{ "title": "Law & the Economy — neochart legal-side index", "schema_version": 3, "generated_at": "2026-09-05T11:19:05+00:00", "site_url": "https://www.neochart.com", "source": "neochart corpus_manifest.jsonl + statute_ranking.json + statute_graph.json", "total_sections": 12573, "row_counts": { "measured": 3439, "quarantined_unreliable": 159, "not_measured": 8975 }, "library_cases_by_year": { "1771": 1, "1800": 1, "1803": 1, "1804": 1, "1806": 1, "1819": 6, "1820": 11, "1821": 2, "1822": 18, "1823": 26, "1824": 33, "1825": 46, "1826": 68, "1827": 55, "1828": 49, "1829": 72, "1830": 21, "1831": 57, "1832": 77, "1833": 47, "1834": 66, "1835": 77, "1836": 80, "1837": 63, "1838": 69, "1839": 102, "1840": 144, "1841": 158, "1842": 153, "1843": 127, "1844": 139, "1845": 95, "1846": 225, "1847": 273, "1848": 316, "1849": 396, "1850": 353, "1851": 463, "1852": 472, "1853": 689, "1854": 637, "1855": 763, "1856": 656, "1857": 782, "1858": 889, "1859": 982, "1860": 815, "1861": 647, "1862": 646, "1863": 780, "1864": 732, "1865": 707, "1866": 826, "1867": 1053, "1868": 914, "1869": 916, "1870": 986, "1871": 1204, "1872": 1462, "1873": 1592, "1874": 1865, "1875": 1735, "1876": 1423, "1877": 1437, "1878": 1575, "1879": 1041, "1880": 1727, "1881": 1661, "1882": 1708, "1883": 1720, "1884": 1720, "1885": 1696, "1886": 1928, "1887": 1887, "1888": 2082, "1889": 2541, "1890": 2577, "1891": 2567, "1892": 2682, "1893": 2742, "1894": 3023, "1895": 3064, "1896": 4941, "1897": 4767, "1898": 4585, "1899": 4852, "1900": 4787, "1901": 4900, "1902": 4688, "1903": 5017, "1904": 4831, "1905": 5040, "1906": 5055, "1907": 5326, "1908": 5593, "1909": 5427, "1910": 5791, "1911": 6650, "1912": 6909, "1913": 6737, "1914": 5417, "1915": 4433, "1916": 4291, "1917": 4720, "1918": 4153, "1919": 4299, "1920": 4151, "1921": 4191, "1922": 4313, "1923": 4320, "1924": 4878, "1925": 6690, "1926": 6594, "1927": 7400, "1928": 9556, "1929": 9286, "1930": 10141, "1931": 10604, "1932": 10185, "1933": 10301, "1934": 10209, "1935": 10215, "1936": 10289, "1937": 9735, "1938": 9880, "1939": 10124, "1940": 10186, "1941": 9840, "1942": 8885, "1943": 7578, "1944": 7270, "1945": 6661, "1946": 6642, "1947": 7063, "1948": 7534, "1949": 7350, "1950": 7915, "1951": 7867, "1952": 8158, "1953": 9016, "1954": 9546, "1955": 9794, "1956": 9989, "1957": 10167, "1958": 10922, "1959": 10946, "1960": 11290, "1961": 11524, "1962": 12390, "1963": 12645, "1964": 12710, "1965": 13281, "1966": 14301, "1967": 14367, "1968": 15979, "1969": 16668, "1970": 17497, "1971": 18358, "1972": 19069, "1973": 18044, "1974": 18684, "1975": 19800, "1976": 20642, "1977": 20805, "1978": 21388, "1979": 21608, "1980": 23742, "1981": 24601, "1982": 25113, "1983": 26755, "1984": 27521, "1985": 29186, "1986": 29875, "1987": 29695, "1988": 29761, "1989": 30148, "1990": 32736, "1991": 33732, "1992": 33494, "1993": 32867, "1994": 33214, "1995": 32765, "1996": 34526, "1997": 32970, "1998": 33211, "1999": 32533, "2000": 32664, "2001": 32930, "2002": 31546, "2003": 31795, "2004": 30033, "2005": 31427, "2006": 30952, "2007": 31193, "2008": 31690, "2009": 31380, "2010": 30637, "2011": 29123, "2012": 27643, "2013": 26121, "2014": 27340, "2015": 26047, "2016": 26067, "2017": 25882, "2018": 14533, "2019": 7325, "2022": 1, "2024": 4, "2025": 228, "2026": 103 }, "time_series_note": "citing_years on each row counts opinions IN THIS LIBRARY citing that section per decision year. Library coverage varies by year (see library_cases_by_year) — a decline in recent years reflects corpus coverage, NOT a legal trend. Always display or normalize a citing_years series against library_cases_by_year; never present it as litigation volume.", "doctrine_note": "neochart supplies STRUCTURE ONLY: the official statute text we host and its citing-case count. It carries no economic interpretation. Analysis of what these provisions mean for the economy is grepcent's layer; neochart hands over the cited source and the citation graph, nothing more.", "bridge_contract": { "consumer": "grepcent.com economic-law track", "pull": "https://www.neochart.com/economic_law_index.jsonl", "row_fields": [ "citation", "heading", "url", "book", "domain", "jurisdiction", "corpus", "citing_cases", "citing_cases_status", "flags", "cited_with", "citing_years", "citing_years_unknown" ], "join_key": "citation (e.g. '15 U.S.C. § 78j'); stable, human-citable", "graph_fields": { "cited_with": "Top sections co-cited with this one by the same opinions in this library: [{citation, cases, url}], cases = # of opinions citing both. Deep-link the url. Populated only on 'measured' rows; null on quarantined/not_measured (the co-citation graph inherits the same cached-citation corruption there). Neutral phrasing only, e.g. 'cited together in N opinions in the neochart library' — never causal/predictive.", "citing_years": "{year: opinions in this library citing this section that year}; citing_years_unknown = citations with no usable decision year. MUST be normalized/displayed against summary.library_cases_by_year (corpus coverage varies by year); never present as litigation volume." }, "scope_policy": { "flags": "Per-row 'flags' list. 'criminal' = an offense/penalty provision (e.g. tax crimes 26 U.S.C. §§ 7201/7206, FDCA §§ 331/333). 'subject_mismatch' = the statute's subject is unrelated to the economy and it sits in an economic title only incidentally (NFA firearms offenses, 26 U.S.C. §§ 5801-5872, are in the tax title via the taxing power); these are kept out of the per-domain highlights. Consumers SHOULD filter flagged rows to taste.", "excluded_from_feed": "The Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 801-971) is omitted entirely — it is criminal drug law, not economic regulation. This is a disclosed editorial exclusion, not a data gap." }, "citing_cases_status": { "measured": "citing_cases is a real (if imperfect) case in-degree from the graph.", "not_measured": "citing_cases is null — not reliably measured (e.g. Texas statutes, absent from the case-citation graph). Treat as unknown, NOT zero.", "unreliable_citation_collision": "citing_cases nulled ON PURPOSE. Securities Act (§ 77*) and Exchange Act (§ 78*) sections use letter suffixes (§ 78j/§ 78l/§ 78o) that the upstream normalizer mis-reads as digits (§ 78l->§ 781), so counts across this range are corrupted — real energy statutes (§ 781, § 783) absorb securities weight and § 78j-type provisions are undercounted. Do NOT rank/threshold these by count; the association is valid, the number is not. Fix in progress.", "WARNING": "Do not average or rank across a mix of statuses — it structurally buries every not_measured (Texas) and quarantined row." }, "citation_grammar": { "guarantee": "Citation strings are CANONICAL and STABLE — use the exact string as the join key; neochart will not silently change spacing/format. § is always followed by exactly one space.", "federal": "'{title} U.S.C. § {section}' — title is an integer; section is a number optionally with a lowercase-letter suffix (e.g. '1', '78j', '106a'). Section-level only: no subsection parentheticals or ranges in this feed.", "texas": "'Tex. {Code Name} § {section}' — Code Name is the full code title (e.g. 'Finance Code', 'Business & Commerce Code'); section is dotted (e.g. '1.001').", "examples": [ "15 U.S.C. § 1", "26 U.S.C. § 5861", "17 U.S.C. § 106a", "Tex. Tax Code § 11.13" ] }, "link_policy": "url is a permanent neochart page; deep-link, do not mirror text", "ranking": "citing_cases = true case in-degree from statute_ranking.json; null for uncited or Texas (Texas statutes absent from the case graph)" }, "domains": { "banking-finance": 3296, "agriculture": 2391, "trade-securities-consumer": 2378, "trade-commerce": 1072, "customs-trade": 875, "business-entities": 834, "tax": 677, "food-drug-medical": 482, "bankruptcy": 278, "copyright": 150, "insurance": 86, "patents": 47, "money-finance": 7 }, "corpora": { "Agriculture": 2391, "Commerce & Trade (antitrust, securities, consumer protection)": 2378, "Texas Finance Code": 1792, "Banks & Banking": 1504, "Texas Business & Commerce Code (UCC, DTPA)": 1072, "Customs Duties": 875, "Texas Business Organizations Code": 834, "Texas Tax Code": 578, "Food, Drugs & Medical Products (FDA regulation)": 482, "Bankruptcy": 278, "Copyrights": 150, "Internal Revenue Code (federal tax)": 99, "Texas Insurance Code": 86, "Patents": 47, "Money & Finance": 7 }, "highlights": { "trade-commerce": [ { "citation": "Tex. 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PROVIDING ADDITIONAL CRIMINAL HISTORY, MARITAL HISTORY, AND BASIC RIGHTS INFORMATION.