Full opinion text
OPINION McCORMICK, Judge. Appellant was convicted of the capital murder of Houston police officer James Harris. Punishment was assessed at death. The evidence at trial showed that on the evening of July 13, 1982, Officer Harris was patrolling in a lower middle class Mexican-American neighborhood in Houston. At approximately 10:00 p.m., he was informed by a pedestrian, George Brown, that a black car had only moments before attempted to run over Brown and his dog. Harris, acting on Brown’s tip, tried to find the black car. Less than a minute later, Harris came upon a black Buick with a red vinyl top stalled at the intersection of Edgewood and Walker. Harris stepped out of his vehicle, leaving the door open, and spoke to the occupants of the Buick. Appellant, who was the driver, and his companion, Roberto Flores, approached Harris. One of the two then shot Harris three times, the bullets entering the left side of his face and exiting on the right. Three spent nine millimeter cartridges were subsequently found beside Harris’ vehicle, and three bullets fired from a Browning nine millimeter pistol were recovered from a house in the direction in which the slugs that killed Harris would have traveled. Harris died from his wounds. Appellant and Flores then fled on foot in an easterly direction down Walker, with one man on the north side of the street firing his weapon and the other man on the south side of the street firing his weapon. At this time of this incident Jose Armijo and his two children, ten year old Jose, Jr., and two year old Lupita, were driving west on Walker. As they came upon the black Buick and the patrol car blocking the intersection Jose, Sr. stopped the car. When the shots rang out which killed Officer Harris, Jose, Sr. attempted to back the car up and escape from appellant and Flores who were running in the direction of the Armijo vehicle. Unfortunately, before Jose, Sr. could back the car up far enough to turn around, a shot was fired into his car from the north side of the street and he also was fatally wounded. Evidence showed that Jose, Sr. was killed by a bullet from a Browning nine millimeter pistol. Two nine millimeter cartridges were found on the north side of the street. On the south side of the street, officers found two cartridges from a .45 caliber pistol. About an hour and a half later, at 11:30 p.m., Officer Larry Trepagnier and Officer Mike Edwards were searching for the suspects several blocks away from the scene of the previous shootings. As they shined their flashlights into an open garage, gunfire erupted from the garage. Officer Tre-pagnier, although wounded five times, returned fire and attempted to pursue the shooter who ran around the side of a house. Other officers, hearing the shooting, quickly ran to Trepagnier’s aid and killed Flores. Appellant was discovered nearby hiding under a trailer. Under Flores’ body was found a Browning nine millimeter pistol. Testing showed that this weapon killed Jose, Sr. It could not be positively shown that this was the weapon that had killed Harris. Also found on Flores were a magazine containing 20 additional nine millimeter rounds. Inside Flores right front pants pocket were eleven more loose rounds of nine millimeter ammunition. Tucked inside the waistband of Flores’ pants was Harris’ service revolver. Appellant was not armed when found; however, some two feet from where appellant was lying officers found a red bandana wrapped around a .45 caliber pistol. Ballistics tests showed that this pistol had fired the .45 cartridge casings found on the south side of Walker. Authorities learned that the Browning nine millimeter pistol had been purchased by an individual by the name of Alfredo Montalbano from a store on June 19, 1982. Montalbano told authorities that Roberto Flores had approached him inside the store, gave him $550.00 and asked him to buy the gun. According to Montalbano he bought the gun and two boxes of nine millimeter ammunition and gave them to Flores. The contested issue at trial was who had actually shot Officer Harris — appellant or Flores. Several people witnessed the events surrounding the shooting but their versions contradicted each other as to who actually fired the gun at Harris. One of the most damaging witness as to appellant was ten year old Jose Armijo, Jr. Jose Jr. testified that he was riding in the car with his father and sister. When his father turned down Walker and discovered that the street was blocked by the Buick and the patrol car, he stopped the car. Jose testified that the Buick was between his father’s car and the police car. Officer Harris was beside the open door on the patrol car. Appellant and Flores both had their hands on the hood of the patrol car, with appellant standing closest to Harris. Jose, Jr. testified that as he watched, he saw appellant make a motion as if to scratch his back. Appellant then took out a gun and shot Officer Harris. Jose testified that he saw one of the men get the officer’s gun. At that point Jose, Sr. began backing up his car. Both men began running down opposite sides of the street. Appellant ran down the north side of the street, next to Jose, Jr.’s side of the car. As appellant ran by their car, he aimed his gun into the car and shot Jose, Sr. On direct examination, Jose, Jr. testified that he went to a lineup several hours after the shooting. Although he recognized appellant as the fourth man in the lineup, he did not tell the police because he was afraid that appellant might harm him if he told the truth. Jose, Jr. also testified that prior to the shootings he had seen appellant driving the Buick around the neighborhood. On cross-examination, Jose, Jr. admitted that he had given a sworn statement the night of the shooting in which he said that he did not know what the killer looked like. On redirect, Jose, Jr. testified that he was afraid to tell the truth immediately after the killings but he was telling the truth now when he identified appellant as the killer. Patricia. Diaz testified that she was driving her car down Walker the night of the shootings when she came upon the patrol car and the Buick blocking the intersection. She stopped some three feet behind the Buick. On direct, she testified that she noticed only one man standing besides the driver’s side of the Buick pointing towards the police car. As she was pulling up she thought she heard the police officer yelling “Stop, stop.” Diaz testified that at that point she became scared and looked down. Four shots immediately rang out. The next time she looked up she saw people from the neighborhood running towards the police car. She testified that appellant was the man she saw pointing towards the police car. On cross, Diaz testified that she did not see appellant actually shoot a gun, she just saw his stance immediately prior to the shots. Fifteen year old Herlinda Garcia testified that she was walking down Walker with her baby and her sister Yera when they saw the Buick stop in the middle of the street. Appellant who was driving told the girls his car needed a boost and asked if they had any cables. At that point the police car pulled up behind the Buick. Officer Harris put a spot light on appellant, got out of his car and told the men to “Hold it.” Appellant and his passenger got out of the Buick. Garcia testified that she then saw appellant pull something out of his pants and shoot the policeman. When she saw the policeman fall to the ground she started running down the south side of Walker. She saw appellant