] a dark shirt. He was roughly 5'11", 6', [and] weighed about a hundred and seventy-five to eighty pounds.” Id. at 422, 433. Russell also commented that the man’s “eyes had a weird look to them,” id. at 423, and that “when he came into the office, he had his head tilted way back.” Id. The young man asked Bush if he could see some bedding. [Id. at 307.] She left the office and led the man in the direction of the flea market storage unit containing mattresses and bedding. A few minutes later, the man returned to the office in what appeared to be a slightly agitated state and asked Newland for further assistance. Newland left the office, and the young man followed him to the bedding unit. As Newland entered the unit, the man grabbed his shoulder, started to turn him around, and began to strike him with a knife. Newland suffered blows to his head, forehead, neck, and left hand. New-land testified that his orientation to the assailant was somewhere between “profile[ ] and face-to-face.” Id. at 335. For a brief period of time during the assault, he was “nose-to-nose with the man.” Id. at 337. Newland commented while hospitalized and recovering from his wounds that he would “never forget that face.” Id. After stabbing Newland several times, the assailant ran out of the storage unit. Newland did not immediately see Bush and feared she was also injured. He was bleeding profusely and was afraid he might lose consciousness, so he returned to the office and asked Russell to call the police for help. The police logged their receipt of the flea market call at 10:47 a.m., and they arrived at the scene almost immediately along with emergency medical personnel. Bush was found wedged between a mattress and box springs in the storage unit. She had suffered stab wounds to her head, face, chest, back, and right arm. The top pocket of her coat was ripped, and loose change was found on the ground around her. Medical personnel were able to stabilize her temporarily, but soon thereafter she died from her wounds. Newland was hospitalized for about five days. The weapon was never found, but a medical examiner determined it was a single-edged knife, about one half-inch wide and at least three inches long. Sometime after 10 a.m. that morning, Houston Owens, who worked at an establishment across the street from the flea market, observed a man drive up to the flea market and park a faded or dull red Chevrolet pickup. The man was wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt. Owens watched the man walk to the south end of the flea market building and disappear. About fifteen to twenty minutes later, the man returned, jumped into the truck and drove away in a hurry. That same morning, Jerry Breeden, a mechanic who had a shop near the flea market, heard a truck speeding down the street. He went outside to observe the vehicle and saw a “reddish-brown Chevrolet pickup heading south, running stop signs as it was going.” Id. at 548. Owens testified to observing the same. After being shown a photograph of a J.B. Stallings Construction Company (Stallings) truck, Breeden identified the vehicle he saw as the truck in the photograph. Owens also eventually identified the vehicle as the Stallings truck. The truck’s southernly route meant it was traveling away from, rather than toward, the Stallings work yard located in Ada. Around noon that same day, employees at the Stallings work yard in Ada noticed that one of the trucks from the work fleet was missing. The truck was described as burnt orange or dull red in color and was last seen at the Ada location earlier that morning. • The company only had one vehicle this color. The morning following the flea market crimes, the truck was found by Stallings employees at the company’s Hartshorne, Oklahoma location. At trial, the state’s theory was that Rocky took the Stallings truck from the Ada work yard, drove to the flea market, and in the course of robbing Bush, murdered her and stabbed Newland. The state further contended Rocky drove the truck to the Stallings location in Harts-horne. In supporting this theory, the state presented twenty-nine witnesses, three rebuttal witnesses, and a variety of exhibits. The defense attempted to shift suspicion for the murder and assault from Rocky to his older brother, Allen. Rocky took the stand in his own defense and his counsel presented ten additional witnesses to bolster the defense case and cast suspicion on Allen. In response, Allen flatly denied killing Bush or assaulting Newland. He also denied bearing a resemblance to the composite image created by the police of the assailant. A central component of the state’s case was based on Newland and Russell’s eye witness identifications of Rocky. The day after the murder and assault, both men individually met with Harvey Pratt, a police artist, to create a composite image. Pratt explained that as a police artist, in interviewing a witness or a victim to a crime, I go through a verbal description with the witness. By that, I ask a series of questions regarding physical characteristics, mannerisms, and speech patterns. After we go through a written description, I show the witness or the victims an Identification Kit, which is a small booklet comprised of facial characteristics. ... As wé go through the [kit], I’ll ask the witness or victim to pick out the pair of eyes or lips or nose that comes the closest. As they pick out the different categories, I view them, and at that time, I am making a drawing.... And as I make the this drawing, and I complete all the components of the facial characteristics, I ... show the drawing to the witness and ask them to make any changes.... And we’ll go through the series again ... — once we’ve got everything as close as they can get, then we will. quit. Now, the drawing is not a positive identification. I also advise the witnesses that. The drawing is a look-alike, similarities. They are not positive or portrait quality. They’re a sketch. Id. at 881-82. Pratt also acknowledged he has a “descriptive data sheet,” id. at 880, that he goes over with the witnesses, and he specifically asks about scars. He affirmed that if he were told about a scar, he would include it in a composite drawing. Pratt went through this process with both Newland and Russell. After reviewing the completed image, Newland suggested that the face be drawn to look a bit longer and that the hair needed to be changed. According to Newland, in the initial composite, the hair “looked close to the head, fairly close to the head, not fluffy, not bushy.” Id. at 340. Russell was never fully satisfied with the image because it did not capture the unusual