Full opinion text
ORDER The opinion filed on July 31, 2015, appearing at 795 F.3d 1067, is hereby amended as follows: 1. On page 33 of the slip opinion, in the first paragraph (795 F.3d at 1086, first paragraph), the citation to “Cal. Educ. Code § 49423.5(C)” should be changed to “Cal. Educ.Code § 49423.5(c)”. 2. On pages 35-36 of the slip opinion, in the second full paragraph beginning on page 35 (795 F.3d at 1087, second full paragraph), the final two sentences (beginning with “Furthermore, a jury might consider ... ”) should be removed. These sentences should be replaced with The ALJ’s opinion also suggests that the District might rely on the BSAs to carry out the feedings, but only if the evidence showed that they met the California-law requirements. Although the ALJ’s ruling put the District on notice that the proposed accommodation of using BSAs was insufficient without this evidence, the District’s evidence shows only that the BSAs received training, not that the training complied, or was adjusted to comply, with California law. A reasonable jury might find deliberate indifference on this ground as well. 3. On page 36 of the slip opinion, in the first full paragraph (795 F.3d at 1087, third full paragraph), the sentence “Alternatively, it may have had a good-faith belief that the ALJ was wrong in her construction of California law and sincerely believed that it was not violating T.B.’s rights by failing to provide a nurse, SEHT, or SET to provide g-tube feedings.” should be removed. 4. On page 38 of the slip opinion, in the first paragraph (795 F.3d.at 1088, second full paragraph), the following sentence should be added after the sentence ending with “Gallagher v. San Diego Unified Port Dist., 14 F.Supp.3d 1380, 1390-91 (S.D.Cal.2014).” Although each of these cases involved retaliation relating to employment discrimination under Title I rather than discrimination in public services under Title II, the ADA’s retaliation provision applies to both titles. See 42 U.S.C. § 12203. The but-for causation standard therefore applies equally to retaliation under Titles I and II. 5. On page 43 of the slip opinion, in the second full paragraph (795 F.3d at 1090, final paragraph), the second sentence (beginning wpth “We have not yet clearly established ... ”) should be changed to We have not yet clearly established the standard that a reviewing court should apply when determining whether the relief obtained in a due process hearing under the IDEA is more favorable than that offered under a settlement or whether a parent was substantially justified in rejecting a settlement offer. 6. On page 45 of the slip opinion, in the first paragraph (795 F.3d at 1091, second full paragraph), the final sentence (beginning with “In this case, then ... ) should be changed to In this case, then, we will review the questions of relative favorability and substantial justification de novo, while reviewing the factual findings supporting the district court’s decision for clear error. See Anchorage Sch. Dist. v. M.P., 689 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir.2012) (holding that mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de novo unless the mixed question is primarily factual); Gregory K v. Longview Sch. Dist., 811 F.2d 1307, 1310 (9th Cir.1987) (same). With these amendments, the panel has voted to deny the petitions for panel rehearing. The petitions for panel rehearing are DENIED. No further petition for panel rehearing may be filed. OPINION CLIFTON, Circuit Judge: This is the latest round in an unfortunate dispute that has endured for almost a decade regarding the education of a child with disabilities. The child is now 21 years old and has since graduated from high school, but the litigation has continued. T.B. and his parents, the Brenneises, used to be residents of the San Diego Unified School District. T.B. has learning and motor disabilities and feeds himself in part through a gastrostomy tube (“g-tube”). In 2006, the Brenneises and the district began working on an individualized education plan (“IEP”) that would allow T.B., who was then being educated outside the public school system, to reenter school for the 2006-07 academic year. The two sides could not agree, however, and both filed for a due process hearing under the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (“IDEA”). The administrative law judge (“ALJ”) who presided over that hearing ruled in favor of the school district on most issues but held that the district’s proposed IEP was inadequate because it did not provide a legally adequate way for T.B. to receive g-tube feedings. That ruling was upheld on appeal to the district court. Neither side has further pursued that subject on appeal to this court. The Brenneises also brought in district court a claim that the school district had violated T.B.’s civil rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794. The district court granted summary judgment to the school district on those civil rights claims. We affirm that summary judgment as to two counts but reverse it as to a third count. We remand that claim for further proceedings. In addition, the Brenneises and their attorneys sought attorneys’ fees and costs for their partial victory before the ALJ. The district court awarded them approximately $50,000 for attorneys’ fees, substantially less than the $1.4 million that was requested. The principal basis for denying most of the fee request was a determination by the district court that the Brenneises had unreasonably rejected a settlement offer made by the school district shortly before the start of the due process hearing. The IDEA provides that attorneys’ fees should not be awarded if the parents do not accept a timely settlement offer, “the relief finally obtained by the parents is not more favorable to the parents than the offer of settlement,” and the parents’ rejection of the settlement offer was not “substantially justified.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(D)(i)(III), (E). We conclude, contrary to the district court, that the relief obtained through the ALJ’s decision was more favorable to the parents than the offer of settlement and that the parents were substantially justified in rejecting the offer, so the district court’s denial of fees on that basis must be set aside. For that and other reasons, we vacate the district court’s determination of fees and costs and remand that matter for further consideration as well. I. Background T.B. was born in January 1994. He suffers from phenylketonuria, which prevents him from processing phenylalanine, an amino acid. Infants are screened for phenylketonuria at birth, but because of a lab error, T.B. was not correctly diagnosed until he was three. As a result, he suffered brain damage and physical problems. Children with phenylketonuria are given a phenylalanine-free drink based on formula; in 1997, T.B. was fitted with a g-tube through which the drink could be poured directly into his stomach. A. T.B. ’s home education In 2003, a dispute arose between T.B.’s mother, Alison Brenneise, and the school district about his education, and she withdrew him from school. From 2003 to 2006, T.B. was educated by external service providers, funded by the school district, and by Mrs. Brenneise herself, who was not paid. This program sometimes took place in the Brenneises’ garage and was informally called “garage school,” a term which we will also use. Under the terms of a settlement agreement, the school district funded 40 hours of services per week for T.B. That settlement did not prevent further disputes. In May 2006, the Brenneises filed for a due process hearing, contending that the district had failed to provide T.B. with a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”) for the years 2003-06, as required under the IDEA. See generally Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist., Westchester Cnty. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982) (discussing the requirements of a FAPE under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, Pub.L. No. 94-142, 89 Stat. 773, the predecessor of the IDEA). This case eventually settled. Under the IDEA, the school district was required to evaluate T.B.’s- educational needs at least once every three years. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)(2)(B)(ii). In- July 2006, the district produced an assessment report, and a few days later the parties agreed on an “extended school year” IEP that would cover the summer period. This IEP placed T.B. in Coronado Academy, a public school outside the district, for eleven half-days, which was all that remained of the school year. At that point, the IEP provided that T.B. would return to garage school. Garage school also represented the “stay-put” schooling arrangement— how T.B. would be educated if the parties were unable to agree on an IEP for the 2006-07 school year. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(3); Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 312, 108 S.Ct. 592, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988). After T.B. had attended Coronado for only five days, however, Coronado asked him to leave, so T.B. returned to garage school early. B. The compliance complaint and due process filings Mrs. Brenneise then filed a compliance complaint against the school district. The California Department of Education upheld the complaint and ordered compensatory education as a remedy. The amount of fees due to T.B.’s lawyers in connection with this compliance complaint is one of the issues in this appeal. Immediately after T.B. returned to garage school, the school district attempted to create a new IEP for the 2006-07 school year. At the end of August, the district provided a new draft IEP and a transition plan to facilitate his return to school. The district proposed that T.B. would be placed at Sierra Academy, which served only disabled students. Mrs. Brenneise did not want T.B. to attend Sierra, in part because it did not have a nurse’s office where he could lie down after g-tube feedings. She did not agree to the August 2006 IEP and objected to “all areas” of the assessments on which the IEP was based. Between September and December, the district worked on revising the IEP. Because Mrs. Brenneise disagreed with assessments of T.B. that the district had made in June and July, she requested independent educational evaluations. The district denied some of those requests and, in November 2006, filed for a due process hearing to defend its assessments. In December 2006, the district prepared a new IEP under which T.B. would be placed at Wangenheim Middle School. In accordance with Mrs. Brenneise’s request, this was a comprehensive school within and operated by the school district. Unlike Sierra, Wangenheim had a nurse’s office. The December IEP was otherwise largely similar to the August IEP. Mrs. Brenneise did not consent to the December IEP. In December 2006, the school district again filed for a due process hearing, arguing that the IEP “offer[ed] Student a FAPE designed to meet his unique needs and allow him to benefit from his education.” In January 2007, the Bren-neises also filed for a due process hearing, contending that the school district had denied T.B. a FAPE. This case was consolidated with the previously pending cases. C. Settlement proposals From February to May 2007, the parties engaged in settlement discussions. The Brenneises were represented by Steven Wyner and his law firm, Wyner and Tiffany. Although some of the discussions were oral and the parties have not stipulated as to their content, it is undisputed that the two sides discussed the possibility of an arrangement under which the school district might pay the Brenneises an annual sum in return for the Brenneises’ commitment to take over responsibility for T.B.’s education from the district and to have T.B. educated outside the public school system. According to the district, the Brenneises requested $200,000 per year to have T.B. educated privately. The Brenneises and Wyner have not denied this. In March 2007, the school district offered to pay the Brenneises $75,000 per year to have T.B. educated privately until he reached the age of 18, in the 2011-12 school year. According to the district, this was considerably more than the $30,000 to $55,000 that it would cost to educate T.B. in private school, but far less than the cost of the existing garage school program, which was approximately $157,000. The district also stated that it was rejecting the Bren-neises’ demand of $200,000 per year to educate T.B. privately. The Brenneises rejected the $75,000 offer. In April 2007, the school district offered the Brenneises a one-time payment of $50,000 to settle all of the due process claims T.B. had brought relating to the August and December IEPs. The school district stated that the prior $75,000 offer was “supersede^].” The record does not contain any evidence of a response to this offer. In May 2007, the district sent Wyner a new long-term settlement proposal. This offer, described in more detail below, was for $150,000 per year. It permitted the Brenneises to reenroll T.B. in public school beginning with the 2009-10 school year. The agreement was to be effective immediately; the Brenneises would receive a prorated share of the $150,000 for the 2006-07 school year. If T.B. was subsequently enrolled in public school, and the Brenneises were unhappy with that program, the stay-put arrangement while the dispute was resolved would be the public school program. Wyner, the attorney for the Brenneises, rejected the offer later the same day on the ground that it was “still far short of the demand that I communicated to you.” As a counteroffer, he requested an annual payment of $250,000, a larger figure than previously sought. The counteroffer provided that T.B. would remain in garage school for the rest of the 2006-07 school year, be educated privately for the 2007-08 school year, and have the right to reenroll in public school any year thereafter. The stay-put arrangement under the counteroffer was garage school. The district did not accept that offer; the record does not contain any response to the district’s rejection. D. The due process hearing and decision The case proceeded to the due process hearing, which began on May 14, 2007. The administrative law judge addressed eighteen issues, two raised by the district in its filings and sixteen raised by the Brenneises. There was overlap in some of the issues raised by the parties. After a 27-day hearing and written closing arguments, the ALJ in October 2007 handed down a careful and thorough 75-page written decision that found in favor of the school district on 15 issues. The Bren-neises won on the remaining three: Issues 10, 14, and 15. Issue 10, raised by the district, was whether the district’s education would provide T.B. “a FAPE designed to meet his unique needs and allow him to benefit from his education.” The other two issues were raised by the Bren-neises: Issue 14 was whether the district had denied T.B. a FAPE by failing to develop a health care plan that would “enable [T.B.] to attend school safely,” and Issue 15 was whether the district had denied T.B. a FAPE by failing to develop an appropriate transition plan. Issue 10 overlapped with Issues 14 and 15, so we do not discuss it separately. 