Full opinion text
OPINION ON REHEARING EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice. Appellee John Cronan filed a motion for rehearing of our April 14, 2011 opinion. We grant rehearing, withdraw our April 14, 2011 opinion and judgment and issue this opinion and judgment in their place. The disposition of the case remains unchanged. In this interlocutory appeal, appellants, Waterman Steamship Corporation (“Waterman”) and Maersk Line, Limited (“Maersk”), appeal the trial court’s order denying their special appearances. Appel-lees, Miguel Ruiz, John Cronan, and Richard Hicks, sued Waterman and Maersk for negligence under the Jones Act and general maritime law for injuries allegedly suffered during the hijacking of the MW MAERSK ALABAMA by pirates off the coast of Somalia. In four issues on appeal, Waterman and Maersk contend that the trial court erred in denying the special appearances because: (1) appellants did not waive them special appearances in this case by them actions in Hicks’s earlier suit; (2) appellants lack sufficient minimum contacts with Texas to support the exercise of general jurisdiction; (3) exercising personal jurisdiction under these circumstances does not comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice; and (4) the trial court erred in failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of law. Waterman additionally contends that its officer, Peter Johnston, had personal knowledge of the facts contained in his affidavit supporting its special appearance. We affirm in part and reverse and render judgment in part. Background On April 8, 2009, while the M/V MAERSK ALABAMA was en route from Djibouti to Kenya to deliver food aid cargo, pirates hijacked the vessel in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. During the ensuing struggle, pirates took appel-lees, who were crewmembers on board the ALABAMA, hostage and held them in the steering room of the vessel. Appellees allegedly suffered severe injuries when they were “thrown about” by the pirates. Richard Hicks, a Florida resident, first sued Waterman and Maersk on April 27, 2009, in Harris County, Texas (“the Hicks case”). The case was assigned to the 270th District Court of Harris County. Hicks sued appellants under the Jones Act and general maritime and common law, alleging that appellants’ negligence and the vessel’s unseaworthiness proximately caused his injuries. Hicks alleged that appellants “knowingly sent their employees ... into pirate-infested waters rather than take safer routes.” Hicks contended that appellants knowingly exposed their employees to “grave and imminent danger” and did not take “adequate steps to provide appropriate levels of security and safety for [them] employees.” Hicks sought recovery for past and future medical expenses, past and future pain and suffering and mental anguish damages, and past and future “maintenance and cure.” In paragraph two of his original petition, Hicks alleged that both Waterman and Maersk were “foreign corporation[s] engaged in business in the State of Texas.” He did not plead any other facts supporting personal jurisdiction over Waterman and Maersk. Waterman is an Alabama corporation, with its principal place of business in Alabama. Maersk is a Delaware corporation, with its principal place of business in Virginia. Before filing a special appearance or answering in state court, appellants removed the Hicks case to federal court. In their federal answer, appellants contended that venue was improper in the Southern District of Texas because Hicks resides in Florida and neither appellant has a place of business in Harris County or in Texas. Appellants also asserted that the Southern District was an inconvenient forum because no witnesses for the case reside in Texas. Appellants set out their venue objection in a separate defense. Appellants then answered each of the numbered allegations from Hicks’s petition. Regarding Hicks’s paragraph two, appellants admitted that Hicks is a resident of Florida and that Waterman and Maersk are both foreign corporations. Appellants then denied the “remaining allegations contained in Paragraph II in the Original Petition,” which included Hicks’s allegation that Waterman and Maersk were “engaged in business in the State of Texas.” Appellants did not move for dismissal based on lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2). See Fed.R.CivP. 12(b)(2). While the Hicks case was pending in federal court, appellants propounded discovery requests. On September 16, 2009, the Southern District of Texas remanded the Hicks case to the 270th District Court of Harris County, Texas. Appellants did not file a special appearance or take any other action in the Hicks case after the federal court remanded it. On October 6, 2009, Miguel Ruiz, a New York resident, also sued Waterman and Maersk in Texas state court (“the Ruiz case”). Ruiz’s petition was substantively identical to Hicks’s first petition, and this case was assigned to the 164th District Court of Harris County. On October 12, 2009, fellow crewmembers Husain Salah, Mohamed Abdelwaham, Andrew Brzezinski, Mario Clotter, and Hector Sanchez intervened in the Ruiz case. On November 6, 2009, John Cronan, a Pennsylvania resident, also intervened in the Ruiz case. On December 1, 2009, Hicks nonsuited his case in the 270th District Court and intervened in the Ruiz ease the next day. Waterman and Maersk filed special appearances in response to Ruiz’s original petition on December 18, 2009. In their special appearances, Waterman and Maersk alleged that they were incorporated in Alabama and Delaware, respectively, and had their principal places of business in Alabama and Virginia, respectively. Both contended that the trial court could not exercise specific jurisdiction because the plaintiffs’ cause of action did not arise out of or relate to any contacts either defendant had with Texas. They further contended that the exercise of general jurisdiction was improper because most of their contacts with Texas were random, fortuitous, and attenuated, and the contacts did not rise to the level of purposeful availment of the benefits and protections of Texas law. Appellants finally contended that, even if the trial court could properly exercise general jurisdiction, this exercise would violate traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice because the case has no connection to Texas: all of the parties and witnesses reside in other states, no evidence exists in Texas, and the underlying incident occurred off the coast of Somalia. Appellees objected to the special appearance affidavit of Peter Johnston, Waterman’s Executive Vice President, on the ground that he lacked personal knowledge of the affidavit’s contents. Appellees raised this argument at the special appearance hearing, but the trial court never specifically ruled on this objection and it never struck Johnston’s affidavit as incompetent special appearance evidence. The trial court denied Waterman’s and Maersk’s special appearances. Both appellants requested findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, they appealed to this court before the trial court could issue findings and conclusions. See Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(7) (Vernon 2008) (allowing interlocutory appeal from order denying special appearance). Waiver of Special Appearance In their first issue, appellees contend that Waterman and Maersk waived their special appearances in the Ruiz case because they did not contest the exercise of personal jurisdiction in state or federal court in the first-filed Hicks case. Waterman and Maersk contend that Hicks’s non-suit of his original petition extinguished any waiver of their objections to personal jurisdiction, and thus Waterman and Maersk did not waive their special appearances in the Ruiz case. We agree with Waterman and Maersk. Under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a]t any time before the plaintiff has introduced all of his evidence other than rebuttal evidence, the plaintiff may dismiss a case, or take a non-suit, which shall be entered in the minutes.” Tex.R. Civ. P. 162; Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex.2010). A nonsuit “extinguishes a case or controversy from ‘the moment the motion is filed’ or an oral motion is made in open court....” Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Estate of Blackmon ex rel. Shultz, 195 S.W.3d 98, 100 (Tex.2006) (per curiam) (quoting Shadowbrook Apartments v. Abur-Ahmad, 783 S.W.2d 210, 211 (Tex.1990) (per curiam)). A nonsuit of the plaintiffs cause of action “is not an adjudication of the rights of the parties and does not extend to the merits of the action; it merely puts them back in the position they were in before the lawsuit was brought.” Parker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 95 S.W.3d 428, 431-32 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.); Rexrode v. Bazar, 937 S.W.2d 614, 619 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1997, no writ) (“[A] non-suit is a termination of the pleaded causes of action and asserted defenses without an adjudication of their merits that returns the litigants to the positions they occupied before the plaintiff invoked the court’s jurisdiction.”); see also Houston Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Morns, No. 01-10-00043-CV, 2011 WL 1936005, at *7 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] May 19, 2011, no pet. h.) (“When the Taxing Units nonsuited their claims for delinquent taxes, the Taxpayers’ affirmative defense became moot....”). Although a nonsuit may vitiate certain interlocutory orders, rendering them moot and unappealable, a plaintiffs decision to non-suit his claims does not affect a defendant’s right to be heard on a pending claim for affirmative relief. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 162; Villafani v. Trejo, 251 S.W.3d 466, 469 (Tex.2008). Here, Hicks first sued Waterman and Maersk on April 27, 2009, in Texas state court. This case was assigned to the 270th District Court. Hicks did not allege that Waterman and Maersk committed a tort in Texas, nor did he plead specific bases for personal jurisdiction; instead, Hicks merely stated that Waterman and Maersk were both foreign corporations “engaged in business in the State of Texas.” After Waterman and Maersk removed the Hicks case to federal court, they answered and, in their first defense, asserted that venue was improper in the Southern District of Texas and that this district was an inconvenient forum because no parties or witnesses reside in Texas. Although Waterman and Maersk asserted nine other defenses, they did not state an objection to personal jurisdiction in a separate defense. Waterman and Maersk did, however, answer the specific allegations included in Hicks’s petition. Waterman and Maersk stated the following: With regard to the allegations contained in Paragraph II, subparagraph 1, it is admitted that the plaintiff is a resident of the Royal Palm Beach, Florida. With respect to the allegations of Paragraph II, subparagraphs 2 and 3, it is admitted that Waterman and [Maersk] are a foreign corporations. The remaining allegations contained in Paragraph II in the original petition are denied. Paragraph II, subparagraphs 2 and 3, contained Hicks’s statement that Waterman and Maersk “engaged in business in the State of Texas.” Waterman and Maersk did not make a separate motion objecting to personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule 12(b). The court for the Southern District of Texas remanded the Hicks case to the 270th District Court on September 16, 2009. On October 6, 2009, Ruiz filed a substantively identical suit in Harris County, and this case was assigned to the 164th District Court. Over the next two months, several of Ruiz’s crewmembers, including Cronan, intervened in his suit. On December 1, 2009, Hicks nonsuited his case and immediately intervened in the Ruiz case. Waterman and Maersk filed a special appearance in the Ruiz case on December 18, 2009. When Hicks nonsuited his case, the effect of this action was to extinguish his causes of action against Waterman and Maersk and to return the parties to the positions they were in before Hicks invoked the jurisdiction of the trial court. See Estate of Blackmon, 195 S.W.3d at 100; Parker, 95 S.W.3d at 431-32; Rexrode, 937 S.W.2d at 619. As a result of the nonsuit, it was as if Hicks had never brought suit against Waterman and Maersk in the first place. See Hagberg v. City of Pasadena, 224 S.W.3d 477, 484 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (“When a party nonsuits a legal action, the parties are put back in the same positions as before the filing of the suit.”); KT Bolt Mfg. Co. v. Tex. Elec. Coops., Inc., 837 S.W.2d 273, 275 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1992, writ denied) (“[A nonsuit] merely places [the parties] in the position that they were in before the court’s jurisdiction was invoked just as if the suit had never been brought.”); see also Bailey v. Gardner, 154 S.W.3d 917, 920 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.) (holding same). Thus, even if Waterman and Maersk waived their objections to personal jurisdiction in the Hicks case — a matter we need not decide because Hicks’s non-suit returned the parties to their pre-filing positions — any waiver in the Hicks case was extinguished by the nonsuit and cannot operate as a basis for denying Waterman’s and Maersk’s special appearances in the Ruiz case. Cronan, citing the Fort Worth Court of Appeals’ decision in Reynolds v. Murphy, 266 S.W.3d 141 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied), argued that Rule 162 “does not vitiate the effect of a trial court’s previous rulings or divest a trial court of personal jurisdiction over a defendant to decide matters in a second suit that have already been decided in a previously filed suit.” In Reynolds, after the trial court, on remand, granted the defendant’s motion to strike the additional causes of action asserted in the plaintiffs third amended petition, filed after the remand, the plaintiff nonsuited and appealed. Id. at 144. In response to the defendant’s argument on appeal that the nonsuit rendered the case and appeal moot, the Fort Worth coui't concluded that the trial court’s ruling essentially dismissed the newly asserted claims with prejudice and was analogous to a partial summary judgment, which is a ruling on the merits. Id. at 146. As a result, the plaintiffs nonsuit did not vitiate the trial court’s ruling, and the court held that it had jurisdiction over the appeal. Id. A nonsuit “cannot be used to disturb a court’s judgment on the merits of a claim,” but the Texas Supreme Court has also held that a nonsuit can “vitiate certain interlocutory orders.” See Villafani, 251 S.W.3d at 469 (citing Estate of Blackmon, 195 S.W.3d at 101 (holding that nonsuit mooted interlocutory appeal of denial of plea to the jurisdiction and deprived court of appeals of jurisdiction)); Le v. Kilpatrick, 112 S.W.3d 631, 634 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003, no pet.) (holding that nonsuit vitiated order denying special appearance). Here, neither the state nor the federal district court had issued any interlocutory rulings, on the merits or otherwise, at the time Hicks nonsuited his case. We conclude that the nonsuit in the Hicks case had the effect of extinguishing any waiver by Waterman and Maersk of their objections to personal jurisdiction. Thus, we hold that appellees cannot use any alleged waiver in the Hicks case to establish waiver of the special appearances in the Ruiz case. Because the special appearances were the first instruments filed by Waterman and Maersk in the Ruiz case, we hold that they did not waive their objections to personal jurisdiction. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 120a(l) (“Such special appearance shall be made by sworn motion filed prior to motion to transfer venue or any other plea, pleading or motion....”). Evidentiary Objection In its third issue, Waterman contends that Peter Johnston, its Executive Vice President and an officer of Waterman, had personal knowledge of the contents of his special appearance affidavit and thus his affidavit was competent to support its special appearance. We address this contention before addressing the merits of Waterman’s special appearance. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 120a(3) provides that the affidavits, if any, in support of a special appearance shall be “made on personal knowledge, shall set forth specific facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify.” Tex.R. Civ. P. 120a(3). A corporate officer may testify that information concerning the company’s contacts with the forum state is within his personal knowledge “without showing with particularity how he acquired that knowledge.” M.G.M. Grand Hotel, Inc. v. Castro, 8 S.W.3d 403, 407 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.); see also Exito Elecs. Co. v. Trejo, 99 S.W.3d 360, 372 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2003) (“With regard to the personal knowledge of corporate representatives, officers such as vice-presidents, secretaries, and board presidents may testify to facts regarding the corporation’s activities.”), rev’d on other grounds, 142 S.W.3d 302 (Tex.2004) (per curiam). Even if an affiant later states that his affidavit testimony was based on his review of corporate business records, the affiant’s “acknowledgement of the sources from which he gathered his knowledge does not violate the personal knowledge requirement.” In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d 218, 224 (Tex.2004); see also Asshauer v. Glimcher Realty Trust, 228 S.W.3d 922, 926 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, no pet.). Peter Johnston is Waterman’s Executive Vice President. In his affidavit, he stated that he had personal knowledge of the facts contained in the affidavit and that those facts were true and correct. Johnston averred that only two of the crewmembers of the M/V MAERSK ALABAMA were Texas residents and that neither of those crewmembers was a party to this lawsuit. He also described the process of hiring crewmembers through various unions and the isolated port calls by Waterman-owned ships to Texas ports. He further averred that Waterman did not have an office, bank account, property, telephone listing, registered agent, or employees in Texas. Johnston also stated that Waterman did not advertise in Texas and was not registered to do business in Texas. During Johnston’s deposition, Cronan’s counsel went through Johnston’s affidavit and asked him how he had obtained knowledge of each specific averment. For example, when asked how Johnston was aware of the residences of the MAERSK ALABAMA crewmembers, Johnston responded that Waterman’s crewing department provided him with that information, and Johnston then agreed with counsel’s follow-up question that that information “was not something within [his] personal knowledge before [he] went and asked a third party the answer.” Johnston testified that he obtained the following information from third parties before making his affidavit: (1) whether Waterman was registered to do business in Texas; (2) whether Waterman had a registered agent or employees working in Texas; (3) whether Waterman had an office, bank account, property, or phone listing in Texas; and (4) what the union protocols were for hiring crewmembers. Appellees contend that, because Johnston relied upon third parties and business records to obtain this information, he lacked personal knowledge of the facts recited in his affidavit, and therefore the affidavit was “no evidence” of Waterman’s Texas contacts. As a corporate officer, Johnston may testify that facts concerning Waterman’s contacts with Texas are within his personal knowledge without specifying how he obtained that knowledge. See Castro, 8 5.W.3d at 407; see also Trejo, 99 S.W.3d at 372 (holding that corporate officers can testify to facts regarding corporation’s activities). The fact that Johnston acknowledged that he learned of the specific information concerning Waterman’s Texas contacts from third parties and business records before making his affidavit “does not violate the personal knowledge requirement.” See E.I. DuPont de Nemours, 136 S.W.3d at 224; see also Asshauer, 228 S.W.3d at 926. We therefore hold that Johnston had personal knowledge of the facts contained within his affidavit, and the trial court could properly consider this affidavit when determining Waterman’s special appearance. Personal Jurisdiction Standard of Review Whether a court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law that we review de novo. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794; Glattly v. CMS Viron Corp., 177 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Before determining the jurisdictional question, the trial court must frequently resolve questions of fact. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794. If the trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law, “all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the evidence are implied.” Id. at 795. Under these circumstances, we presume that the trial court resolved all factual disputes in favor of its judgment. Tri-State Bldg. Specialties, Inc. v. NCI Bldg. Sys., L.P., 184 S.W.3d 242, 246 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (citing Am. Type Culture Collection, Inc. v. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d 801, 806 (Tex.2002)). These findings are not conclusive when the appellate record includes both the clerk’s and reporter’s records, and a party may challenge these findings for legal and factual sufficiency on appeal. Id. To the extent that the underlying facts are undisputed, however, we conduct a de novo review. Glattly, 177 S.W.3d at 445. Requirements for Personal Jurisdiction Two requirements must be met before a Texas court can exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. First, the Texas long-arm statute must authorize the exercise of jurisdiction; and, second, the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with federal due process guarantees. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 806; TriState, 184 S.W.3d at 248. Pursuant to the long-arm statute, Texas courts can exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant that “does business” in Texas. Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann. § 17.042 (Vernon 2008); BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795. The statute lists three activities that constitute “doing business” in Texas: (1) contracting with a Texas resident when either party is to perform the contract in whole or in part in Texas; (2) committing a tort in whole or in part in Texas; and (3) recruiting Texas residents for employment inside or outside of Texas. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 17.042. This list, however, is not exclusive, and the “doing business” requirement is limited only by the requirements of federal due process. Roll Real Estate Group, Inc. v. Purseley, 127 S.W.3d 142, 146 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 2003, no pet.) (citing Schlobohm v. Schapiro, 784 S.W.2d 355, 356 (Tex.1990)); see also CSR Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex.1996). In practice, these two conditions are combined into one requirement of due process. Wright v. Sage Eng’g Inc., 137 S.W.3d 238, 247 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied); see also Guardian Royal Exch. Assurance, Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex.1991) (“[W]e consider only whether it is consistent with federal constitutional requirements of due process for Texas courts to assert in personam jurisdiction over Guardian Royal.”). With respect to personal jurisdiction, federal due process requires two things. First, the non-resident defendant must have purposefully established such minimum contacts with the forum state that the defendant could reasonably anticipate being sued there. Glattly, 177 S.W.3d at 447 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475-76, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2183-84, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)). Second, if the non-resident defendant has purposefully established minimum contacts with the forum state, the exercise of personal jurisdiction must comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id. (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475-76, 105 S.Ct. at 2183-84). The defendant bears the burden of presenting a “compelling case” that exercising jurisdiction over it would not be fair and just. See id. at 450. Only in rare cases will a Texas court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction not comport with fair play and substantial justice when the nonresident defendant has purposefully established minimum contacts. Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 231. The plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading jurisdictional facts sufficient to bring a non-resident defendant within the provisions of the Texas long-arm statute. Kelly v. Gen. Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 658 (Tex.2010). To establish jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, the plaintiff must plead a “connection between the defendant's] alleged wrongdoing and the forum state.” Id. at 655; Touradji v. Beach Capital P’ship, L.P., 316 S.W.3d 15, 23 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). In a tort case, the plaintiff must plead that the defendant committed a tor-tious act in Texas. Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659; Touradji, 316 S.W.3d at 23. A nonresident defendant challenging the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction through a special appearance bears the burden of negating all grounds for personal jurisdiction alleged by the plaintiff. Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 574 (Tex.2007). The defendant can negate jurisdiction on either a factual or legal basis. Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659; RSR Corp. v. Siegmund, 309 S.W.3d 686, 699 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2010, no pet.). To negate personal jurisdiction on a factual basis, the defendant can produce evidence showing that it has no contacts with Texas, which the plaintiff may then counter with its own evidence. Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659. To negate jurisdiction on a legal basis, the defendant can establish that, even taking the alleged jurisdictional facts as true, “the defendant’s contacts with Texas fall short of purposeful availment ... or that traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice are offended by the exercise of jurisdiction.” Id.; Siegmund, 309 S.W.3d at 699. Minimum Contacts A Standard of Review In their first issue, appellants contend that they are not subject to personal jurisdiction in Texas because they have not established minimum contacts with Texas. A non-resident defendant establishes minimum contacts with Texas by purposefully availing itself of the privileges and benefits inherent in conducting business in Texas. Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 784 (Tex.2005); see also Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 660 (“[Jjurisdictional analysis always centers on the defendant’s actions and choices to enter the forum state and conduct business.”) (emphasis in original). There are three aspects to the “purposeful availment” inquiry: (1) we consider only the defendant’s contacts with the forum state, not the unilateral activities of third parties or persons; (2) the contacts relied upon must be purposeful, and not random, isolated, or fortuitous; and (3) the defendant must seek some benefit, advantage, or profit by availing itself of the jurisdiction. Holten, 168 S.W.3d at 785. When undertaking a minimum contacts analysis, we consider the quality and nature of the defendant’s contacts, rather than their number. Trigeant Holdings, Ltd. v. Jones, 183 S.W.3d 717, 725 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). The defendant’s activities, whether they consist of acts inside or outside of Texas, must “justify a conclusion that the defendant could reasonably anticipate being called into a Texas court.” Siegmund, 309 S.W.3d at 698 (citing Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 806). The minimum contacts analysis is further divided into specific and general jurisdiction. A court may exercise general jurisdiction if the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are continuous and systematic, even if the cause of action did not arise out of or relate to the defendant’s contacts with the forum. Glattly, 177 S.W.3d at 447. The minimum contacts analysis involved when general jurisdiction is asserted is more demanding than when a plaintiff asserts specific jurisdiction. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 807. In a general jurisdiction analysis, we do not view each contact in isolation, but instead investigate, compile, sort, and analyze all contacts “for proof of a pattern of continuing and systematic activity.” Id. at 809. To satisfy the requirements of general jurisdiction, “[u]sually, the defendant must be engaged in longstanding business in the forum state, such as marketing or shipping products, or performing services or maintaining one or more offices there; activities that are less extensive than that will not qualify for general in personam jurisdiction.” PHC-Minden, L.P. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 168 (Tex.2007) (quoting 4 Charles Alan Weight & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1067.5 (2007)); Touradji, 316 S.W.3d at 25. B. Waterman’s Contacts with Texas On appeal, appellees contend that Waterman has “continuous and systematic” contacts with Texas, which subject it to general jurisdiction. Appellees do not dispute Waterman’s contentions that: (1) it is not registered to do business in Texas; (2) it does not have a registered agent, office, property, mailing address, bank account, or phone listing in Texas; (3) it does not maintain business records in Texas; (4) it has not received revenue from a Texas entity or person; (5) it has not solicited business in Texas or had a Texas customer; and (6) it has not marketed its services or directed advertising toward Texas. 