appearance of the assailant’s eyes. Neither man mentioned whether the assailant had any scars or distinguishing marks. The composite image was posted in Ada, and soon thereafter Barbara Duncan, a woman who casually knew Rocky through his girlfriend, Marcia Cross, informed the police she thought Rocky bore a resemblance to the composite image. Rocky was subsequently arrested as a suspect for the December 8 crimes and charged with unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. As discussed in more detail below, Rocky admitted to driving the Stallings truck from Ada to Hartshorne. On December 13, five days after the crimes, police conducted a six-man line-up. Rocky and five men enrolled at East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma comprised the line-up. Prior to the line-up, Rocky’s court-appointed attorney, Jess Green, unsuccessfully objected to its construction, asserting Allen should have been included. Counsel also insisted Rocky be allowed to tidy his hair so that it would have a groomed appearance more like that of the other men in the line-up. As Green testified at trial, prior to the line-up Rocky’s hair was messy and looked like he had been sleeping. Green was concerned Rocky’s mussed hair would make him stand out in the line-up. Consequently he had Rocky wet down his hair, dry it and groom it. It was dry for the line-up. Counsel was also concerned that the scar over Rocky’s left eyebrow would be a distinguishing feature. In response to this concern, the police required the members of the line-up to put a small band-aid over them left eyebrow. The police conducted two separate lineups, one for Newland and the other for Russell. Both line-ups were videotaped and later viewed by the jury at trial. Rocky was the fourth man in the line-up. Neither Newland nor Russell picked Rocky as the flea market assailant. Instead, they both independently picked the sixth man in the line-up, Richard Markum, who was at home with his wife on the morning of December 8. Jeff Crosby, the officer who videotaped the line-ups, testified it was quite unusual for two witnesses to pick out the same individual from a lineup when that individual was not the suspected perpetrator. At trial, Newland testified that he was asked to select the man who most closely resembled the man at the flea market, and he understood he could pick only one man. He said that following the line-up the officers informed him he “had made the wrong choice. That is, [he] had not picked the Defendant.” Id. at 324. Newland further stated that while he had picked the sixth man out of the line-up, he had “privately ... made a second selection,” id. at 328, which was Rocky. Green testified that as Newland was viewing the line-up, he pointed to the sixth man, Markum, and stated “[t]hat’s the one that looks the most like him, to my recollection.” Id. at 801. Gary Rodgers, a lead investigator in the case who was present at the line-up, also said Newland told him that number six “appeared to be similar from what he could recall the suspect appearing on the date that the incident occurred. And he indicated that number four [Rocky] — there was just something about number four, that his eyes just didn’t seem right for some reason....” Id. at 527-28. Russell testified he understood he “was supposed to pick out the man who most clearly at the time resembled the man at the flea market.” Id. at 436. According to Crosby, Russell stated the sixth man in the line-up, Markum, looked the most like the man he saw in the flea market on December 8. During the line-up, Russell asked the fourth man, Rocky, to come forward to the line-up window so he could take a closer look at him. Because Russell remembered that “the man at the flea market had had his eyes distorted to where it would disguise his features, [he] wanted to see if [he] could get this distortion ... with the man who was number four in the line-up.” Id. at 435. According to Green, Russell asked the police to “be sure and make [Rocky] look up.” Id. at 802. Others observing the line-up, however, testified Rocky never completely looked up or widened his eyes as he was directed by the police. Russell indicated he might have picked Rocky, except “his eyes [were not] right.” Id. at 504. Russell was also aware after the line-up that he had not made the right choice because the man he picked was not “the man that had been” at the flea market. Id. at 439. Although he chose Markum, he told the police Markum “more nearly resembles the one at the flea market, but this is not the person who did it.” Id. at 457. Russell returned to the police station the day after the line-up to inquire if there was anything else he needed to do to help in the investigation. He bumped into Crosby and stated he understood he picked the wrong man. Crosby responded “you know, that’s not the person we were suspecting.” Id. at 505. In the days following the unsuccessful line-up, the Ada Evening News ran a number of articles regarding the flea market crimes. On December 14, an article stated that Rocky had been arrested and assault and murder charges were pending. It further stated Rocky had been part of a lineup, but had not been identified. The following day, an additional article noted that Newland and Russell picked a different man out of the line-up. The next day, Russell called the police and indicated he had selected the wrong man in the line-up and that Rocky was the man he had seen at the flea market. He told the police he “had made the wrong choice, and [he] ... wasn’t convinced who was the guilty party” from the line-up. Tr. at 440. On February 28, 1989, a preliminary hearing was held regarding the unauthorized vehicle use charge against Rocky, the sole charge then pending. The state’s first witness, Newland, thought he was appearing at the hearing to testify on the assault and murder charges. Rocky was still represented by Green, who objected to New-land testifying. Counsel’s objection was overruled when the state explained that “Mr. Newland was at his place of business, and subsequent witnesses will identify the pickup leaving the scene there.... ” Prelim. Hearing, Feb. 28, 1989, at 6. Rocky was present at the hearing, wearing prison garb but not handcuffs. After being questioned by the state, Newland identified Rocky as the man at the flea market on the morning of December 8. The state immediately sought to amend the charges against Rocky to include the murder and assault counts. At Rocky’s counsel’s request, the hearing was continued. When it resumed on April 10, 1989, Green withdrew and Barney Ward, who had been hired by Rocky’s father, began