Full opinion text
HOLMES, Circuit Judge. Shawron Lounds appeals from the district court’s order granting summary judgment to her former employer, Lineare, Inc. (“Lineare”), on her claims of a hostile work environment in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm in part and reverse in part. Specifically, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Ms. Lounds’s claim for retaliation, but we reverse the court’s grant of summary judgment on her discrimination claim and remand for further proceedings. I On an appeal from a ruling granting summary judgment, “ “we examine the record and all reasonable inferences that might be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the non-moving party,’ without making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.” Hernandez v. Valley View Hosp. Ass’n, 684 F.3d 950, 953 n. 2 (10th Cir.2012) (quoting Pinkerton v. Colo. Dep’t of Transp., 563 F.3d 1052, 1058 (10th Cir.2009)). The following facts are recited accordingly. A Lineare is a nationwide provider of at-home medical services with headquarters in Florida and, as germane here, a satellite facility in Wichita, Kansas. At all times relevant to this appeal, Lineare employed approximately twenty individuals at its Wichita location. Ms. Lounds began working at that office as a customer-service representative in September 2011. She is African-American and, throughout the duration of her employment with Lin-care, was the Wichita office’s only African-American employee. Suzanne Kraft, the Wichita facility manager, hired Ms. Lounds and was her direct supervisor. Ms. Lounds alleges that when she first reported to work, Ms. Kraft asked if her name was “Shaquita” and, after asking Ms. Lounds to introduce herself in a group setting, said, “I thought your name was Shaniqua!” J.A. at 267 (Mem. for Record, dated Feb. 3, 2012). At least one of Ms. Lounds’s co-workers has stated that before Ms. Lounds’s start date, Ms. Kraft mentioned having interviewed Ms. Lounds, calling her “the cute black girl,” id. at 480 (Llamas Dep., dated Oct. 9, 2013), and “Shaniqua or Shanay or something,” id. at 487. In October 2011, a truculent male customer phoned the Wichita office and threatened to harm the employees. Ms. Lounds alleges that when she reported the call, Ms. Kraft instructed her to give the customer “attitude,” id. at 271, and to “get ghetto” with him, id. at 111 (Lounds Dep., dated Aug. 21, 2013). Ms. Kraft was overheard commenting about how “mean” this customer was and saying that “by the sounds of his voice she imagined that he was a big African American man.” Id. at 506 (Renard Dep., dated Oct. 9, 2013). When the customer later visited the office, Ms. Kraft approached Ms. Lounds and said of him, “No offense, he’s a ... little white guy.” Id. at 111. On November 14, 2011, Ms. Lounds happened upon some of her co-workers discussing an African-American man who had recently killed his wife. She listened as Kevin Kunz stated, “[W]e need to bring back lynching, because we have enough trees.” Id. at 267. According to Ms. Lounds, Mr. Kunz first attempted to clarify that he was “not racist, and there was nothing wrong with lynching,” before he approached her to say, “I’m not trying to offend you[;] it’s not like I said ‘let[’]s go down [to] 9th and Grove (the Black Neighborhood) and drag every black person with a noose, tie them to a truck and drag them after hanging them.’ ” Id. When Ms. Lounds objected to his commentary, Mr. Kunz rejoined that she should not be so sensitive. Ms. Lounds alleges that on January 14, 2012, co-worker Laynee Kempke entered the office, announced that she had “just c[o]me back from the ‘Hood’ seeing a patient,” and began chanting, “BOOM!” and “Boom, Nigga!” Id. at 268. After that incident, at least one co-worker relayed to Ms. Lounds that Ms. Kempke had previously “said or used the ‘N Word,’ ” most notably by saying “Peace out my Nigga!” Id. Ms. Lounds told Ms. Kempke that remarks of this nature upset her. During a staff meeting on January 17, 2012, Ms. Kraft asked co-worker Nathan Van Dever — the only male employee in attendance — if he felt “like a minority.” Id. at 268. At some point in the course of the meeting, Ms. Kraft explained that company vice president Greg McCarthy was planning to visit Lincare’s Wichita office; she directed the employees to address Mr. McCarthy by saying, “YES MASSA.” Id. at 269. One employee present during the incident observed that Ms. Kraft’s “‘yes, massa’ did offend [Ms. Lounds] very visually” and that Ms. Lounds “had tears in her eyes” after the meeting. Id. at 506. On January 26, 2012, during an office pizza lunch, Mr. Kunz “kept saying things like ‘I never go in the ghetto[;] the hood has gangsters.’ ” Id. at 273. Shortly thereafter, he approached Ms. Lounds and said, “you know ... the HOOD!” Id. A coworker standing near Ms. Lounds asked what Mr. Kunz meant; Mr. Kunz replied that there were “a lot of minorities there [i.e., in the ‘ghetto’] and it’s dirty, it’s run down.” Id. at 482. Mr. McCarthy visited Lincare’s Wichita facility on January 27, 2012. While he was attending a staff meeting, employee Amber Renard reported that “there was some racial commentary [involving Ms. Lounds] that needed [his] attention.” Id. at 221 (McCarthy Dep., dated Oct. 14, 2013). After the meeting adjourned, Mr. McCarthy spoke privately with Ms. Lounds and learned that she was indeed troubled by some “offensive” statements. Id. He asked Ms. Lounds to put these concerns in writing and indicated that he would contact human resources. Mr. McCarthy then called Paula Adams, Lincare’s director of employee relations, to request a follow-up investigation regarding Ms. Lounds’s allegations. Pursuant to Mr. McCarthy’s instructions, Ms. Adams called district manager Jeremy Felts later that day to discuss Ms. Lounds’s concerns. Mr. Felts then summoned Ms. Lounds and Ms. Renard for a teleconference with Ms. Adams. During this phone call, Ms. Lounds told Ms. Adams that: (1) Ms. Kempke had said “boom nigga,” id. at 108, and “peace out nigga,” id. at 236 (Adams Aff., dated Nov. 19, 2013), in the office; (2) Mr. Kunz had discussed lynching; (3) Mr. Kunz had said that “Hitler would be proud of him because of his blue eyes, but not ... his black hair,” id. at 108; (4) Ms. Kraft had instructed employees to address Mr. McCarthy by saying “yes massa,” id. at 236; (5) Ms. Kraft had asked Ms. Lounds why African-American parents choose names like “Roshonda” and “Shawron” for their children, id. at 108, 236; and (6) Mr. Van Dever had asked Ms. Lounds if she smoked Newport cigarettes and “why ... all black people smoke Newports,” id. at 108. Ms. Adams and Mr. Felts “mutually agreed” that Ms. Kempke, Mr. Kunz, and Ms. Kraft would be disciplined for their alleged conduct. Id. at 236. On January 30, 2012, Mr. Felts issued final written warnings to Ms. Kempke, Ms. Kraft, and Mr. Kunz, noting that these individuals had “made inappropriate, racially motivated comments in the [workplace],” id. at 256, 259, 262 (Final Written Warnings, dated Jan. 30, 2012), and that Ms. Kraft had also “witnessed and allowed other individuals who report directly to [her] to make similar comments in the [workplace],” id. at 259. The warning documents advised that subsequent breaches of Lincare’s “Anti-Discrimination/Anti-Harassment policy” would result in the “immediate termination of [their] employment.” Id. at 256, 259, 262. Also on January 30, Mr. Felts led an in-service training of approximately ten minutes in duration “to make sime everyone was clear on [the] company policy on anti-discrimination and harassment.” Id. at 131 (Felts Dep., dated Oct. 10, 2013). The sign-in sheet from this training indicates that Ms. Kempke attended, but Ms. Kraft and Mr. Kunz did not. See id. at 265 (In-Service Record, dated Jan. 30, 2012) (reflecting no signatures by Ms. Kraft and Mr. Kunz); see also id. at 468 (Kraft Dep., dated Oct. 10, 2013) (comment by Ms. Kraft that if she had attended, “[her] signature would be on the sheet”). In that same general time period, a picture of a garden hung on the wall behind the desk of employee Jennifer Llamas. A customer visiting the Wichita office remarked to Ms. Llamas that he found the picture “pretty” and thought “[it] probably took a lot of slaves ... to make it [i.e., the garden depicted] look that good, ... but nowadays it’s wetbacks that do that.” Id. at 482. Ms. Llamas, who is Latina, told both Ms. Lounds and Mr. Felts that the customer’s comments offended her. The picture was removed, but only briefly. Ms. Lounds avers that the picture was “a constant reminder to ... [her], everyday ... of what that [customer] said.” Id. at 271. Meanwhile, according to Ms. Lounds, “several employees” were habitually approaching her by saying, ‘TO! Yo what[’]s up?” in “a black accent dialect.” Id. On February 3, 2012, Ms. Lounds submitted a document styled “Memorandum for Record” to Lincare’s human-resources department. She alleged therein that she felt “bombarded with racial slurs and comments.” Id. at 269. Specifically, she stated that: (1) Ms. Kempke had upset her by saying “Boom Nigga” in her presence, id. at 268; (2) a co-worker had informed Ms. Lounds that Ms. Kempke — in addition to saying “Boom Nigga” — had remarked “more than once” the day Ms. Lounds interviewed for the Lineare position “Peace out my Nigga,” and that Ms. Kempke says the “[‘N Word’] comfortably as she interacts with other Caucasian employees,” id.; (3) Ms. Kraft had suggested that Ms. Lounds’s name was “Shaniqua,” id. at 267; (4) Ms. Kraft had asked Ms. Lounds — due to her race — about why African-American people name their children “Roshonda,” id. at 268; (5) Mr. Kunz had referenced lynching and admonished Ms. Lounds not to be so sensitive; (6) Ms. Kraft had asked Mr. Van Dever whether he felt like a minority; (7) Ms. Kraft had instructed employees to say ‘YES MAS-SA” to Mr. McCarthy, id. at 269; (8) coworkers had used the greeting ‘YO! Yo what[’]s up?” in “a black accent dialect,” id. at 271; (9) the customer had referenced “slaves” and “wet backs” in relation to the office picture, id. at 271; (10) Ms. Kraft had instructed Ms. Lounds to give a customer “attitude,” id.; (11) Ms. Kraft had said that she thought a customer was a “big black man” and that “his name sounded black,” id. at 271-72; and (12) Mr. Kunz had remarked that he never visits “the ghetto” or “HOOD,” id. at 273. In a February 6, 2012, memorandum to human resources, Ms. Lounds alleged the following: (1) she had been called “Sha-nea-nea” and “Shaquita” — viz., names she considered to be “stereotypical racial trigger[s] for Black American women,” id. at 276 (Second Mem. for Record, received Feb. 13, 2012); (2) Ms. Kraft had told a group of employees that she thought Ms. Lounds was named “Shaniqua,” id.; (3) Mr. Kunz had discussed lynching in her presence; (4) Ms. Kraft had said that employees should say ‘Tes Massa!” to Mr. McCarthy, id.; (5) Ms. Kempke had a “habit of returning from seeing a black [customer] and stating how she thought she would be raped, and stating in a loud sing-song voice BOOM-Nigga in [Ms. Lounds’s] presence, walking away laughing,” id.; and (6) she often heard “[e]thnic slurs and racially based jokes,” id. at 277. Ms. Lounds stated that after Mr. McCarthy’s visit her co-workers had given her “the cold shoulder.” Id. at 277. She further averred that “nothing ha[d] changed” since her January 2012 meeting with Ms. Adams and Mr. Felts. Id. Midway through February 2012, Ms. Lounds spoke with Mr. Felts and divisional manager Karen Schanbacher, who directly supervised Mr. Felts. Ms. Schan-bacher asked “several times” how she could address Ms. Lounds’s concerns about the office environment. Id. at 142 (Schanbacher Dep., dated Oct. 22, 2013). In response, Ms. Lounds said she suspected that her co-workers were “always talking about her” behind closed doors, and she complained that she had not been properly trained to perform her job duties. Id. Ms. Lounds told Ms. Schanbacher and Mr. Felts that her “spirit was gone.” Id. at 109. Nonetheless, during that conversation, Ms. Lounds did not report any new discriminatory remarks or specifically claim to be in a hostile work environment. Ms. Lounds had another telephone call with Ms. Adams on March 6, 2012, wherein she stated that she “felt like the ‘pink elephant’ in the room.” Id. at 237. Ms. Adams construed the remark as a complaint of awkwardness stemming from the January 2012 discipline of Ms. Kempke, Mr. Kunz, and Ms. Kraft. However, Ms. Adams recalls that “[n]ever once in the conversation did [Ms.] Lounds report any new racial comments in the workplace, allege that she had been subjected to retaliation, or complain of a hostile work environment,” id. — and Ms. Lounds does not dispute Ms. Adams’s account of the call. Based on the foregoing discussion, Ms. Adams believed that the corrective actions discussed supra (i.e., the final -written warnings and in-service training) “had been effective.” Id. She asked Linda Feller, who also worked in human resources, to follow up with Ms. Lounds.. Ms. Feller spoke to Ms. Lounds at the Wichita office on March 14, 2012. Her notes from their meeting reflect that Ms. Lounds complained that: (1) co-workers sometimes warned of her presence by saying, “Shhhhh, here she comes,” id. at 282 (Meeting Notes, dated Mar. 14, 2012); (2) there had been “an instance where a black gentleman” applied for a job, but Ms. Kraft did not want to hire him because he “look[ed] like a convict,” id. at 283; (3) Ms. Kempke had said “Peace out, my nigga,” id.; (4) the garden picture (discussed supra ), which made her uncomfortable, was hanging in the office again; and (5) Mr. Kunz had said, “Shawron, you know where the hood is,” and that “black people smoke Marlboros,” id. at 285. Otherwise, Ms. Lounds indicated that there had been some tension immediately after the discipline of Ms. Kempke, Mr. Kunz, and Ms. Kraft. On April 6, 2012, Ms. Lounds filed a complaint with the Kansas Human Rights Commission (“KHRC”), alleging that she had been “subjected to derogatory racial comments, slurs, and innuendoes.” Id. at 287 (KHRC Compl., filed Apr. 6, 2012). Despite claiming therein to have received disparate treatment based on race — treatment which purportedly worsened after she reported it “in retaliation,” id. at 288— Ms. Lounds offered no specific averments in either regard (i.e., regarding discrimination or retaliation). Her human-rights complaint simply indicated that she felt she had been “treated in a demeaning manner, ridiculed, and teased.” Id. at 287. B Ms. Lounds received a “documented counseling” on April 26, 2012, for “excessive absenteeism” — specifically, sixteen unscheduled absences since September 2011. Id. at 334 (Documented Counseling, dated Apr. 26, 2012). The document reminded her of Lincare’s policy prohibiting employees from reporting absences via text message. Additionally, it notified Ms. Lounds that further discipline — including termination — could follow if she did not show