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_commerce/chapter_101/section_101_003/tex_bc_101_003_c7a1236fd38f/tex_business_commerce_code_sec_101_003_providing_additional_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Business & Commerce Code § 101.004", "heading": "Tex. Business & Commerce Code Sec. 101.004. OBTAINING CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD INFORMATION AND MARITAL HISTORY INFORMATION.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_commerce/chapter_101/section_101_004/tex_bc_101_004_bed026ec27d9/tex_business_commerce_code_sec_101_004_obtaining_criminal_hi_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Business & Commerce Code § 101.005", "heading": "Tex. Business & Commerce Code Sec. 101.005. 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The comptroller shall deposit the amounts received from the fee imposed under this subchapter to the credit of the sexual assault program fund.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_commerce/chapter_102/section_102_054/tex_bc_102_054_b118ab50407f/tex_business_commerce_code_sec_102_054_allocation_of_certain_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] } ], "business-entities": [ { "citation": "Tex. Business Organizations Code § 10.001", "heading": "Tex. Business Organizations Code Sec. 10.001. ADOPTION OF PLAN OF MERGER.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_organizations/chapter_10/section_10_001/tex_bo_10_001_076b949fc668/tex_business_organizations_code_sec_10_001_adoption_of_plan_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Business Organizations Code § 10.002", "heading": "Tex. Business Organizations Code Sec. 10.002. 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Except as otherwise provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 4, an interest exchange takes effect at the time provided in the plan of exchange or otherwise agreed to by the parties, except that an interest exchange that requires a filing under Subchapter D takes effect on the acceptance of the filing of the certificate of exchange by the secretary of state or county clerk, as appropriate.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_organizations/chapter_10/section_10_054/tex_bo_10_054_67546f535e54/tex_business_organizations_code_sec_10_054_effectiveness_of_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Business Organizations Code § 10.055", "heading": "Tex. Business Organizations Code Sec. 10.055. GENERAL EFFECT OF INTEREST EXCHANGE. When an interest exchange takes effect:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/business_organizations/chapter_10/section_10_055/tex_bo_10_055_72aa0a79e15d/tex_business_organizations_code_sec_10_055_general_effect_of_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] } ], "banking-finance": [ { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1821", "heading": "§ 1821. Insurance Funds", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1821/title12_sec1821_f33b53518061/1821_insurance_funds_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1399, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1823", "heading": "§ 1823. Corporation monies", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1823/title12_sec1823_c63e88659ea0/1823_corporation_monies_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 795, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1819", "heading": "§ 1819. Corporate powers", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1819/title12_sec1819_74536ce42d48/1819_corporate_powers_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 632, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1464", "heading": "§ 1464. Federal savings associations", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1464/title12_sec1464_ad6b289a47b0/1464_federal_savings_associations_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 538, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 2601", "heading": "§ 2601. Congressional findings and purpose", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_2601/title12_sec2601_8e1bcee3f99a/2601_congressional_findings_and_purpose_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 414, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1818", "heading": "§ 1818. Termination of status as insured depository institution", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1818/title12_sec1818_81a60690948e/1818_termination_of_status_as_insured_depository_institution_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 351, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 2605", "heading": "§2605. Servicing of mortgage loans and administration of escrow accounts", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_2605/title12_sec2605_70fccd801295/2605_servicing_of_mortgage_loans_and_administration_of_escro_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 319, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 24", "heading": "§24. Corporate powers of associations Upon duly making and filing articles of association and an organization certificate a national banking association shall become, as from the date of the execution of its organization certificate, a body corporate, and as such, and in the name designated in the organization certificate, it shall have power- First. To adopt and use a corporate seal. Second. To have succession from February 25, 1927, or from the date of its organization if organized after February 25, 1927, until such time as it be dissolved by the act of its shareholders owning two-thirds of its stock, or until its franchise becomes forfeited by reason of violation of law, or until terminated by either a general or a special Act of Congress or until its affairs be placed in the hands of a receiver and finally wound up by him. Third. To make contracts. Fourth. To sue and be sued, complain and defend, in any court of law and equity, as fully as natural persons. Fifth. To elect or appoint directors, and by its board of directors to appoint a president, vice president, cashier, and other officers, define their duties, require bonds of them and fix the penalty thereof, dismiss such officers or any of them at pleasure, and appoint others to fill their places. Sixth. To prescribe, by its board of directors, bylaws not inconsistent with law, regulating the manner in which its stock shall be transferred, its directors elected or appointed, its officers appointed, its property transferred, its general business conducted, and the privileges granted to it by law exercised and enjoyed. Seventh. To exercise by its board of directors or duly authorized officers or agents, subject to law, all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking; by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling exchange, coin, and bullion; by loaning money on personal security; and by obtaining, issuing, and circulating notes according to the provisions of title 62 of the Revised Statutes. The business of dealing in securities and stock by the association shall be limited to purchasing and selling such securities and stock without recourse, solely upon the order, and for the account of, customers, and in no case for its own account, and the association shall not underwrite any issue of securities or stock; Provided, That the association may purchase for its own account investment securities under such limitations and restrictions as the Comptroller of the Currency may by regulation prescribe. In no event shall the total amount of the investment securities of any one obligor or maker, held by the association for its own account, exceed at any time 10 per centum of its capital stock actually paid in and unimpaired and 10 per centum of its unimpaired surplus fund, except that this limitation shall not require any association to dispose of any securities lawfully held by it on August 23, 1935. As used in this section the term \"investment securities\" shall mean marketable obligations, evidencing indebtedness of any person, copartnership, association, or corporation in the form of bonds, notes and/or debentures commonly known as investment securities under such further definition of the term \"investment securities\" as may by regulation be prescribed by the Comptroller of the Currency. Except as hereinafter provided or otherwise permitted by law, nothing herein contained shall authorize the purchase by the association for its own account of any shares of stock of any corporation. The limitations and restrictions herein contained as to dealing