Full opinion text
PER CURIAM. I. INTRODUCTION This original mandamus proceeding arises out of a discovery dispute in a products liability suit. In the underlying lawsuit, the real parties in interest Susan Renae Miles (acting individually and as Next Friend of Willie Searcy and Jermaine Searcy) and Kenneth Miles (“Plaintiffs”) sued Relators Ford Motor Company and Douglas Stanley, Jr. d/b/a Douglas Stanley Ford (hereinafter collectively “Ford”), for personal injuries that Willie Searcy suffered when the 1988 Ford Ranger pickup in which he was a passenger collided with another vehicle. As a result of the accident, young Searcy was rendered a ventilator-dependent quadriplegic. The accident occurred in April of 1993, and suit was filed on March 23, 1994. Because of Willie Searcy’s serious condition, Plaintiffs sought and Ford agreed to an expedited trial setting of October 31, 1994. Since the filing of that suit, Ford has labored under the onus of a series of thorough, fast-paced pretrial orders. These pretrial orders, with few exceptions, uphold the numerous, comprehensive interrogatories and production requests propounded to Ford by Plaintiffs. If left intact, these orders will require Ford to produce, in all likelihood, millions of pages of documents. At the outset, however, let us say that we are bound by the constraints of “abuse of discretion”. While many equities lie with Ford, some of the legal footholds that would have entitled Ford to greater relief by mandamus, were lost amid the battle of the initial Rule 166b(4) hearing and later attempts to re-define an alternative, reasonable scope of discovery. Thus, for the most part we can only say that Respondent has committed an unclear abuse of his discretion; accordingly, we can only grant Ford a modicum of the relief it seeks without abusing ours. II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND OF THE DISCOVERY SUIT A The June Uth Hearing on Plaintiffs’ First Motion to Compel Discovery and For Sanctions Against Ford Motor Company-. Pronouncement of the Third Pretrial Order On April 4, 1994, Ford was served with process as well as Plaintiffs first set of interrogatories and production requests. On May 23, Ford responded to both the interrogatories and production requests by providing limited answers and asserting various objections. In production request numbers 2, 5, 14 and 24, Ford asserted that some of the documents requested were privileged under the attorney-client and/or attorney work product-anticipation of litigation privileges. Ford, however, did not produce any documents within the time allowed under the discovery rules. Consequently, in a letter dated Friday, June 3, 1994, Plaintiffs complained to Ford about its responses and enclosed a draft of the motion to compel discovery that they were prepared to file if Ford did not cooperate. Ultimately, Plaintiffs filed their motion to compel discovery on Thursday, June 9,1994 and obtained a Tuesday, June 14th, setting on the motion. Plaintiffs’ 16-page motion to compel discovery was not addressed to Ford’s responses over all, but sought relief from various objections Ford had lodged to specific discovery requests. At the hearing on the motion to compel, Plaintiffs argued at length about Ford’s history of discovery abuse in other cases, and its ability to ambush unwitting plaintiffs through its use of evasive discovery tactics. In response, Ford’s New York counsel acknowledged to the court that “Plaintiffs are entitled to legitimate discovery, and that in a complex design ease like this, that discovery will in fact be quite voluminous and massive.” When Respondent asked Ford’s counsel how long it would take Ford to produce the requested documents to Plaintiffs in Dallas, Ford’s counsel responded: There are some documents that have arrived today and can be available for Plaintiffs today, a relatively small volume [approximately 7 boxes]. Others are in process and on the way. We’re talking about days for that kind of material. Counsel argued, however, that Plaintiffs had requested “hundreds of thousands of pages of test material”, and those documents would be best produced at Ford’s headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford’s counsel further stated: “[I]f they have to be copied, that would be a substantial task and would require at a minimum — I believe it would require weeks.” Ford’s counsel explained to the trial court that gathering the documents was not a complex process, but it would take some time especially since the case was less than three months old. He further stated that Ford was going to honor its October trial date. Ford’s counsel then explained in great detail how its Reading Room in Dear-born, Michigan worked. He explained that Ford had gone to great expense to create this central location for categorizing, logging and storing its discoverable documents, crash tests, reports, etc. Counsel further cited the court to several Texas cases where courts had approved Reading Rooms as an acceptable cite for the production of documents. Stating that on an average, litigants only had to spend two or three days in the Reading Room, counsel urged the Court to require Plaintiffs to use the Reading Room for discovery in this case too. With regard to its privileged documents, Ford’s counsel stated: We do have privileged documents that we’re discussing in this ease. We are prepared — not this minute, but we’re prepared as early as tomorrow to provide a privileged log of documents that have not been included in test reports and in the test and study collection as we described it, but we believe that that issue has not really been joined, (emphasis added) After completing his explanation of the Reading Room, and the reason for Ford’s delay in production, Ford’s counsel stated: We will do whatever is necessary to deal with the deadlines at issue, but I think it is important for me to note that a massive discovery such as Plaintiffs are demanding on this expedited basis is in fact part of what’s causing the problem. I believe, Your Honor, our responses which have been given to you provides additional information about what we’re doing, and I don’t think it’s necessary, unless you would like it, to go into the individual details [here the Court agrees that it is not necessary] ... But we request that the motion be denied, at least in part, because we believe it is premature. We’re prepared to provide material to Plaintiffs, we’re prepared to work with them on immediate access to the reading room, and if they have problems after that, we’re prepared to discuss with them, and if necessary, to deal with any motions they may bring. Thank you. [Emphasis added.] It is undisputed that Ford offered no evidence in support of its objections to Plaintiffs’ discovery. At the conclusion of this hearing, Respondent granted Plaintiffs motion to compel, excluded from discovery anything that pertained to large trucks, buses or air bags, ordered Ford to answer fully and completely certain enumerated interrogatories by June 27th), and ordered Ford to produce documents pertaining to certain production requests by the end of the working day on July 5,1994, at the offices of Plaintiffs’ Dallas counsel. He further stated that “[a]ny objections which Defendants have made to the Plaintiffs’ discovery inconsistent with the Court’s pronouncement are overruled.” (emphasis added) The court made no ruling on Plaintiffs’ request for sanctions. Respondents pronouncements were subsequently memorialized on June 17th in the court’s Third Pretrial Order. Ford now seeks