running down the north side of Walker. As she was running, she heard more gunshots behind her as if one of the men was chasing her. She ran until she reached her house. A few hours later, she also viewed a lineup at the Houston police department at which time she picked appellant as the man she had seen shoot Officer Harris. On cross-examination, Garcia testified that at the time of the shooting, Officer Harris was somewhere between the patrol car and the Buick. Roberto Flores had his hands on the top of the Buick and appellant had his hands on the hood of the patrol car. Appellant then reached into his pants and pulled something out of his pants and began shooting. The testimony of Yera Flores, sister of Herlinda Garcia, was similar to that of her sister’s. Vera testified that the man in the car asked if they had any cables. She told him no. She then began walking. Suddenly she heard someone say, “Stop.” Thinking someone was talking to her, she looked back and saw Officer Harris standing beside his patrol car. The two men from the Buick went up to the police car. Suddenly, she heard a scared voice saying, “No, no,” and then gunshots. Although she did not see a gun, she testified that appellant who had been the driver of the Buick fired the fatal shots. When quizzed by the prosecutor as to how she knew the driver had shot Officer Harris, she replied because she saw him start running down the street and fire additional shots. Vera related she then took cover behind a parked car. Vera related that she also viewed a lineup shortly after the shootings. Even though she recognized the fourth person in the lineup as appellant who had been the driver of the Buick, she did not tell the police because she was afraid. However, approximately a week after the incident, she told the prosecutors that she could identify appellant. On cross-examination, she too admitted that she had made a false sworn statement when she initially told the authorities that she could not identify anyone. She further testified on cross-examination that after she heard the officer tell the men to stop, she saw both appellant and his passenger walk to the police car and put their hands on the hood of the police car, with the passenger standing closest to the police officer. Although she heard the gunshots, she could not say whether appellant or his passenger shot Officer Harris. Finally on redirect, Vera testified that her original statement made to police immediately after the shooting that she saw the driver of the Buick pull something from the front of his pants and shoot the police officer was correct. However, on recross when defense counsel asked if she saw the driver actually shoot Officer Harris, Vera testified that she did not remember. Hilma S. Galvan testified that she also saw the Buick and the police car stopped in the middle of the intersection. She stood in front of her house as the appellant got out of the Buick. When Officer Harris pulled his patrol car to a stop, he got out of the car and told appellant to come to him. However the appellant kept walking. Harris again called for appellant to come back. At that point, the appellant turned around and began walking towards the officer. Galvan testified that all of a sudden she heard gunshots and saw the officer fall. Although she did not see appellant holding a gun, she did see the flash from the gun as the weapon was fired. Galvan testified that she hurried into her house where she stayed until Jose Jr. knocked on her door and asked her to go help his father who had been mortally wounded. Galvan also testified that when she saw appellant at the time of the shootings, she recognized him as having been a customer in a convenience store where she formerly worked. She also picked appellant out of the lineup as the man who had shot Officer Harris. On cross-examination Galvan testified in accordance with her written statement that she did see Officer Harris try to approach appellant and grab hold of him immediately before the shooting. Immediately after he shot Officer Harris, appellant then turned his gun on Herlinda Garcia and her baby. Then appellant began running down the north side of Walker Street. After the State rested, the defense introduced the testimony of two teenage boys, Jacinto Vega and Jose Heredia. Both boys testified that they saw the passenger shoot Officer Harris. Vega testified that he could not recognize either the passenger or the driver. Heredia testified that he saw Roberto Flores shoot Officer Harris. On cross-examination, the State attempted to impeach the testimony of both witnesses through their prior inconsistent statements and the fact that they were acquaintances of appellant and that they were afraid of appellant. Jose Manuel Esparza testified that he was appellant’s housemate. Esparza testified that on the night of the offense he and Jose Luis Torres Luna were at their house drinking beer when they heard shots ring out nearby. A few minutes later, Roberto Flores came running into the house and announced that-he had just shot a policeman. Flores was carrying his nine millimeter gun and had the policeman’s gun stuck in the waistband of his pants. Esparza testified that he ran outside and appellant also came running up but did not say anything. Esparza testified that he made the two men leave the house. Shortly thereafter police came and searched the house. Right after they left the house, the second gun battle erupted in which Flores was killed. Jose Luis Torres Luna’s testimony was identical to Esparza’s testimony with the exception that Luna testified that appellant told him that Flores had killed the policeman. The defense closed their portion of the case with the testimony of appellant. Appellant related how the car he was driving stalled and how the police car pulled up behind them. When Officer Harris called to them, appellant related that he went over to the police car and placed his hands on the hood. He could not see Flores because he was standing behind him. According to appellant, Officer Harris had his gun pulled out and was telling Flores to come over to the police car when appellant heard shots close to his ears. Then he saw Officer Harris fall to the ground. Flores went over to the officer and picked up his gun. Appellant then testified that he and Flores then took off running. Appellant related that he ran down the south side of the street and while running, took out his .45 caliber pistol and fired two shots into the air because he thought someone was chasing him. He could not see Flores. When he reached his house, Flores was already there. Flores told appellant that he had shot into the Armijo vehicle. Because he was scared, appellant ran out the back door of the house and hid behind the horse trailer until he was found by the police. In rebuttal, the State called Houston police officer Jerry Robinette to the stand. Robinette said that after Flores had been killed and Officer Trepagnier had been shot, he was interviewing all of the witnesses in the area when he saw Jose Manuel Esparza and Jose Luis Torres Luna walking up to the house with several other men. Robinette interviewed Esparza and Luna who told him that they had been at the house when appellant and Flores left in the Buick but then they had left the house and had not been back all evening. Robi-nette testified that neither man said anything about seeing the appellant and Flores after the shooting of Officer Harris. Y.T.C.A., Penal Code, Section 19.03(a)(1), provides that a person commits capital murder