in, underwriting and purchasing for its own account, investment securities shall not apply to obligations of the United States, or general obligations of any State or of any political subdivision thereof, or obligations of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority which are guaranteed by the Secretary of Transportation under section 9 of the National Capital Transportation Act of 1969, or obligations issued under authority of the Federal Farm Loan Act, as amended, or issued by the thirteen banks for cooperatives or any of them or the Federal Home Loan Banks, or obligations which are insured by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under title XI of the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1749aaa et seq.] or obligations which are insured by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (hereinafter in this sentence referred to as the \"Secretary\") pursuant to section 207 of the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1713], if the debentures to be issued in payment of such insured obligations are guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States, or obligations, participations, or other instruments of or issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association, or mortgages, obligations or other securities which are or ever have been sold by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation pursuant to section 305 or section 306 of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act [12 U.S.C. 1454 or 1455], or obligations of the Federal Financing Bank or obligations of the Environmental Financing Authority, or obligations or other instruments or securities of the Student Loan Marketing Association, or such obligations of any local public agency (as defined in section 110(h) of the Housing Act of 1949 [42 U.S.C. 1460(h)]) as are secured by an agreement between the local public agency and the Secretary in which the local public agency agrees to borrow from said Secretary, and said Secretary agrees to lend to said local public agency, monies in an aggregate amount which (together with any other monies irrevocably committed to the payment of interest on such obligations) will suffice to pay, when due, the interest on and all installments (including the final installment) of the principal of such obligations, which monies under the terms of said agreement are required to be used for such payments, or such obligations of a public housing agency (as defined in the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended [42 U.S.C. 1437 et seq.]) as are secured (1) by an agreement between the public housing agency and the Secretary in which the public housing agency agrees to borrow from the Secretary, and the Secretary agrees to lend to the public housing agency, prior to the maturity of such obligations, monies in an amount which (together with any other monies irrevocably committed to the payment of interest on such obligations) will suffice to pay the principal of such obligations with interest to maturity thereon, which monies under the terms of said agreement are required to be used for the purpose of paying the principal of and the interest on such obligations at their maturity, (2) by a pledge of annual contributions under an annual contributions contract between such public housing agency and the Secretary if such contract shall contain the covenant by the Secretary which is authorized by subsection (g) of section 6 of the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended [42 U.S.C. 1437d(g)], and if the maximum sum and the maximum period specified in such contract pursuant to said subsection 6(g) [42 U.S.C. 1437d(g)] shall not be less than the annual amount and the period for payment which are requisite to provide for the payment when due of all installments of principal and interest on such obligations, or (3) by a pledge of both annual contributions under an annual contributions contract containing the covenant by the Secretary which is authorized by section 6(g) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [42 U.S.C. 1437d(g)], and a loan under an agreement between the local public housing agency and the Secretary in which the public housing agency agrees to borrow from the Secretary, and the Secretary agrees to lend to the public housing agency, prior to the maturity of the obligations involved, moneys in an amount which (together with any other moneys irrevocably committed under the annual contributions contract to the payment of principal and interest on such obligations) will suffice to provide for the payment when due of all installments of principal and interest on such obligations, which moneys under the terms of the agreement are required to be used for the purpose of paying the principal and interest on such obligations at their maturity: Provided, That in carrying on the business commonly known as the safe-deposit business the association shall not invest in the capital stock of a corporation organized under the law of any State to conduct a safe-deposit business in an amount in excess of 15 per centum of the capital stock of the association actually paid in and unimpaired and 15 per centum of its unimpaired surplus. The limitations and restrictions herein contained as to dealing in and underwriting investment securities shall not apply to obligations issued by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank 1 Bank for Economic Cooperation and Development in the Middle East and North Africa,,2 the North American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, or the International Finance Corporation,,2 or obligations issued by any State or political subdivision or any agency of a State or political subdivision for housing, university, or dormitory purposes, which are at the time eligible for purchase by a national bank for its own account, nor to bonds, notes and other obligations issued by the Tennessee Valley Authority or by the United States Postal Service: Provided, That no association shall hold obligations issued by any of said organizations as a result of underwriting, dealing, or purchasing for its own account (and for this purpose obligations as to which it is under commitment shall be deemed to be held by it) in a total amount exceeding at any one time 10 per centum of its capital stock actually paid in and unimpaired and 10 per centum of its unimpaired surplus fund. Notwithstanding any other provision in this paragraph, the association may purchase for its own account shares of stock issued by a corporation authorized to be created pursuant to title IX of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 [42 U.S.C. 3931 et seq.], and may make investments in a partnership, limited partnership, or joint venture formed pursuant to section 907(a) or 907(c) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 3937(a) or 3937(c)]. Notwithstanding any other provision of this paragraph, the association may purchase for its own account shares of stock issued by any State housing corporation incorporated in the State in which the association is located and may make investments in loans and commitments for loans to any such corporation: Provided, That in no event shall the total amount of such stock held for its own account and such investments in loans and commitments made by the association exceed at any time 5 per centum of its capital stock actually paid in and unimpaired plus 5 per centum of its unimpaired surplus fund. Notwithstanding any other provision in this paragraph, the association may purchase for its own account shares of stock issued by a corporation organized solely for the purpose of making loans to farmers and ranchers for agricultural purposes, including the breeding, raising, fattening, or marketing of livestock. However, unless the association owns at least 80 per centum of the stock of such agricultural credit corporation the amount invested by the association at any one time in the stock of such corporation shall not exceed 20 per centum of the unimpaired capital and surplus of the association: Provided further, That notwithstanding any other provision of this paragraph, the association may purchase for its own account shares of stock of a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or a holding company which owns or controls such an insured bank if the stock of such bank or company is owned exclusively (except to the extent directors' qualifying shares are required by law) by depository institutions or depository institution holding companies (as defined