1. Calls upon Texas Ports During the jurisdictional discovery period, five Waterman vessels made a total of eighteen calls on Texas ports while under time-charter to third-party customers of Waterman. In his deposition, Peter Johnston, Waterman’s Executive Vice President, testified that, under a time charter, Waterman is responsible for crewing the vessel, performing maintenance, ensuring regulatory compliance, issuing orders to the master and the crew, operating the vessel, and determining the particular course. The time-charterer gives the master the “voyage instructions”: where to go, the ports to call upon, the specific cargo to unload at particular ports, and the itinerary for the voyage. Johnston stated that “most” of Waterman’s vessels are time-chartered to third parties, and all of the calls upon Texas ports were made at the direction of third-party charterers. For example, the Waterman vessel GREEN BAY made one call on a Texas port in May 2009 at the direction of the federal government to pick up military cargo located in Texas. We do not construe Waterman’s Texas port calls as “substantial contacts of a quality sufficient to establish a court’s general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.” Uche v. Allison, 264 S.W.3d 90, 100 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); see also Asarco, Inc. v. Glenara, Ltd., 912 F.2d 784, 787 (5th Cir.1990) (finding no jurisdiction and discounting quality of twenty calls on Louisiana ports because managing company did not choose destination of particular ports); Nicolaisen v. Toei Shipping Co., 722 F.Supp. 1162, 1165 (D.N.J.1989) (seventeen port calls during four year period did not establish general jurisdiction when made at direction of third-party time-charterer). The quality of port calls as a contact is further diminished when a third-party determines the location of the call. See Farwah v. Prosperous Maritime Corp., 220 S.W.3d 585, 591 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007, no pet.) (“Generally, with respect to vessel owners and managers who do not direct the itinerary of the vessel, port calls are not construed as substantial contacts of a quality sufficient to establish a court’s general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.”); see also Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 809 (discounting quality of defendant’s attendance at conferences in Texas when defendant did not choose location); Reyes v. Marine Drilling Cos., 944 S.W.2d 401, 402-04 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ) (discounting quality of at least 200 trips to Texas to perform inspections required under contractual obligations with federal government). Waterman made eighteen port calls over a nearly seven year time period, which is better characterized as sporadic rather than “continuous and systematic” contacts. See Asarco, 912 F.2d at 787. Furthermore, Waterman presented evidence that it called upon Texas ports only at the direction of third-party time-charterers, who determined the specific destinations for the vessel, and that Waterman did not make the decision to take its vessels to Texas. See Farwah, 220 S.W.3d at 592. We therefore conclude that the third-party time-chartered calls upon Texas ports by Waterman vessels are insufficient, standing alone, to establish general jurisdiction over Waterman because Waterman “lacked control over the decisions that led to the vessels calling on Texas ports.” Id. 2. Purchases of Goods and Services from Texas Vendors Appellees further contend that Waterman paid “millions” to Texas vendors while its vessels were in Texas ports, it contracted with Texas residents and companies, and it had vessels and barges inspected and repaired in Texas ports. Mike Cameron, Waterman’s Vice President of Fleet Services, testified in his deposition that when a Waterman vessel calls upon a port, Waterman appoints a “port agent” and authorizes that agent to “carry out the necessary husbanding services for the vessel” while it is in port. According to Cameron, Waterman’s Purchasing Department, not the port agent, handles the purchase of fuel, stores, food, and other supplies while in port. During the jurisdictional discovery period, Waterman purchased $2,000,000 in goods and services, including vessel repairs, while its vessels were located in Texas ports. All of Waterman’s purchases and contracts with Texas vendors occurred in conjunction with third-party time-chartered port calls or federal government contracts. Cameron also testified that Waterman paid for inspections and repairs to barges located in Texas ports. Cameron stated that Waterman contracted with the federal government to deliver food-aid cargo, and the United States Department of Agriculture required inspections and repairs to barges before loading the cargo to ensure that the barges were in an acceptable condition for the transport. Waterman bid on the available food-aid contracts with the federal government “knowing that a number of the shipments would be out of Texas ports.” According to Cameron, Waterman engaged in these shipments “very infrequent[ly].” Cameron testified that the government, not Waterman, determines the particular port from which the cargo is loaded onto Waterman barges and vessels. In his affidavit, Johnston averred that Waterman purchased two vessels from a Dutch company in 2004, both of which, the BUENOS AIRES and the SANTA CRUZ, were located in Houston at the time of purchase. These vessels remained in the Port of Houston for approximately three weeks while they received “minor modifications” and were re-flagged to the United States flag. Mere purchases or their equivalent, even if occurring at regular intervals, are insufficient to warrant the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the non-resident defendant when the purchases do not relate to the cause of action. See Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 418, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 1874, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984); PHC-Minden, 235 S.W.3d at 170; Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 808; BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 798 (“BMCB’s unrelated purchases in Texas from BMCS are not the type of contacts that justify a finding that BMCB could have ‘reasonably anticipate^] being haled into court’ here.”); Farwah, 220 S.W.3d at 593 (“Even if the evidence supported a finding that Valles conducted business on as many as 265 days during that twenty-seven month period, the nature of the contacts, consisting of the purchase of necessary services and supplies for the vessel, is not sufficiently continuous and not of a sufficient quality to satisfy the requirements of the Constitution.”). Repairs, including the purchase of inspection and re-flagging services, are construed as “purchases” under Helicópteros, and not as separate and distinct contacts. See HMS Aviation v. Layale Enters., S.A., 149 S.W.3d 182, 194-95 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). We also consider whether “the choice to do business in Texas” was Waterman’s or “merely a coincidence because of another entity’s decision to direct the vessels to Texas.” See Farwah, 220 S.W.3d at 594. In Farwah, the Beaumont Court of Appeals held that the only reason Valles purchased supplies and entered into contracts in Texas was that Standard Tankers, the charterer, chose Texas ports of call and, therefore, this arrangement “diminish[ed] the quality of Valles’s contacts” and supported a ruling that Valles did not purposefully direct business activity to Texas. Id. Here, during the jurisdictional discovery period, Waterman purchased approximately $2,000,000 in necessary goods and services, including inspection and repair services, from Texas vendors. Waterman’s special appearance evidence indicates that Waterman made these purchases when its vessels called upon Texas ports at the direction of third-parties and when the federal