when: “the person murders a peace officer or fireman who is acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty and who the person knows is a peace officer or fireman;” In two points of error, appellant complains that the evidence is insufficient to show that Officer Harris was in the lawful discharge of an official duty. In point of error fourteen, appellant argues that the evidence fails to show that the officer was making a valid Chapter 14 warrantless arrest. Therefore he was not acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty. The recent case of Montoya v. State, 744 S.W.2d 15 (Tex.Cr.App.1987), also concerned the capital murder of a police officer. Montoya argued that because the evidence showed that the police officer was not making a lawful arrest, the officer was not acting in the lawful discharge of his official duty. Thus, Montoya argued, if he was guilty, he was not guilty of capital murder but rather of the lesser included offense of murder and the jury should have been so instructed. This Court disagreed and held that the requirement of a lawful arrest was not required to demonstrate that the officer was acting within the lawful discharge of his official duties. The Court found that as long as the officer was acting within his capacity as a peace officer, he was acting within the lawful discharge of his official duties. Applying this reasoning to the instant case, we find that since the determination of whether the officer was engaged in making a valid arrest at the time of his death is not necessary to the resolution of whether the officer was acting within the lawful discharge of his official duties, we are compelled to overrule this point of error. In point of error fifteen, appellant argues that the evidence does not show the nature of Officer Harris’ official duty. The uncontradicted record shows that Officer Harris was assigned to a K-9 patrol unit of the Houston Police Department. At the time of his murder, he was on duty, in uniform, driving a marked patrol car and accompanied by his K-9 partner. Additionally the uncontradicted evidence shows that immediately before Officer Harris encountered appellant and Roberto Flores, he had been stopped by a citizen who informed him that the vehicle driven by appellant had almost run over the citizen. Everything in the record before us points to the fact that Officer Harris was clearly engaged in his “official duty” and a rational trier of fact could have so found. Moreno v. State, 721 S.W.2d 295 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Selvage v. State, 680 S.W.2d 17 (Tex.Cr.App.1984). Appellant’s fifteenth point of error is overruled. We now turn to the points of error dealing with the punishment phase of the trial. During the hearing on punishment, in addition to the evidence introduced at the guilt-innocence phase of the trial, evidence was introduced to show that appellant, Roberto Flores and one of the defense witnesses at guilt-innocence, Enrico Luna Torres, committed a robbery at a gun store only five days before the instant offense. Witnesses testified that Roberto Flores entered the store, pulled a pistol and instructed the two customers and two employees of the store not to move. Appellant and Torres then appeared. The customers and employees were herded into a back storeroom of the store and made to lie face down on the floor. The robbers then bound the victims hands behind their backs with adhesive tape. After everyone was bound, the robbers proceeded to steal guns and ammunition worth $15,807.31. Taken in the robbery were twenty-two pistols, a MAC 10 .45 caliber submachine gun which is capable of firing 1180 rounds of .45 caliber ammunition a minute, a Thompson submachine gun which is capable of firing 550 to 600 rounds of ammunition a minute, an Inland .30 caliber Paratrooper model which is capable of firing 850 rounds of .30 caliber carbine ammunition a minute, a Remington 870 pump 12 gauge shotgun, 500 rounds of nine millimeter ammunition, 400 rounds of Winchester .357 ammunition, 1000 rounds of .45 ammunition and twelve boxes of 12 gauge ammunition. The robbers made no attempt to take the wallets or jewelry of their victims and nothing was taken from the store’s cash register. In his seventeenth point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the unadjudicated extraneous robbery without giving formal notice to the defense. He argues that this lack of notice denied him due process. This Court has previously held that, absent a showing of unfair surprise, proof of unadjudicated, extraneous offenses at the punishment stage of a capital case is admissible. Hogue v. State, 711 S.W.2d 9 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Williams v. State, 622 S.W.2d 116 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Garcia v. State, 581 S.W.2d 168 (Tex.Cr.App.1979). Appellant does not now make a claim that he was surprised by the introduction of this evidence, nor did he make such a claim at trial. In fact the record shows that appellant filed a pretrial motion asking that he be given a specific description of any extraneous offense which the prosecution was going to use at the punishment phase of the trial. This motion was granted by the trial court. Indeed at the pretrial hearing appellant’s attorney noted for the record that the State was giving him access to the entire State’s file. We overrule appellant’s seventeenth point of error. Appellant also argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s affirmative answer to the first special issue, the issue of appellant’s deliberateness. Article 37.071(b)(1), V.A.C.C.P. Appellant argues that since there is no evidence that the killing of Officer Harris was premeditated or planned, the jury should have answered the first special issue in the negative. We disagree. In the recent case of Carter v. State, 717 S.W.2d 60 (Tex.Cr.App.1986), we wrote that in proving deliberateness, it is not necessary for the State to “prove that the defendant carefully weighed or considered or carefully studied the situation immediately prior to killing the deceased in order for the jury to answer the first special issue” affirmatively. The evidence shows that immediately prior to the shooting, appellant was leaning over the officer’s car with his hands on the hood of the car. Rather than wait for the situation to resolve itself in a normal and peaceful fashion, appellant made a conscious decision to pull a gun and proceed to assassinate the officer by shooting him, not once, but three times in the side of the head. Then, rather than render aid to the dying officer, appellant ran down the street, pointed his gun into the open window of a car in which a man and his two young children were sitting and murdered the man by shooting him in the head. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find the evidence sufficient to support the jury’s affirmative answer to special issue number one. Santana v. State, 714 S.W.2d 1 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Selvage v. State, 680 S.W.2d 17 (Tex.Cr.App.1984); Milton v. State, 599 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Cr.App.1980). Appellant’s sixteenth point of error is overruled. Appellant also contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s affirmative answer to the second special issue. This Court has repeatedly held that the facts of a given crime may alone be sufficient to justify an affirmative answer to the second special issue. Santana v. State, supra; Holloway v. State, 691 S.W.2d 608 (Tex.Cr.App.1984); O’Bryan v. State, 591 S.W.2d 464 (Tex.Cr.App.1979). We believe that this is such a case. The evidence shows that appellant and his companion armed themselves with pistols on the day of the offense. Without provocation, appellant cold-bloodedly shot Officer Harris three times in the head and then began shooting at various bystanders, including Herlinda Garcia and Vera Flores. While effecting his escape, appellant also killed Jose Armijo, Sr. who was innocently sitting in his car with his two small children. Clearly the facts of this brutal and heinous offense are sufficient in and of themselves to justify the jury’s affirmative answer to the second special issue. Furthermore, the only other evidence introduced at the punishment hearing, that dealing with the robbery at the gun store, reinforces the evidence as to future dangerousness. The fact that no money was taken in the robbery and that the robbers were only áfter firearms and ammunition, we believe shows an intent to obtain firearms for use in criminal acts involving violence. We find the evidence clearly supports the jury’s affirmative answer. Santana v. State, supra. Appellant’s eighteenth point of error is overruled. In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in not sustaining his challenge for cause against venireman Charles Deckert. Appellant argues that Deckert evinced a bias against him “as a member of the class of illegal aliens,” and was therefore biased “as a matter of law.” Article 35.16(a)(9), V.A.C. C.P. We need not address the merits of appellant’s claims because our review of the record shows that just after appellant exercised his fifteenth and last peremptory challenge, the following occurred: “THE COURT: For the record now, based on having reconsidered objections previously made to a juror, Charles A. Deckert, the Court is going to, out of an abundance of caution, grant the Defense an additional strike to be used in lieu of the one that was used on Charles A. Deckert.” Any error which may have been committed by the trial court in failing to excuse Dec-kert when he was challenged was thus cured. Williams v. State, 682 S.W.2d 538 (Tex.Cr.App.1984); Payton v. State, 572 S.W.2d 677 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). The first point of error is overruled. In his second point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s challenge for cause against venireman Thomas Foster Boone in violation of Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968). Boone initially testified that he was philosophically opposed to the death penalty. Asked by the State whether he could imagine himself answering the special issues in the affirmative, knowing that appellant would thereby be assessed the death penalty, Boone replied that he could not. The State challenged Boone for cause. Thereupon defense counsel posed a hypothetical situation for Boone in which an individual kidnapped a bus load of thirty school children, a million dollar ransom was paid and the individual then machine gunned the children to death. Counsel then asked Boone whether, under such a scenario, he could affirmatively answer the special issues: “Q. ... Now, could you in that kind of situation— “A. I think in an extreme set of circumstances like that, I could favor the death penalty, yes. “Q. So you are not automatically opposed against the death penalty, are you? “A. I guess not, if you include extreme situations. “Q. There are all kinds of circumstances in this world. We see all kinds in the courtroom, and that is why I gave you that example. There are others, so then you can answer those two questions yes if the evidence called for it and if you believed it beyond a reasonable doubt? “A. In a situation such as you have described, yes.” The State then questioned Boone further: “Q. Do you feel like you could be a juror on a capital murder case with the feelings that you have concerning the death penalty? Do you feel like it would be a violation of your feelings and beliefs to serve on such a jury, or do you feel like you could do it? I am not talking about the most extreme set of facts you can think about in your mind, but do you feel like your feelings or beliefs — or to follow the law would be a violation of your feelings or beliefs if you were to serve on such a jury? “A. I feel I could serve, but I feel my judgment would be affected by my personal objection to the death penalty. “Q. If you were on a jury, imagine the hypothetical situation with me, imagine you are on a capital murder case and it comes down to the time to answer both of these questions yes. Do you feel like you could answer both of these questions yes knowing if you did so, the man would receive the death sentence? “MR. ELIZONDO: If the death sentence were called for. “Q. (By the Prosecutor) Or do you feel you could answer both these questions yes knowing if you do that, the man would receive the death penalty? That is basically the test. “A. I don’t think I could. “Q. I appreciate it when you say, T don’t think I could.’ When someone hits me in the face with a proverbial cream puff, I am like that type of person who says, T don’t believe so,’ or ‘I don’t think so,’ but I need to find out if you’re telling me you could not? “A. I could not. “Q. I am not going to try to change your mind, and I’m not going to give you hypothetical or throw hypotheticals at you. Is that the honest way you feel? “A. Yes.” The State renewed its challenge and the trial court excused the venireman, over appellant’s objection that Witherspoon was thereby violated. Appellant now argues that because the venireman was shown to be willing to accept death as an appropriate punishment under “certain circumstances,” he was not “automatically” opposed to imposition of the death penalty, and thus his exclusion was improper. In Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 105 S.Ct. 844, 83 L.Ed.2d 841 (1985), the Supreme Court recently clarified the standard for determining when a prospective juror may be excluded for cause because of his or her views on capital punishment. The Court disavowed the Witherspoon standard and endorsed the standard previously announced in Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38, 100 S.Ct. 2521, 65 L.Ed.2d 581 (1980). The Adams test provided that a prospective juror could be excluded for cause when the juror’s views on capital punishment would “prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.” 448 U.S. at 45, 100 S.Ct. at 2526, 65 L.Ed.2d at 589. In Wainwright, the Court explained why it preferred the Adams test over the With-erspoon test: “There is good reason why the Adams test is preferable for determining juror exclusion. First, although given Wither-spoon’s facts a court applying the general principles of Adams could have arrived at the ‘automatically’ language of Witherspoon’s footnote 21, we do not believe that language can be squared with the duties of present-day capital sentencing juries. In Witherspoon the jury was vested with unlimited discretion in choice of sentence. Given this discretion, a juror willing to consider the death penalty arguably was able to ‘follow the law and abide by his oath’ in choosing the ‘proper’ sentence. Nothing more was required. Under this understanding the only veniremembers who could be deemed excludable were those who would never vote for the death sentence or who could not impartially judge guilt. “After our decisions in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, [92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346] (1972), and Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, [96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859] (1976), however, sentencing juries could no longer be invested with such discretion. As in the State of Texas, many capital sentencing juries are now asked specific questions, often factual, the answers to which will determine whether death is the appropriate penalty. In such circumstances it does not make sense to require simply that a juror not ‘automatically’ vote against the death penalty; whether or not a venireman might vote for death under certain personal standards, the State still may properly challenge that venireman if he refuses to follow the statutory scheme and truthfully answer the questions put by the trial judge. To hold that Wither-spoon requires anything more would be to hold, in the name of the Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury, that a State must allow a venireman to sit despite the fact that he will be unable to view the case impartially.” 