in section 1813 of this title) and such bank or company and all subsidiaries thereof are engaged exclusively in providing services to or for other depository institutions, their holding companies, and the officers, directors, and employees of such institutions and companies, and in providing correspondent banking services at the request of other depository institutions or their holding companies (also referred to as a \"banker's bank\"), but in no event shall the total amount of such stock held by the association in any bank or holding company exceed at any time 10 per centum of the association's capital stock and paid in and unimpaired surplus and in no event shall the purchase of such stock result in an association's acquiring more than 5 per centum of any class of voting securities of such bank or company. The limitations and restrictions contained in this paragraph as to an association purchasing for its own account investment securities shall not apply to securities that (A) are offered and sold pursuant to section 4(5) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d(5)); 3 (B) are small business related securities (as defined in section 3(a)(53) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(53)]); or (C) are mortgage related securities (as that term is defined in section 3(a)(41) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(41)).4 The exception provided for the securities described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) shall be subject to such regulations as the Comptroller of the Currency may prescribe, including regulations prescribing minimum size of the issue (at the time of initial distribution) or minimum aggregate sales prices, or both. A national banking association may deal in, underwrite, and purchase for such association's own account qualified Canadian government obligations to the same extent that such association may deal in, underwrite, and purchase for such association's own account obligations of the United States or general obligations of any State or of any political subdivision thereof. For purposes of this paragraph-", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_24/title12_sec24_209043001aaa/24_corporate_powers_of_associations_upon_duly_making_and_fil_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 299, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 2607", "heading": "§2607. Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_2607/title12_sec2607_e26ec26c2942/2607_prohibition_against_kickbacks_and_unearned_fees_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 287, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 21", "heading": "§ 21. Formation of national banking associations; incorporators; articles of association", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_21/title12_sec21_34697cdeec55/21_formation_of_national_banking_associations_incorporators_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 231, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1461", "heading": "§ 1461. Short title", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1461/title12_sec1461_cd410835b6e2/1461_short_title_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 227, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 85", "heading": "§85. Rate of interest on loans, discounts and purchases Any association may take, receive, reserve, and charge on any loan or discount made, or upon any notes, bills of exchange, or other evidences of debt, interest at the rate allowed by the laws of the State, Territory, or District where the bank is located, or at a rate of 1 per centum in excess of the discount rate on ninety-day commercial paper in effect at the Federal reserve bank in the Federal reserve district where the bank is located, whichever may be the greater, and no more, except that where by the laws of any State a different rate is limited for banks organized under State laws, the rate so limited shall be allowed for associations organized or existing in any such State under title 62 of the Revised Statutes. When no rate is fixed by the laws of the State, or Territory, or District, the bank may take, receive, reserve, or charge a rate not exceeding 7 per centum, or 1 per centum in excess of the discount rate on ninety day commercial paper in effect at the Federal reserve bank in the Federal reserve district where the bank is located, whichever may be the greater, and such interest may be taken in advance, reckoning the days for which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt has to run. The maximum amount of interest or discount to be charged at a branch of an association located outside of the States of the United States and the District of Columbia shall be at the rate allowed by the laws of the country, territory, dependency, province, dominion, insular possession, or other political subdivision where the branch is located. And the purchase, discount, or sale of a bona fide bill of exchange, payable at another place than the place of such purchase, discount, or sale, at not more than the current rate of exchange for sight drafts in addition to the interest, shall not be considered as taking or receiving a greater rate of interest. (R.S. §5197; June 16, 1933, ch. 89, §25, 48 Stat. 191 ; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title III, §314, 49 Stat. 711 ; Pub. L. 93–501, title II, §201, Oct. 29, 1974, 88 Stat. 1558 ; Pub. L. 96–104, title I, §101, Nov. 5, 1979, 93 Stat. 789 ; Pub. L. 96–161, title II, §201, Dec. 28, 1979, 93 Stat. 1235 ; Pub. L. 96–221, title V, §529, Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 168 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_85/title12_sec85_f3c16e7e245d/85_rate_of_interest_on_loans_discounts_and_purchases_any_ass_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 227, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 36", "heading": "§36. Branch banks The conditions upon which a national banking association may retain or establish and operate a branch or branches are the following:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_36/title12_sec36_7533451c5361/36_branch_banks_the_conditions_upon_which_a_national_banking_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 226, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 94", "heading": "§ 94. Venue of suits", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_94/title12_sec94_f0f3a196b5fd/94_venue_of_suits_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 211, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "12 U.S.C. § 1811", "heading": "§ 1811. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_12/section_1811/title12_sec1811_4f0062448c0b/1811_federal_deposit_insurance_corporation_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 205, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] } ], "insurance": [ { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.001", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.001. PURPOSE. The purpose of this chapter is to regulate trade practices in the business of insurance by:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_001/tex_in_541_001_45e9c31d32e4/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_001_purpose_the_purpose_of_this_c_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.002", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.002. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_002/tex_in_541_002_8a61388654ec/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_002_definitions_in_this_chapter_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.003", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.003. UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION AND UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES PROHIBITED. A person may not engage in this state in a trade practice that is defined in this chapter as or determined under this chapter to be an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in the business of insurance.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_003/tex_in_541_003_79fd96e335a3/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_003_unfair_methods_of_competition_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.004", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.004. VENUE FOR ACTIONS INVOLVING DEPARTMENT OR COMMISSIONER. An action under this chapter in which the department or commissioner is a party must be brought in a district court in Travis County.