1. Issue 14: the g-tube feeding The first of the two discrete issues on which T.B. won centered around his g-tube feeding. The IDEA sets out minimum federal standards for school districts that receive federal funding. States may choose to supplement the federal standards with their own, and “[sjtate standards that are not inconsistent with federal standards are also enforceable in federal court.” W.G. v. Bd. of Trustees of Target Range Sch. Dist. No. 23, 960 F.2d 1479, 1483 (9th Cir.1992). Here, the ALJ ruled that the school district had failed to show that its plan met the minimum standards that California had set relating to g-tube feeding to complement the federal standards. To understand the basis for the ALJ’s decision, it is necessary to review in some detail the relevant federal and state requirements. The IDEA provides that an IEP shall contain a “statement of the special education and related services” that will be provided to a child. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(l)(A)(i)(IV). These related services are defined at § 1401(26) as a range of items including “school nurse services designed to enable a child with a disability to receive a free appropriate public education.” California has adopted a similar definition of related services, called “designated instruction and services.” Cal. Edue.Code § 56363(a). Designated instruction and services include “[h]ealth and nursing services,” id. § 56363(b)(12). These may in turn include “specialized physical health care services,” 5 CaLCode Regs. § 3051.12(b), which are defined as “those health services prescribed by the child’s licensed physician and surgeon requiring medically related training for the individual who performs the services and which are necessary during the school day to enable the child to attend school.” Under the Code of Regulations, “[slpecific continuing specialized physical health care services required in order for the individual to benefit from special education will be included in the [IEP].” Id. § 3051.12(b)(3)(A) (emphasis added). The ALJ held that TiB.’s g-tube feeding, “if required to be performed during the school day by District personnel,” was a specialized physical health care service. Therefore, it had to be described in the IEP. But the August 2006 IEP did not “describe general procedures for G-Tube feeding, where that procedure would take place on the Sierra campus, or identify the category of employee who would assist [T.B.] with the feedings.” Rather, the IEP simply recited that T.B. would receive three 'hours of nursing services in September 2006 and “5 hours consultation per year as needed,” and contained a “School Health Management Plan,” which required adult supervision of T.B.’s g-tube feedings. The transition plan section of the IEP stated that the nurse would train Sierra staff in g-tube feeding before T.B. started school, but provided no further details. Therefore, the ALJ concluded, the August 2006 IEP did not provide a FAPE. The December 2006 IEP also failed to provide a FAPE. Like the August IEP, this plan provided for a total of eight hours of nursing services throughout the school year and also contained the health management plan. Unlike the August IEP, the December IEP contained two extra pages explaining how food was to be prepared at school and stating that “[T.B.] requires an Individualized School Healthcare Plan.” These pages also referred to the transition plan, which was more detailed than the August version. The transition plan provided that all school staff would be trained in T.B.’s dietary requirements, and that g-tube feeding would take place in the nurse’s office, with the staff member assisting T.B. “[t]o be determined in collaboration with the school nurse and parent.” The ALJ ruled that this was insufficient. The district was not permitted to rely on the creation of an Individualized School Healthcare Plan after the event: the IEP itself had to be sufficiently clear. And the December IEP “did not specify which category of District staff would be responsible for the G-Tube feeding.” This failure to specify was important under California law. Under Education Code § 49423.5(a), only two types of persons were allowed.to perform specialized physical education services such as g-tube feeding: “(1) Qualified persons who possess an appropriate credential ... [and] (2) [qualified designated school personnel trained in the administration of specialized physical health care if they perform those services under the supervision ... of a credentialed school nurse, public health nurse, or licensed physician.... ” The ALJ found that a school nurse would be considered in the former category. But a person could be considered “qualified designated school personnel” only if he or she had received “[m]edically related training” in “standardized procedures provided by a qualified school nurse, qualified public health nurse, qualified licensed physician and surgeon, or other approved programs.” 5 CaLCode Regs. § 3051.12(b)(1)(E)(2). The ALJ found that the district had two job categories that were intended to cover qualified designated school personnel: Special Education Technician (“SET”) and Special Education Health Technician (“SEHT”). The district’s job classification prescribed a wide range of duties for SETs, including “[p]erform[ing] specialized health care procedures under [the] direction of [a] school nurse.” An SEHT’s duties were more narrowly focused on health care, and specifically included g-tube feedings. An SEHT was more experienced than an SET: according to the job classification, an SEHT required “[a]ny combination of training, experience, and/or education equivalent to one year of experience in the district job class of ... Special Education Technician.” By contrast, the ALJ determined that the district provided insufficient evidence that a third job categorization, Behavioral Support Assistant (“BSA”), was qualified to provide g-tube feedings under California law. The district’s job classification stated that BSAs should “[p]rovide individual or small group support to pupils according to established Individualized Education Programs” but did not specify any medical duties. As the ALJ stated, the IEP was silent about who would be performing the g-tube feeding. There was evidence at the hearing that the feeding would, in fact, be done by a BSA, who would be assigned to assist T.B. throughout the school day. That was the problem. The district had not- shown that the BSA would be qualified to perform g-tube feedings, so “[T.B.’s] parents had no way to be sure that an appropriate employee would be assisting their child.” As a result, the ALJ concluded, the Bren-neises prevailed on Issue 14. 