government directed Waterman to load food-aid cargo in Texas ports and Waterman’s barges needed inspection and repairs pursuant to its contractual obligations with the government. In each instance where Waterman contracted with third-parties to transport food-aid cargo, the commodities were located in Houston, but Waterman’s vessels were located either in New Orleans or, on one occasion, Galveston. Waterman had to use barges to transport the commodities to its vessels. Because the commodities included food, both the commodities and the barges had to be inspected to ensure that Department of Agriculture standards were met. The only reasonable place to inspect the commodities and barges prior to loading in the Port of Houston was the shipyards and inspection stations located in and around that port. There is no evidence that Waterman obtained barge inspections in Texas that were not connected to any of its food-aid transport contracts. When Waterman needed to load food-aid cargo in Texas and the barge needed repairs before the voyage, Waterman contracted for repair services in Texas as a “cost-effective measure.” Appellees argue that this statement “undermines” Waterman’s assertion that its contacts with Texas were at the direction of a third party. Even if Waterman obtained repairs to its vessels and barges in Texas, these contracts and purchases, by themselves, are still insufficient to support the exercise of general jurisdiction. See Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 418, 104 S.Ct. at 1874; HMS Aviation, 149 S.W.3d at 194-95 (holding purchase of repair services insufficient to support general jurisdiction even though HMS Aviation brought planes to Texas solely for purpose of obtaining repairs). There is no evidence that Waterman entered into any other contracts with Texas residents. We therefore conclude that Waterman’s $2,000,000 in purchases of goods and services from Texas vendors, standing alone, does not establish general jurisdiction. Appellees additionally assert that Waterman regularly contacted Texas residents, such as the Houston office of the American Bureau of Shipping (“ABS”), “regarding vessel inspections, surveys, testing, and other services performed on Waterman’s vessels.” Minimum contacts “may not be satisfied by merely engaging in communications with a Texas corporation during performance of a contract.” Credit Commercial de France, S.A. v. Morales, 195 S.W.3d 209, 220-21 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2006, pet. denied); see also Freudensprung v. Offshore Technical Servs., Inc., 379 F.3d 327, 344 (5th Cir.2004) (“Moreover, this Court has repeatedly held that the combination of mailing payments to the forum state, engaging in communications related to the execution and performance of the contract, and the existence of a contract between the nonresident defendant and a resident of the forum state are insufficient to establish the minimum contacts necessary to support the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant.”). Any communication between Waterman and ABS or any other entity providing services to Waterman’s vessels is merely incidental to “developing and carrying out the contractual obligations,” and therefore does not constitute purposeful availment of the benefits and protection of Texas law. See Morales, 195 S.W.3d at 220-21. 3. Employment of Texas Residents Appellees contend that Waterman has employed hundreds of Texas residents since 2003 and that it had a “continuing contractual relationship” with a Texas crewmember of the MAERSK ALABAMA, and therefore this factor supports the exercise of general jurisdiction. Waterman acknowledges that it has employed approximately 200 Texas mariners since 2003 and that two of the crewmem-bers on the MAERSK ALABAMA were Texas residents, but it contends that this is not a purposeful contact because it hired all mariners pursuant to union protocols, it had limited discretion to reject a mariner chosen by the unions, and it could not solicit or recruit employees from a particular state. In his deposition, Mike Cameron testified regarding the procedure for hiring mariners for Waterman’s vessels. Cameron testified that Waterman contracts with three seafarers’ unions. When Waterman needs a crew, it sends a job order to the national union headquarters. The national union then contacts the union hall located closest to the vessel’s next port. The local union hall then posts a “job call,” and the union members can bid on which jobs they want. The national union then determines which member will fill which position and notifies Waterman. Waterman reviews the member’s paperwork, including his licenses and passports, and also requires a physical. If the member’s paperwork is in order and he passes the physical, Waterman hires the member for the particular voyage. Waterman can decline to hire a crewmember only under limited circumstances, which do not include residence of the crewmember. Johnston stated that Waterman had to replace the entire crew of the BUENOS AIRES after Waterman purchased the vessel and that, because the vessel was located in Houston at the time of the purchase, the national unions hired out of Texas union halls. Cameron also testified that Waterman can hire “permanent employees” for certain positions on its vessels, such as the captain, pursuant to its union contracts. In these circumstances, after the mariner has worked on Waterman vessels, Waterman may offer a permanent position to him. The mariner has the right to decline, and the permanent position must be approved by the union. Cameron testified that the first assistant engineer on board the MAERSK ALABAMA was a permanent employee who resided in Texas. Employment of 200 Texas resident mariners does not constitute a purposeful contact with Texas. See Johns Hopkins Univ. v. Nath, 238 S.W.3d 492, 501 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); All Star Enter., Inc. v. Buchanan, 298 S.W.3d 404, 416, 419 n. 12 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (holding that “a third party’s choice of residence, whether a royalty-interest owner or an employee, is not conduct by the nonresident corporation directed at the forum state”). Waterman does not require its mariners to live in Texas — those mariners that are Texas residents live here “of their own accord.” See Nath, 238 S.W.3d at 501. When determining whether a defendant established purposeful contacts with Texas, we consider only the defendant’s own actions. Holten, 168 S.W.3d at 785. Evidence that Waterman employs Texas residents on its vessels is not sufficient for general jurisdiction because “it demonstrates only the unilateral choices of third parties who have some connection to [the defendant], rather than contacts and conduct by [the defendant].” See Buchanan, 298 S.W.3d at 416. I. Payment of Texas Franchise Taxes Appellees further contend that Waterman’s payment of Texas franchise taxes indicates that it does business in Texas and has continuous and systematic contacts with Texas. Waterman acknowledges that it filed Texas franchise tax returns, but it contends that its franchise tax liability was premised on the number of days Waterman vessels spent in Texas ports per year, and not on revenue received in Texas or from Texas companies. Miguel Estrada, Waterman’s Chief Financial Officer, testified in his deposition that Waterman files franchise taxes for every state in which a Waterman vessel goes into port or operates within the state’s waters. According to Estrada, stopping in a port to load or unload cargo and traversing the state’s waters triggers an “apportionment” for franchise tax liability purposes. Waterman bases its filings on the amount of time spent in Texas ports per year, and Estrada characterized the amounts that Waterman pays as “de minimus” and “immaterial.” As examples, Estrada stated that Waterman’s Texas franchise tax liability for 2006 was $1400 and the apportionment percentage for 2005 was only 0.7%. Waterman contends that this percentage reflects that Waterman vessels only sporadically called upon Texas ports in 2005. Waterman did not receive any revenue in Texas, nor did it receive any revenue from a Texas company. Payment of franchise taxes does not automatically establish personal jurisdiction, but only “potentially subjects a foreign corporation to jurisdiction in the state.” Asshauer, 228 S.W.3d at 933; Conner v. ContiCarriers & Terminals, Inc., 944 S.W.2d 405, 417-18 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ) (plurality op.). We conclude that Waterman’s payment of franchise taxes, which is based solely on the number of days Waterman vessels are in Texas ports per year and does not constitute a significant portion of its tax liability, does not establish general jurisdiction. 