relief from that order. B. Ford’s Attempts to Comply with the Third Pretrial Order Subsequently, on June 21, 1994, counsel for the parties met in Dallas to discuss the scope of discovery. Although Ford believed that some inroads had been made on limiting scope, Plaintiffs refused to enter into Ford’s proposed Rule 11 agreement. Thus, on July 1, 1994, Ford filed a motion to reconsider or modify the trial court’s Third Pretrial Order, and Plaintiffs filed a motion for a protective order and for sanctions against Ford. On July 6th, the trial court heard Plaintiffs’ motion; the parties reached an agreement on certain target dates for the completion of depositions, and the trial court carried the sanctions issue forward. On July 8th, Ford produced approximately 700,000 pages of documents. According to Ford, these documents were the ones that were responsive to Plaintiffs’ requests based on its representations to Ford at their June 21st meeting. Ford represents that it took 149 people working over 6,400 hours to produce these documents at a cost to Ford of $355,000. In addition to producing these documents, on July 8th Ford also supplemented its responses to Plaintiffs interrogatories and production requests with additional objections, many of which asserted the attorney-client and work-product privileges for the first time. On July 14th, Respondent conducted a hearing on this motion, a motion for protection, and a motion for extension. In lieu of entertaining these motions, the trial court appointed a special master to mediate the discovery disputes. At that hearing, Respondent stated: “The court is hopefully trying to get over what the court sees as an on going stalemate with regard to discovery, without placing blame on either side, and get past that so that we can try this case on its merits under the existing schedule.” Thereafter, on July 15, 1994, Respondent signed an agreed order appointing Judge Paul S. Colley as Discovery Master “to oversee and report to this Court about discovery disputes and to attempt to settle any and all discovery disputes that arise between the parties and/or to report to this Court his suggestions and findings to assist this Court in making final rulings on discovery in this case.” C. The Two Hearings Before the Discovery Master and Issuance of the Two Master’s Reports 1. The July 27th Hearing and Resulting Report-. At the outset of this informal hearing, the parties agreed that there would be no evidence offered; however, the parties disputed the issues they believed the discovery master was supposed to resolve. Plaintiffs argued that many of the 700,000 pages contained information that was “not relevant to the case at all, some that [was] redacted that should not [have been] redacted, some that [was] not readable and some that [was] duplicated.” Plaintiffs also argued that the scope of the trial court’s Third Pretrial Order did not need to be limited. According to- Plaintiffs, only Ford was able to determine what was relevant to the lawsuit and what was not. They contended that no one would hold Ford in contempt for failure to produce irrelevant information. So, they argued, Ford needed to make a decision as to what was relevant and then it needed to stand behind that decision as being reasonable and supportable. Ford, on the other hand, argued that it did not need to produce anything further because Plaintiffs had already received everything they needed. When asked, however, whether Plaintiffs had received everything that was relevant under the Third Pretrial Order, Ford’s counsel responded that it had already produced the complete tension-eliminator series of documents. The master then stated that Ford’s answer was not responsive to his question. To this, Ford’s counsel replied that Ford has identified 104 tension eliminator lawsuits and that there might be documents in those suits that would be relevant to Plaintiffs’ counsel. With regard to privilege, Ford stated that it has given the master a complete copy of the unredacted information on the tension eliminator, and that it did produce to him a portion of the tension eliminator collection that Ford viewed as privileged. The master then expressed concern about Ford’s failure to produce unredacted copies of documents to Plaintiffs since the Third Pretrial Order overruled all of Ford’s objections to discovery. Ford’s counsel stated that the Third Pretrial Order made no reference to privilege. He further explained that, in Ford’s view, because Plaintiffs’ discovery requests were inappropriately over-broad and vague, Ford’s duty to assert objections on the basis of privilege was never triggered. In support of its argument, Ford counsel cited Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145 (Tex.1989). Additionally, Ford argued that Plaintiffs could not now complain that Ford had waived its privileges because Plaintiffs’ motion to compel asserted many specific bases for complaint but did not point out that Ford had failed to claim privilege and had thereby waived it. According to Ford, it was Plaintiffs duty to point out that Ford had waived its privileges by failing to assert them. Without reaching any decisions on the waiver of privilege or scope of discovery issues, Colley set a formal hearing date on the motion for protective order and motion to reconsider, and stated that he would review the documents presented to him for an in camera inspection and then notify the parties of his decision. Subsequently, on August 2,1994, The master issued his first report which recommended that certain of the documents submitted to him for in camera inspection be segregated out from discovery on the basis that they were privileged. This order is not challenged in Ford’ mandamus petition. 2. The August 22nd Hearing and Resulting Report-. At the commencement of this formal hearing, it was agreed that three issues were to be resolved: (1) obtain a ruling on the Plaintiffs’ motion to have Ford produce certain expert documents that it had failed to produce under previous discovery requests; (2) obtain a ruling on Ford’s motion to reconsider the trial court’s Third Pretrial Order, and (3) obtain resolution of the issue of privilege presented by Ford Motor Company, a. Arguments on The Scope of Discovery: In support of its motion to reconsider, Ford then tendered to the discovery master a notebook containing exhibits in the form of affidavits, supporting documents, deposition excerpts, case authorities, key correspondence and charts. By way of an opening statement, Ford’s counsel stated that the parties had exchanged a series of letters in which Plaintiffs had ultimately designated 11 categories of documents that they wanted. Ford contended that the parties had reached substantial agreement on these issues except that Ford wanted assurances that its search for these documents could be limited to its Dearborn headquarters in order to relieve Ford of the responsibility to conduct a worldwide search. Ford then reported that since producing the initial 700,000 pages, it had produced an additional four boxes of documents along with other documents in small numbers. Ford then elaborated upon the back-breaking efforts it had undergone to comply with the trial court’s order and concluded that it had demonstrated “good-faith”, a requisite to any motion to reconsider. For the first time, Ford argued that at the June 14th hearing, Ford did not present any evidence because its witnesses’ flight was canceled. However, Ford admitted that although there was an informal request for a continuance, no formal request for