2. Issue 15: the transition plans The second discrete issue on which the Brenneises prevailed related to the transition plans. Under California law, an IEP had to contain “[provision for the transition into the regular class program if the pupil is to be transferred from a special class or nonpublic, nonsectarian school into a regular class in a public school....” Cal. Educ.Code § 56345(b)(4). This included “[a] description of activities provided to integrate the pupil into the regular education program” and “[a] description of the activities provided to support the transition of pupils from the special education program into the regular education program.” Id. § 56345(b)(4)(A), (B). The ALJ concluded that the transition plans in both the August and December IEPs were defective. The August IEP transition plan purported to provide a three-week transition into school. At the hearing, however, the district’s expert testified that the transition might take more than three weeks, depending on T.B.’s progress. Therefore, the language of the plan was “directly contradictory” to the school district’s evidence. Furthermore, the plan did not state that designated instruction and services would continue until transition was complete, nor who would decide when T.B. was to move to the next phase. That made the plan inadequate. The December IEP transition plan, by contrast, explicitly provided for four flexible phases. But this plan was also flawed: T.B. could, in theory, remain in one phase of the plan for the entire year, and so the plan needed to state what T.B.’s services were in each phase. Like the August plan, it did not specify the designated instruction and services that T.B. would receive during the transition plan. In addition, the parents were not included in the collaboration team that decided when T.B. would move from one phase to the next, a problem that affected both plans. The ALJ concluded this was a violation of federal law, which required that the child’s parents must be involved in decisions relating to his education placement. See, e.g., 34 C.F.R. § 300.327. Therefore, the Brenneises prevailed on Issue 15. 3. The relief As relief, the ALJ modified the December IEP by including language to state that a school nurse would “personally assist” T.B. with his g-tube feeding, and that the feeding would occur “at the time(s) and in the manner designated in a doctor’s order from the [T.B.’s] current physician.” But the ALJ also said that nothing in this Decision is intended to prevent the District from proposing, in a future IEP, that another classification of employee assist [T.B.] with the feedings, provided that the assistant meets the requirements of Education Code section 49423.5. In addition, nothing in this Decision is intended to limit the classification of employee that may be designated pursuant to that code section. This Decision is simply based on the finding that, at the present time and in the present case, the District failed to make an evidentiary showing that the three hours of training provided for District staff in the December 4 IEP would qualify [T.B.’s] one-to-one behavioral aide to perform specialized physical health care services. The December IEP was also modified to include Mrs. Brenneise as a participant in the collaboration meetings in the transition plan, and to clarify that “until [T.B.] reaches phase four of the transition plan, [T.B.’s] District-funded [designated instruction and] services will continue with his current ... providers and at his current levels of service.” E. The district prepares new IEPs The district sent Mrs. Brenneise a modified IEP in October 2007. Like the December 2006 IEP, this IEP provided for eight hours of “health nursing.” It also spelled out how g-tube feeding would take place: “G-tube feeding will be scheduled to occur daily in the nurse’s office. A school nurse will be present and will personally assist the student with the student’s G-tube feeding.” The district also added language stating that health training would be critical throughout the year, although it provided no more hours of training. And the IEP identified T.B.’s then-current provider of occupational therapy as a service provider until T.B. transitioned into spending the full day at school. Mrs. Brenneise rejected this IEP, apparently because it provided that T.B. would receive occupational therapy from the school T.B. was to attend, Wangen-heim, not from the current provider, which she preferred. The district moved to clarify the ALJ’s decision on the ground that Mrs. Brenneise’s preferred provider was not certified with the California Department of Education. The ALJ denied that request, in part because all the parties had agreed to fund T.B.’s current providers. Nevertheless, the Brenneises and the district slowly began implementing the transition plan. The district also began creating an IEP for the 2007-08 school year. On November 29, 2007, the district held a meeting to adopt a new IEP. As relevant to this appeal, the IEP provided for health nursing services as follows: 8 hours consultation/training to be provided prior to [T.B.’s] starting school. 5 hours consultation per year as needed. G-tube feeding will be scheduled to occur as prescribed by MD twice daily in nurse’s office — one time daily during Phases I — III of transition plan, then two times daily beginning in Phase IV when [T.B.] attends school full day. During first week of [T.B.’s] school attendance, a school nurse will be present and personally assist him with G-tube feeding. Following training by the school nurse, BSA staff will replace the school nurse as staff designated to be present and personally assist [T.B.] with G-tube feeding. School nurse will supervise BSAs, as well as train and supervise SEHT and SET to be designated backup staff in case of BSA absence or emergency. Mrs. Brenneise refused to agree to this IEP because it provided that a BSA, not a nurse, would be responsible for T.B.’s feedings. At a December 21, 2007 meeting to discuss the IEP, the district responded by offering to raise the nursing services from eight hours per year to twelve. F. Both sides appeal to district court On January 4, 2008, the Brenneises filed a complaint in district court to appeal the ALJ’s determinations on the fifteen issues on which they lost. The district filed its own district court appeal on the same day to challenge the ALJ’s determinations on the three issues on which it lost. The district also sued Steven Wyner and his law firm personally to recover the district’s fees for responding to frivolous claims. It also sought a declaration that it was not liable to pay the Brenneises’ fees for their successful July 2006 compliance complaint. At the end of January 2008, the district filed for another due process hearing, seeking a determination that the district had offered a FAPE for the 2007-08 school year. On February 22, 2008, MarySue Glynn, the district’s Director of Special Education, wrote to Mrs. Brenneise that the district remained eager for T.B. to begin school and would start him immediately “if you would consent.” Glynn asked Mrs. Brenneise to contact her if she was “interested in modifications to [T.B.’s] IEP which would allow him to transition more quickly.” A week later, Mrs. Brenneise gave the district notice that T.B. and his family were moving out of state. The Brenneises did not pursue the due process hearing for the 2007-08 school year, but the litigation over the prior year lived on. The Brenneises amended their district court complaint in March 2008, seeking, among other things, attorneys’ fees relating to the July 2006 compliance complaint. In April, the court consolidated the cases filed by the Brenneises and the district. It denied Wyner’s motion to dismiss the district’s claim against Wyner and his law firm and denied the district’s motion to dismiss the Brenneises’ claim for fees for the compliance complaint. The school district appealed the denial of its motion to dismiss, but this court dismissed the appeal because there was no final judgment