Full opinion text
Opinion WERDEGAR, J. Maurice Boyette was convicted in 1993 in Alameda County Superior Court of the first degree murders of Gary Carter and Annette Devallier. (Pen. Code, § 187; all further statutory references are to this code unless otherwise indicated.) The jury also sustained a special circumstance allegation that defendant committed a multiple murder (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3)) and enhancement allegations that defendant was armed with, and used, a firearm in the commission of the murders (§§ 12022, subd. (a), 12022.5, subd. (a)). The jury also convicted defendant of being a felon in possession of a firearm. (§ 12021.) On March 25, 1993, the jury set the penalty at death under the 1978 death penalty law. (§ 190.1 et seq.) This appeal is automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).) After considering the claims raised on appeal, we affirm the judgment in its entirety. I. Guilt Phase A. Facts 1. The Murders Antoine Johnson was a drug dealer in Oakland, California. Johnson, who had one glass eye and impaired vision in his other eye, befriended defendant, then 19 years old and homeless. Defendant lived with Johnson in a house on 14th Street with a man both knew as “Bishop,” one of Johnson’s dealers, and Donald Guillory, a habitual user of rock cocaine. On May 23, 1992, Bishop had the use of a tan or yellow, older model Lincoln Continental. Guillory borrowed the car that day to run some errands. Kenya Lita Cook, Johnson’s girlfriend, lived at 2501 Cole Street, a house notorious for its drug activity. Johnson sold drugs and kept cash and weapons at the Cole Street house. Jasmeen Banks, Cook’s sister, also lived at the house, as did Marcia Surrell, defendant’s mother. Victim Gary Carter sometimes stayed at the Cole Street house with his girlfriend, victim Annette Devallier. Surrell, Carter and Devallier were drug addicts. On May 23, 1992, Cook telephoned Johnson and informed him that Carter had stolen $3,500 worth of rock cocaine and $1,000 cash from the house. When Guillory returned to the 14th Street house around 5:00 p.m., defendant and Johnson were waiting on the front steps. Johnson asked Guillory to drive them to the Cole Street house and he agreed. When they arrived at the Cole Street house, Guillory was told to wait in the car. Defendant had to help Johnson up the stairs because he was nearly blind. After a short time, defendant and Cook emerged from the house carrying bags of clothing and put them in the trunk of the car. Defendant told Guillory to come into the house and he complied. He sat on a chair and then moved to a couch at Johnson’s request. Johnson was sitting on a long sofa and had a handgun hidden behind him. Defendant, Cook and Jasmeen Banks entered and sat down. Guillory felt tension in the air and asked what they were doing. Johnson told him they were waiting for someone. The group sat and waited; no one spoke. Later that evening, Carter and Devallier arrived at the house. Upon seeing everyone in the living room, Carter asked, “What’s up?” Johnson replied, “Where’s my stuff at?” Without waiting for an answer, Johnson produced a handgun and fired four shots in Carter’s direction. Carter, who was about four feet from Johnson, grabbed his side and fell. Guillory jumped up and tried to flee out the back door, but found it locked. Meanwhile, Devallier, who apparently had been in the entry when the shooting started, started to help Carter down the stairs and out of the house. Guillory looked back and saw defendant grab the gun from Johnson and say, “Give me the gun, man.” Defendant ran outside with the gun. Devallier was dragging Carter away from the house, but dropped him and ran when she saw defendant. Defendant caught her in the street. She turned to face him and pleaded, “Please, don’t do it.” Defendant shot her twice in the face from close range, killing her instantly. Guillory heard these two shots as he was leaving the house. He then heard two more shots and saw defendant standing over Carter’s body. Defendant apparently shot Carter in the head as he lay there. Cook helped Johnson out of the house and into the car. Defendant and Guillory then got into the car. Guillory was so unnerved by what he had just witnessed that he had trouble starting the car. Everyone became angry, and Johnson slapped Guillory’s head and said if he did not drive better, the “next bullet” would be for him. Guillory eventually started the car and drove away. During the drive back to Bishop’s house on 14th Street, Johnson asked about Devallier and defendant said she was “gone.” Upon arriving at the house, Johnson and defendant told Guillory, “You don’t know nothing, you didn’t do nothing, just keep your mouth shut.” Later, Guillory overheard Johnson and defendant tell Bishop, “We smoked him.” Police responded to the scene and found Carter’s body on the sidewalk and Devallier’s body in the street. The front door to the Cole Street house was open but the back door was locked. Both a television and the dryer were turned on. Police found five shell casings in the living room and seven in front