representing Rocky. At the second preliminary hearing, as well as at trial, Newland and Russell both positively identified Rocky as the man at the flea market on December 8. At trial, both were questioned as to why they were unable to identify Rocky in the line-up five days after the December 8 crimes but then could identify him in the pretrial and trial proceedings. Newland explained he did not pick Rocky from the line-up because Rocky appeared differently there than he had at the flea market. Newland recalled that at the line-up, Rocky’s hair was “slicked down pretty slick,” Tr. at 321, and “it appeared that he has a ... permanent scar on his forehead, and that seemed to show up that day ... like it was irritated or something.” Id. at 321, 353. On cross-examination, Ward questioned Newland as to this reasoning. He asked Newland to examine a photograph taken of the line-up, and Newland acknowledged that each man in the line-up had a band-aid over his left eye. Newland further admitted that he did not inform anyone he thought the band-aids might be covering scars, or whether he even thought this at all. Others present at the line-up also testified that neither Newland nor Russell saw Rocky with wet hair, and that Rocky’s hair was dry in the line-up. Newland thus seemed to be confused about how Rocky looked on the day of the line-up and how his appearance differed from the man at the flea market. Newland further admitted that sometime between the December 13 line-up and the February 28 preliminary hearing, he saw a photograph of Rocky in the Ada Evening News. Nonetheless, he claimed he did not identify Rocky based on seeing the picture in the paper. Rather, Newland said “I’m identifying him, or I did identify him, because I remember the face of the one who assaulted me, and that was not necessarily the same face I saw in the lineup, [he] did not appear to be the same person, [he] had a different appearance.” Id. at 355. Defense counsel also questioned Russell on his failure to identify Rocky in the lineup. Russell said he picked Markum out of the line-up instead of Rocky because Mar-kum’s eyes looked “more different than the most normal eyes that you see.” Id. at 454. He also said that Rocky’s hair appeared different to him at the line-up than the hair of the assailant at the flea market. He stated that “[o]n the 8th of December, when the man came into the office, it was very windy, and it had been raining and snowing, which would have caused it to be somewhat wet, which would make it appear to be different at that time.” Id. at 455. Russell admitted on cross-examination that he did not see a scar over the assailant’s left eye, but acknowledged that Rocky had a scar “proceeding from the middle of his left eyebrow up on his forehead.” Id. at 451. He explained that at the flea market, he did not look directly into the assailant’s face. The prosecution asked Russell to stand next to Rocky in the same position as he had stood in relation to the assailant on the day of the assault. While in this position, Russell testified that he was unable to see Rocky’s scar. The state presented a variety of other evidence to further its case against Rocky. At the time of the flea market crimes, Rocky was staying in Ada with his brother Allen. From time to time, Rocky also lived with his father, John Snow, in McAl-ester, Oklahoma. Allen worked as a mechanic for Stallings. In the course of his work, he often drove trucks in the Stall-ings fleet, including the burnt orange pickup. Allen testified the company policy regarding truck use was that “if you need one, the keys are in them. You just go find one that somebody ain’t using and take it.” Id. at 624. Glenn Pendergrass, bookkeeper and office manager for Stall-ings, testified that “depending on the job ... [wje’ll have certain people assigned to the vehicles.... Normally, we left the keys in [the trucks], and of course, we locked up our gate at night when we left. But normally, the keys stayed in the pickups.” Id. at 725-26. A day or so before the flea market crimes, Rocky and Allen spent part of their evening at the Sportsman’s bar in McAlester. Kelly Klift, one of Rocky’s girlfriends, and her sister Kimberly Miller, visited with Rocky and Allen at the bar. Klift testified that on at least two occasions, Rocky informed her he would be returning to McAlester in a couple of days. He said he was driving one of the Stallings trucks from Ada to McAlester for his brother, and that Allen had offered to pay him to accomplish this task. Allen did not participate in these conversations, but was close at hand when Rocky shared this information with Klift. Rocky testified Allen told him “that if Mr. Stallings had a pickup for ... [Allen] to take to McAles-ter, and that if I wanted to go home, that I could drive the truck for him instead.... ” Id. at 900. Allen was going to give Rocky thirty-five dollars for gas. Allen testified otherwise, stating Rocky had informed him he would be returning to McAlester but that he had sorted out his own transportation. Rocky did not own a car. The following day, on December 7, Rocky and Allen went to the Ada flea market to do some Christmas shopping. They were accompanied by Marcia Cross, Rocky’s other girlfriend. Allen testified that after making a purchase, Rocky commented that one of the flea market salesmen had a great deal of money and it would be easy to knock the man in the head and steal from him. Allen “told [Rocky] that if he was going to be ... doing this kind of thing[ ], ... [he] didn’t want him around [his] house, because [he] was tired of doing time.... ” Id. at 627, 651. Rocky denied engaging in this conversation. Later that night, Rocky and Allen went to see a film, where another movie patron, Melvin Jones, observed Rocky “wearing blue jeans, a light colored sweatshirt and a gray zip-up type sweat jacket with a hood and high-top tennis shoes.” Id. at 968. Jones also stated Rocky’s hair was longer in the back, and “probably went down to his collar....” Id. On December 8, the day of the murder and assault, Allen testified he awoke at 6 a.m., and went to work. He claimed he worked in the Stallings yard until about 9 a.m., at which point he used the burnt orange truck to drive back to his apartment and wake up Rocky. Allen testified he then returned to the Stallings yard and stayed there until noon. The state thereafter presented a sales receipt from a local store, B & M’s Auto Parts, time stamped 9:54 a.m. and signed by Allen. With his memory refreshed, Allen testified that after he had awakened Rocky, he went to the auto parts store before returning to the Stallings yard. Id. at 