and the district had not been granted permission to appeal from the interlocutory ruling. The Brenneises filed a Second Amended Complaint, the currently operative pleading, in May 2009. It contained the three surviving claims from the first amended complaint — appealing the ALJ’s adverse rulings, and seeking attorneys’ fees under the IDEA and in connection with the compliance complaint — and also four new civil rights claims under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The school district moved for summary judgment on its first cause of action. In June 2010, the court denied this motion and upheld the ALJ’s rulings in favor of the Brenneises on Issues 10, 14, and 15, praising the quality of the ALJ’s analysis. The school district did not appeal this judgment, and it later abandoned its other two causes of action. The Brenneises abandoned their claim challenging the ALJ’s adverse rulings on the IEP. The court then invited the Bren-neises to file their motion for attorneys’ fees relating to their victory in upholding the ALJ’s three rulings in their favor. The parties stipulated to judgment in favor of the Brenneises on their claim for recovery for fees related to the July 2006 compliance complaint. (As we discuss below, this stipulation is still a source of dispute.) In November 2011, the parties moved jointly to dismiss one of the Brenneises’ civil rights claims. The Brenneises moved for summary judgment on one of the other claims, Count 4 of the complaint, in which they alleged that the district was deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s safety by failing to provide a qualified person to do the g-tube feedings. The district moved for summary judgment on all three of the remaining civil rights claims (Counts 4, 5, and 7). G. The district court awards the Bren-neises reduced attorneys’ fees In March 2012, the district court ruled on the Brenneises’ motion for attorneys’ fees. The motion sought $1,398,048.70. The court held that the Brenneises were a “prevailing party” on the IDEA claims, because they had secured more than “merely technical” relief. In particular, the ALJ had found that the August and December 2006 IEPs failed to specify a “qualified person” to assist T.B. with his g-tube feedings, and the district court had upheld this finding. This was “an important issue of health and safety.” Having found that the Brenneises were entitled to fees, the court then moved to the amount. The IDEA prohibits attorneys’ fees for services performed after a written settlement offer is made to the parents if (i) the offer is made more than ten days before the start of the due process hearing, (ii) the parents reject it, and (iii) the offer is at least as good as the relief the parents secure in the hearing. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(D). However, as an exception to the foregoing rule, fees are available if the parents are “substantially justified” in rejecting the offer. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(E). Based on that provision, the district court ruled that the Brenneises were not entitled to any fees and costs incurred on and after May 4, 2007, when they rejected an offer made by the district in a letter from its attorney, dated May 3, 2007. The district court concluded that the Brenneises did not secure more favorable relief before the ALJ and were not substantially justified in rejecting the offer. The court went on to rule that “[e]ven if the IDEA’S provision did not strictly apply to the facts, the Court, in its discretion, would not award the Brenneises any fees incurred after they unreasonably rejected the May 3, 2007, settlement offer.” The court ruled, however, that the Bren-neises could recover reasonable fees and costs incurred before May 4, 2007, the date they rejected the. district’s offer. The court conducted a lodestar analysis and awarded attorneys’ fees of $50,260.50, plus nontaxable costs of $5,173.41. H. The district court grants summary judgment to the school district In May 2012, the court granted the school district summary judgment on the Brenneises’ three outstanding civil rights claims. To establish a claim for damages under the Rehabilitation Act and ADA, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant intended to discriminate on the basis of his or her disability, or was deliberately indifferent to the disability. Duvall v. Cnty. of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1139 (9th Cir.2001). First, the court rejected the Brenneises’ claim that the school district had been deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s need for a qualified person to provide his g-tube feedings. It concluded that the district never ignored the Brenneises’ concerns; it acted in good faith, and simply read the relevant California law differently from the Bren-neises. Next, the court ruled that the school district had not violated T.B.’s civil rights by failing to implement the ALJ’s decision. The ALJ had required that the 2006-07 IEP be amended to provide that a nurse do the g-tube feedings, but the decision had explicitly stated that the ALJ was not ruling on future IEPs, such as the December 2007 IEP. The district seemed to be acting in good faith by offering to increase nursing hours. Relatedly, there was no evidence to support the allegation that the school district had discriminated against T.B. by failing to provide him with occupational therapy from his preferred provider. Finally, the district court concluded, no reasonable jury could infer that the school district retaliated against the Brenneises. The district’s IEP team wanted T.B. to return to school and “took great pains” to respond to Mrs. Bren-neise’s concerns. The Brenneises and Wyner appealed both the summary judgment on the civil rights claims and the limited grant of attorneys’ fees. The school district has not filed a cross-appeal. II. Standard of Review “This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo.” Mark H. v. Hamamoto, 620 F.3d 1090, 1096 (9th Cir.2010). “We must determine, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to ... the non-moving party, whether there are any genuine [disputes] of material fact and whether the district court correctly applied the substantive law.” Nigro v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 784 F.3d 495, 495 (9th Cir.2015) (quoting Olsen v. Idaho Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir.2004)); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “A factual [dispute] is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). We review an award of attorneys’ fees for abuse of discretion. Shapiro ex rel. Shapiro v. Paradise Valley Unified Sch. Dist. No. 69, 374 F.3d 857, 861 (9th Cir.2004). “The district court’s underlying factual determinations are reviewed for clear error and its legal analysis relevant to the fee determination is reviewed de novo.” Id. We discuss below in more detail the standard for reviewing the district court’s decision to limit attorneys’ fees under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(D). III. The Civil Rights Claims We affirm in part and reverse in part the grant of summary judgment on the three civil rights claims. In particular, we affirm the summary judgments in favor of the school district on Counts IV and VII of the Second Amended Complaint, but reverse the summary judgment on Count V and remand for further proceedings on that count. A. Counts TV and V: the g-tube feeding In Counts IV and V of the Second Amended Complaint, the Brenneises