immediate, sustained improvement. Although corporate officials assisted with preparing the paperwork, Ms. Kraft testified that she personally decided to issue the documented counseling. Ms. Lounds responded by sending Lincare’s human-resources department a “letter of rebuttal” that stated (1) that the documented counseling was retaliatory, and (2) that her supervisors and co-workers had “participated in” racial harassment against her. Id. at 290-91 (Rebuttal Letter, dated May 1, 2012). On May 4, 2012, Ms. Lounds sent Ms. Kraft a text message to advise that she would be absent that day “[d]ue to a hostile workplace.” Id. at 293 (Text Message, dated May 4, 2012). In the message, she described an incident from the previous day in which Mr. Kunz slapped a co-worker’s thigh. Ms. Lounds alleged that she “couldn’t focus,” id., and was “really freaked ... out,” id. at 294,. but she did not suggest that the episode was racially motivated. She lodged another complaint with the KHRC on May 18, 2012, stating that the documented counseling was “an act of retaliation for having previously filed a discrimination complaint.” Id. at 307 (Second KHRC Compl., filed May 18, 2012). On June 22, 2012, Ms. Kraft issued Ms. Lounds a “documented verbal warning” regarding the “unacceptably large number of unscheduled absences” that Ms. Lounds had accrued since her April 26, 2012, documented counseling. Id. at 309 (Documented Verbal Warning, dated June 22, 2012). The warning underscored Lincare’s policy against registering absences by sending text messages. Mr. Felts, Ms. Kraft, and Ms'. Feller (who participated by phone) discussed the write-up with Ms. Lounds that day; they urged Ms. Lounds to “plan in advance, and request [any] time off’ and stressed that “[n]o one is allowed to text in” absences. Id. at 313 (Meeting Notes, dated June 22, 2012). Ms. Lounds rejoined, “There’s a lot of things going on with this place. I have doctor’s notes.” Id. at 312. She indicated that she would “call earlier” to register any future absences. Id. In July 2012, Ms. Lounds sent Lincare’s human-resources department another rebuttal letter concerning the documented verbal warning. The purpose of the letter was to dispute her supervisors’ representations about text messaging absence notifications. In that regard, Ms. Lounds averred that “[a]ll employees[ ] text” message in “their absences and to single [her] out [wa]s disparate treatment.” Id. at 315 (Rebuttal Letter, dated July 16, 2012). She thus concluded that Lincare’s true motive for issuing the warning was not to address a perceived attendance issue but, rather, to retaliate against her for complaining of discrimination to the KHRC. Later that month, Ms. Lounds received a “final written warning” that referenced newly accrued, unapproved absences and stated that Ms. Lounds had sent Ms. Kraft an improper text message on July 20, 2012. Id. at 317 (Final Written Warning, dated July 24, 2012). At a meeting to review the final warning, Ms. Lounds reported that she still “fe[lt] like the pink elephant.” Id. at 319 (Meeting Notes, dated July 24, 2012). She noted that whenever anyone said the word “boom” in the office, Ms. Kempke would interject, “Boom Nigga!” Id. She also mentioned for the first time that Ms. Renard — who originally brought racist remarks to Mr. McCarthy’s attention — “sa[id] ‘BON’ to her every day,” id., and that Ms. Kraft ignored it. After Ms. Feller ended her participation in the meeting, Ms. Lounds explained that Ms. Renard had upset her by (1) asking “if [Ms. Lounds] knew what a BON was because [Ms. Renard’s] boyfriend, who is black, wanted her to call him a Big 01’ Nigger”; and (2) stating that “[t]he coach of [Ms. Renard’s son’s football] team ha[d] said something about ‘all blaekies are stupid.’ ” Id. at 320. When Ms. Kraft subsequently asked about the alleged “BON” exchange, Ms. Renard explained: I was ... talking to [my boyfriend] on the phone laughing, and I said I will not say that, and he [said] you can just say B-O-N. After I got off the phone, [Ms. Lounds] asked me what did it mean.... [I said] Big old N and I did not say the word [i.e., the “N-word”] because I don’t say the word. Id. at 513. Nonetheless, Ms. Kraft issued Ms. Renard a final written warning for making inappropriate, racially-tinged remarks in the workplace. Id. at 516 (Re-nard Final Written Warning, dated Jan. 27, 2012). Ms. Lounds submitted another letter of rebuttal regarding her final warning on July 25, 2012, alleging that the warning was retaliatory and referencing “verbal abuse and negative racial overtones that [she] ha[d] to endure on a daily basis.” Id. at 327 (Rebuttal Letter, dated July 25, 2012). Two days later, Ms. Lounds’s mental-health counselor, Dr. Joseph Donaldson, sent a letter to Ms. Feller to report that Ms. Lounds had been subjected to “an ongoing onslaught of verbal abuse and harassing racial comments, slurs, epithets, and innuendos” and “blatant racist verbal attacks.” Id. at 330-31 (Donaldson Letter, dated July 27, 2012). Dr. Donaldson listed several of the examples enunciated supra by Ms. Lounds, but no new discriminatory conduct. Lineare terminated Ms. Lounds’s employment on September 24-, 2012, citing “ongoing, excessive absenteeism” as the cause of its decision. Id. at 337 (Emp’t Termination Notice, dated Sept. 24, 2012). According to the termination notice, Ms. Lounds had missed seven full days of work after the issuance of her final written warning. The notice further stated that Ms. Lounds’s number of absences since September 2011 “[c]learly” exceeded the number of paid days off allotted to first-year Lineare employees. See id. (“Lin-eare employees in their first year of employment earn five days of vacation.”). In fact, Ms. Lounds had not reported to work on thirty-four separate days. More than twenty of these days were unscheduled absences. On October 3, 2012, Ms. Lounds responded to her termination by sending another letter to Lincare’s human-resources department. After generally alleging that she had been the target of racial discrimination and retaliation, she enumerated the following specific objections: (1) Ms. Kraft had publicly interrupted her to say she thought Ms. Lounds was named “Sha-nea-nea” or “Shaqu[it]a,” id. at 339 (Rebuttal Letter, dated Oct. 3, 2012); (2) co-workers often said the word “BOOM” and the phrase “BOOM NIGGA” to humiliate Ms. Lounds, id.; (3) Ms. Kraft and co-workers asked if Ms. Lounds lived in the “ghetto” and used “slang words stereotypical of African Americans” when addressing her, id.; (4) Ms. Kraft advised employees to say “YES MASSA” to Mr. McCarthy, id.; (5) Ms. Kraft would “single [Ms. Lounds] out” to give “attitude” to a customer perceived by Ms. Kraft to be “a big black guy,” id.; (6) Ms. Lounds’s requests for job training had been denied; (7) “[e]thnic slurs and racially based jokes eontinuefd] even after [she] ... voiced [her] objections,” id. at 340; (8) she felt “extreme tension” at work after complaining of racial comments, which decreased the quality of her health, id.; (9) she felt threatened by Mr. Kunz, who discussed lynching and Hitler “be[ing] proud of him,” id. at 341; and (10) she disliked being around Mr. Kunz because he engaged in slapping and punching as horseplay and sometimes said he was “crazy,” id. Ms. Lounds stated that these concerns represented “a small fraction of the situations that took place.” Id. at 341. C In March 2013 — after filing timely charges of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and