469 U.S. at 421-422, 105 S.Ct. at 851, 83 L.Ed.2d at 850. (emphasis in original) The Supreme Court also noted that reviewing courts must pay close attention to the findings of the trial court: ... “We note that, in addition to dispensing with Witherspoon’s reference to ‘automatic’ decisionmaking, this standard likewise does not require that a juror’s bias be proved with ‘unmistakable clarity.’ This is because determinations of juror bias cannot be reduced to question- and-answer sessions which obtain results in the manner of a catechism. What common sense should have realized experience has proved: many veniremen simply cannot be asked enough questions to reach the point where their bias has been made ‘unmistakably clear’; these veniremen may not know how they will react when faced with imposing the death sentence, or may be unable to articulate, or may wish to hide their true feelings. Despite this lack of clarity in the printed record, however, there will be situations where the trial judge is left with the definite impression that a prospective juror would be unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law.... [T]his is why deference must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the juror.” 469 U.S. at 424, 105 S.Ct. at 852, 83 L.Ed.2d at 851 (footnotes omitted). Clearly the portion of the voir dire examination set out above reveals that Boone testified that under certain severe circumstances, he would be able to vote in such a way that a death sentence would be handed out. However, throughout the entire voir dire examination, it is apparent that the idea of the death penalty would affect the juror in all stages of the decision making process. In Adams v. Texas, supra, the Supreme Court wrote: “If the juror is to obey his oath and follow the law of Texas, he must be willing not only to accept that in certain circumstances death is an acceptable penalty but also to answer the statutory questions without conscious distortion or bias. The State does not violate the Witherspoon doctrine when it excludes prospective jurors who are unable or unwilling to address the penalty questions with this degree of impartiality.” 448 U.S. at 46, 100 S.Ct. at 2527, 65 L.Ed.2d at 590. After according due deference to the ruling of the trial judge who saw and heard the juror, we are unable to say that the trial judge abused his discretion in granting the State’s challenge. Bell v. State, 724 S.W.2d 780 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Carter v. State, supra. We overruled appellant’s second point of error. In his third point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in excusing venireman James Thomas Tucker upon the State’s challenge for cause. Appellant contends that by his answers Tucker never indicated, “unequivocally, that he would automatically vote against the Article 37.-07(1), V.A.C.C.P., special issues because of his feelings about the death penalty, nor did he state that his feelings on the death penalty would frustrate the State’s legitimate efforts to administer its death penalty scheme ...” As we noted above in the previous point of error, no longer does the law require an absolute unequivocal answer from a juror before he can be disqualified for a bias against the law pertaining to the death penalty. Wainwright v. Witt, supra. Instead, a juror may be removed for cause if the juror’s views would “prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.” Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. at 45, 100 S.Ct. at 2526, 65 L.Ed.2d at 589. Tucker was an Episcopal priest, who, though he could “understand society’s right” under certain circumstances to take a life, harbored substantial doubts whether he could personally participate in the process. Throughout the voir dire it is apparent that Tucker was torn between his own personal beliefs and his duty to society. During questioning by defense counsel the following occurred: “Q. Could you consider the death penalty in a proper case in your own mind if it is proven to you beyond a reasonable doubt that the answers to those two questions should be yes and it is proven to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, and, of course, it will be— “A. Well, I think I have almost made it clear that it doesn’t really hinge on the facts, even though I have tried to say my problems are not philosophical, not factual, and I have tried to say my satisfaction and cooperation with the legal systems of this country are based upon an understanding that this is what we have to support society and that God certainly works through that, but philosophically, I believe I would have serious problems with it personally. “Q. Sure. All we are asking is: If it is proven to you beyond a reasonable doubt that the answer to those questions should be yes, can you answer them yes? “A. Could I — do you want a definitive answer here? “Q. Yes. “A. I can’t give you that. I can give you a — I have — I can say yes, I would have a definite prejudice against a ‘yes, yes’ answer. I would hope that I could in some way be objective and serve society, but I can’t give you a definite answer on that.” During questioning by the State, the following occurred: “Q. ... Both sides have the right to a fair and impartial jury ... who is not predisposed to putting everything out of their mind and basing their decision solely on the facts, and (sic) they come from the witness stand. “A. I think I am afraid I cannot be such a juror. “Q. I think you are telling us your personal feelings and religious beliefs and philosophy would influence your decision as to ‘yes, yes’ or ‘no, no,’ or whatever the facts would be. “A. I am very much deeply committed personally. I choose not to choose for society. It is difficult for me to decide and to say what society should be. That is very difficult. I am a lot of individual things and deal with other people individually, and yet am a priest of God. I cannot make judgments for society, but make them for myself. I - could for myself. “Q. Can you tell me unequivocally, if all the evidence were presented and the answers to those questions should be yes, you could answer them yes, or are you telling us, as you did earlier, you don’t know what you would do in that situation until you were placed in it? “A. The latter I have to say because as a good citizen, I — you could present me case after case, and I could as long as I was not personally called upon to stand up and give the sentence. I could say I see the point of