of the house. They were Winchester nine-millimeter casings and were all fired from the same gun, a Glock Luger nine-millimeter semiautomatic pistol. Analyzing the bullet holes in the living room, police determined that the trajectories of the bullets were consistent with having been fired by someone sitting on the long sofa. Dr. John Iocco, a pathologist, examined the bodies. He determined Devallier had been shot in the face with two bullets, either of which shot would have been fatal. Carter had been shot eight times, but only the shot in the head was disabling and fatal. The other bullet wounds (in his arms, chest, abdomen and legs) would not have immobilized him. Iocco found cocaine in both Carter’s and Devallier’s blood. David Brooks, a neighbor across the street, confirmed that sometime after 11:00 p.m., he saw people struggling in front of the Cole Street house. Someone came out of the house and fired a gun at point-blank range at a male lying on the sidewalk. The gunman then went to a woman who had crawled to the middle of the street. She was on her hands and knees when the gunman shot her. It was too dark to make any positive identifications, but the killer had a build similar to defendant’s. Greg Martin was across the street and heard gunshots around 11:25 p.m. He saw a large American car parked in front of the Cole Street house. A few minutes later, the car was gone. A few days later, Guillory found himself in another of Bishop’s cars with defendant. Defendant warned that he “better not say nothing about [the murders]” and threatened that if Guillory talked, he “would be next.” Defendant also told him that if he was sent to jail, he would also kill Guillory’s family. 2. The Investigation Before June 3, 1992, Sergeant David Kozicki had received anonymous telephone calls indicating that four people were present at the Cole Street house at the time of the murders: defendant, Antoine Johnson, Jasmeen Banks and Kenya Lita Cook. Sergeant Kozicki left messages for all four and asked that they contact him. On June 3, defendant and Johnson contacted Sergeant Kozicki and made appointments to speak to him. Defendant came to the police station on June 4, waived his Miranda rights, and gave a recorded statement. He admitted he was at the Cole Street house the night of the murders, as were Johnson, Banks and Cook. In addition, a drug dealer nicknamed “Dee” and one of Dee’s friends, a man defendant did not know, also were there. Earlier, defendant said, he had heard Carter bragging he had stolen $3,500 worth of drugs from Dee. Defendant claimed Johnson had fired only a single shot at Carter but that he saw Dee and his friend kill Carter and Devallier. After he gave this statement, police released defendant. Johnson came in the next day and gave a similar statement to police. Police determined the true identity of “Dee” was Ronald Thomas. Seventeen years old at the time of the Cole Street murders, Thomas had escaped from custody a month before the murders and spent the entire Memorial Day weekend at his mother’s home in Richmond. His sister Toñita confirmed that Thomas had spent the night of the killings at a barbecue with friends and relatives. Thomas denied participating in the killings, saying Antoine Johnson was an associate, not a friend. Although defendant claimed he had met Thomas while the two were in juvenile hall together, records showed defendant and Thomas were never in that institution at the same time. After police released defendant and Johnson, Sergeant Kozicki received more anonymous telephone calls. The callers stated that the police should not have released defendant and Johnson since they were responsible for the killings; that Guillory also had been present and served as the getaway driver; and that by releasing defendant and Johnson, Guillory’s life was now in danger. Sergeant Kozicki interviewed Guillory on June 25, 1992, and he denied any knowledge of the killings. When informed that defendant and Johnson had been released and that anonymous callers had said Guillory’s life was in danger, Guillory admitted being at the scene and seeing Johnson and defendant shoot the victims. On July 30, 1992, police arrested defendant, Johnson and Cook at the 14th Street house. (Cook was later released.) Defendant again waived his Miranda rights and gave two taped statements (the July 30th statements). This time he admitted he had gone to the Cole Street house with Johnson and Guillory, that Johnson believed Carter had stolen from him, that Cook gave Johnson a Glock nine-millimeter pistol that held 16 rounds, that Johnson fired several shots at Carter and then gave defendant the gun to “go get the girl,” that he shot Devallier in the head after she begged him not to shoot, and that when he walked back to get in the car, Carter—lying on the ground—suddenly grabbed his leg so he shot and killed him (although defendant claimed he shot Carter in the stomach and not the head). Defendant admitted he killed Devallier, but insisted that Johnson had directed him to do so when he said, “go get the girl.” Defendant also admitted shooting Carter as he lay on