alleged that the school district violated the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act by failing to offer and implement a g-tube feeding regime that would enable T.B. to attend school safely. Section 504 provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability ... shall, solely by reason of his or her disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). The language of the ADA is almost identical, and courts typically analyze the two provisions together. See Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1152 n. 7 (9th Cir.2002). “Plaintiffs may establish that an organization [that receives federal funds, such as the district,] violated § 504 by showing that the public entity discriminated against, excluded, or denied the benefits of a public program to a qualified person with a disability. This includes showing that the public entity denied the plaintiff a reasonable accommodation.” Mark H., 620 F.3d at 1096 (citation omitted). If a plaintiff seeks monetary damages for a violation of Section 504 or the ADA, he must show that the defendant acted with intent to deny him the benefits of the public program or a reasonable accommodation. Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1138. 1. Statutory accommodations Before we pass on the Brenneises’ claims, we must address a threshold issue: whether a district’s failure to abide by a statutorily mandated accommodation may give rise to a civil rights claim. In the typical civil rights case arising out of an IDEA suit, the plaintiff alleges that the district- failed to provide a “reasonable accommodation” to allow him to take advantage of the district’s educational program. See, e.g., Mark H., 620 F.3d at 1097-98. When a court determines whether an accommodation is reasonable or not, each side may be required to produce evidence, and the ultimate question of reasonableness may have to be decided by a jury. Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 192 F.3d 807, 816-17 (9th Cir.1999). This case is • different, however. The Brenneises allege that the school district denied T.B. a free appropriate public education in the “least restrictive environment,” as he was guaranteed under the IDEA, by failing to provide him with a reasonable accommodation for his g-tube feeding. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5); 34 C.F.R. § 300.114 et seq. The only reasonable accommodation, according to the Brenneises, is not one that may be determined by a court, but the one prescribed by the California statute and regulations. They go on to argue that the school district was automatically deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s rights, and therefore liable for damages under Section 504 and the ADA, by failing to abide by California law. The school district responds that there is no “per se” reasonable accommodation for g-tube feeding under California law and denies that it was deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s rights. We agree with the Brenneises that California law establishes federally enforceable rights governing g-tube feeding in schools. In the absence of any specific regulations, the district would be required to make a reasonable accommodation to allow T.B. to receive g-tube feedings in school so that he could receive a free appropriate public education. The form of this accommodation would depend on the “individual circumstances of [the] case.” Vinson, 288 F.3d at 1154. But when the State has specified the form that the accommodation must take, that specification establishes minimum standards to which the district must adhere. The service or program that T.B. claims he was prevented from receiving is a safe public education, not simply g-tube feedings from a nurse, SEHT, or SET. Even though T.B.’s failure to obtain an IEP that unambiguously provided for g-tube feedings in accordance with California law is the hook on which his civil rights claims depend (and the parties disagree as to how concerned the Brenneises were about this issue before they prevailed on it in the due process hearing), his fundamental complaint is that he has been prevented from attending public school safely. In California, g-tube feeding provisions are part of the overall educational program that the state provides to students; they are not a separate service. T.B.’s claim, then, is that he was deprived of his right to attend public school, in the manner required by California law, on account of his disability. T.B.’s right to attend public school in a manner permitted by California law is enforceable in' district court. As we observed earlier, state standards for a free appropriate public education “not inconsistent with federal standards are ... enforceable in .federal court.” Target Range, 960 F.2d at 1483. “While a state may not depart downward from the minimum level of appropriateness mandated under federal law, a state is free to exceed, both substantively and procedurally, the protection and services to be provided to its disabled children.” Roland M. v. Concord Sch. Comm., 910 F.2d 983, 987 (1st Cir.1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). In setting forth who shall provide g-tube feedings, California appears to have gone beyond what a federal court might require in other circumstances, but that is a choice the legislature has made, and, like other choices regarding public education for disabled children, it is enforceable in court. We therefore agree with the only other court that, so far as we are aware, has analyzed this issue, and hold that where the State has defined an accommodation by law, that accommodation is enforceable in court. See Sullivan ex rel. Sullivan v. Vallejo City Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F.Supp. 947, 959 (E.D.Cal.1990) (holding that a reasonable accommodation is defined “at the minimum” by state law that prescribes mandatory accommodations for disabled persons). The reasonable accommodation that the school district was required to provide was the designation of a qualified employee to administer g-tube feedings: either an employee “possessing] an appropriate credential ... [or a] [qualified designated school personnel trained in the administration of specialized physical health care if they perform those services under the supervision ... of a credentialed school nurse, public health nurse, or licensed physician.” Cal. Educ.Code § 49423.5(a). Although we agree with the Brenneises that a school district’s failure to abide by California’s minimum standards on g-tube feeding may give rise to a civil rights claim, we reject their argument that a district’s failure to provide these services means that they automatically prevail on such a claim. To succeed on a civil rights claim in this context, the plaintiffs must show intentional discrimination. Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1139. Deliberate indifference qualifies as intent, and the Brenneises attempt to meet this easier standard rather than showing animus on the part of the school district. Deliberate indifference is defined as “knowledge that a harm to a federally protected right is substantially likely, and a failure to act upon that likelihood.” Id. The Brenneises meet the first part of the test, but not the second. “When the plaintiff has alerted the public entity to his need for accommodation (or where the need for accommodation is obvious, or required by statute or regulation), the public entity is on notice that an accommodation is required, and the plaintiff has satisfied the first element of the deliberate indifference test.” Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1139. In this case, the school district was on notice that the personnel selected to administer g-tube feedings had to meet the requirements of California Education Code § 49423.5. The Duvall court went on to hold, however, that “in order to meet the second element of the deliberate indifference test, a failure to act must be more than negligent, and involves an element of deliberateness.” Id. This defeats the Brenneises’ argument that any failure to meet the state standard is per se deliberate indifference, which rests solely on the maxim “everyone is presumed to know the law.” The Brenneises’ approach would im-permissibly convert the deliberate indifference standard into a strict liability standard. See Ferguson v. City of Phoenix, 157 F.3d 668, 673-75 (9th Cir.1998). Therefore, the Brenneises must still prove that the school district was deliberately indifferent to the need to meet state standards for feeding T.B. at school. 2. Count IV: the 2006-07 IEP With this in mind, we turn to Count IV of the Second Amended Complaint. The Brenneises, citing the language of Education Code § 49423.5(a), alleged that “[t]he District failed and refused to offer to provide either a qualified person or qualified designated trained school personnel to provide [T.B.’s] G-Tube feedings.” The district court upheld the determination of the ALJ that the IEP did not specify that a qualified person, as defined by statute, would perform the g-tube feedings. But the district court also concluded that there was no evidence that the district had been deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s g-tube feeding. The school district, the court held, “never ignored the Brenneises’ concerns,” but engaged in detailed discussions about how to provide adult supervision for the g-tube feedings. “[T]he School district offered accommodations based upon its knowledge of T.B.’s abilities, which allowed any trained adult to assist him with the procedure.” We agree that no reasonable jury could find that the district was deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s right to be assisted by a person qualified under California law. The school district was on constructive notice about the g-tube feeding requirements, as they were laid down in the California statute. Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1139. But there is no evidence that the school district was deliberately indifferent to this standard. The district believed that it could specify who would assist T.B. in an Individualized School Healthcare Plan. California’s requirements are not spelled out with precision: the most objective requirement is that the assistant should demonstrate “competence in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation.” Cal. Educ.Code § 49423.5(c); 5 CaLCode Regs. § 3051.12(b)(1)(C). About the time of the IEP meetings in this case, at least one other student in the school district was being assisted by a BSA in his g-tube feeding. A reasonable jury would be able to find, at most, that the district was wrong about the state’s g-tube feeding requirements, not that it was deliberately indifferent. The Brenneises try, and fail, to show that the school district was on notice that its plan to have a behavioral aide assist in g-tube feedings would not meet California’s requirements by pointing to an unpublished Office of Administrative Hearings case involving the district, Student v. San Diego Unified School District, OAH No. 04-209 (May 25, 2004). In that case, the ALJ was required to decide whether a severely disabled child, who was fed through a g-tube, could be assisted by a SET or SEHT at school, or whether he had to be assisted by a full-time nurse. The Brenneises are correct that this case involves some of the same statutes and regulations as that one and that the student had some of the same medical needs. But, at most, that case would put the district on notice as to the regulations, which under the first prong of the deliberate indifference test is already assumed. Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1139. The case does not shed light on how much training a BSA would require to be able to provide nursing services under California law and whether the district was in compliance with that law under the facts of this case. We therefore affirm the summary judgment entered in favor of the school district on Count IV. 3. Count V: the 2007-08 IEP The implementation of the ALJ’s decision in the IEP for the following year is potentially a different matter. In Count V of the Second Amended Complaint, the Brenneises alleged that the school district failed to comply with the ALJ’s decision and “knew that it was substantially likely that [T.B.] would not able to safely attend public school or be able to obtain educational benefit from his educational program.” In the Brenneises’ view, the district illegally “fail[ed] and refus[ed] to ensure the presence of a school nurse to personally assist with [T.B.’s] G-Tube feedings.” The district responds that the ALJ’s decision covered the 2006-07 year. As described above, in October 2006 the district amended the December 2006 IEP in the way that the ALJ ordered: it provided that “[a] school nurse will be present and will personally assist the student with the student’s G-tube feeding.” But by the time the ALJ ordered relief, the 2007-08 school year had already begun. The language ordered by the ALJ did not appear in the draft November 2007 IEP, which covered the 2007-08 school year. The November IEP provided that a nurse would personally assist T.B. with g-tube feeding in his first week at school, at which point a BSA would take over. The November IEP also provided for a total of three hours training for the BSA before he or she took over. The school district argues that its proposed 2007-08 IEP did not violate T.B.’s civil rights. It observes that the ALJ held specifically that the district was permitted to propose a different classification of employee to assist T.B. with his feedings, “provided that the assistant meets the requirements of Education Code section 49423.5,” and that “nothing in this Decision is intended to limit the classification of employee that may be designated pursuant to that code section.”, The district’s position, in effect, is that the due process hearing for the previous school year was irrelevant once the new school year had begun. We disagree. It is true that an IEP is only valid for the school year to which it applies. But the pertinent issue here is whether a reasonable jury could find that the district violated T.B.’s civil rights by failing to accommodate his need for g-tube feedings. We believe that it could. After the ALJ handed down her decision, the district knew how a judge might interpret California’s rules on g-tube feeding and what the district would likely have to do to comply with the rules. A reasonable jury might find that the district was being deliberately indifferent to T.B.’s rights under California law&emdash;as opposed to merely negligent or wrong&emdash;by refusing to specify that a nurse, SEHT, or SET should carry out the g-tube feedings when the ALJ had suggested strongly that this was the only way in which the district could fulfill its legal duties. The ALJ’s opinion also suggests that the District might rely on the BSAs to carry out the feedings, but only if the evidence showed that they met the California-law requirements. Although