society here, but when I am called upon to be the judge, that is when my ability to make a decision ceases. “Q. And do you feel that in this situation answering these questions yes, you would, in effect, be the one pronouncing the sentence? “A. Surely. “Q. Although you would like to be able to follow society’s rule and the law, and if the evidence required “yes” answers to those, you can’t tell us right now that you would answer those yes? “A. No, I can’t. “Q. And if ultimately those feelings did win out, you would either refuse to answer the question or answer it no to prevent the death penalty from being imposed, in guaranteeing a life sentence that would, in other words, take you out of the sentencing portion of it? “A. I suppose, painful as it would be for me, I would have to choose not to answer somehow, because I don’t think I would — I don’t know I could insult society, the rules of society, or flout them enough to sit there and purposefully answer them no, even though I think ‘yes’ on the facts.... And I think I would have to refuse to answer, no matter the cost on that.” “Q. And in your own words again, I guess if you will just tell us whether or not you feel that you could be fair and impartial to the State, where the State is actively seeking the death penalty in regards to judging the facts and evidence, that means solely on the facts and evidence and nothing else. “A. There is a good chance I might not be fair to the State, yes, and as painful as that is — because I can appreciate the family of Officer Harris, et cetera, and just as sick at heart about that judgment that took place, however it took place — but still, I am afraid I would not be fair to the State.” Clearly Tucker’s personal beliefs as to the death penalty would so interfere with his duties as a juror that he would be substantially impaired in following his instructions and his oath. We find that the trial court was correct in granting the State’s challenge for cause. This point of error is overruled. During the voir dire examination of venireman Carolyn Sanders it was established that in a case where the State had proven that an accused had probably committed capital murder, but not by proof beyond a reasonable doubt, the fact that the accused had not testified, would sway Sanders into finding the accused guilty. The State’s challenge for cause on this basis was granted. In his fourth point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s challenge against Sanders in that Article 38.08, V.A.C.C.P., and the constitutional and statutory provisions upon which it is grounded, are not “phase[s] of the law upon which the State is entitled to rely for conviction or punishment.” Article 35.16(b)(3), V.A.C.C.P. Even had error been preserved, we find that appellant’s argument is without merit. In Nethery v. State, 692 S.W.2d 686 (Tex.Cr.App.1985), the trial court sustained the State’s challenge for cause to three veniremen who expressed a bias against the minimum punishment for the lesser included offense of murder. On appeal, Nethery argued that the State should not be permitted to utilize Article 35.16(b)(3) to exclude a venireman when the bias related by the individual is one, such as a bias against the minimum range of punishment, that harms the defendant and not the State. The Court, in reply to Nethery’s contention, wrote the following: “The State’s interest is in fair and impartial jurors, in accord with our legal system’s basic tenet to insure that every defendant is accorded a fair and impartial trial. The State seeks, or should seek, to uphold the integrity of the jury system. Therefore the State is permitted to challenge a juror who cannot be fair and impartial because he will not consider the full range of punishment. Whether the State later urges the jury to assess the minimum or the maximum is of no moment.” 692 S.W.2d at 691 In Phillips v. State, 701 S.W.2d 875 (Tex.Cr.App.1985), this Court held that harm to the State is not a prerequisite for the exercise of a challenge for cause by the State based upon a juror’s inability to follow the law. We adopt that holding in the instant case. The mere fact that the bias which the venireman voiced did not harm the State does not mean the State could not challenge the prospective juror because of an inability to follow the law. See also Turner v. State, 462 S.W.2d 9 (Tex.Cr.App.1969), rev’d as to penalty only, 403 U.S. 947, 91 S.Ct. 2289, 29 L.Ed.2d 858, aff'd after commutation, 485 S.W.2d 282 (Tex.Cr.App.1972). The trial court acted properly. Appellant’s fourth point of error is overruled. In several grounds of error, appellant contends that the trial court unduly restricted his voir dire examination and thereby deprived him of information needed for the intelligent exercise of his peremptory challenges. Before we set out the grounds of error, we summarize the law in this area. A defendant’s constitutional right to counsel includes, inherently, under Article 1, Section 10, Texas Constitution, the right of his counsel to question the members of the jury panel in order to exercise intelligently peremptory challenges. Campbell v. State, 685 S.W.2d 23 (Tex.Cr.App.1985); Powell v. State, 631 S.W.2d 169 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); Mathis v. State, 576 S.W.2d 835 (Tex.Cr.App.1979). Ordinarily, the trial court should give a defendant great latitude in questioning the jury panel during voir dire. However, the trial court does have the authority to impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of voir dire examination for various reasons, among them to curb the prolixity of what can become the lengthiest part of a criminal proceeding. Bodde v. State, 568 S.W.2d 344 (Tex.Cr.App.1978); Smith v. State, 513 S.W.2d 823 (Tex.Cr.App.1974). Thus a court may restrict repetitious or duplicitous questioning. Patterson v. State, 598 S.W.2d 265 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); McManus v. State, 591 S.W.2d 505 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Adams v. State, 577 S.W.2d 717 (Tex.Cr.App.1979); Bodde v. State, 568 S.W.2d 344 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). A court may set reasonable time limits. Ratliff v. State, 690 S.W.2d 597 (Tex.Cr.App.1985); Whitaker v. State, 653 S.W.2d 781 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Thomas v. State 658 S.W.2d 175 (Tex.Cr.App.1983). Moreover, if the prospective juror states his or her position clearly, unequivocally, and without reservation, the trial court does not err in refusing to permit further questioning. Phillips v. State, 701 S.W.2d 875 (Tex.Cr.App.1985). Finally, a trial court may also restrict questions asked in improper form. Adams v. State, supra; Abron v. State, 523 S.W.2d 405 (Tex.Cr.App.1975). To show an abuse of discretion, a defendant must demonstrate that the question he sought to ask was proper. If the question was proper and the defendant was prevented from asking it, harm is presumed. Smith v. State, 703 S.W.2d 641 (Tex.Cr.App.1985). A question is proper if it seeks to discover a juror’s views on an issue applicable to the case. Robison v. State, 720 S.W.2d 808 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Campbell v. State, 685 S.W.2d 23 (Tex.Cr.App.1985); Powell, supra; Clark v. State, 608 S.W.2d 667 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Smith v. State, 513 S.W.2d 823 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); Mathis, supra. We now turn to appellant’s allegations. In his fifth point of error, appellant complains that his