the ground. Defendant confessed that Johnson had invented the story that Dee Thomas was the killer. Defendant and Johnson were both charged with murdering Carter and Devallier. The trial court granted Johnson’s motion for severance, and he eventually pleaded guilty to attempted premeditated murder and was sentenced to life in prison. At trial, defendant claimed his suppression hearing testimony and his July 30th statements to police were false and that he had made them because he was afraid of Johnson. Between his June 4th and July 30th statements, he claimed he and his family had been threatened by both Johnson and Thomas. He claimed he had to move his mother from the Cole Street home as a result of the threats. At some point, defendant became uncooperative and refused to answer further questions. After consulting with counsel, defendant stated his June 4th statement was correct, but that he would rather confess to murder and face the death penalty than tell the truth about Thomas and bring his family into harm’s way. B. Discussion 1. The Pretrial Suppression Hearing Defendant raises a number of challenges to the admission of the July 30th statements in which he confessed to shooting the victims. He moved before trial to suppress these statements and litigated the issue in a pretrial hearing. The trial court denied the motion, opening the way for the prosecution to introduce the statements at trial. a. Facts The hearing on the motion to suppress was held on January 25, 1993. Sergeant David Kozicki testified that he arranged to speak with defendant about the Carter-Devallier homicides, and defendant came to the police station voluntarily on June 4, 1992. Kozicki testified he read defendant the standard Miranda warning from a form provided by the Oakland Police Department. Defendant stated he understood his rights and wished to talk to police, signing the waiver form in Kozicki’s presence. Defendant was cooperative and appeared to understand his rights. Defendant waived his rights at 9:38 a.m. and was interviewed until 10:45 a.m., whereupon they took a break until 11:07 a.m. At some point, Kozicki turned on the tape recorder and began recording the interview. Defendant was re-Mirandized and again waived his rights on tape. Defendant admitted he was at the Cole Street house on the night of the murders and claimed he saw Dee Thomas commit the shootings. Sergeant Kozicki denied promising to help defendant if he assisted police in getting evidence against Johnson. The tape of the June 4th interview was played for the trial court. Sergeant Kozicki obtained search and arrest warrants for defendant on July 28th and asked defendant’s grandmother and aunt to have defendant contact him. Defendant contacted Kozicki around 12:30 p.m. on July 30th and made arrangements to return to the police station for another interview. Police did not wait and took defendant (along with Antoine Johnson and Kenya Lita Cook) into custody around 4:30 p.m. that same day, although they did not inform defendant he was under arrest. The interrogation again took place in a police department interview room, and Sergeant Kozicki again admonished defendant of his Miranda rights, which defendant waived, signing the waiver form. Defendant’s demeanor “was basically the same, he was cooperative.” The interview began around 9:00 p.m., and Kozicki began taping the interview at 9:54 p.m. In this interrogation, defendant admitted his guilt. Kozicki denied telling defendant that he could go home if he gave a statement. He also denied telling defendant police were primarily interested in Johnson. When asked whether defendant “seem[ed] a little slow . . . mentally,” Sergeant Kozicki replied in the negative. The tape of this July 30th interview was played for the trial court. A second tape recording was made immediately after the first July 30th statement in which defendant again admitted his complicity. In this second recording, defendant did not mention Johnson by name. This tape was made for use in case defendant and Johnson were tried together. (See Bruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123, 137 [88 S.Ct. 1620, 1628, 20 L.Ed.2d 476]; People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518 [47 Cal.Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265].) Sergeant Brian Thiem, who was also present during parts of the interrogations, testified at the hearing and confirmed that defendant had waived his Miranda rights on June 4, 1992, and had no problem understanding those rights. Before the July 30th interview, defendant again waived his Miranda rights. Defendant also testified at the suppression hearing. He stated he was 19 years old at the time of the interrogations and had gone as far as the 10th grade in school. When asked whether he could read and write, he answered, “somewhat.” He confirmed that he had gone to the police station on June 4th to speak with Sergeant Kozicki; that he was placed in a windowless interview room; and that although Kozicki was not “nice” to him, he felt free to leave. He was released, but on July 30th police took him (along with Johnson