a continuance was made. Ford further argued the trial court’s order had caused Ford unnecessary burden and expense by requiring such broad production in a case that involved the narrow issue of the tension eliminator. Ford further argued that the court’s Third Pretrial Order continued to impose a great burden on Ford in that it would still have to produce millions of more documents under the terms of the order. According to Ford, despite its good faith, it had only produced a fraction of the documents covered by Respondent’s order. Ford claimed that unless the order were altered, it would be held in contempt and sanctioned, and these sanctions and penalties would inhibit its ability and willingness to continue with litigation. Following Ford’s arguments, the master posed the following question: THE MASTER: Do you have any estimate for me? You say you supplied over seven hundred thousand pages. What would follow? I mean have you got an estimate of how many pages would follow, if it were not narrowed? FORD’S COUNSEL: We just know that it would be millions of documents and that’s what, your honor, we’re going to present evidence of. We’ve got some affidavits that talk about that, we have done it by breaking down all of the facilities that would have to be searched, we’ve done it by giving example of just one facility. THE MASTER: That results from over, broad and irrelevant ... requests? FORD’S COUNSEL: Yes. Well, its in the order, Your Honor, that is, its effects are. THE MASTER: Let’s just assume something here just a minute. Let’s assume that Ford stumped their toe and failed to present evidence, failed to support their objections, and it would be tantamount to waiver, but irregardless [sic] of that, what you’re saying in innate fairness, constitutional protection, that the Court is to step in and narrow the scope based on what these circumstances are now, because of the great amount of cost that Ford’s going to be out. FORD’S COUNSEL: What Pm saying, Your Honor, is that the Court has, under Code 21, Section 001, the authority, of course, to modify its orders and to do so when it’s demonstrated that it’s just to do so. The master then stated that the court also had authority to modify discovery when what had been ordered would not benefit the plaintiff. Plaintiffs’ counsel then interrupted asserting that “The fact is, is that we all agree it’s a seat belt tension eliminator case at this point. I mean, that’s what the Court needs to know. And so, I think we can agree with that.” Ford’s counsel then directed the master’s attention to an exhibit which listed examples of irrelevant materials that Ford would be required to produce under the court’s Third Pretrial Order. After examining the chart of irrelevant information included under the Third Pretrial Order, the master stated that he had reviewed the discovery requests and the responses and: “There are some over-broad things. But no objection — that’s the part that needs to be done over again.” Plaintiffs’ counsel, however, argued that some of the items on the chart that Ford had listed as irrelevant might actually be relevant to the case. These comments led Ford to present what it perceived as the heart of the stalemate: Plaintiffs wanted Ford to determine what documents were relevant to the litigation and produce only those; however, if Ford made such a determination, Plaintiffs might disagree and later argue that Ford has committed a discovery abuse by failing to produce a document which Ford classified as irrelevant but which Plaintiffs believe was relevant. At the conclusion of its argument, Ford referred the master to the affidavits of Mr. Hrynik, Mr. Gray and Mr. Mavis with regard to the future burden that would be imposed on Ford if the court’s third pretrial order were upheld. When the master asked Ford how it would propose to limit the order, Ford’s counsel suggested: Well, Your Honor, our proposal would be that what we do is have an order that is rewritten, a modified order that specifies the categories that are contained in the August 2nd letter by Mr. Mann, as modified by the August 17th letter by Mr. Grainger, with only additional limitations of that being that its, you know, the southeast Michigan Dearborn facilities, and that it’s a you know, reasonable time period for that discovery and a reasonable model limitation. Plaintiffs briefly rebutted this argument stating that regardless of what the order said, Ford ultimately had to make the decision as to what to produce because it was the only one that knew what was relevant to the tension eliminator case. b. Argument on Waiver or Preservation of Ford’s Privilege Objections: Citing to the dissent in Loftin v. Martin, supra Ford argued that it did not waive its right to assert privilege objections to Plaintiffs’ discovery request by failing to object to discovery on that basis before the June 14th hearing or failing to introduce evidence of privilege at that hearing. Ford contended that because many of Plaintiffs’ discovery requests were inappropriate (or should have been ruled as such at the June 14th hearing) under Rule 166b(2) its duty to assert its privileges was not triggered. It further contended that inappropriate requests included ones which were vague, ambiguous or over-broad. Ford’s counsel then reminded the discovery master that Ford did object to Plaintiffs’ production requests on grounds that they were over broad and sometimes used vague or ambiguous terms. The problem, Ford argued, was that the scope of the requests was never narrowed by Respondent. According to Ford, only after the request was narrowed appropriately did Ford have a duty to come forward, plead privilege in a specific objection, and then if a request for hearing were made, prove up its privilege and submit the documents in camera to the court. Thus, Ford concluded, the trial court erred in failing to find that Plaintiffs’ discovery requests were overly broad, and consequently Ford had no duty to assert its privileges. Ford cited several cases in support of its position, which will be considered below. After hearing Ford’s argument the master reached the heart of the motion to reconsider when he engaged Ford’s counsel in the following colloquy: THE MASTER: So the Court’s going to be the one that makes the decision of what is appropriate or inappropriate, right? FORD’S COUNSEL: That’s true, yes. THE MASTER: How do you give him the evidence which he can base that on? FORD’S COUNSEL: Well, you present that at a hearing. THE MASTER: You have to have an objection. FORD’S COUNSEL: Right. THE MASTER: You have to allege over-broad. FORD’S COUNSEL: Right. THE MASTER: And you’ve got to prove it. FORD’S COUNSEL: That’s right. THE MASTER: And if you don’t do either, and the request itself is not sufficient to satisfy him it’s overbroad, and he overrules your objection, where are you? FORD’S COUNSEL: Well, I guess the situation we have is, what if down the road in attempting to comply with that order, the party has produced hundreds of thousands of documents, maybe a million documents, maybe more, it’s then determined, well, let’s go back and determine whether really the scope of discovery is appropriate. We’re back to the issue of was it appropriate discovery to begin with, such that the party’s initial duty to plead and prove privilege was triggered? THE MASTER: And actually you don’t have, as a matter of right, you don’t have a right to do that. You have to file a motion to reconsider, and that’s in the Court’s discretion, is it not? Not yours. FORD’S COUNSEL: Well, I would think that