voir dire examination was impermissibly restricted when the trial judge refused to allow him to ask venireman Steven Busby his opinion of the inherent credibility of a police officer as opposed to a lay person. He argues that this restriction in his examination deniéd him the right to be represented by counsel as guaranteed by Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution and the right to intelligently exercise his peremptory challenges. Appellant complains about the following portion of the record: “Q. Let me ask you this: Say, for example, if an illegal alien, which they will be here to testify as to the facts, and a police officer gets up there and testified to the facts, you are not saying you would give a police officer more credibility simply because he is a police officer, hypothetically speaking? “MR. MOEN: I object to the question. He is staking him out as to how he would place the testimony of a police officer as opposed to an illegal alien. “THE COURT: Sustained. “Q. All right. Any class of citizens coming in or any citizen that would testify, be it a doctor, a secretary, a manager of a pizza place, a police officer, would you give that police officer more credibility than any other citizen testifying as to the same facts? “MR. MOEN: I object to the same question again, as to how he would judge a police officer’s testimony versus other people and other occupations. I think he has answered the question, that he would judge the police officer’s credibility and training and what he is doing. He has also said he would not — I object to the question along those lines, Judge. “THE COURT: Sustained as to the form.” Thereupon defense counsel did not attempt to rephrase his question in this area but began questioning the juror as to the bifurcated trial process. At no further point in the voir dire examination, did defense counsel attempt to question the juror regarding the credibility of police officers versus the credibility of any other witness. We find no improper restriction of voir dire for two reasons. First of all, the trial court did not order counsel not to continue questioning in this area. In Powell v. State, 631 S.W.2d 169 (Tex.Cr.App.1982), defense counsel attempted to question the prospective jurors regarding what they believed was the purpose of incarceration — rehabilitation, punishment or deterrence. In sustaining the prosecutor’s objection, the trial court told Powell’s counsel that he would not be permitted to make similar inquiries of the remaining members of the venire. We reversed the case, holding that such questions were proper, especially considering that Powell was pleading guilty and the only issue for the jury to determine was Powell’s punishment. Thus we found that the trial court erred in preventing Powell’s attorney from asking the question. In Campbell v. State, 685 S.W.2d 23 (Tex.Cr.App.1985), the trial court also imposed an absolute limitation on defense counsel’s right to question the prospective jurors on their views as to punishment. Once again we held that such an absolute limitation was error. In the instant case, we have no such absolute limitation of appellant’s voir dire. Appellant’s questions constituted an improper attempt to require the prospective jurors to commit themselves as to how they would pass upon the credibility of the police witnesses prior to trial. Hughes v. State, 562 S.W.2d 857 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). In sustaining the State’s objection, the trial court in no way intimated that appellant could not ask a properly worded question regarding the prospective juror’s views on the credibility of police officers. Unfortunately defense counsel made no attempt to ask a properly phrased question of this juror. In Abron v. State, 523 S.W.2d 405 (Tex.Cr.App.1975), this Court noted that a trial court may disallow questions during voir dire which have been asked in improper form. We find that this is what occurred in the instant case. The trial court properly restricted appellant from asking an improperly worded question. Smith v. State, 703 S.W.2d 641 (Tex.Cr.App.1985); McCarter v. State, 478 S.W.2d 524 (Tex.Cr.App.1972). Second, the record shows that immediately prior to the exchange set out above, defense counsel was allowed to explore fully this area with no restriction whatsoever. “Q. Now, there will be police officers coming and testifying. They will be coming in and out. Do you believe that police officers make mistakes? “A. Yes. “Q. Would you agree that they are human and subject to human frailities just as much as you or I or anybody else? “A. Yes. “Q. So you wouldn’t place a police officer — you wouldn’t give them more credibility simply because of the mere fact, without even testifying, they are police officers, would you? “A. Hard question. I believe they are human, but as far as being a police officer, I would give them some sort of credibility. “Q. Before they testify? “A. Oh, no; not before they testify. As they are testifying. “Q. So the mere fact if we have several witnesses or the State has several witnesses and we have several witnesses, you are not saying to me that before a police officer testified that the mere fact that he is a police officer, you would give him more credibility? “A. No. “Q. So, let’s put it this way: Would you give him more credibility than any witness simply because he is a police officer, while he is testifying? “A. While he is testifying? Not so much more, but I would give him some credibility. “Q. How is that? “A. Well, it’s — I can’t say him versus some other officer of the court. I don’t see why he would have more credibility. He would have more compared to, I guess, the normal citizen getting up there, to me. “Q. Irregardless of the facts. “A. Irregardless of the facts. I would have to give it some credibility, because to me a police officer is trained to spot things, you know, and to look at things. I mean, he is more — he is trained to do a job. In other words, the average citizen, being out someplace, might not be recognized like people, say, if you are talking about— “Q. You are talking about if he presents to you a scientific test or the fact that he noted something at an intersection or whatever, a description of an intersection? “A. Yes. I mean, he would be more— he would be able to do that better than I would say the average citizen would. “Q. But you wouldn’t automatically give him more benefit simply because he is a police officer, would you? “A. You mean as a human being? “Q. Prior to testifying. “A. Oh, no, no. Expert witness, I guess, is more — ” Clearly defense counsel was not prohibited from questioning the prospective juror in this area. Counsel was allowed extensive voir dire examination in this area and the trial court was acting within its bounds in excluding improper and repetitious questions. Mays v. State, 726 S.W.2d 937 (Tex.Cr.App.1986); Patterson v. State, supra; McManus v. State, supra; Adams v. State, supra; Bodde v. State, supra. This point of error is overruled. In his sixth point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in limiting his voir dire examination of venireman Thomas Allen Mock. Specifically, he argues that because Mock “expressed a certain amount of confusion concerning his ability to affirmatively answer the Article 37.071, V.A.C.C.P., Special Issues”, counsel should have been allowed to proceed with hypothetical examples in order to discern the impact of his objections to the death penalty on the performance of his duties as a juror. The