and Cook) into custody and did not immediately tell him he was under arrest. He was handcuffed, but the cuffs were removed shortly after he was placed in the interview room. According to defendant, about an hour later, Sergeant Kozicki appeared and pressured him to implicate Johnson in the crimes. Defendant testified that when he requested an attorney, Kozicki merely told him that the district attorney wished to speak to him and then left the room. No attorney was forthcoming. Defendant testified that Kozicki returned later and told him that if he implicated Johnson in the Cole Street murders, he would be free to go. Defendant also testified that Kozicki threatened him, saying that if he did not cooperate, he would be unable to see his mother and grandmother again. Returning to the question of the Miranda waivers, the following colloquy occurred between defense counsel and defendant: “Q. All right. They gave you a Miranda waiver, right? “A. Yes. “Q. Did you understand that? “A. A little. “Q. What didn’t you understand about it? “A. You know, the—he said I had a right to remain silent, I understand that. [•[[] But then when I asked for a lawyer, you know, I asked for one, he said: Well, you really didn’t need it. “Q. He tell you why you didn’t need it? “A. He said because if I told on Antoine [Johnson], he was going to let me go. “Q. Now, you gave him a statement, is that right? “A. Yes. “Q. And you thought if you gave him a statement, you would get to go home? “A. Yes.” Later, defendant testified that Kozicki promised that if he confessed that Johnson had made him shoot the victims, Kozicki would release him. The prosecutor asked how that was consistent with defendant’s admission on the tape that he had killed the victims to prevent them from talking. Defendant replied that Kozicki had told him to say that. The trial court then interceded: “THE COURT: You mean everything you said in that second statement . . . about yourself and about . . . Mr. Johnson was told to you ahead of time by Sergeant Kozicki? “THE WITNESS: Yes. “THE COURT: How long did it take you to memorize what he wanted you to say? “THE WITNESS: He was saying—he said it to me—it took an hour. Me and him stayed in the room for about 30 minutes to an hour. “THE COURT: You memorized it in an hour? “THE WITNESS: No. Some of the things I made up myself. “THE COURT: Then he didn’t tell you everything to say? “THE WITNESS: Not everything. “THE COURT: There’s nothing that’s . . . actually the truth in. that second statement? “THE WITNESS: Some things. “THE COURT: Well, what? “THE WITNESS: That I did shoot Gary [Carter], but I didn’t shoot the girl.” After hearing the testimony and argument from counsel, the trial court denied defendant’s suppression motion, explaining: “[The] Court makes the finding that the Miranda warnings and waiver were sufficient. He was Mirandized at least three times and more; [^|] That the statements, for the purposes of the hearing, the tape recordings together with the transcriptions will be admitted into evidence . . . . ffl] The Court would find that the statements were all free and voluntary, there is no constitutional violation of rights and that the statements, each of them ... are admissible. [^[] The Court, in effect, finds that the defendant is not a credible witness as to the statements, based upon his own testimony and the three statements.” b. Alleged involuntariness Defendant first contends his July 30th statements were involuntary because he was young and immature, had finished only the ninth grade, and was unfamiliar with the legal system. He argues police used deceptive practices to coerce him to confess. We agree with respondent that "the record does not support these claims. “The Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution and article I, section 15, of the state Constitution bar the prosecution from using a defendant’s involuntary confession. [Citation.] The federal Constitution requires the prosecution to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a defendant’s confession was voluntary. [Citation.] The same is now true under California law as a result of an amendment to the state Constitution enacted as part of Proposition 8, a 1982 voter initiative. (See Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (d); ...)... fl[] Under both state and federal law, courts apply a ‘totality of circumstances’ test to determine the voluntariness of a confession. [Citations.] Among the factors to be considered are ‘ “the crucial element of police coercion [citation]; the length of the interrogation [citation]; its location [citation]; its continuity” as well as “the defendant’s maturity [citation]; education [citation]; physical condition [citation]; and mental health.” ’ [Citation.] On appeal, the trial court’s findings as to the circumstances surrounding the confession are upheld if supported by substantial evidence, but the trial court’s finding as to the voluntariness of the confession is subject to independent review. [Citations.] In determining whether a confession was voluntary, ‘[t]he question is whether defendant’s choice to confess was not “essentially free” because his will was overborne.