receiving her notice of right to sue — Ms. Lounds filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, bringing claims of unlawful discrimination and retaliation. When asked during her August 2013 deposition what conduct she considered racially discriminatory, she recited the remarks and incidents detailed supra. She also stated that: (1) co-worker Becky Roettering referred to a car as a “black boy,” id. at 105; (2) Mr. Kunz asked her what “skeet skeet” means in rap songs and added that “[Ms. Lounds] should know.... [because] [s]he’s black,” id. at 110; (3) Mr. Kunz asked her if she agreed that rapper Nicki Minaj had a “great body,” id. at 116; (4) Mr. Kunz had “pound[ed] his fist” while saying there was “no telling what [he] would do,” id. at 119; (5) Ms. Kraft sometimes said, “I’s be’s getting” or “You’s be’s getting,” and looked at Ms. Lounds and laughed, id. at 111; (6) Ms. Kraft asked Ms. Lounds if she spoke Ebonics and if she ever consulted the “urban dictionary,” id.; (7) when Ms. Kraft apologized to Ms. Lounds for various remarks, Ms. Kraft noted that she had six African-American cousins; (8) Ms. Kraft would “often ask [her] to get ghetto with certain patients,” id.; (9) Ms. Kemp-ke often asked her to “get ghetto,” id. at 109; (10) Ms. Kempke reportedly requested an assignment change so that another co-worker would “work in the predominantly black neighborhood,” id.; (11) Ms. Kraft made a remark to Ms. Lounds about missing checks; (12) a co-worker asked Ms. Lounds if her hair was a weave; and (13) Ms. Kraft asked Ms. Lounds if “they call black people coons,” id. at 447. Ms. Lounds also stated in her deposition that Lineare supervisors and employees retaliated against her in the following ways: (1) co-workers scrutinized her work more; (2) people scattered files and food wrappers on her desk; (3) Ms. Kraft rearranged her files and claimed that Ms. Lounds had “misplaced files,” id. at 120; (4) Ms. Roettering falsely accused Ms. Lounds of mishandling orders and losing materials; (5) Ms. Roettering went back on an alleged promise to train Ms. Lounds; (6) Ms. Roettering forged Ms. Lounds’s name on a work order; (7) the company began to complain about Ms. Lounds’s absences and absence-texting; and (8) people said, “Shh, be quiet or you might get HR called on you,” id. at 116, when she joined employee, meetings. After the close of discovery and a full round of briefing, the district court granted summary judgment to Lineare. The court first determined that no reasonable jury could have found the alleged race-based harassment sufficiently severe or pervasive to sustain a hostile work environment claim under § 1981. It then opined, concerning the retaliation claim, that “the alleged retaliatory actions against [Ms. Lounds] either were not ‘materially adverse’ or were not caused by [her] protected activity.” J.A. at 613 (Mem. & Order, filed July 9, 2014). This timely appeal followed. II Ms. Lounds’s hostile work environment and retaliation claims were dismissed on summary judgment. “We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment on [a] § 1981 hostile environment claim[].” Tademy v. Union Pac. Corp., 614 F.3d 1132, 1138 (10th Cir.2008). We likewise apply de novo review when assessing the court’s grant of summary judgment on a Title VII retaliation claim. See Semsroth v. City of Wichita, 555 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir.2009). Throughout our review, we utilize “the same standards as the district court.” Simmons v. Sykes Enters., Inc., 647 F.3d 943, 947 (10th Cir.2011). At this stage of the litigation, we “view all of the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the non-moving party.” Young v. Dillon Cos., 468 F.3d 1243, 1249 (10th Cir.2006). Even so, the non-movant “must still identify sufficient evidence requiring submission to the jury to survive summary judgment.” Piercy v. Maketa, 480 F.3d 1192, 1197 (10th Cir.2007). “Summary judgment is of course appropriate if, but only if, the evidence reveals no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Hinds v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 523 F.3d 1187, 1195 (10th Cir.2008); see Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). “An issue is ‘genuine’ if there is sufficient evidence on each side so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue either way,” and “[a]n issue of fact is ‘material’ if under the substantive law it is essential to the proper disposition of the claim.” Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 670 (10th Cir.1998). Importantly, in the context of employment discrimination, “[i]t is not the purpose of a motion for summary judgment to force the judge to conduct a ‘mini trial’ to determine the defendant’s true state of mind.” Randle v. City of Aurora, 69 F.3d 441, 453 (10th Cir.1995). Many of the highly fact-sensitive determinations involved in these cases “are best left for trial and are within the province of the jury.” Id.; see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (“[T]he inquiry [at summary judgment is] whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury____”). Consequently, “in this Circuit ... an employment discrimination suit will always go to the jury so long as the evidence is sufficient to allow the jury to disbelieve the employer’s [explanation for the alleged misconduct].” Beaird v. Seagate Tech., Inc., 145 F.3d 1159, 1177 (10th Cir.1998) (Tacha, J., concurring in part); see Ran-dle, 69 F.3d at 452 (“[I]f ... inferential evidence is sufficient to allow a plaintiff to prevail at trial, it is surely sufficient to permit a plaintiff to avoid summary judgment so that the plaintiff can get to trial.”). Ill The parties agree that the sole issue before us regarding Ms. Lounds’s hostile work environment claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 is whether there was sufficient evidence to present a genuine dispute of material fact as to the pervasiveness or severity of the alleged harassment. More specifically, the question is whether Ms. Lounds has carried her burden on summary judgment to create a jury question relating to whether the alleged harassment was sufficiently pervasive or severe. We conclude that she has done so. A “[Section] 1981 — which declares that all persons ‘shall have the same right ... to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens’ — prohibits •... racial discrimination” in the workplace. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2529, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013) (first and second omissions in original)' (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1981). Similarly, Title VII “makes it ‘an unlawful employment practice for an employer ... to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race.’ ” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l)). Both statutes authorize a plaintiff to bring a claim for hostile work environment based on unlawful race discrimination. See Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 957; Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1154-55; Herrera v. Lufkin Indus., Inc., 474 F.3d 675, 680 (10th Cir.2007). The same substantive standards apply to a hostile work environment claim regardless of whether the plaintiff has brought it under § 1981 or Title VII. See, e.g., Aramburu v. Boeing Co., 112 F.3d 1398, 1410 (10th Cir.1997); Durham v. Xerox Corp., 18 F.3d 836, 839 (10th Cir.1994). Accordingly, we are guided in part by Title VII cases in assessing Ms. Lounds’s hostile work environment claim. In particular, the overarching “analytical framework [that] was first articulated in a Title VII case” — viz., the burden-shifting approach set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) — “applies ... to claims under section 1981.” Thomas v. Denny’s, Inc., 111 F.3d 1506, 1509 (10th Cir.1997); accord Allstate Sweeping, LLC v. Black, 706 F.3d 1261, 1265 (10th Cir.2013). The parties’ briefing reflects their agreement that this framework applies here. The framework proceeds as follows: “the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination .... Then, the defendant may come forward with a legitimate, non-discriminatory ... rationale for the adverse employment action. If the defendant does so, the plaintiff must show that the defendant’s proffered rationale is pretextual.” Crowe v. ADT Sec. Servs., Inc., 649 F.3d 1189, 1195 (10th Cir.2011); see Young, 468 F.3d at 1249. “We have recognized that ‘Title VII does not establish a general civility code for the workplace’ ” and that a plaintiff may not predicate a hostile work environment claim on “the run-of-the-mill boorish, juvenile, or annoying behavior that is not uncommon in American workplaces.” Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 957 (quoting Morris v. City of Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 663-64 (10th Cir.2012)). Therefore, to avoid summary judgment at the prima facie stage, a plaintiff must present evidence that creates a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether “the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult[] that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment.” Hall v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 476 F.3d 847, 851 (10th Cir.2007) (quoting Davis v. U.S. Postal Serv., 142 F.3d 1334, 1341 (10th Cir.1998)). “Pervasiveness and severity are independent and equal grounds on which to support violations of § 1981.” Witt v. Roadway Express, 136 F.3d 1424, 1432 (10th Cir.1998). More specifically, as relevant here, to carry her burden at the prima facie stage, a plaintiff must establish the following four elements: (1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she was subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on [race]; and (4) [due to the harassment’s severity or pervasiveness], the harassment altered a term, condition, or privilege of the plaintiffs employment and created an abusive working environment. Harsco Corp. v. Renner, 475 F.3d 1179, 1186 (10th Cir.2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Dick v. Phone Directories Co., 397 F.3d 1256, 1262 (10th Cir.2005)). As suggested above, the sole element at issue here is the fourth — viz., whether Ms. Lounds has established that the alleged harassment was sufficiently pervasive or severe to alter the terms, conditions, or privileges of her employment. It is important to recognize that “the severity and pervasiveness evaluation is particularly unsuited for summary judgment” because it is inherently fact-found by nature. O'Shea v. Yellow Tech. Servs., Inc., 185 F.3d 1093, 1098 (10th Cir.1999). “ ‘[There] is not, and by its nature cannot be, a mathematically precise test’ for a hostile work environment claim.” Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 957 (alteration in original) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367). To the contrary, “[t]he ‘totality of the circumstances’ is ‘the touchstone of [a hostile work environment] analysis.’ ” Id. at 959 (second alteration in original) (quoting EEOC v. PVNF, LLC, 487 F.3d 790, 799 (10th Cir.2007)). Courts consider “a variety of factors” in this holistic analysis, “including[ ] ‘the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.’ ” Sprague v. Thorn Ams., Inc., 129 F.3d 1355, 1365 (10th Cir.1997) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367). Moreover, courts assess whether the work environment “[is] both subjectively and objectively hostile or abusive.” MacKenzie v. City & Cty. of Denver, 414 F.3d 1266, 1280 (10th Cir.2005) (emphasis added). In other words, it is- not enough that a particular plaintiff deems the work environment hostile; it must also be of the character that it would be deemed hostile by a reasonable employee under the same or similar circumstances. See, e.g., Smith v. Nw. Fin. Acceptance, Inc., 129 F.3d 1408, 1413 (10th Cir.1997) (“The Supreme Court held that conduct within the purview of Title VII must be severe or pervasive enough to create both ‘an objectively hostile or abusive work environment — an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile’ — and an environment the victim-employee subjectively perceives as abusive or hostile.” (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367)). Under this rubric, the “plaintiff must show more than a few isolated incidents of racial enmity.” Witt, 136 F.3d at 1432 (quoting Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 286, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994)). “Instead of sporadic racial slurs, there must be a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments.” Bolden v. PRC Inc., 43 F.3d 545, 551 (10th Cir.1994); see Chavez v. New Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 832 (10th Cir.2005) (noting that stray, isolated “comments fall far short of the ‘steady barrage’ required for a hostile environment claim”); Heno v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 208 F.3d 847, 856 (10th Cir.2000) (“[S]tray racial comments should typically not be admitted [in considering whether the plaintiff has shown pervasive discrimination].”). We have said that “the nuances of an environment [are] imposed by each instance of [complained-of] behavior”; in this regard, we have cautioned that we are not instructing courts to assess a plaintiff’s hostile-workplace allegations in a vacuum. Smith, 129 F.3d at 1415. Indeed, the Supreme Court has emphasized that our inquiry must involve “careful consideration of the social context in which particular behavior occurs and is experienced by its target.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998); see Vance v. Ball State Univ., — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2434, 2455, 186 L.Ed.2d 565 (2013) (“What qualifies as harassment? Title VII imposes no ‘general civility code.’ ” (quoting Oncale, 523 U.S. at 81, 118 S.Ct. 998)). Moreover, the Court has admonished that “[workplace conduct is not [to be] measured in isolation” for the purpose of resolving hostile work environment claims. Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 270, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001). We have similarly underscored that “the word ‘pervasive’ is not [simply] a counting measure.... [and requires] a broader contextual analysis” that carefully considers each instance as a component of the overall workplace milieu. Smith, 129 F.3d at 1415; see Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1143 (“Our precedent reveals no talismanic number of incidents needed to give rise to a hostile discrimination claim.... [Whether a hostile environment claim is actionable depends not only on the number of incidents, but also on the severity of the incidents.”). Thus, it follows that there is a qualitative dimension to the pervasiveness inquiry (as well as the one for severity); logically, as relevant here, the workplace environment is likely to become more readily permeated by race-based ridicule, insult, and the like, insofar as the repeated harassing acts approach the level of severe. Cf. Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1144 (noting as to pervasiveness and severity, that “those two grounds ‘are, to a certain degree inversely related; a sufficiently severe episode may occur as rarely as once ..., while a relentless pattern of lesser harassment that extends over a long period of time also violates the statute.’ ” (omission in original) (quoting Cerros v. Steel Techs., Inc., 288 F.3d 1040, 1047 (7th Cir.2002))); EEOC v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, Alaska, 422 F.3d 840, 847 (9th Cir.2005) (same). Much like “[a] play cannot be understood on the basis of some of its scenes but only on its- entire performance,” which is the sum total of those scenes, “a discrimination analysis must concentrate not on individual incidents, but on the overall scenario,” which is informed by the sum total of those incidents. Penry v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of Topeka, 155 F.3d 1257, 1262 (10th Cir.1998) (quoting Andrews v. City of Phila., 895 F.2d 1469, 1484 (3d Cir.1990)); cf. King v. Hillen, 21 F.3d 1572, 1581 (Fed.Cir.1994) (“[B]y viewing each incident in isolation, as if nothing else had occurred, a realistic picture of the work environment [i]s not presented.” (emphasis added)); Kerri Lynn Stone, Taking in Strays: A Critique of the Stray Comment Doctrine in Employment Discrimination Law, 77 Mo. L.Rev. 149, 177 (2012) (“[S]tray remarks can prove to be invaluable insights into biases at every level of consciousness that may be rife but invisible within the workplace.... [They] may bespeak a workplace culture in which certain language or sentiments are tolerated and perhaps encouraged or rewarded.”). In this regard, our precedent unmistakably requires us to assess in our analysis comments and behavior that in many circumstances might appear to be facially neutral (i.e., devoid of any actual discriminatory animus). Particularly illuminating in that regard is our discussion in Hernandez, where we explained: “We have long held that ‘[fjacially neutral abusive conduct can support a finding of [racial] animus sufficient to sustain a hostile work environment claim when that conduct is viewed in the context of other, overtly [racially]-discriminatory conduct.’ ” 684 F.3d at 960 (alterations in original) (quoting O’Shea, 185 F.3d at 1097); cf. O’Shea, 185 F.3d at 1097 (“[B]eeause conduct which is not gender-based may form a part of the context or environment in which the discriminatory conduct is alleged to have occurred, such conduct may be relevant to, and should be considered in, evaluating a hostile work environment claim.”). B We now examine how the district court endeavored to apply the foregoing legal principles. Despite noting at the outset that the determination of pervasiveness or severity in hostile work environment cases “is particularly unsuited for summary judgment,” J.A. at 600 (quoting Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 958), the district court “easily conelude[d],” id. at 601, that there was no genuine dispute of materiál fact as to whether the conduct at issue was sufficiently severe to support a hostile work environment claim. In brief fashion, it merely opined that “no opprobrious insults or epithets [were] pointed at plaintiff’ and that the remarks Ms. Lounds considered offensive “were not made with animosity or scorn.” Id. at 602. It found that the closer question was whether the record evidence revealed a disputed issue of material fact regarding the existence vel non of discrimination so pervasive as to alter the terms and conditions of Ms. Lounds’s employment. As to the pervasiveness question, the district court separately identified and considered the effect of the conduct that it determined to be, respectively, “[fjacially race-neutral statements or actions,” id., and “[r]acial comments or actions,” id. at 603. In its view, the following behavior was facially race-neutral: (1) Ms. Kraft’s question regarding whether Mr. Van Dever felt like a minority; Ms. Kraft’s comment, while apologizing to Ms. Lounds, that she had African-American cousins; (3) Mr. Kunz’s remark about Nicki Minaj’s physique; (4) Mr. Kunz’s fist-pounding and slapping horseplay; (5) “[t]he question as to whether [Ms. Lounds’s] hair was a weave,” id.; (6) commentary about missing checks; and (7) Mr. Kunz’s Hitler remark, which the court considered “boorish, but not racially offensive,”' id. Though the court acknowledged that, under our precedent it should consider such (ostensibly) race-neutral comments in its analysis, it concluded that “none of the comments or actions (viewed objectively) occurred so frequently or were so abusive as to add significantly to a hostile work environment claim.” Id. Having ruled regarding the alleged effect of the race-neutral conduct, the court proceeded to separately address the remaining behavior that, in its view, could be construed as race-based. It observed generally that several of Ms. Lounds’s allegations involved “questions which implied that, as an African-American, [she] was an authority who could or should answer questions white people had about black people” — most notably, inquiries about cigarette brands, names, colloquialisms, and song lyrics. Id. The court summarily deemed these questions merely “annoying.” Id. at 604. But it stated with respect to remarks about the “ghetto” and the “hood” that: [i]f the references to going to the “ghetto” or the “hood” were made mockingly as a racial slight, then a reasonable jury would consider them offensive. If the statements were a sincere expression of unease, a reasonable jury could find them slightly offensive in the manner they were worded. Here, the record does not suggest that the comments were directed to embarrass or aggravate plaintiff. Plaintiff also complains that she was asked if she lived in the “ghetto.” A reasonable jury might consider this question to be racially offensive and annoying. Id. at 604-05 (emphasis added). And, similarly, the court classified Ms. Kraft’s “get ghetto” directive to Ms. Lounds as “slightly offensive” at best, rather than abusive under the hostile workplace rubric. Id. at 607. As for Mr. Kunz’s comment about “lynching,” the court concluded that a reasonable jury would deem it only “mildly offensive.” Id. at 605. In that regard, the district court noted that Mr. Kunz told Ms. Lounds that he was “not trying to offend” and observed that “[i]t [wa]s not uncommon for people to voice a desire to take short-cuts towards ‘justice.’ ” Id. Though the court acknowledged that “many people would criticize the statement for good reasons,” it concluded that “a reasonable jury would not consider the comment, in this context, to be more than mildly offensive.” Id. In discussing co-workers who allegedly greeted Ms. Lounds by saying “yo” and “what’s up,” the district court declared, “[These comments] were not directed solely toward plaintiff and there’s no indication that their purpose was to insult or ridicule plaintiff.” Id. at 606 (emphasis added). Likewise, as to Ms. Kraft’s “yes, massa” instruction, the court reasoned that the remark “was more of a poorly-stated directive ... to be obsequious towards a corporate executive than an effort to offend plaintiff.” Id. Turning to the “boom nigga” and “peace out my nigga” comments, the district court acknowledged that the statements “could be considered racially offensive by a reasonable jury” and could potentially “sting.” Id. But the court was not persuaded that the remarks could have the deleterious effect of altering the terms or conditions of Ms. Lounds’s employment because they were not directed specifically at Ms. Lounds, and they “were not hostile in the sense of being intentionally antagonistic or scornful.” Id. at 607. It applied similar reasoning to Ms. Kraft’s statements about the African-American job applicant who ostensibly “looked like a convict,” Ms. Kraft’s office-wide remarks about Ms. Lounds’s first name, and the customer’s commentary about “wetbacks.” At bottom, the district court concluded that there was “no evidence that the statements were made to insult or antagonize plaintiff.” Id. at 608. - After reviewing the timeline of Ms. Lounds’s hostile-workplace averments, the court stated that it “believe[d] the series of statements ... could not reasonably be considered to amount to a steady barrage of opprobrious comments.” Id. at 610. Thus, given its rejection of both the pervasiveness and severity bases, the district court concluded that Lineare was entitled to summary judgment on Ms. Lounds’s hostile work environment claim. C In urging reversal regarding her hostile work environment claim, Ms. Lounds reminds us that most claims of this type— including hers — are inappropriate for resolution at the summary-judgment phase of litigation. See O’Shea, 185 F.3d at 1098 (“[T]he severity [or] pervasiveness evaluation is particularly unsuited for summary judgment....”); accord Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 958. She argues that the district court incorrectly applied the summary-judgment standards by failing to construe evidence of a hostile work environment in the light most favorable to her, the non-movant, and by resolving factual disputes in Lincare’s favor. In particular, though expressly disclaiming any argument that “a threshold number of instances can definitively establish a hostile work environment claim as a matter of law,” Reply Br. at 10, Ms. Lounds contends that the district court “reached the wrong conclusion because it analyzed each allegation individually, rather than considering the totality of the circumstances and its cumulative effect,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 38. Furthermore, Ms. Lounds contends that the district court legally erred in focusing on whether the alleged harassers had benign intent, rather than on the subjective and objective environmental effects of the harassers’ conduct. We believe that Ms. Lounds’s arguments, in substance, accurately convey the flaws in the district court’s analysis. Having properly applied the governing legal standards to this record, we conclude that the district court committed reversible error in granting summary judgment to Lin-eare on her hostile work environment claim. Specifically, construing the facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Lounds, we discern from this record a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether the alleged harassment was pervasive. Because this provides an independent ground for reversing the district court regarding the hostile work environment claim, we need not (and do not) opine on whether the alleged acts of harassment could be deemed severe. In sum, we conclude that the district court committed error by resolving the merits of the hostile work environment claim in Lincare’s favor at summary judgment. 1 The focus of Ms. Lounds’s attack is the district court’s analysis of alleged harassing incidents that the court deemed to be race-based. Ms. Lounds does not question the accuracy of the court’s classification of certain conduct within the identified universe of alleged harassing incidents as race-based. Nor does she challenge the district court’s separate analysis of the legal import of its categorized race-neutral and race-based conduct. One may certainly question the wisdom of Ms. Lounds’s approach in light of our precedent. Specifically, our caselaw indicates that explicitly race-based conduct should not be viewed in isolation in determining whether a workplace environment is sufficiently polluted with racially offensive harassment. See, e.g., Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 960. Indeed, as we discerned in Chavez, a holistic analysis may actually unearth the racial dimension of conduct that may superficially appear to be race-neutral. 397 F.3d at 833 (“Conduct that appears [race]-neutral in isolation may in fact be [race]-based, but may appear so only when viewed in the context of other [race]-based behavior.”); cf. O’Shea, 185 F.3d at 1097 (noting as to behavior that is not explicitly gender-based that “if it reasonably could be inferred that the conduct was related to gender or arose out of a context in which admittedly sex and gender-related conduct occurred, then it is for the fact finder to decide whether such an inference should be drawn”). We are not, however, in the business of making arguments for the parties. See, e.g., Greenlaw v. United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243, 128 S.Ct. 2559, 171 L.Ed.2d 399 (2008) (noting adherence to the “principle of party presentation!]].... rely[ing] on the parties to frame the issues for decision”); Utah Poultry Producers Co-op. v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 147 F.2d 975, 977 (10th Cir.1945) (“[I]t is not necessary for us to decide this [issue], because this is not the issue as framed by the parties.” (emphasis added)). Therefore, in conducting our review, we also focus on the legal significance of the conduct that the district court classified as race-based. At least through that restricted lens, as the district court suggested, the pervasiveness question is arguably a close one. Cf. Herrera, 474 F.3d at 681, 683 (where plaintiffs supervisor, inter alia, repeatedly referred to him when speaking with other co-workers as “the fucking Mexican,” concluding that the evidence of pervasiveness was sufficient, but “presented] a close question”); cf. also Al-Kazaz v. Unitherm Food Sys., Inc., 594 F. App’x 460, 463 (10th Cir.2014) (collecting cases from other circuits where plaintiffs were “continually subjected to offensive comments”); Mos-by-Grant v. City of Hagerstown, 630 F.3d 326, 336 (4th Cir.2010) (holding that the pervasiveness element was satisfied in a case involving copious evidence of “sex-based hostility”). But the pervasiveness inquiry “is not [simply] a counting measure .... [but rather requires] a broader contextual analysis,” Smith, 129 F.3d at 1415, and it “by its nature cannot be, a mathematically precise test,’ ” Hernandez, 684 F.3d at 957 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367). Thus, we decline to transmute our hostile work environment analysis into a simple comparison game. The dispositive question is whether there was sufficient evidence of pervasiveness on this record such that the district court should have given a jury “the opportunity to evaluate the evidence, demeanor, and candor of witnesses” and make the ultimate determination. Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1146. And we conclude that there was. Put another way, we conclude that the incidents of racially offensive harassing conduct that the district court identified were sufficiently pervasive to create a genuine dispute of fact regarding the hostility of the environment — viz., a fact better resolved by a jury than a judge. 