5. Trips to Texas by Waterman Employees As further evidence that Waterman has “continuous and systematic” contacts with Texas, appellees point to Peter Johnston’s trip to Texas to accept delivery of three vessels, “routine trips” to Texas by a port engineer when Waterman vessels need repairs while in Texas ports, and trips to meet with ABS employees in Houston. Waterman acknowledges that Johnston visited Texas in 2004 to accept delivery of the BUENOS AIRES and the SANTA CRUZ, which were located in Houston at the time Waterman purchased the vessels from a Dutch company. Johnston also testified that he once visited ABS in Houston and that Waterman’s port engineers may travel to Texas ports if a vessel located in Texas needs repairs. Other than his own trips, Johnston could not identify specific trips to Texas by Waterman employees. Johnston did not know the frequency with which the port engineer trips occurred, although he disagreed that these trips occurred on a “routine basis.” He noted that most issues with ABS are resolved by telephone or e-mail and not by in-person visits to Houston. Occasional travel to Texas is insufficient by itself to establish continuous and systematic contact with the state. See Uche, 264 S.W.3d at 99 (holding that doctor’s weekly trips to Texas onboard cruise ship embarking from Galveston were insufficient to constitute continuous and systematic contact); see also Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 418, 104 S.Ct. at 1874 (holding that trips to Texas for training were “part of the package of goods and services purchased by Helicol from Bell Helicopter” and did not constitute sufficient contacts to support general jurisdiction). Here, any trips to Texas by port engineers were related to Waterman’s purchase of repair and inspection services from ABS and other Texas entities. Johnston traveled to Texas to accept delivery of the BUENOS AIRES and the SANTA CRUZ because the vessels were fortuitously located in Texas at the time Waterman purchased the vessels. See Transportes Aereos de Coahuila, S.A. v. Falcon, 5 S.W.3d 712, 720 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. denied) (“With regard to the few trips that were made by TACSA to retrieve parts and to take delivery of the aircraft, we note that the number of those trips was far less than the trips taken into Texas in the Helicópteros case and far less substantial in nature.... In the instant case, personnel were sent to Texas once to take delivery of the aircraft and infrequently thereafter to purchase supplies, parts and fuel.”); cf. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 809 (holding that five trips to Texas to attend national conferences did not support general jurisdiction when defendant did not select location of conferences); Reyes, 944 S.W.2d at 404 (holding same for 204 trips to Texas for inspections and reviews required by federal contractual obligations). We conclude that Waterman employees’ trips to Texas were sporadic — such as Johnston’s trip to take delivery of the vessels — or part and parcel of Waterman’s service contracts with Texas vendors and ABS — the trips by the port engineers. The trips to Texas in the performance of Waterman’s contracts with Texas vendors, while a factor weighing in favor of jurisdiction, are not sufficient by themselves to establish general jurisdiction over Waterman. See Falcon, 5 S.W.3d at 720 (comparing trips to Texas in that case — involving delivery of aircraft and purchases of supplies, parts, and fuel — with trips to Texas in Helicópteros — training of personnel — where trips did not establish general jurisdiction). 6. Waterman’s Website Appellees further contend that Waterman maintains an interactive website sufficient to support general jurisdiction, and that Waterman produced no evidence that it only had a passive internet presence. Internet use is characterized as falling within three categories on a sliding scale for purposes of establishing personal jurisdiction. Choice Auto Brokers, Inc. v. Dawson, 274 S.W.3d 172, 177-78 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.); Michel v. Rocket Eng’g Corp., 45 S.W.3d 658, 677 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). At one end of the sliding scale are websites that are “clearly used for transacting business over the Internet,” such as entering into contracts, and the knowing and repeated transmission of files of information. Dawson, 274 S.W.3d at 177. These websites may be sufficient to establish minimum contacts with a state. Id. On the other end of the scale are “passive” or “informational” websites that are used only for purposes such as advertising, and “are not sufficient to establish minimum contacts even though they are accessible to residents of a particular state.” Id. at 178. Between the extremes of the scale are “interactive” websites that allow for the “exchange of information between a potential customer and a host computer.” Id. We determine jurisdiction in situations involving an interactive website by examining the degree of interaction between the parties. Id.; Karstetter v. Voss, 184 S.W.3d 396, 405 (Tex.App.Dallas 2006, no pet.). In Michel, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals determined that Rocket’s website was “passive” because, although potential customers could contact Rocket via an email link on the website, Rocket could not directly respond over the Internet to the potential customer. Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 678 (citing Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC., 190 F.3d 333, 336 (5th Cir.1999)). Instead, a Rocket sales representative would follow up with the potential customer using the contact information that the customer provided in its e-mail. Id.; Mink, 190 F.3d at 337 (“There is no evidence, however, that the website allows AAAA to do anything but reply to e-mail initiated by website visitors.”); see also Buchanan, 298 S.W.3d at 427 (holding that, although users could submit employment applications, post comments, and subscribe to company’s “feed,” no evidence existed that company could respond to applications, comments, or inquiries through website, and therefore website was “too passive to establish systematic and continuous contacts”). In Jackson v. Hoffman, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals addressed whether a website that provided a phone number, an e-mail address, and a “contact form” constituted an additional contact to be considered in determining jurisdiction. Jackson, 312 S.W.3d 146, 154-55 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). The court concluded