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Massie (1998) 19 Cal.4th 550, 576 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 816, 967 P.2d 29].) Although defendant claims police used deceptive practices to coerce him to confess, the only allegedly deceptive practice he identifies is Sergeant Kozicki’s failure to inform him immediately upon taking him into custody on July 30 that police had obtained an arrest warrant naming him as a suspect in the Cole Street murders. Defendant does not explain how the voluntariness of his confession required police to disclose they were focusing on him as a suspect. A criminal defendant’s Miranda waiver is voluntary even if police fail to inform the defendant of all the crimes about which he might be questioned. (Colorado v. Spring (1987) 479 U.S. 564 [107 S.Ct. 851, 93 L.Ed.2d 954].) “[A] valid waiver does not require that an individual be informed of all information ‘useful’ in making his decision or all information that ‘might . . . affec[t] his decision to confess.’ [Citation.] ‘[W]e have never read the Constitution to require that the police supply a suspect with a flow of information to help him calibrate his self-interest in deciding whether to speak or stand by his rights.’ [Citation.] Here, the additional information could affect only the wisdom of a Miranda waiver, not its essentially voluntary and knowing nature.” (Id. at pp. 576-577 [107 S.Ct. at p. 859], fn. omitted.) As the high court found concerning the Miranda waiver in Colorado v. Spring, we find Sergeant Kozicki’s failure to inform defendant of all the information that might have been useful to him did not render his subsequent statements involuntary. Defendant also highlights the fact of his youth, his lack of educational achievement, his modest level of literacy, and his unfamiliarity with the legal system as evidence that his confession was involuntary. Although these are factors a court should consider when evaluating the voluntariness of a confession, the record does not even hint that these factors came into play in this case. For example, defendant does not allege he failed to understand the proceedings or Sergeant Kozicki’s statements. Moreover, given defendant’s prior felony convictions, we cannot conclude he was unfamiliar with the legal system. In addition, both Sergeants Kozicki and Thiem testified defendant understood his rights, and Kozicki testified defendant did not seem mentally slow. There is thus substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s decision that, despite defendant’s age, educational level and maturity, his July 30th statements were voluntary. Defendant finally contends his July 30th statements were involuntary because they were induced by improper promises of leniency. A promise to an accused that he will enjoy leniency should he confess obviously implicates the voluntariness of any resulting confession. (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 635, 660-661 [66 Cal.Rptr.2d 573, 941 P.2d 752].) Although defendant testified that Sergeant Kozicki told him he would let him go free should he confess and implicate Johnson, the trial court expressly found that defendant was not a credible witness. As the trial court was able to observe defendant testify and listen to the tapes of defendant’s statements, we find no reason to doubt the soundness of the trial court’s ruling that police made no improper promises of leniency to defendant. Upon independent review of the totality of the circumstances (People v. Massie, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 576), we conclude defendant’s confession was voluntary. c. Alleged Miranda violation Defendant makes a perfunctory claim that admission of the July 30th statements violated his rights under Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436. Both Sergeants Kozicki and Thiem affirmed on the record that defendant had been informed of his rights and had waived them. The tape recording also indicated defendant had waived his rights. Although defendant testified he asked for an attorney and was refused, the trial court found he was not a credible witness. “When reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion that a statement was collected in violation of the defendant’s rights under Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436, we defer to the trial court’s resolution of disputed facts, including the credibility of witnesses, if that resolution is supported by substantial evidence.” (People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 918 [111 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 29 P.3d 103] (Weaver).) We find such substantial evidence in the sworn testimony of the officers, in the trial court’s ability to observe the demeanor of defendant while testifying, and in the court’s ability to listen to defendant waiving his rights on the tape recordings. Accordingly, we reject his claim that his statements were collected in violation of Miranda. d. Alleged violation of his constitutional rights As noted above, defendant