that’s true, but I think the Court probably is obligated in determining whether a person has waived privilege. Additionally, Ford’s counsel argued that Plaintiffs’ motion to compel was 16 pages long and discussed each interrogatory and request for production that they moved to compel, yet there was “[n]ot a peep about privilege objections in that motion.” Citing National Union Fire Ins. v. Hoffman, 746 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1988, no writ), Ford then argued that the fact that Ford offered to tender documents in camera to Respondent was enough to preserve the privilege objections it has raised before the hearing. Plaintiffs counsel complained that Ford’s two-step theory required the court to conduct a hearing on a motion to compel before the responding party ever had to go out and look for any documents. He further argued that Ford’s argument was inapplicable to privileged documents involving the tension eliminator series. Since Ford had been involved in tension eliminator cases before, at the time of the June 14th hearing, it had already segregated out those 7 boxes of production, and it already knew what documents would be privileged within that category of production. At the close of their argument, Plaintiffs stated that they wanted to put into evidence the affidavits of Randy Sandifer and Diane Reid, which were already in the file. The discovery master then took judicial notice of the court’s file. At the conclusion of the hearing, Ford’s counsel stated that Ford would not object to an order that provided that Ford would not be able to admit at trial any documents other than those that it had produced in this case or that its experts produced to Plaintiffs; however, Ford stated that it wanted Plaintiffs to agree to do the same. Plaintiffs stated that they would not agree to show Ford any documents that they obtained from other sources that should have been produced by Ford itself. The hearing was concluded without the discovery master having made any recommendations from the bench. In the master’s second report, he overruled all objections made to the exhibits tendered by either side and he excepted from this report, his findings and recommendations in his first report as well as all documents that Ford had already produced. Thereafter, he concluded that Ford had waived all privilege objections set forth in its initial responses to Plaintiffs interrogatories and requests for production by failing to support its objections to requests for production with evidence and by failing to tender documents for an in camera inspection. He further found that “[e]xeept for the objection that some of the requests and interrogatories were overly broad or ambiguous I have concluded that Ford has waived all of such objections as heretofore stated.” The report then stated that some of the interrogatories and requests were overbroad or ambiguous, and he made recommendations for limiting the scope of each of those requests and interrogatories. Finally, the report recommended that in the event Respondent prepared another order dealing with the Plaintiffs’ interrogatories and production requests, the new order should “make clear to the parties that only documents, or other tangible things within the scope of discovery as fixed by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 166b(2) must be produced by Ford.” Ford, thereafter, filed an objection to this report. D. The September 6th Hearing-. Pronouncement of Respondent’s Sixth Pretrial Order The portion of the September 6th proceeding in the record before us commences with Respondent’s hearing on Plaintiffs’ third motion to compel and motion for sanctions. In hearing this motion, Respondent entertained a variety of Plaintiffs’ complaints about Ford’s failure to produce specific categories of documents. After hearing the parties arguments with regard to each complaint, Respondent entered an order sustaining the majority of Plaintiffs’ complaints and ordered Ford to produce the documents and other items enumerated therein. Although we will not attempt to enumerate each of the rulings in that order, (appended hereto as “Appendix A”) portions of paragraph 8 are of particular interest. Under paragraph 8, Respondent held Ford in contempt of his Third Pretrial Order and ordered it to produce the following: 8. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Contempt and to Compel Production of Documents relating to similar claims and law suits against the Defendant Ford is GRANTED. The Court finds that the Defendant Ford Motor Company has in its possession documents relating to previous or pending claims or litigation arising out of the design, manufacture, sale or marketing of lap and/or shoulder belts which include a product feature variously described as “tension eliminator”, “comfort feature” or “window shade” feature or devices. The Court finds that such documents are or may be relevant to the issues in this ease or are reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of relevant information. It is therefore ORDERED that the Defendant Ford Motor Company is in contempt of this Court’s Third Pretrial Order. Ford shall forthwith purge itself of such contempt by delivery of the following documents to Plaintiffs’ counsel in the form and manner previously described: a. For each claim (not involving litigation) ... copies of any records relating to the denial, resolution or settlement of the claim including any documents of release given or obtained for or on behalf of the Defendant Ford Motor Company. b. For all litigation: 5. A copy of any documents reflecting the terms of any compromise, settlement or release obtained for or on behalf of Ford Motor Company. (emphasis added) Ford was required to produce this and other documentation by 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, September 8, 1994. After specifically addressing Plaintiffs’ long list of complaints, Respondent took judicial notice of the record from the discovery master’s hearing and exhibits filed therein. He then briefly entertained Ford’s objections to the Discovery Master’s second report, and promptly overruled Ford’s objections and adopted both reports. Moreover, Respondent declined to further limit the scope of discovery. On September 9, 1994, in addition to signing the Sixth Pretrial Order, Respondent also signed an order approving the discovery master’s first and second reports. With the exception of the items listed in the discovery master’s first report, this order required Ford to produce to Plaintiffs by 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, September 8th, all documents previously tendered to the discovery master for in camera inspection, and to produce all other documents by 5:00 p.m. on Friday, September 16, 1994. III. Commencement of the Mandamus Proceeding On Monday, September 12, 1994, Ford filed the instant mandamus proceeding, a motion for emergency relief, and a motion respecting sealed documents. By way of its petition, Ford sought relief from Respondent’s Third Pretrial Order, Sixth Pretrial Order and Order Approving First and Second Reports of Special Master and Compelling Production of Documents. Due to the voluminous record presented in conjunction with Ford’s motion for leave to file its petition for writ of mandamus, and the narrow time constraints of the orders at issue, this Court promptly stayed further discovery without first granting Ford’s motion for leave to file. Thereafter, on September 23, 1994, having reviewed the record and reached the tentative opinion that Ford was entitled to mandamus relief, this Court granted Ford’s motion for leave to file its petition for writ of mandamus and set oral arguments for October 5, 1994. IV. The Prerequisites for Issuance of a Writ of Mandamus Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, and it will lie only to correct a clear abuse of discretion or the violation of a duty imposed by law when there is no adequate remedy at law. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 841 (Tex.1992, orig. proceeding); Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex.1985). While mandamus is a legal remedy, it is controlled by equitable principles. Rivercenter Assoc. v. Rivera, 858 S.W.2d 366, 367 (Tex.1993). A. No Adequate Remedy by Appeal For two reasons Ford has no adequate remedy by appeal. First, because of the herculean task of compliance with Respondent’s orders, Ford argues that if no relief is granted, Ford either will be required to expend significant financial and physical resources in an attempt to comply with these onerous orders and avoid triggering Respondent’s sanctions power, or alternatively, it will be forced into settlement to avoid sanctions and further expense. Appeal is not an adequate remedy if “the party’s ability to present a viable claim or defense at trial is vitiated or severely compromised by the trial court’s discovery order.” Walker, at 843. Second, if Ford is entitled to protect certain records from discovery under one of its asserted privileges, but no relief is granted before it is forced to produce them, appeal would not remedy the harm of Ford’s forced disclosure. As was stated in Walker: [A] party will not have an adequate remedy by appeal when the appellate court would not be able to cure the trial court’s discovery error. This occurs when the trial court erroneously orders the disclosure of privileged information which will materially affect the rights of the aggrieved party, such as documents covered by the attorney-client privilege. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d at 843 citing West v. Solito, 563 S.W.2d 240 (Tex.1978). For these reasons, we conclude that Ford has no adequate remedy by appeal. B. Abuse of Discretion Having found that Ford has no adequate remedy by appeal, we must next determine whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion by entering the instant orders. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 841; Johnson, 700 S.W.2d at 917. As explained by our supreme court, a court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law. Walker, at 839-40. Having set forth the appropriate standard of review, we next examine each of the orders at issue in light of that standard. 1. The Third Pretrial Order Issued June 17th Respondent issued the Third Pretrial Order as a result of the June 14th hearing. The purpose of that hearing was to entertain Plaintiffs complaints concerning specific objections lodged by Ford in its May 23rd responses to Plaintiffs’ requests for production and interrogatories. That hearing, as well as the discovery requests and responses that gave rise to it, were governed by Tex. R.Civ.P. 166b(4) which provides in relevant part: Either an objection or a motion for protective order made by a party to discovery shall preserve that objection without further support or action by the party unless the objection or motion is set for hearing and determined by the court. Any party may at any reasonable time request a hearing on any objection [note that “objection” is singular] or motion for protective order ... In objecting to an appropriate discovery request within the scope of paragraph 2, a party seeking to exclude any matter from discovery on the basis of any exemption or immunity from discovery, must specifically plead the particular exemption or immunity from discovery relied upon and at or prior to any hearing shall produce any evidence necessary to support such claim either in the form of affidavits served at least seven days before the hearing or by testimony. If the trial court determines that an in camera inspection and review by the court of some or all of the requested discovery is necessary, the objecting party must segregate and produce the discovery to the court in a sealed wrapper or by answers made in camera to deposition questions, to be transcribed and sealed in event the objection is sustained. When a party seeks to exclude documents from discovery and the basis for objection is undue burden, unnecessary expense, harassment or annoyance, or invasion of personal, constitutional, or property rights, rather than a specific immunity or exemption, it is not necessary for the court to conduct an inspection and review of the particular discovery before ruling on the objection. After the date on which answers are to be served, objections are waived unless an extension of time has been obtained by agreement or order of the court or good cause is shown for the failure to object within such period, (emphasis added). a. Ford’s Initial Discovery Responses: The first sentence of Rule 166b(4) requires that a party responding to discovery either make an objection or motion for protective order in order to preserve its objection to discovery requests. In responding to Plaintiffs’ discovery, Ford chose to make certain objections. Except for request numbers 2, 24, and 14 where attorney-client and work product privileges were specifically asserted, and request number 17 where Ford alleged that “cost information” was proprietary, Ford generally objected on grounds that the requests were overly broad, unduly burdensome, oppressive, and sought documents that were neither relevant to the issues in the instant litigation nor reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. By asserting these objections, Ford preserved them without further action until put to its proof by Plaintiffs. Under the last sentence of Rule 166b(4), Ford waived any other objections unless it could establish “good cause” for failure to timely object. b. Plaintiffs’ First Motion to Compel: Rule 166b(4) provides that timely objections to discovery will suffice to preserve those objections “unless the objection ... is set for hearing and determined by the court. Any party may at any reasonable time request a hearing on any objection or motion for protective order.” (emphasis added). Once a responding party has asserted a privilege or other objection to discovery, the burden of requesting a hearing on those objections rests with the party seeking discovery. McKinney v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 772 S.W.2d 72, 75 (Tex.1989). Here, the thrust of Plaintiffs’ motion to compel was that Ford was improperly attempting to “rewrite the discovery requests of Plaintiffs and thereby to unilaterally and improperly limit the scope of this litigation.” Plaintiffs complained that Ford was limiting its production to the right, front outboard seatbelt in 1988 Ford Ranger trucks. Rather than request a hearing on all of Ford’s asserted objections, Plaintiffs’ 16-page motion targeted a number of Ford’s specific objections. However, its only attack on Ford’s assertions of privilege fell on Ford’s response to request number 17. Thus, Ford’s assertion of attorney-client and/or attorney work product privileges in its responses to request numbers 2, 14, and 24 were not placed in issue by Plaintiffs’ first motion to compel. c. The June 14th Hearing: At this hearing, Ford introduced no evidence in support of any of its objections. Furthermore, its argument did not specifically address the various interrogatories