639. Once back at the yard, Allen worked with John Hig-genbotham, another Stallings employee. Higgenbotham testified he had been in and out of the Stallings yard that morning, returning at about 10:30 a.m. with a radiator. “Allen helped [him] unload the radiator out of [his] pickup, and [they] put it over in front of the Mack truck that it was to go on.” Id. at 720. Higgenbotham said the two men then chatted for a while, until just before 11 a.m. As Higgenbotham left the yard, he checked his watch because he was in charge of keeping his own hours for work. He proceeded to the bank to cash a personal check. While there, he overheard bank staff discussing the flea market crimes which had just occurred. Charles Waldrop, another Stallings employee, also generally verified Allen’s testimony regarding his time at the Stallings yard that morning. Waldrop testified that Allen spent the morning repairing the company truck Waldrop used, and that Allen was in and out of the yard purchasing parts. Waldrop thought he last saw Allen returning to the Stallings yard in the burnt orange truck at around 9:30 a.m. He was not aware whether Allen made any other trips that morning. Emory Holt testified he arrived at the Stallings yard sometime after 10 a.m. that day to pick up a paycheck. As he was driving toward the yard entrance, he saw the burnt orange red truck being driven out by a man he later identified as Rocky. He testified he paid close attention to who was driving the truck because he had been laid off from work two days prior and was curious to see who Stallings was currently employing. He was certain the driver was not Allen. Holt went into the business office to collect his check and chatted with two employees who were there. He then left the Stallings yard and went to cash his check at an establishment near the flea market. Soon thereafter, he heard police sirens and saw an ambulance drive by. When he left, he noticed the flea market was closed and surrounded by emergency vehicles. Allen testified he left the Stallings yard around noon for lunch and noticed the burnt orange truck was missing. He also testified that he thought he heard the truck start up around 10 or 10:30 a.m. Waldrop and Pendergrass also noticed the truck was missing around 11:30 or noon that day. Rocky testified to the events of the morning of December 8, but his account varied in several respects from that presented by the other witnesses at trial. He said that sometime after 10 a.m., Allen came by the apartment to get him. Rocky testified there was money, if I remember right, laying in the seat of the pickup with some receipts from a purchase he had made and some boxes. And we went to the Stallings yard, and then we both got out and went in. We carried the stuff he had purchased inside the shop, and we stood around there for a while ... I would say, maybe fifteen, twenty minutes, maybe even longer than that. And then he gave me the keys to the pickup. He said, “I’ll see you tonight.” I said “O’kay,” and as I was leaving the yard, I seen several employees. I nodded to them, left the yard, and I went straight to Holdenville. Id. at 901. Except for Holt, who testified to seeing Rocky drive out of the Stallings yard in the burnt orange truck sometime after 10 a.m., no one else claimed to have seen Rocky at the Stallings yard that morning. On cross-examination, Rocky reaffirmed his testimony that Allen had come by the apartment to wake him up around 10 a.m. and that they left together to go to the Stallings yard. He further testified he was constantly with his brother, or in the truck, from the time Allen picked him up. He remembered seeing someone driving into the Stallings yard as he was leaving with the truck. Rocky agreed with the state that the assault and murder probably occurred around 10:45 a.m., that the police were called at 10:47, and that the track seen at the flea market was the burnt orange truck he drove to Hartshorne. Id. at 914. At this point, the state asked Rocky how it could be that the truck he was with from 10 a.m. onward, either with his brother or driving toward Hartshorne, could also have been at the flea market. Flummoxed, Rocky rapidly refined and revised his testimony. He said I was at the Stallings yard. We got there right around — from the previous testimonies that I have heard, I can only assume my time frame, and from what even my brother has said, that he purchased the parts around 9:54 that morning. I know he came, possibly, directly to the house. He picked me up, and if you’re counting time-wise, he picked me up at 10:00. We went to the yard. We went straight to the yard, and he — See I must have been there ten minutes, probably ten minutes, on the yard before he left, and when he came back, it was possibly around, I don’t know, 10:í5. I know I was there on the yard for a long time, and we visited that long. Id. at 917 (emphasis added). Indicating surprise, the prosecutor asked Rocky why he did not include in his earlier testimony the very important information that his brother left the Stallings yard. Rocky simply answered, “I was not asked.” Id. at 917. The prosecutor then asked Rocky to clarify what time he left the yard after Allen allegedly returned. Rocky began to say that he left Stallings around 10:45 a.m., but then stopped himself. He then stated “Allen was back around 10:47, so I couldn’t have left or left at 10:45, so I had to have left a few minutes before 11:00.” Id. at 919. Rocky then added that Allen “had [him] in a garage working on some brakes” for a semi and a half-ton truck. Id. at 919-20. What is clear is that sometime during these varied time lines, a man arrived at the flea market in a burnt orange faded red truck, murdered Bush, and assaulted Newland. Rocky further testified that when he left the Stallings yard, he drove to Holdenville. While in Holdenville, he shopped at a Wal-Mart, put gas in the truck and checked its oil, stopped for a pizza, and then proceeded to McAlester. Once in McAlester, Rocky stopped to visit his father, John, who expressed concern about Rocky driving a Stallings truck. Rocky claimed his father said ‘Well, what are you doing with the pickup,” and I told him, I said, “Allen had me bring it down here to Mr. Stallings, and hopefully, I can get me a job for Mr. Stallings.” And my dad said, Rocky, don’t trust him. You know how he is, because he has always had ... a personal problem against you. Id. at 903. John Snow did not testify at trial. Rocky then went to the home of Karen Black, where his girlfriend Kelly Klift was assisting Black in her babysitting business. Klift remembered Rocky arrived between 