record reflects that during voir dire examination by the State, Mock stated that he could not answer both of the special issues affirmatively knowing that the death penalty would result, except perhaps in a situation where the victim had been one of his family members. During the defense voir dire examination, counsel posed a hypothetical involving the kidnap and murder of a girl. Mock admitted that under such a scenario he could find the accused guilty of capital murder. After injecting torture and strangulation into the hypothetical, counsel ascertained that Mock could also find, at the punishment phase, that an accused acted deliberately and with the reasonable expectation that death would result. Finally it was hypothesized that the State could prove the accused had previously committed nineteen other such killings. Mock testified that in that event he could answer the second special issue affirmatively. At this point the State objected that “[the question is could he answer the question yes knowing the death penalty would result.]” Counsel then proceeded as follows: “Q. You would have answered Questions 1 and 2 yes, correct. “A. Yes. “Q. At that point in time, you know your answers to the questions is going to make Judge Oncken kill him, give the death penalty. Could you still answer Questions 1 and 2 yes if you believed him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt? “A. Well, if I was on the jury? “Q. Uh-huh. “A. I had been selected? “Q. You told me a little while ago you could answer Question 1 yes if you believed it beyond a reasonable doubt and you could also answer Question 2 yes if you believed it beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, when you answer those two questions yes, you know that Judge Oncken will then have to sentence him to death. “A. That is what I am against. “Q. ... Iam trying to figure out if you could answer Question 1 yes if you believed it beyond a reasonable doubt that it should be answered yes? “A. Knowing the result, I could not answer yes to No. 2 then. “Q. Okay. No. 2 is asking you to determine if there was a probability that the Defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society. In a hypothetical example, they are allowed to bring in other offenses the 'Defendant may have committed such as, let’s say, they bring in a fact situation that he has committed this type of offense before or two or three times before, and if you believed it beyond a reasonable doubt that there was a probability that he would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society, could you answer that question yes? “[PROSECUTOR]: Same objection as before. Rather than asking what he would do on any specific question, I think the proper question to ask the juror in light of his responses already given, is there any case he can think of in his mind he could answer the questions yes, knowing the death penalty would result. “THE COURT: Sustained. “Q. [By defense counsel] Can you imagine a hypothetical example in your own mind where you would answer Question 1 yes and Question No. 2 yes knowing that your answers to those two questions would have Judge Oncken sentence him to death? “A. No.” The State then challenged venireman Mock for cause, and the trial court sustained the challenge over appellant’s objection. A review of the voir dire examination set out above shows that the appellant was allowed to question the venireman by means of hypotheticals. When, in the context of the hypothetical question, it was clarified for Mock that the result of two “yes” answers would be the assessment of death, Mock made clear he would have to answer at least one question “no” in order to avoid that result. We fail to see what further result appellant hoped to gain by questioning Mock with another vague hypothetical pertaining to the second special issue. Thus we hold that the trial court was within its discretion in sustaining the State’s objection to this question. Consequently, there was no improper restriction of appellant’s voir dire examination. This point of error is overruled. Appellant next complains that the trial court improperly limited his voir dire examination of venireman Thurman Howard Matthews regarding Matthew’s views of the meaning of the word “deliberately.” During the State’s voir dire, Matthews was questioned regarding the difference between the terms “intentionally” and “deliberately” and acknowledged that he could answer the first punishment issue “no” after finding a defendant guilty of intentionally committing capital murder. Defense counsel picked up this line of questioning during his portion of the voir dire examination and the following occurred: “Q. ... Now, some people say that the word deliberately means the same thing as the word intentionally. How do you feel about that? “A. I believe they are different. “Q. In which way? “A. Well, I would have to get into my basic version of deliberate and intent, in which deliberate would be a slow measured approach to something. “Q. Premeditated? “A. Deliberate or a very reasonable approach to something, and the intent, I don’t know exactly how to give you that answer as to how I differentiate between deliberately and intentionally. “Q. Okay. “A. I am sorry. I just— “Q. That is okay. No apology is needed at all. I am not sure if I have in my own mind what the difference is either, but in any event, what I am trying to get at is in the first part, you have found the man guilty of intentionally and knowingly killing a police officer, correct, if you find him guilty? “A. Correct. “Q. In the second part, the punishment stage, you have to answer the first question. What I am trying to get at is, would you automatically answer that first question yes just because you already have found him guilty of intentionally and knowingly killing a police officer? “A. No. “Q. Why is that? Again, I am trying to get at how you arrived at your position, and I know it’s been a long day. “THE COURT: Mr. Bax, do you have an objection? “MR. BAX: Judge, I believe he has answered the question, whether he would automatically answer it yes, which is the qualification question, and he goes into the thought process, and we are spinning his wheels here. “THE COURT: I think I agree with that. I sustain the objection.” We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting appellant’s voir dire of Matthews. This Court on several occasions has found no abuse of discretion when a trial judge limits a defendant’s questioning of a prospective juror as to his understanding of the meaning of the term “deliberately” as used in the first special issue. Milton v. State, 599 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Esquivel v. State, 595 S.W.2d 516 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Chambers v. State, 568 S.W.2d 313 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). Furthermore, we note that from what questioning had already been allowed to both the State and the defense, appellant could glean that the venireman considered “deliberately” to have a different meaning than “intentionally.” Thus, even assuming that appellant had an absolute right to question the venireman regarding his definition of “deliberately,” the trial court did not abuse its discretion. This point of error is overruled. In his last point of error pertaining to the limitation of voir dire, appellant directs us to the voir dire examination of Doris Lewis Zadroga. According to appellant his voir dire examination of Zadroga was improperly restricted when the follow