and requests that it had asserted were overly broad. Instead, it made a plea for more time, and requested that Respondent allow production to take place at its Reading Room in Dearborn, Michigan. Additionally, it offered to provide the court with a log of privileged documents for its in camera inspection the next day. In making this offer, however, Ford emphasized that it did not believe its privileges had been joined as an issue in the hearing. At this hearing, Ford did not make clear to the court the extent of the burden Plaintiffs’ discovery was imposing on Ford. When Respondent asked Ford’s counsel how long it would take Ford to produce the requested documents to Plaintiffs in Dallas, Ford’s counsel responded: There are some documents that have arrived today and can be available for Plaintiffs today, a relatively small volume [approximately 7 boxes]. Others are in process and on the way. We’re talking about days for that kind of material. Counsel argued, however, that Plaintiffs had requested “hundreds of thousands of pages of test material”. “[I]f they have to be copied, that would be a substantial task and would require at a minimum — I believe it would require weeks.” Ford’s counsel informed the court that gathering the documents was not a complex process, but it would take some time. d. Analysis: A trial court abuses its discretion if it denies discovery when no evidence has been presented in support of the responding party’s objection. Weisel Enterprises, Inc. v. Curry, 718 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex.1986, orig. proceeding); Hyundai Motor America v. O’Neill, 889 S.W.2d 474 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1992, orig. proceeding). Because Ford presented no evidence in support of its objections, the trial court would have abused its discretion had it sustained Ford’ objections for which evidence was required: (1) Overbreadth Objections: In most cases, courts have required some evidence of overbreadth. See Miller v. O’Neil, 775 S.W.2d 56 at 59 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989) (stating “No evidence was presented showing that the request was over-broad as to the period from 1979 to 1987.”); Mole v. Millard, 762 S.W.2d 251 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988) (holding that no evidence in support of the “overbreadth” claim was introduced at the hearing, and the requests were not over-broad); Also see Chamberlain v. Cherry, 818 S.W.2d 201, 205 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1991, orig. proceeding); But See Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145, 148 (Tex.1989, orig. proceeding). In Loftin, the plaintiffs request for production essentially sought production of the responding party’s entire claims file. When this was pointed out to the trial court at a hearing that plaintiff did not attend, the court found that the request was overly broad even without the introduction of any evidence. In the instant case, none of Plaintiffs’ requests can be construed to be as broad as the request in Loftin. Thus, Ford should have presented some evidence or at least some direct argument of overbreadth on each discovery request or interrogatory where it asserted that objection. (2) Undue burden: Likewise, Ford’s objections on grounds of undue burden required some evidence. As was stated by Justice Keltner, “[a]ny party who seeks to exclude matters from discovery on grounds that the requested information is unduly burdensome, costly or harassing to produce, has the affirmative duty to plead and prove the work necessary to comply with discovery.” Independent Insulating Glass/Southwest v. Street, 722 S.W.2d 798, 802 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1987, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (orig proceeding); Chamberlain v. Cherry, 818 S.W.2d 201. (3) Relevance: Although objections on grounds of relevance need not always be supported by evidence, See Valley Forge Insurance Co. v. Jones, 733 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1987, orig. proceeding), in the instant case, Ford, at the very least, should have directed the court’s attention to such objections and advocated their validity. Given Ford’s generalized arguments at the hearing, we cannot say that Respondent abused his discretion in failing to sustain any of Ford’s objections placed in issue by Plaintiffs’ first motion to compel. However, to the extent Respondent’s Third Pretrial Order indirectly overruled Ford’s privilege objections asserted in its responses to request for production numbers 2, 14, and 24, we conclude that Respondent abused his discretion. 2. Order Approving First and Second Reports of Special Master and Compelling Production of Documents With regard to this Order, Ford complains that Respondent abused his discretion in adopting the discovery master’s second report. That report essentially did two things: (1) It held that Ford had waived its right to assert any privileges; and (2) It imposed some additional limitations on the scope of discovery. a. Did Ford Waive its Privileges? As stated above, on May 23rd, Ford filed its initial responses to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. In those responses, Ford asserted objections on the basis of the attorney-client and/or attorney work product/anticipation of litigation privileges in responses to requests 2, 14, and 24. Additionally, on July 8, 1994, Ford filed its supplemental response to Plaintiffs’ first request for production of documents. In that response, it asserted for the first time that information sought in request numbers 1, 3, 5,15,18, and 19 was privileged under certain specified privileges. On July 15, all further discovery disputes were referred to a discovery master. At the August 22nd hearing before the discovery master, Ford argued that many of its materials were protected from discovery on the basis of privilege. It argued that because many of Plaintiffs’ discovery requests were overly broad, they were thus inappropriate and Ford had not had a duty to assert its privilege objections to them. Ford now makes this “appropriate request” argument to this Court. In support of its position, it cites to the dissent in Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145 (Tex.1989), and El Paso Housing Authority v. Rodriguez-Yepez, 828 S.W.2d 499 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1992, writ denied). Ford also cites two cases that it claims deal with an analogous provision on experts. Those cases are Gutierrez v. Dallas Independent School Dist., 722 S.W.2d 530 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1986, rev’d on other grounds) and Lacy v. Ticor Title Insurance, 794 S.W.2d 781 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied). Despite Ford’s arguments and case authorities, the number of cases that hold there is a waiver where a responding party fails to timely and specifically plead and prove a privilege are legion. Nonetheless, Ford’s proposed exception to this general rule based on the “appropriate request” clause of Rule 166b(4) is not a new one. In fact, Ford’s Dallas counsel presented this same argument to the Dallas Court of Appeals on behalf of Hyundai Motor America in a, strikingly similar scenario. See Hyundai Motor America v. O’Neill, 839 S.W.2d 474 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1992, orig. proceeding). In that case, however, Hyundai objected to the plaintiffs’ request for production no. 17 on the grounds that it was overly broad, and it incorporated by reference, its previously