1:15 and 1:30 p.m. in the Stallings pickup truck. She and Black both testified that Rocky looked dirty. “He had oil on his jeans and dirt. His hair was messed up.” Id. at 579, 604. Black said Rocky told her he had been working for Stallings Construction driving a truck. Tim Webb, a friend Rocky spoke to later that day, also testified that Rocky informed him “he was working for J.B. Stallings part-time, and that’s why he had the truck.” Id. at 672. Although Rocky testified he was to deliver the truck to the Stallings yard in Hartshorne, he nonetheless engaged in a number of activities before doing so and attempted to find a place to leave the truck while he accomplished his personal tasks. He initially tried to leave the truck with Webb, but Webb declined so Rocky left the truck at Klift’s home. Using Klift’s car, Rocky and Klift ran a number of errands and then went back to Rocky’s father’s home. Rocky testified his dad expressed anger toward Allen about something, and Klift. testified that John told Rocky “to také [the truck] back to the yard and wipe the fingerprints off of it.” Id. at 583. Instead of immediately' doing so, Rocky continued with his own agenda. Klift and Rocky eventually returned to Black’s residence to pick up Black’s children and take them out for pizza. When they finished dinner and returned the children to Black’s house, Rocky and Klift went back to her home to get the truck. Klift followed Rocky in her car while he drove the truck to the Stallings yard in Hartshorne. Klift gave Rocky a rag and he wiped off the truck per his father’s instructions. Rocky commented that he thought Allen might be trying to set him up. The next day, Rocky, Klift, and Miller went shopping and encountered an angry Allen at the McAlester Wal-Mart. Klift remembered Allen saying “something about the truck and that he wasn’t going to go to prison for anyone.” Id. at 592. Allen testified he asked Rocky “if he took the truck and had anything to do with the killing over ... in [Ada], and [Rocky] denied both of them.” Id. at 637. Rocky testified Allen “pulled [him] aside and started telling [him] something about, ‘I’m in trouble because of you.’ He said, ‘Why did you take the pickup to the Stallings’ yard? Why are you making it look like I did it?’ And [Rocky] didn’t understand what he was talking about ...” Id. at 908. The tension and verbal sparring between Rocky and his brother continued that afternoon at their father’s house. Later, Klift and Miller both overheard Rocky ask his father if he should go back to Ada to clear things up, but John told him not to worry about it at the moment. Rocky testified that he did not then know an assault and murder had occurred in Ada. Sondra Campbell, a childhood friend of Rocky, testified that the following evening, December 10, she was at the Zodiac Bar in McAlester. According to Campbell, Rocky came into the bar and started chatting with her. Campbell described Rocky as wearing blue jeans, a navy-blue sweat jacket that zipped all the way up, and black army combat boots. His hair was “long, collar length, and it covered his ears.” Id. at 762. . She said they talked about their shared childhood, and then he told her he had killed two people in Ada for money. He also told her “he went to where Allen worked and stole his truck, stole the truck from the company,” id. at 760, but that he eventually hitchhiked back to McAlester. He asked her if she knew .where he could get a hair cut, as “he needed to get it washed and cut because it smelled like blood.” Id. at 759. Campbell testified that while she could not smell any blood, the man she was speaking with did need a haircut. Campbell asked Rocky to leave her table, and he told her “not to tell anybody, because if [she] did, he would kill [her].” Id. at 760. ' On cross-examination, Rocky’s attorney questioned Campbell about the extent of her friendship with Rocky and how long it had been since they had last seen each other and engaged in a substantive conversation. After establishing Campbell had not said more than a passing hello to Rocky over the past ten years, he asked “[a]nd you’re telling this Court and jury, under oath, that he just came up to you in a tavern in McAlester and confessed to two first degree murders and armed robberies?” Id. at 768. Campbell answered in the affirmative. She also testified that as far as she was able to see, the man she spoke to in the bar did not have a scar on his face. But Campbell admitted she was able to see the scar on Rocky’s forehead in the courtroom. Id. Defense counsel presented witnesses who countered Campbell’s version of events. Robert Scofield testified that on the evening of December 10, Rocky worked for him. Scofield was the restaurant manager at the Ramada Inn, which had hosted a banquet that evening. Rocky was scheduled to assist Scofield in tearing down the banquet room. Rocky arrived sometime between 9 and 10 p.m. and worked for at least three hours. Scofield described Rocky has having collar length hair at the time. Klift testified that she joined her mother at the banquet that evening and then around 8 or 8:30 p.m. picked up Rocky at his father’s house and brought him back to the banquet to work. She stated she was with Rocky for the entire evening and helped him on the banquet job. Rocky’s version of events was similar. He claimed Klift picked him up around 9 p.m., and that they worked until around 11 p.m. or midnight. Rocky denied going to the Zodiac bar that evening or engaging in any conversation with Campbell. In an effort to further raise reasonable doubt as to Rocky’s guilt, defense counsel presented testimony from Janice Benson. Benson was the sister of Jeannie McNee-lus, Allen’s girlfriend, and had lived briefly with McNeelus and Allen in January 1989, just following the flea market crimes. Benson testified that on January 7, 1989, she, Allen, and McNeelus, along with Mike Tripp and Eddie Snow, Allen’s cousin, were visiting at McNeelus’ house. Allen had recently moved clothing and dishes he had been storing at his father’s apartment to McNeelus’ home, and Benson testified that Allen and McNeelus were unpacking the boxes. According to Benson, Eddie asked Allen if Rocky had bonded out of jail, and “Allen started laughing and said, ‘No, they’ve got him on murder.’ ” Id. at 850. Benson further testified that Allen told the group he wanted to show them something, and he went over to one of his boxes and pulled out a kitchen knife with a wooden handle on it. He said “[t]his is the knife they’re looking for in Ada.” Id. at 851. He also said he was not going to let anyone find him with it. Allen denied engaging in any such conversation. Benson also testified that she was at MeNeelus’ house a few nights later watching a movie with Allen, her sister, and Eddie. There was a scene in the film where a man had a big drill, and he was killing [a] lady. And Allen said, “On TV, they make it look so easy to kill somebody, but it’s not like that at all.” He said, “When you stab somebody, you hit bones, and you hit muscle, and they start gurgling and choking on the blood.” Id. at 852. Allen denied this occurred. A few days later, Benson was at MeNee-lus’ home helping Allen and MeNeelus clean up the house and yard. According to her testimony, they took boxes out of the house and drove to a dump to dispose of the trash. She testified that one of the boxes contained the knife Allen intimated was used in the Ada flea market crimes. She said she went to the police and shared this information with them. Officers Joe Hogan and Gary Rodgers drove out to the dump with Benson, but they were unable to find the knife. She later told her mother she had given this information to the police, and her mother in turn told MeNee-lus and Allen. According to Benson, Allen called me up several times, and he told me that he would kill me if I didn’t shut my mouth about what was going on. He said that he would never go back to prison, and he told me — at first he was just threatening me, and I told him I wasn’t afraid of him. And the he called me up and said, “I’m going to kill your kids if you don’t lay off.” Id. at 855. Unsurprisingly, Allen denied all of these allegations. On cross-examination, Benson admitted that when she spoke to the police, she did not specifically identify Tripp and Eddie to the officers. She claimed Tripp had already threatened her life if she spoke to the police. She also claimed Eddie’s girlfriend had threatened her. Likewise, she testified MeNeelus told her “somebody was going to file perjury charges on me. She said I would be sorry if I came down here to testify. She said she would make my life hell.” Id. at 861. The state sought to undermine Benson’s statements by presenting testimony from her mother and Officer Hogan. Her mother testified that Benson’s story about Allen with the knife was driven by revenge because Benson was angry at MeNeelus and Allen for stealing Benson’s gun. Officer Hogan verified he had spoken with Benson about Allen’s statements regarding the knife but that in his opinion, Benson was not a truthful person. After hearing all of this evidence, the jury found Rocky guilty of the three counts against him. At the end of the second stage proceedings, the jury recommended a death sentence. The trial court imposed sentences of twenty years for the unauthorized vehicle use, ninety-nine years for the assault, and death for the murder. Rocky’s convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal after the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) permitted the record to be expanded with numerous affidavits. Snow v. State, 876 P.2d 291 (Okla.Crim.App.1994). Rocky’s petition for rehearing was rejected, Snow v. State, 879 P.2d 150 (Okla.Crim.App. 1994), and the United States Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari, Snow v. Oklahoma, 513 U.S. 1179, 115 S.Ct. 1165, 130 L.Ed.2d 1120 (1995). Rocky filed his first application for post-conviction relief with the District Court for Pontotoc County in July 1995, which he was permitted to supplement in July 1997. He was denied an evidentiary hearing, and his petition was denied by the state district court in September 1997. In an unpublished opinion, the OCCA ultimately affirmed the denial of relief. Snow v. State, PC 97-1350 (Okla.Crim.App., Nov. 10, 1999). One judge dissented, asserting Rocky should have received an evi-dentiary hearing regarding a number of his Brady claims. Id. at 15. Rocky filed a petition for a writ of habe-as corpus in federal court in July 2000. Without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied Rocky’s request for relief. Rocky appealed, and we granted his application for a certifícate of appealability on his claims of ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, as well as his Brady claims. III Brady Claim Rocky contends the prosecution withheld evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), thereby undermining the reliability of the verdict against him. The withheld evidence included Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (O.S.B.I.) notes of an interview with Kris Grogins; an O.S.B.I. interview report of Duncan; videotaped interviews of a number of witnesses; the audio tape of McNeelus and Campbell discussing Rocky’s confession to the flea market crimes; O.S.B.I. interview notes of Cross; O.S.B.I. interview notes of Allen and the accompanying videotape of that interview; and information regarding alleged police coercion, leading to Campbell’s trial testimony and her eventual recantation of the same. Rocky claims this withheld evidence was exculpatory and its suppression raises serious doubts as to the state’s case against him. In Brady, the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Id. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. “In order to establish a Brady violation, a habeas petitioner must show that: (1) the prosecution suppressed evidence; (2) the evidence was favorable to the accused; and (3) the evidence was material to the defense.” Banks v. Reynolds, 54 F.3d 1508, 1516 (10th Cir.1995) (citing Fero v. Kerby, 39 F.3d 1462, 1472 (10th Cir.1994); United States v. DeLuna, 10 F.3d 1529, 1534 (10th Cir.1993)). Brady claims normally present mixed questions of law and fact, which we review de novo. Foster v. Ward, 182 F.3d 1177, 1191-92 (10th Cir.1999); Banks, 54 F.3d at 1516. Exculpatory evidence includes impeachment evidence. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985); Nuckols v. Gibson, 233 F.3d 1261, 1267 (10th Cir.2000). However, exculpatory evidence is only material if “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Banks, 54 F.3d at 1518. The Supreme Court has further refined the Bmdy/Bagley materiality standard as follows: Bagley’s touchstone of materiality is a “reasonable probability” of a different result, and the adjective is important. The question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (citing Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678, 105 S.Ct. 3375). See also Scott v. Mullin, 303 F.3d 1222, 1230-31 (10th Cir.2002). When engaging in a materiality analysis, we are not to consider each piece of withheld evidence in isolation. Banks, 54 F.3d at 1518. Rather, we review the cumulative impact of the withheld evidence; its utility to the defense as well as its potentially damaging impact on the prosecution’s case. Furthermore, ... we evaluate the materiality of withheld evidence in light of the entire record in order to determine if the omitted evidence creates a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist. What might be considered insignificant evidence in a strong case might suffice to disturb an already questionable verdict. Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). Rocky first raised his Brady claims in state court in his petition for post-conviction relief. The OCCA rejected all but three of Rocky’s claims as barred under Oklahoma’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act, see OKLA. Stat. tit. 22, §§ 1080-1089, reasoning he could have raised these claims on direct appeal but failed to do so. The state court addressed the merits of Rocky’s claims regarding Campbell, Grogins, and the lost videotaped interviews. We begin with the claims the OCCA addressed on the merits, recognizing we can grant relief only where the state court’s resolution of Rocky’s claims was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Supreme Court precedent. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Williams, 529 U.S. at 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495; McLuckie, 337 F.3d at 1197. Rocky alleges the state’s failure to disclose police notes from Grogins’ interview violates Brady. He claims Grogins’ testimony could have undermined the state’s proffered time line for the morning of December 8 and challenged Allen’s alibi for his whereabouts that morning. The police interviewed Grogins in mid-December 1989 regarding her recollection of events on the morning of December 8. She told them that sometime between 10 and 10:45 a.m. that morning, she saw Allen “drive up and park at the apartment in what looked like a company pickup. [He] left the motor running and went inside his apartment and stayed just a short time, then he came out and drove off. He came there alone and left alone.” Fed. HC, rec., vol. Ill, doc. Y. She did not see anyone else leave the apartment, and she did not see Rocky. Id. Later, in an affidavit dated July 1997, she narrowed the time frame for when she saw Allen arrive to between 10:15 and 10:30 a.m. Id. The OCCA rejected this claim on the merits, summarily concluding in a single sentence that the information from Grogins’ police interview was not exculpatory. Snow, PC 97-1350, at 4. We have held that even where a state court’s decision on the merits lacks analysis, we must defer to that ruling under § 2254(d) “unless our independent review of the record and pertinent federal law persuades us that its result contravenes or unreasonably applies clearly established federal law, or is based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented.” Aycox v. Lytle, 196 F.3d 1174, 1178 (10th Cir.1999). After engaging in an independent review of the record and the relevant federal law while remaining mindful of § 2254(d)’s highly deferential standard, we conclude the state court’s ruling regarding the Grogins information was not an unreasonable application of federal law. Grogins’ statements to the police partially counter the time line presented by the state as to Allen’s movements on the morning of December 8. Allen testified he woke Rocky around 9 a.m. and thereafter bought auto parts and returned to the Stallings yard. The store receipt indicated Allen made his purchase at 9:54 a.m., and Allen testified he returned to the work yard after completing this sale. Other testimony presented at trial places Allen at the Stallings yard on December 8 with Higgenbotham from about 10:30 until 11 a.m. Grogins told the police she saw Allen at the apartment sometime between 10 and 10:45 a.m., rather than at 9 a.m., as Allen attested. To this extent then, Gro-gin’s time line could be construed as assisting Rocky because Rocky asserted Allen came by the apartment around 10 a.m. Conversely, Grogins’ statement directly undercuts Rocky’s own testimony regarding the events of that morning. Rocky claimed that when Allen came to the apartment, he and Allen left together in the Stallings truck. Grogins stated she saw Allen leaving alone and did not see Rocky at all that morning. Thus, Grogin’s information seems to provide more support to Allen’s account of the events that morning than to Rocky’s. Moreover, we are not convinced that even if the Grogins interview had been disclosed to the defense, “there is a reasonable probability that ... the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375. The jury had before it the uneontested testimony of Higgenbotham who stated he worked with Allen between 10:30 and 11 a.m. that morning, as well as Holt who testified he observed Rocky leaving the Stallings yard in a company truck sometime after 10 a.m. Higgenbotham testified that he went to the bank to cash a personal check after he left the Stallings yard, at which time he heard bank staff discussing a crime just committed at the flea market. Holt testified he arrived at the Stallings yard around 10 a.m. to collect his work check. He said that he saw Rocky as he was arriving. Holt obtained his check, chatted in the company office for a while with some other Stallings employees, and then went to an establishment near the flea market to cash his check. While he was there, he heard sirens and saw an ambulance drive by in the direction of the flea market. When he finished his financial transaction, he noticed that the entrance to the flea market had been closed off and was surrounded by emergency vehicles. Higgenbotham’s and Holt’s recollections of that morning are firmly anchored by their remembrance of contemporary conversations or observations of events directly connected to the flea market crimes. Thus, it had to be soon after 10:47 a.m., the time the police were called to the flea market, when Holt heard sirens and saw an ambulance while he was cashing his check. Likewise, when Higgenbotham heard employees at the bank discussing the recent commotion at the flea market, it would have been sometime after 11 a.m., as Higgenbotham testified. Contrary to this evidence, the jury-heard Rocky testify that his brother picked him up around 10 a.m. Rocky claimed that after Rocky and Allen arrived at the Stallings yard, they unloaded the truck, stood around and chatted for perhaps as long as twenty minutes, and worked on a couple of trucks. Then, according to Rocky’s revised testimony, Allen left the work yard perhaps ten to fifteen minutes after they arrived and returned around 10:45 or 10:47 a.m. Rocky claims he left the Stallings yard in the burnt orange truck around 11 a.m., nodding to other Stallings employees as he was leaving. We would have to interpret the Grogins information as suggesting that when Allen allegedly left the work yard, he returned to the apartment, went to the flea market and murdered Bush and assaulted Newland, fled the flea market in a direction taking him away from the Stallings yard, but nonetheless returned to the yard in time to assist Higgenbotham sometime between 10:30 and 11 a.m. and then turn the truck over to Rocky. This proffered time line attempts too much and cannot be squared with the firmly grounded testimony of Holt and Higgenbotham. In these circumstances, we cannot conclude the absence of Grogins’ information undermines our confidence in the outcome of Rocky’s proceeding. Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555. The state court’s resolution of Rocky’s Brady claim on this issue was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court law. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Rocky also contends the state violated Brady by failing to disclose the manner by which the police procured Campbell’s testimony. As discussed above, Campbell testified at trial that on December 10, she was drinking at the Zodiac Bar. She claimed Rocky came into the bar and confessed to her that he killed two people in Ada and needed to get his hair cut because it smelled like blood. She also testified that she had not been threatened to provide her testimony. Defense counsel vigorously cross-examined Campbell, and counsel presented witnesses who placed Rocky elsewhere on the night of December 10. During Rocky’s direct appeal, Campbell was interviewed and affirmed the veracity and uncoerced nature of the statements she had made at Rocky’s trial. But in 1997, Campbell recanted her trial and direct appeal statements. In an affidavit, Campbell stated that about a week before Rocky’s trial, McNeelus expressed fears that Allen was going to be arrested for the flea market crimes. Campbell admitted she told McNeelus that she was in the Zodiac Bar on December 10 and that a man came up to her in the bar and told her he had committed the flea market crimes. Campbell said McNeelus was very interested in what she had to say and asked if the man was Rocky. Campbell said she “had not seen Rocky in a long time, but the man could have been Rocky Snow.” Fed. HC, rec., vol. Ill, doc. 14, item H. Campbell claimed that later the same evening, she and McNeelus had another conversation in which McNeelus appeared to be acting strange and asked Campbell to repeat what she had said in their earlier conversation. According to Campbell’s affidavit, at approximately 3 a.m. the following morning, Ada police arrested her as a material witness and held her for questioning. The police would not let her call anyone to take care of her daughter, but instead made her take her child to a youth shelter. The police also allegedly told her she could not call a lawyer until she had spoken with them. “They told [her] that if [she] did not tell them what they wanted to hear, they would leave [her] in jail and take [her] little girl away from [her.]” Id. The police accused Campbell of withholding state’s evidence and stated “that they could keep [her] in jail until [she] told them the story [she] had told Jeannie.” Id. Campbell also asserts the police showed her a photograph of Rocky and that she told them “the man in the picture was not the man [she] saw in the Zodiac.” Id. She “told the officers the man [she] saw did not have a scar and had sandy brown hair rather than dark brown hair. [She] told the officers [she] was positive the man [she] saw in the Zodiac was not Rocky Snow.” Id. According to Campbell, the police did not care and told her she was lying. She claims the officers told her she “had already said it was Rocky Snow once, and that if [she] did not say it again, they would put [her] in jail and take [her] little girl.” Id. An officer also told her she “might never get [her] little girl back if [she] had to go to jail and was convicted of withholding state’s evidence.” Id. Campbell then wrote a statement at the direction of the police. She claims the police told her exactly what to write. Campbell asserts in the affidavit that she has “felt guilty for almost ten years for lying and causing Rocky Snow to go to prison.” Id. She did not tell the truth because she was afraid of losing her daughter and scared Allen might harm her. She claims she is willing to “testify or do whatever is necessary to tell this story to whoever needs to hear it.” Id. Rocky contends that had defense counsel known Campbell was allegedly coerced into giving her testimony, there would have been a reasonable probability the outcome of his trial would have been different. Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Banks, 54 F.3d at 1519. The OCCA rejected Rocky’s argument that Campbell had been coerced, noting that at trial and during direct appeal she attested otherwise. The court also rejected Rocky’s claim that Campbell had lied at trial. In considering the entire record as a whole, the state court concluded that information regarding Campbell’s alleged lying would not have resulted in a different outcome at Rocky’s trial. The state court’s ruling was not an unreasonable application of established Supreme Court authority. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). First, the only potentially relevant Brady material the state could have turned over in terms of Campbell’s testimony at the time of trial was handwritten police notes regarding Campbell’s arrest and initial police interview. Those notes would have indicated that on June 13, 1989, McNeelus engaged in a taped conversation with Campbell regarding Rocky’s alleged December 10 confession at the Zodiac bar. McNeelus then provided police with the tape, after which the police obtained a material witness warrant to arrest Campbell. Campbell was arrested at 3 a.m. the following morning and questioned by police. According to the notes, Campbell told officers that she ... was glad Jeannie McNeelus told law-enforcement officers about their conversation regarding Rocky Dale Snow. [Campbell] advised officers ... she had worried greatly about what she ... was told by Rocky Dale Snow and being scared to tell anyone due to the threat Rocky Dale Snow made to her ... on December 10, 1988. Fed. HC, rec., vol. Ill, doc. 14, item DD. There is nothing exculpatory about this report. Moreover, even assuming Campbell lied about Rocky’s confession, our confidence in the outcome of Rocky’s trial is not undermined. Bagley, 473