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_004/tex_in_541_004_043e612ddd63/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_004_venue_for_actions_involving_d_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.005", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.005. APPLICABILITY TO RISK RETENTION OR PURCHASING GROUP.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_005/tex_in_541_005_b29e2062c2e4/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_005_applicability_to_risk_retenti_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.006", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.006. PROHIBITED CONTENT OF CERTAIN INSURANCE POLICIES. Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, it is unlawful for an insurer engaged in the business of life, accident, or health insurance to issue or deliver in this state a policy containing the words \"Approved by the Texas Department of Insurance\" or words of a similar meaning.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_006/tex_in_541_006_8be5fa96a8d0/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_006_prohibited_content_of_certain_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.007", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.007. IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_007/tex_in_541_007_98a410f87693/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_007_immunity_from_prosecution_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.008", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.008. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION. This chapter shall be liberally construed and applied to promote the underlying purposes as provided by Section 541.001.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_008/tex_in_541_008_30b8b1d3fabf/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_008_liberal_construction_this_cha_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.051", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.051. MISREPRESENTATION REGARDING POLICY OR INSURER. It is an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in the business of insurance to:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_051/tex_in_541_051_93fa7faf8594/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_051_misrepresentation_regarding_p_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.052", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.052. FALSE INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_052/tex_in_541_052_ca573f50cc6b/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_052_false_information_and_adverti_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.053", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.053. DEFAMATION OF INSURER.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_053/tex_in_541_053_070c10c88ceb/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_053_defamation_of_insurer_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.054", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.054. BOYCOTT, COERCION, OR INTIMIDATION. It is an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in the business of insurance to commit through concerted action or to enter into an agreement to commit an act of boycott, coercion, or intimidation that results in or tends to result in the unreasonable restraint of or a monopoly in the business of insurance.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_054/tex_in_541_054_6fd0b18c57cf/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_054_boycott_coercion_or_intimidat_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.055", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.055. FALSE FINANCIAL STATEMENT.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_055/tex_in_541_055_26e21157060d/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_055_false_financial_statement_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.059", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.059. DECEPTIVE NAME, WORD, SYMBOL, DEVICE, OR SLOGAN.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_059/tex_in_541_059_de9071a477a7/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_059_deceptive_name_word_symbol_de_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "Tex. Insurance Code § 541.060", "heading": "Tex. Insurance Code Sec. 541.060. UNFAIR SETTLEMENT PRACTICES.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/texas/insurance/chapter_541/section_541_060/tex_in_541_060_aee90d78eee7/tex_insurance_code_sec_541_060_unfair_settlement_practices_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": null, "jurisdiction": "texas", "flags": [] } ], "tax": [ { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 7201", "heading": "§7201. Attempt to evade or defeat tax Any person who willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any tax imposed by this title or the payment thereof shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $100,000 ($500,000 in the case of a corporation), or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both, together with the costs of prosecution. (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 851 ; Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §329(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 618 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_75/section_7201/title26_sec7201_d8b9de8a9d89/7201_attempt_to_evade_or_defeat_tax_any_person_who_willfully_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1636, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [ "criminal" ] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 7206", "heading": "§7206. Fraud and false statements Any person who-", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_75/section_7206/title26_sec7206_ccdfa4db2225/7206_fraud_and_false_statements_any_person_who_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1621, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [ "criminal" ] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 7203", "heading": "§7203. Willful failure to file return, supply information, or pay tax Any person required under this title to pay any estimated tax or tax, or required by this title or by regulations made under authority thereof to make a return, keep any records, or supply any information, who willfully fails to pay such estimated tax or tax, make such return, keep such records, or supply such information, at the time or times required by law or regulations, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $25,000 ($100,000 in the case of a corporation), or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both, together with the costs of prosecution. In the case of any person with respect to whom there is a failure to pay any estimated tax, this section shall not apply to such person with respect to such failure if there is no addition to tax under section 6654 or 6655 with respect to such failure. In the case of a willful violation of any provision of section 6050I, the first sentence of this section shall be applied by substituting \"felony\" for \"misdemeanor\" and \"5 years\" for \"1 year\". (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 851 ; Pub. L. 90–364, title I, §103(e)(5), June 28, 1968, 82 Stat. 264 ; Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §§327, 329(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 617 , 618; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §412(b)(9), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 792 ; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7601(a)(2)(B), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4504 ; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXIII, §3303(a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4918 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_75/section_7203/title26_sec7203_f17eabfbc8c0/7203_willful_failure_to_file_return_supply_information_or_pa_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 946, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [ "criminal" ] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 6321", "heading": "§6321. Lien for taxes If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person. (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 779 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/section_6321/title26_sec6321_7d502a79a092/6321_lien_for_taxes_if_any_person_liable_to_pay_any_tax_negl_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 788, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 501", "heading": "§501. Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_501/title26_sec501_51c032fb83a5/501_exemption_from_tax_on_corporations_certain_trusts_etc_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 734, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 6323", "heading": "§6323. Validity and priority against certain persons", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/section_6323/title26_sec6323_d09a0b3385e8/6323_validity_and_priority_against_certain_persons_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 547, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 162", "heading": "§162. Trade or business expenses", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_162/title26_sec162_88d2250c9fe5/162_trade_or_business_expenses_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 503, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 401", "heading": "§401. Qualified pension, profit-sharing, and stock bonus plans", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_401/title26_sec401_b7b1664ec822/401_qualified_pension_profit_sharing_and_stock_bonus_plans_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 462, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 6501", "heading": "§6501. Limitations on assessment and collection", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/section_6501/title26_sec6501_edd2743c78c5/6501_limitations_on_assessment_and_collection_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 419, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 6331", "heading": "§6331. Levy and distraint", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/section_6331/title26_sec6331_43e65312a03d/6331_levy_and_distraint_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 418, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 61", "heading": "§61. Gross income defined", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_61/title26_sec61_bcd7ff77d1ff/61_gross_income_defined_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 401, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 3121", "heading": "§3121. Definitions", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_21/section_3121/title26_sec3121_70b4500baf7a/3121_definitions_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 258, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 7403", "heading": "§7403. Action to enforce lien or to subject property to payment of tax", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/section_7403/title26_sec7403_a95b0f8ce01c/7403_action_to_enforce_lien_or_to_subject_property_to_paymen_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 236, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 1", "heading": "§1. Tax imposed", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_1/title26_sec1_3e3f51c238f5/1_tax_imposed_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 227, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "26 U.S.C. § 165", "heading": "§165. Losses", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/tax/title_26/chapter_1/section_165/title26_sec165_a8638e039f4e/165_losses_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 220, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] } ], "bankruptcy": [ { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 362", "heading": "§362. Automatic stay", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_3/section_362/title11_sec362_8ae66429ec1e/362_automatic_stay_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 2430, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 523", "heading": "§523. Exceptions to discharge", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_523/title11_sec523_15bbcf196b88/523_exceptions_to_discharge_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1203, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 101", "heading": "§101. Definitions In this title the following definitions shall apply:", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_1/section_101/title11_sec101_33fffcbc2622/101_definitions_in_this_title_the_following_definitions_shal_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1179, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 541", "heading": "§541. Property of the estate", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_541/title11_sec541_c307de2ed496/541_property_of_the_estate_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1143, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 547", "heading": "§547. Preferences", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_547/title11_sec547_d2efac195c2a/547_preferences_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 611, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 522", "heading": "§522. Exemptions", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_522/title11_sec522_cf20f5018ed3/522_exemptions_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 575, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 727", "heading": "§727. Discharge", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_7/section_727/title11_sec727_edcfcff03f81/727_discharge_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 520, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 105", "heading": "§105. Power of court", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_1/section_105/title11_sec105_96352b773fc1/105_power_of_court_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 512, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 363", "heading": "§363. Use, sale, or lease of property", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_3/section_363/title11_sec363_c3b3deb78274/363_use_sale_or_lease_of_property_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 502, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 365", "heading": "§365. Executory contracts and unexpired leases", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_3/section_365/title11_sec365_1668d160b9a7/365_executory_contracts_and_unexpired_leases_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 462, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 502", "heading": "§502. Allowance of claims or interests", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_502/title11_sec502_aae449983b3f/502_allowance_of_claims_or_interests_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 462, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 506", "heading": "§506. Determination of secured status (a)(1) An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on property in which the estate has an interest, or that is subject to setoff under section 553 of this title, is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor's interest in the estate's interest in such property, or to the extent of the amount subject to setoff, as the case may be, and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor's interest or the amount so subject to setoff is less than the amount of such allowed claim. Such value shall be determined in light of the purpose of the valuation and of the proposed disposition or use of such property, and in conjunction with any hearing on such disposition or use or on a plan affecting such creditor's interest.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_506/title11_sec506_be9b759bea9e/506_determination_of_secured_status_a_1_an_allowed_claim_of_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 455, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 110", "heading": "§110. Penalty for persons who negligently or fraudulently prepare bankruptcy petitions", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_1/section_110/title11_sec110_59b7f3007d9b/110_penalty_for_persons_who_negligently_or_fraudulently_prep_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 453, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 544", "heading": "§544. Trustee as lien creditor and as successor to certain creditors and purchasers", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_544/title11_sec544_0a648a0ce150/544_trustee_as_lien_creditor_and_as_successor_to_certain_cre_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 450, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "11 U.S.C. § 548", "heading": "§548. Fraudulent transfers and obligations (a)(1) The trustee may avoid any transfer (including any transfer to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract) of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation (including any obligation to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract) incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily-", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/bankruptcy/title_11/chapter_5/section_548/title11_sec548_04c4fa29be3c/548_fraudulent_transfers_and_obligations_a_1_the_trustee_may_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 392, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] } ], "trade-securities-consumer": [ { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1", "heading": "§1. Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, §1, 26 Stat. 209 ; Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 690, title VIII, 50 Stat. 693 ; July 7, 1955, ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282 ; Pub. L. 93–528, §3, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1708 ; Pub. L. 94–145, §2, Dec. 12, 1975, 89 Stat. 801 ; Pub. L. 101–588, §4(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880 ; Pub. L. 108–237, title II, §215(a), June 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 668 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1/title15_sec1_d96bfd19b1fb/1_trusts_etc_in_restraint_of_trade_illegal_penalty_every_con_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 6211, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1125", "heading": "§ 1125. False designations of origin, false descriptions, and dilution forbidden", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1125/title15_sec1125_08901a74b924/1125_false_designations_of_origin_false_descriptions_and_dil_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 5435, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 15", "heading": "§ 15. Suits by persons injured", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_15/title15_sec15_21c55a14c57c/15_suits_by_persons_injured_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 2966, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1114", "heading": "§ 1114. Remedies; infringement; innocent infringement by printers and publishers", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1114/title15_sec1114_f5915953de23/1114_remedies_infringement_innocent_infringement_by_printers_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 2707, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1692", "heading": "§1692. Congressional findings and declaration of purpose", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1692/title15_sec1692_a4a0eace0a79/1692_congressional_findings_and_declaration_of_purpose_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1982, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 2", "heading": "§2. Monopolizing trade a felony; penalty Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, §2, 26 Stat. 209 ; July 7, 1955, ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282 ; Pub. L. 93–528, §3, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1708 ; Pub. L. 101–588, §4(b), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880 ; Pub. L. 108–237, title II, §215(b), June 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 668 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_2/title15_sec2_aa6bb1253901/2_monopolizing_trade_a_felony_penalty_every_person_who_shall_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1971, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1601", "heading": "§1601. Congressional findings and declaration of purpose", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1601/title15_sec1601_af709d483e21/1601_congressional_findings_and_declaration_of_purpose_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1889, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1127", "heading": "§1127. Construction and definitions; intent of chapter In the construction of this chapter, unless the contrary is plainly apparent from the context- The United States includes and embraces all territory which is under its jurisdiction and control. The word \"commerce\" means all commerce which may lawfully be regulated by Congress. The term \"principal register\" refers to the register provided for by sections 1051 to 1072 of this title, and the term \"supplemental register\" refers to the register provided for by sections 1091 to 1096 of this title. The term \"person\" and any other word or term used to designate the applicant or other entitled to a benefit or privilege or rendered liable under the provisions of this chapter includes a juristic person as well as a natural person. The term \"juristic person\" includes a firm, corporation, union, association, or other organization capable of suing and being sued in a court of law. The term \"person\" also includes the United States, any agency or instrumentality thereof, or any individual, firm, or corporation acting for the United States and with the authorization and consent of the United States. The United States, any agency or instrumentality thereof, and any individual, firm, or corporation acting for the United States and with the authorization and consent of the United States, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity. The term \"person\" also includes any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity. Any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity. The terms \"applicant\" and \"registrant\" embrace the legal representatives, predecessors, successors and assigns of such applicant or registrant. The term \"Director\" means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The term \"related company\" means any person whose use of a mark is controlled by the owner of the mark with respect to the nature and quality of the goods or services on or in connection with which the mark is used. The terms \"trade name\" and \"commercial name\" mean any name used by a person to identify his or her business or vocation. The term \"trademark\" includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof-", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1127/title15_sec1127_eb149d1803b9/1127_construction_and_definitions_intent_of_chapter_in_the_c_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1393, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 45", "heading": "§45. Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_45/title15_sec45_b96b57465c31/45_unfair_methods_of_competition_unlawful_prevention_by_comm_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1309, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1051", "heading": "§ 1051. Application for registration; verification", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1051/title15_sec1051_e5619c35dfc6/1051_application_for_registration_verification_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1303, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1117", "heading": "§ 1117. Recovery for violation of rights", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1117/title15_sec1117_4efff730a586/1117_recovery_for_violation_of_rights_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1262, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1640", "heading": "§1640. Civil liability", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1640/title15_sec1640_24fec9e455b7/1640_civil_liability_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1205, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 13", "heading": "§ 13. Discrimination in price, services, or facilities", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_13/title15_sec13_dfdc3d208ee6/13_discrimination_in_price_services_or_facilities_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1100, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1692e", "heading": "§ 1692e. False or misleading representations", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_15/section_1692e/title15_sec1692e_dab3686ada5b/1692e_false_or_misleading_representations_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1087, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "15 U.S.C. § 1681", "heading": "§1681. 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Administrative offset", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_31/section_3716/title31_sec3716_9374e74f23b9/3716_administrative_offset_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 79, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "31 U.S.C. § 3711", "heading": "§3711. Collection and compromise", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_31/section_3711/title31_sec3711_4e53e71c666b/3711_collection_and_compromise_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 48, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "31 U.S.C. § 3554", "heading": "§3554. Decisions on protests (a)(1) To the maximum extent practicable, the Comptroller General shall provide for the inexpensive and expeditious resolution of protests under this subchapter. Except as provided under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Comptroller General shall issue a final decision concerning a protest within 100 days after the date the protest is submitted to the Comptroller General.