asserted objections of attorney work product and/or trade secrets. Hyundai’s troubles arose, however, when it failed to produce evidence of its privilege objections at the initial hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion to compel. After several other discovery hearings, Hyundai filed a mandamus proceeding in which it asserted that it had not had any duty to specifically plead and prove privilege at the initial hearing on the motion to compel since ultimately request no. 17 implicitly had been deemed overly broad, i.e. inappropriate. Noting that under Rule 166b(4), “a party seeking to withhold documents from discovery must specifically plead the privilege or immunity relied on”, and that a “litigant who fails to properly assert a privilege from discovery within the time allowed for a response ... waives the privilege or objection”, the Dallas Court of Appeals stated that it had found no cases which supported Hyundai’s argument and noted that Hyundai had cited none. Hyundai, at pp. 477-478. Nevertheless, because of facts that transpired after Hyundai’s initial hearing on the motion to compel, the Dallas court found it unnecessary to directly address Hyundai’s argument. Instead, it stated: “For purposes of this opinion, we assume but do not decide that Hyundai had no obligation to assert its claims of privilege in response to McDonald’s initial request ... Nevertheless, we conclude that Hyundai waived its claims of privilege at subsequent proceedings before the special master.” Id., at p. 479. The basis of the majority’s finding of a subsequent waiver was: (1) Hyundai’s admission in its response to re-written request no. 17 that as reformed, request no. 17 was now appropriate in scope, and (2) Hyundai’s statements in its response that although it had found no documents that would satisfy plaintiffs request as interpreted by Hyundai it “asserts and reasserts its specific objections to producing any document protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege ... in the event that any such protected document, otherwise responsive to the request, may be located or generated.” (emphasis added). The majority of the panel held that even under Hyundai’s “appropriate request” theory, it had admitted appropriateness yet had failed to specifically plead its privileges as required under National Union Fire Insurance Co., v. Hoffman, 746 S.W.2d 305, 307 n. 3 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1988, orig. proceeding) (holding that a conditional assertion of a privilege did not satisfy the specific pleading requirement of Rule 166b(4)). Consequently, we are left with little guidance on the issue other than that presented in the concurring and dissenting opinion. Similarly, the dissenting opinion in Loftin also addressed the issue of overbreadth objection in relation to a privilege objection. Justice Kaplan, in his concurring and dissenting opinion in Hyundai, stated that he would have preferred to adopt Hyundai’s two-step approach to pleading and proving privileges where the initial request was inappropriate. Kaplan noted that even the trial court recognized the merits of this approach when it stated: “there cannot be an obligation on the respondent to a discovery request to assert burdensomeness and also itemize and produce a log of all privileged documents which might be asserted ...” With regard to the majority’s conclusion that Hyundai had waived its privileges, the dissent farther pointed out that National Union Fire Ins. Co. and other authorities relied upon by the majority were inapposite because those eases did not address the requirements for asserting a privilege to documents that “may be located or generated in the future.” Hyundai, at p. 484. As pointed out by Justice Kaplan: While the duty to supplement is ongoing, the opportunity to assert objections is not. A party must plead any privilege or exemption to discovery within thirty days after the request is served. Otherwise, the privilege is waived ... Thus, the only. effective way to preserve a claim of privilege for documents located or generated in the future is to object in the initial response ... It would be difficult, if not impossible, to plead privilege with any more specificity for documents that have not been located or do not yet exist. Similarly it would be impossible to prove a claim of privilege until any such documents are actually located or generated. Id. Kaplan then agreed that Hyundai had waived its privileges as to any documents it had actually located at the time request no. 17 was re-written, but dissented as to “documents located or generated subsequent to the revised request.” Id., at pp. 483-84. We agree with Justice Kaplan’s analysis of Rule 166b(4) to the extent that it advocates relieving a responding party of the duty to unconditionally ‘plead and prove the existence of specific privileges for documents which may be located or generated in the future. Moreover, we agree with the dissent in Hyundai and Loftin that in cases where an overbreadth objection has been timely lodged, Rule 166b(4) does not require that claimed privileges be elaborated upon or that the responding party be prepared to prove these privileges at an initial hearing on a motion to compel. However, we do hold that a responding party is required to timely assert privilege as one of its initial battery of objections. The first sentence in Rule 166b(4) mandates this: “Either an objection or a motion for protective order made by a party to discovery shall preserve that objection without further support or action by the party ...” Rule 166b(4). Moreover, this construction is most closely in accord with the dissenters’ reasoning under the facts in Hyundai and Loftin v. Martin. To hold that there is no duty to even assert a privilege objection until the responding party deems the scope of the request “appropriate” would likely foster prolonged discovery delays and trial by ambush, practices the Supreme Court has censured. See Gee v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex.1989); Gutierrez v. Dallas Indep. School Dist., 729 S.W.2d 691, 693 (Tex.1987); Garcia v. Peeples, 734 S.W.2d 343, 347 (Tex.1987). Applying this reasoning then to the instant ease, we conclude that those initial privilege objections that Ford lodged in response to request numbers 2, 14 and 24 were preserved under Rule 166b(4). Moreover, since they have not been challenged by plaintiffs in a motion to compel, Ford has not yet been required to present evidence in support of them. However, those privilege objections that Ford asserted for the first time in its supplemental response to discovery of July 8th, i.e. responses to request numbers 1, 3, 5, 15, 18, and 19 were waived for failure to timely assert them. Thus, to the extent that Respondent adopted the master’s report waiving the privileges asserted in Ford’s responses to request number 2, 14 and 24, he committed an abuse of discretion. b. The Scope of Discovery: As recently reiterated by the Waco Court of Appeals: “The permissible scope of discovery includes anything reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of material evidence,’ but overly broad requests, harassment, or disclosure of privileged information exceed that scope.” Easter v. McDonald, 877 S.W.2d 77 (Tex.App.