the ALJ’s ruling put the District on notice that the proposed accommodation of using BSAs was insufficient without this evidence, the District’s evidence shows only that the BSAs received training, not that the training complied, or was adjusted to comply, with California law. A reasonable jury might find deliberate indifference on this ground as well. A factfinder could also conclude, to the contrary, that the district was simply negligent, not deliberately indifferent, in interpreting the ALJ’s instructions. The ALJ held that “[njothing in this Decision is intended to prevent the District from proposing, in a future IEP, that another classification of employee assist [T.B.] with the feedings, provided that the assistant meets the requirements of Education Code section 49423.5.” The district may simply have failed to pay enough attention to the final clause. Or perhaps the district could have provided sufficient evidence under its 2007-08 school year IEP showing that its proposed supervision and training of a BSA would meet the requirements for providing g-tube feedings. Because there is a genuine dispute of material fact, summary judgment is not appropriate in favor of either party on this claim. We reverse the summary judgment granted in favor of the school district on this claim and remand for further proceedings. B. Count VII: the retaliation claim The Brenneises also alleged in the Second Amended Complaint that the district retaliated against T.B. and Mrs. Brenneise for her “aggressive advocacy” on T.B.’s behalf. We affirm the judgment of the district court that a reasonable jury would not be able to find that the district retaliated against the Brenneises. We apply the Title VII burden-shifting framework, as established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), to retaliation claims under the ADA. See Brown v. Tucson, 336 F.3d 1181, 1186-87 (9th Cir.2003); see also Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105, 1121 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc) (“[W]e join our sister circuits in adopting the Title VII retaliation framework for ADA retaliation claims.”), vacated on othpr grounds, U.S. Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 535 U.S. 391, 122 S.Ct. 1516, 152 L.Ed.2d 589 (2002). Under the Title VII retaliation standard, a plaintiff must make out a prima facie case “(a) that he or she was engaged in protected activity, (b) that he or she suffered an adverse action, and (c) that there was a causal link between the two.” Emeldi v. Univ. of Ore., 673 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir.2012). In University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2528, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013), the Court held that the standard for the “causal link” is but-for causation, a more stringent test. Other circuit and district courts have applied Nassar to ADA retaliation' claims, and we do as well. See, e.g., Feist v. La., Dep’t of Justice, Office of Att’y Gen., 730 F.3d 450, 454 (5th Cir.2013); E.E.O.C. v. Ford Motor Co., 782 F.3d 753, 767 (6th Cir.2015) (en banc); Staley v. Gruenberg, 575 Fed.Appx. 153, 155 (4th Cir.2014); Gallagher v. San Diego Unified Port Dist., 14 F.Supp.3d 1380, 1390-91 (S.D.Cal.2014). Although each of these cases involved retaliation relating to employment discrimination under Title I rather than discrimination in public services under Title II, the ADA’s retaliation provision applies to both titles. See 42 U.S.C. § 12203. The but-for causation standard therefore applies equally to retaliation under Titles I and II. Making out a prima facie case is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for surviving a motion for summary judgment in the McDonnell Douglas framework. See Wallis v. J.R. Simplot Co., 26 F.3d 885, 890 (9th Cir.1994). No reasonable jury could find that the Brenneises made out a prima facie case of retaliation. The Brenneises claim that the district retaliated against them by providing for a BSA to perform IEP feedings in the 2007-08 IEP. But no jury could find that the school district would have provided a nurse, SEHT, or SET in the 2007-08 IEP but for Mrs. Brenneise’s aggressive advocacy. There was no evidence that the district’s actions were connected to Mrs. Brenneise’s advocacy. As discussed above, there were many plausible explanations why the district may have failed to provide a nurse, SEHT or SET. Retaliation was not' one of them. Mrs. Brenneise also claims that the school district required her to “consent” to the IEP before enrolling T.B. in school. The source of this claim is Glynn’s letter to Brenneise that the district remained eager for T.B. to begin school at Wangenheim and would start him immediately “if you would consent.” The Brenneises claim that, in this context, “consent” means “consent to the IEP” and that Glynn was thus trying to force Mrs. Brenneise to agree to the IEP. But there is no evidence that Glynn was refusing to consider further changes to the IEP to satisfy Mrs. Bren-neise. The letter itself stated that if. Mrs. Brenneise was “interested in modifications to [T.B.’s] IEP which would allow him to transition more quickly, please contact my office and we will arrange.” Furthermore, even if Glynn was not prepared to modify the IEP further to allay Mrs. Brenneise’s concerns, a jury would not be able to conclude that Mrs. Brenneise’s advocacy was a but-for cause of Glynn’s letter. We affirm the district court’s summary judgment on the retaliation claim. IV. Attorneys’ Fees The district court granted fees and costs to the Brenneises and their attorneys but awarded only a small fraction of the amount requested. They submitted a request for $1,398,048.70 in fees and costs for their success in the due process hearing and on appeal to the district court. The district court awarded only $55,433.91.' When reviewing a court’s award of fees for abuse of discretion, we “review the underlying factual determinations for clear error and review de novo any legal analysis relevant to the fee determination.” Fischel v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of U.S., 307 F.3d 997, 1005 (9th Cir.2002). The IDEA permits a court “in its discretion [to] award reasonable attorneys’ fees” to a prevailing party. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i). The ALJ ruled that the Brenneises had prevailed on Issues 10, 14, and 15 in the due process hearing. The district court held that the Brenneises were a prevailing party under the IDEA. It rejected the district’s claim that the Brenneises had secured only technical or de minimis relief and held: “[T]he ALJ found, and this Court agreed, that the proposed August and December IEPs failed to specify a qualified person to assist T.B. with his G-tube feedings. This is an important issue of health and safety.” The limited amount of the award was primarily the result of the court’s decision to deny all fees and costs for work performed on and after May 4, 2007, the date the Brenneises rejected the district’s settlement offer of $150,000 per year. The court identified two independent grounds to support that decision. First, it concluded that the IDEA barred an award for work performed after that date because the relief that the Brenneises won in the due process hearing was “not more favorable to the parents than the offer of settlement,” and the parents were not “substantially justified” in rejecting the settlement. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(D), (E). Second, and independently, the district court