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_31/section_3554/title31_sec3554_cd0bb758176b/3554_decisions_on_protests_a_1_to_the_maximum_extent_practic_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 31, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "31 U.S.C. § 3801", "heading": "§3801. Definitions", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_31/section_3801/title31_sec3801_40d5d09bdf33/3801_definitions_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 15, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "31 U.S.C. § 7502", "heading": "§7502. Audit requirements; exemptions (a)(1)(A) Each non-Federal entity that expends a total amount of Federal awards equal to or in excess of $300,000 or such other amount specified by the Director under subsection (a)(3) in any fiscal year of such non-Federal entity shall have either a single audit or a program-specific audit made for such fiscal year in accordance with the requirements of this chapter.", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/title_31/section_7502/title31_sec7502_1407d1698516/7502_audit_requirements_exemptions_a_1_a_each_non_federal_en_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 6, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] } ], "patents": [ { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 103", "heading": "§103. Conditions for patentability; non-obvious subject matter A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made. (July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 798 ; Pub. L. 98–622, title I, §103, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3384 ; Pub. L. 104–41, §1, Nov. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 351 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4807(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A-591; Pub. L. 108–453, §2, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat. 3596 ; Pub. L. 112–29, §§3(c), 20(j), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 287 , 335.)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_10/section_103/title35_sec103_f53730005bd3/103_conditions_for_patentability_non_obvious_subject_matter_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 4095, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 102", "heading": "§102. Conditions for patentability; novelty", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_10/section_102/title35_sec102_51b078e723c2/102_conditions_for_patentability_novelty_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 3559, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 112", "heading": "§112. Specification", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_11/section_112/title35_sec112_fd5d28f6f4bf/112_specification_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 3461, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 271", "heading": "§271. Infringement of patent", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_28/section_271/title35_sec271_3da7ea233a9d/271_infringement_of_patent_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 2476, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 282", "heading": "§282. Presumption of validity; defenses", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_29/section_282/title35_sec282_b3180b7a5df7/282_presumption_of_validity_defenses_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 2299, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 285", "heading": "§285. Attorney fees The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party. (July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 813 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_29/section_285/title35_sec285_2c227ccae8ad/285_attorney_fees_the_court_in_exceptional_cases_may_award_r_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1408, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 101", "heading": "§101. Inventions patentable Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title. (July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 797 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_10/section_101/title35_sec101_f508140b0726/101_inventions_patentable_whoever_invents_or_discovers_any_n_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 1271, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 284", "heading": "§284. Damages Upon finding for the claimant the court shall award the claimant damages adequate to compensate for the infringement, but in no event less than a reasonable royalty for the use made of the invention by the infringer, together with interest and costs as fixed by the court. When the damages are not found by a jury, the court shall assess them. In either event the court may increase the damages up to three times the amount found or assessed. Increased damages under this paragraph shall not apply to provisional rights under section 154(d). The court may receive expert testimony as an aid to the determination of damages or of what royalty would be reasonable under the circumstances. (July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 813 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4507(9)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A-566; Pub. L. 112–29, §20(j), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 335 .)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_29/section_284/title35_sec284_ebbc51b5951b/284_damages_upon_finding_for_the_claimant_the_court_shall_aw_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 945, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 120", "heading": "§120. Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States An application for patent for an invention disclosed in the manner provided by section 112(a) (other than the requirement to disclose the best mode) in an application previously filed in the United States, or as provided by section 363 or 385, which names an inventor or joint inventor in the previously filed application shall have the same effect, as to such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, if filed before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application. No application shall be entitled to the benefit of an earlier filed application under this section unless an amendment containing the specific reference to the earlier filed application is submitted at such time during the pendency of the application as required by the Director. The Director may consider the failure to submit such an amendment within that time period as a waiver of any benefit under this section. The Director may establish procedures, including the requirement for payment of the fee specified in section 41(a)(7), to accept an unintentionally delayed submission of an amendment under this section. (July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 800 ; Pub. L. 94–131, §9, Nov. 14, 1975, 89 Stat. 691 ; Pub. L. 98–622, title I, §104(b), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3385 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4503(b)(1)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A-563; Pub. L. 112–29, §§3(f), 15(b), 20(j), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 288 , 328, 335; Pub. L. 112–211, title I, §102(5), title II, §202(b)(3), Dec. 18, 2012, 126 Stat. 1531 , 1536.)", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_11/section_120/title35_sec120_5e752f329545/120_benefit_of_earlier_filing_date_in_the_united_states_an_a_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 428, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 154", "heading": "§154. Contents and term of patent; provisional rights", "url": "https://www.neochart.com/catalog/federal/patent/title_35/chapter_14/section_154/title35_sec154_a46f4cc7eedb/154_contents_and_term_of_patent_provisional_rights_0001/index.html", "citing_cases": 405, "jurisdiction": "federal", "flags": [] }, { "citation": "35 U.S.C. § 283", "heading": "§283. Injunction The several courts having jurisdiction of cases under this title may grant injunctions in accordance with the principles of equity to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court deems reasonable. 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