-Waco 1994, orig. proceeding) citing Jampole v. Touchy, 673 S.W.2d 569, 573 (Tex.1984) (orig. proceeding). However, the broad scope of discovery into any non-privileged matter relevant or reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence is tempered by the opposing party’s interest in avoiding overly broad requests, harassment or disclosure of privileged information. Housing Authority of City of El Paso v. Rodriguez-Yepez, 843 S.W.2d 475 (Tex.1992); Axelson, Inc. v. McIlhany, 798 S.W.2d 550 (Tex.1990). The trial court’s authority to control or prevent discovery is not absolute; it must be exercised in conjunction with the discovery rules and with due regard for the rights and expectations of the parties regarding continued discovery. General Elec. Co. v. Salinas, 861 S.W.2d 20, (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1993, no writ). When a discovery order forces production of patently irrelevant information that imposes a burden on the resisting party, which is far out of proportion to any benefit the requesting party might acquire, mandamus has been used to alleviate the burden on the resisting party. Kern v. Gleason, 840 S.W.2d 730 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1992, orig. proceeding). In the instant case, the record from the June 14th hearing undoubtedly demonstrates that Ford failed to establish the merits of its discovery objections challenged by Plaintiffs in their first motion to compel. Afterwards, however, several things occurred that merited Respondent’s further consideration of the scope of discovery: (1) Ford’s initial attempt at compliance with the Third Pretrial Order yielded the production of over 700,000 pages of documents and hundreds of taped crash tests; (2) after production of the initial 700,000 pages of information, Plaintiffs conceded that the instant litigation was a tension eliminator case; (3) at the August 22nd hearing before the discovery master, Ford introduced numerous affidavits from Ford employees, which elaborated upon the monumental burden the discovery order had placed on Ford, and the extent of the future burden in terms of time constraints, human resources and expense; (4) Ford introduced into evidence the affidavit of David Thompson, an attorney with Ford’s discovery group; Thompson’s affidavit specified the undue burden and overbreadth of each interrogatory and request complained of; (5) Ford also introduced into evidence a chart that enumerated specific types of materials it was being required to produce even though they were not relevant in a tension eliminator suit; (6) at the July 27th hearing, Plaintiffs made the following argument with regard to Respondent’s third pretrial order: “Judge Ross’ order does not order that they produce irrelevant documents ... they’re [Ford] the ones that have to make that decision. And what they want the Court to do is to try to somehow make a decision of what is relevant and what’s not when there is no way the Court can do that, because nobody knows what Ford has in their possession. They’ve got to make that decision and stand by their decision as being a reasonable decision that’s supportable. (emphasis added) (7) at the August 22nd hearing before the discovery master, Plaintiffs made the following similar argument: “Defendants basically said that the Court’s third pretrial order is so all-inclusive and broad that it requires them to produce things that are irrelevant. We don’t agree. We think the Court’s third pretrial order requires them to produce things that are relevant to the litigation.” (emphasis added); and (8) by correspondence dated August 2, 1994, Plaintiffs identified 11 categories of information that they felt were relevant to the litigation. The trial court thereafter took judicial notice of the record from the two hearings before the special master, and the evidence introduced at those hearings. After entertaining only brief arguments, Respondent overruled Ford’s objections to the discovery master’s second report and adopted the report. It is only natural where the initial scope of discovery is extremely broad, that as the case develops, the issues will become more narrowly defined. Weighing the eight factors enumerated above against any modest benefit Plaintiffs might gain from the production of millions of pages of information before the accelerated trial date, we conclude that the law clearly mandated further limiting the scope of discovery so as to include only the non-privileged materials falling within the 11 categories of information designated by Plaintiffs in their letter of August 2nd (See “Appendix C”) and to exclude those matters enumerated as irrelevant by Ford in “Exhibit 6” (See Appendix B). To the extent that a conflict may arise between matters designated in Appendices B and C, Appendix C shall take precedence over B. Although Ford has shown itself entitled to the aforementioned relief from the originally charted scope of discovery, Ford itself will be bound by that newly defined scope. As a consequence, Ford will be prohibited from introducing into evidence any information that it did not produce to Plaintiffs as a result of the newly defined scope of discovery. Thus, we conclude that although Respondent did not abuse his discretion in adopting the master’s limitations scope, he did abuse his discretion in failing to further temper his Third Pretrial Order to fit the newly defined needs of the parties. 3. The Sixth Pretrial Order Having determined that the trial court erred in failing to impose additional limitations on the scope of discovery as defined above, we hold that all rulings in the Sixth Pretrial Order requiring Ford to produce information falling outside the newly defined scope of discovery were the product of an abuse of discretion. We additionally hold that the trial court’s ruling under paragraph 8(a), to the extent that it requires production of “copies of any records relating to the denial, resolution or settlement of the claim including any documents of release given or obtained for or on behalf of the Defendant Ford Motor Company”, and paragraph 8(b)(5) which requires production of “A copy of any documents reflecting the terms of any compromise, settlement or release obtained for or on behalf of Ford Motor Company”, constitute a patent abuse of discretion in that the settlement information requested therein is neither relevant to the litigation nor reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence. Y. Conclusion Based upon the findings stated herein, we conditionally grant Relators’ petition for mandamus relief. Respondent is hereby directed within 30 days herefrom to: (1) vacate his Third Pretrial Order to exclude Ford’s privilege objections under request numbers 2, 14, and 24; (2) vacate his September 9th Order Approving First and Second Reports of Discovery Master to the extent that the order holds that Ford has waived its privileges as to request numbers 2,14 and 24, (3) vacate his Sixth Pretrial Order in its entirety, and enter a new order which comports with the scope of discovery as defined herein. We are confident that the trial court mil proceed accordingly, within 30 days; if it does not, the writ shall issue. Any additional relief requested by Ford is hereby denied. APPENDIX A IN THE DISTRICT COURT RUSK COUNTY, TEXAS 4TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT Susan Renae Miles, et al. v. Ford Motor Company, et al. Cause No. 94-143 SIXTH PRETRIAL ORDER On the 6th day of September, 1994 came on to be heard all pending motions of all parties and the parties appeared by and though their attorneys of record. The Plaintiffs announced ready for hearing on all motions but the Defendants, in connection with the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Exhibits and Testimony; to Compel, For Sanctions and Contempt, annou