2 We have carefully set forth these race-based incidents above; we need not repeat the full litany here. More pertinent to our principled resolution of this case is explaining why it appears that the able district court reached a different conclusion than we do regarding the legal significance of these race-based facts. We conclude that one central reason the court did so is that it discounted the offensiveness of key elements of the conduct based on its conclusions regarding the ostensibly benign intent of the alleged harassing actors. In other words, as Ms. Lounds suggests, the district court legally erred in focusing on whether the actors intended to be offensive or to cause harm — especially to Ms. Lounds — rather than on whether a reasonable jury could find that the subjective and objective effect of their conduct was to pollute the environment with harassing conduct that was, inter alia, racially humiliating, offensive, or insulting. This legal error was given enhanced effect by the court’s not infrequent tendency not to construe the facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Lounds. A district court’s assessment on summary judgment of whether a workplace environment is sufficiently polluted for purposes of a § 1981 claim should not be based on whether an alleged harasser possessed the motivation or intent to cause discriminatory harm or offense. See Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872, 880 (9th Cir.1991) (noting that “Title VII is not a fault-based tort scheme”); see also Rogers v. EEOC, 454 F.2d 234, 239 (5th Cir.1971) (opinion of Goldberg, J.) (“[T]he thrust of Title VII’s proscriptions is aimed at the consequences or effects of an employment practice and not at the employer’s motivation.”), abrogated on other grounds by EEOC v. Shell Oil Co., 466 U.S. 54, 62 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1621, 80 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); cf. Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1142-43 (“[Wjhether Mr. Cagle’s comment was racially motivated and what effect it had on Mr. Tademy are judgments of the sort we are not equipped to make as an appellate court reviewing a cold record. Nor were they appropriate for the district court in ruling on a summary judgment motion.”); Michael J. Frank, The Social Context Variable in Hostile Environment Litigation, 77 Notre Dame L.Rev. 437, 521 (2002) (“Because it is hard to tell what a harasser’s true motivations are, ... critics argue that it is best to leave this question to the jury....” (footnote omitted)). The district court’s failure to adhere to the foregoing legal principles seemingly led it to minimize the polluting effect on the workplace environment of the alleged harassers’ conduct. More specifically, the district court repeatedly erred by discounting the discriminatory environmental effect of the alleged harassers’ actions by focusing on their ostensibly benign motivation or intent. In this regard, the court repeatedly focused on whether the alleged harassers: had the “purpose ... to insult or ridicule [Ms. Lounds]”; acted “for the purpose of offending [Ms. Lounds]”; or made statements that were “hostile in the sense of being intentionally antagonistic or scornful.” J.A. at 606-07. The court uniformly answered these mental-state queries in Lincare’s favor, finding that the alleged harassers acted with benign intent. In the court’s apparent view, its mental-state findings provided a justification for discounting the offensiveness of the identified racially discriminatory harassing conduct. And the apparent ultimate consequence of this minimization was that— though the district court specifically identified more than a few isolated race-based incidents — it concluded that Ms. Lounds had not carried her prima facie burden on summary judgment to create a genuine dispute regarding pervasiveness. Put more generally, the court found that “a reasonable jury could not conclude that plaintiff was made to suffer an abusive working environment or that the offensive remarks and actions were so negative and insulting or humiliating that they created a discriminatory working condition or a hostile work environment.” J.A. at 611. a Two salient examples from this record should illustrate both the contours of the problem and the magnitude of its detrimental impact on the district court’s analysis. These two examples involve matters that courts frequently have found to be appropriate for jury consideration (and thus not appropriate for rejection at the summary-judgment phase) due to their potentially powerful race-based effect: (1) the use of the word “nigger” — more specifically, the variant, “nigga”; and (2) the reference to “lynching.” We turn first to the use of “nigga” at Lineare. Construing the facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Lounds, the term “nigga” was repeatedly uttered at Lineare within earshot of Ms. Lounds by her coworker, Ms. Kempke. Notably, the term was used in connection with Ms. Kempke’s habitual refrain, “Boom Nigga.” The term “nigga” is a variant of the term “nigger.” See, e.g., Randall Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word 4 (Vintage Books ed., 2003) (“Nigger and other words related to it have been spelled in a variety of ways, including nig-gah----”); Nigga, Dictionary.com, http:// dictionary.reference.com/browse/nigga (last visited Dec. 19, 2015) (noting that the term “nigga” is an “alteration of nigger”). Some of our sister circuits have offered helpful commentary on the potentially strong polluting power of this the timeworn word, “nigger.” For instance, the Fourth Circuit has said: “ ‘[T]he word “n* * * *r” is pure anathema to African-Americans,’ as it should be to everyone.” Freeman v. Dal-Tile Corp., 750 F.3d 413, 422 (4th Cir.2014) (citation omitted) (quoting Spriggs v. Diamond Auto Glass, 242 F.3d 179, 185 (4th Cir.2001)). “Therefore,” it reasoned, “when viewing the circumstances as a whole, we find the use of the word ‘n* * * *r,’ coupled with the ongoing offensive racial talk, ... is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find the race-based harassment was objectively severe or pervasive.” Id. And the D.C. Circuit has similarly opined: [A] reasonable jury could find Cooper and Wagner’s behavior sufficiently severe or pervasive as to create a hostile work environment. To begin with, Cooper (allegedly) used a deeply offensive racial epithet when yelling at [Plaintiff] to get out of the office. As other courts have observed, “perhaps no single act can more quickly alter the conditions of employment” than “the use of an unambiguously racial epithet such as ‘nigger’ by a supervisor.” This single incident might well have been sufficient to establish a hostile work environment. Ayissi-Etoh v. Fannie Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 577 (D.C.Cir.2013) (per curiam) (citation omitted) (quoting Rodgers v. W.-S. Life Ins. Co., 12 F.3d 668, 675 (7th Cir.1993)); see also Delph v. Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. of Paragould, Inc., 130 F.3d 349, 356 (8th Cir.1997) (“[U]se of the word [nigger] even in jest could be evidence of racial antipathy.” (quoting McKnight v. Gen. Motors Corp., 908 F.2d 104, 114 (7th Cir.1990))); Kennedy, supra, at 22 (“Over the years, nigger has become the best known of the American language’s many racial insults, evolving into the paradigmatic slur.”). To be sure, the term used at Lineare was “nigga” and not the related term, “nigger.” We acknowledge that, in certain contexts, some people might discern a distinction between the two terms and view the former as less offensive.