that because there was no evidence regarding whether the host computer could respond to users via the “contact form,” the website was merely a “passive form of advertising” and the contact form and contact information were not enough to move the website into the “interactive” category on the sliding scale. Id. When asked in his deposition whether he agreed that Waterman “actively solicits business” from its website, Johnston disagreed and stated that Waterman posts information on its website, and that potential customers could read that information and then contact Waterman. Johnston did not believe that customers could contract with Waterman via its website, but, instead, customers could click on a link on the website and send an e-mail to Waterman representatives with any inquiries. There is no evidence regarding how Waterman responds to e-mail inquiries sent to it through its website, such as whether it can respond through the website itself or whether it must follow up via the customer’s personal contact information. The evidence establishes that Waterman’s website provides contact information, but does not allow potential customers to book cargo through the website, or enter into contracts through the website. There is no evidence that Waterman can respond to customer inquiries through the website. See Jackson, 312 S.W.3d at 154-55 (“Without [evidence of how the host computer responds], we conclude appel-lee’s website is a passive form of advertising.”); Buchanan, 298 S.W.3d at 427. We conclude that, like the websites in Michel, Jackson, and Buchanan, Waterman’s website is “passive advertising via the Internet and not a purposeful activity directed toward [Texas] residents.” Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 678; see also Jackson, 312 S.W.3d at 154-55; Buchanan, 298 S.W.3d at 427. We therefore do not consider Waterman’s website as an additional contact for determining whether general jurisdiction exists. 7. Totality of Waterman’s Contacts Although none of Waterman’s contacts with Texas, standing alone, is sufficient to establish general jurisdiction, when determining whether Waterman has sufficient minimum contacts to support the exercise of personal jurisdiction, we must investigate, compile, sort, and analyze all contacts “for proof of a pattern of continuing and systematic activity.” See Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 809. General jurisdiction requires “a showing of ‘substantial activities’ within the forum state, and those activities must still be ‘purposefully’ directed into the forum state.” Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 680 (quoting Bearry v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 818 F.2d 370, 374 (5th Cir.1987)). We consider the nature and the quality of Waterman’s contacts with Texas, not the “sheer number” of contacts. Id. (citing Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 230 n. 1). When determining whether a defendant’s contacts rise to the level of “continuous and systematic” activity necessary to support general jurisdiction, Texas courts often compare the defendant’s contacts to those in Perkins v. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437, 72 S.Ct. 413, 96 L.Ed. 485 (1952) and Helicópteros, which are on opposite ends of the general jurisdiction spectrum. See Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 809. In Perkins, the president and general manager of the defendant company moved his office and company files from the Philippines to Ohio during World War II. 342 U.S. at 448, 72 S.Ct. 413, 96 L.Ed. 485. The president conducted all of the corporation’s activities from Ohio, including holding director’s meetings, depositing corporate funds into Ohio bank accounts, engaging in corporate correspondence from his Ohio office, using an Ohio office to act as the corporation’s transfer agent, and supervising the rehabilitation of Philippines properties from Ohio. Id. The Supreme Court concluded that Ohio could exercise general jurisdiction over the corporation because it had, through its president, “been carrying on in Ohio a continuous and systematic, but limited, part of its general business.” Id. at 438, 72 S.Ct. 413. In contrast, in Helicópteros, the Supreme Court found that Helicol did not have sufficient minimum contacts with Texas, even though its president traveled to Texas and negotiated a contract for transportation in Texas, purchased over $4,000,000 in helicopters and related equipment from Texas vendors “at regular intervals,” and sent pilots and personnel to Texas for training. Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 411, 104 S.Ct. at 1868, 104 S.Ct. 1868. Helicol was never authorized to do business in Texas; it did not have a registered agent in Texas; it did not perform helicopter operations in Texas, nor had any of its products ever reached Texas; it did not solicit business in Texas; it did not have any employees based in Texas; it never recruited employees from Texas; it did not own real or personal property in Texas; it did not maintain an office in Texas; and it maintained no records in Texas. Id. The Supreme Court concluded that Helicol’s contacts with Texas did not “constitute the kind of continuous and systematic general business contacts the Court found to exist in Perkins.” Id. at 416, 104 S.Ct. at 1873. When considering the totality of Waterman’s contacts with Texas, we conclude that Waterman’s contacts are similar to those of Helicol in Helicópteros. Although Waterman has made eighteen port calls in Texas, paid Texas vendors approximately $2,000,000 for goods and services, paid franchise taxes, employed Texas residents as mariners through the union hiring policies, and had vessels and barges repaired and inspected in Texas, the majority of these contacts occurred because third-party time-charterers or the federal government directed Waterman vessels to visit Texas ports. Although the quantity of Waterman’s contacts with Texas may suggest that Waterman has a significant relationship with Texas, when examining the quality of those contacts, it is clear that Waterman’s connection with Texas is sporadic and largely fortuitous. See Coleman, 83 S.W.3d at 809-10. Waterman’s contacts do not demonstrate that it engages in “substantial activities” that are purposefully directed to Texas. Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 680. Appellees, however, cite the Dallas Court of Appeals’ decision in Siegmund and the Fourteenth Court of Appeals’ decisions in Buchanan and Barker v. Lescroart, No. 14-06-00125-CV, 2007 WL 445282 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 13, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.), in which the courts found that general jurisdiction exists, for the proposition that Waterman has more significant contacts with Texas than each of those three defendants. We conclude that Siegmund, Buchanan, and Barker are distinguishable. In Siegmund, Siegmund, one of PlaMet-Co’s three employees, conducted business for the company out of his home in Texas. Siegmund, 309 S.W.3d at 707. The Dallas Court of Appeals observed that PlaMet-Co’s business focused on providing “international marketing and management services” to a company called Inppamet, and Siegmund, the “Director International Business Development,” was the only employee providing services to Inppamet. Id. The Dallas Court concluded that, through Siegmund, PlaMetCo had an “actual physical presence” in Texas, and the activities that Siegmund conducted “continually and systematically” were of “such substantial nature and quality as to justify suit against PlaMetCo in Texas.” Id. at 708. Appellees argue that the result in Sieg-mund compels a f