testified at the suppression hearing. During the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant, defendant admitted he had lied in the June 4th statement when he claimed he saw Dee Thomas and a friend commit the crimes. Defendant also claimed he lied in the first July 30th statement when he stated that he was himself principally responsible, and had lied in the second July 30th statement when he made essentially the same statement. Instead, he testified he took responsibility for the shootings because Sergeant Kozicki told him he would be free to leave if he admitted guilt and implicated Johnson. Defense counsel objected several times, arguing the prosecutor’s questions went to the content of defendant’s statements and not their voluntariness. The trial court overruled the objections, ruling the questions were relevant to defendant’s credibility. Defendant now contends the prosecutor’s questions were improper because they went beyond the scope of his direct testimony, elicited irrelevant information by delving into the content of his statements and not their voluntariness, and violated his right to be free of compelled self-incrimination under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. At the threshold, the People contend defendant failed to object on these grounds and thus did not preserve them for appellate review. We disagree: Defense counsel made several objections that were cut off by the trial court before counsel could articulate fully the grounds of his objection. Counsel spoke of a concern that the prosecutor was questioning about the content of defendant’s July 30th statements rather than their voluntariness, a clear reference to the scope of cross-examination and the relevance of the evidence elicited. In addition, counsel twice mentioned a concern that the prosecutor was attempting to get defendant to make admissions, from which we may discern that the basis of counsel’s objection was defendant’s right against compelled self-incrimination. These objections were to questions concerning the June 4th statement, but counsel made a continuing objection as questioning turned to the two July 30th statements. Although the record is not crystal clear, we conclude these matters were adequately preserved for appeal. Turning to the merits, we agree with the trial court that defendant’s credibility was at issue in the suppression hearing and he properly could be impeached with information that he had lied in all three of his recorded statements. Contrary to defendant’s contention, whether or not his July 30th statements were coerced was not the “sole issue at the suppression hearing.” In addition to the question of voluntariness, the trial court was required to rule on whether defendant was afforded his rights under Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436. Because defendant claimed Sergeant Kozicki had ignored him when he invoked his right to an attorney, whereas both Kozicki and Sergeant Thiem testified defendant had voluntarily waived his rights, defendant’s credibility was implicated directly. “The credibility of a witness may be challenged with evidence of prior statements by the witness that are inconsistent with the witness’s testimony at the trial.” (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 474 [3 Cal.Rptr.2d 106, 821 P.2d 610]; see also Evid. Code, § 780, subds. (h) & (k).) Citing Chambers v. Mississippi (1973) 410 U.S. 284 [93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297], defendant contends that although the prosecutor’s questions may have been proper under the Evidence Code, strict application of state evidentiary rules may, under the circumstances, nevertheless violate his constitutional rights. Although defendant is correct in the abstract that a state evidentiary rule may still be unconstitutional, “ ‘[a]s a general matter, the ordinary rules of evidence do not impermissibly infringe on the accused’s right to present a defense.’ ” (People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 305 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 793, 949 P.2d 890], quoting People v. Hall (1986) 41 Cal.3d 826, 834 [226 Cal.Rptr. 112, 718 P.2d 99]; see also People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 1122 [31 Cal.Rptr.2d 321, 875 P.2d 36], and cases cited.) Defendant fails to explain why the relatively routine practice of permitting an adverse party to impeach the credibility of a witness with prior falsehoods in the same case somehow falls so far from a standard of fundamental fairness that we may conclude it violates defendant’s constitutional rights. Although defendant’s credibility was at issue, the People were not entitled to impeach him by violating his constitutional privilege against compelled self-incrimination. Defendant contends that by allowing the prosecutor to continue her cross-examination into the substance and truthfulness of his July 30th statements, he was compelled to admit his guilt in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. We disagree. Defendant’s statements— even if they constituted admissions of guilt—were admissible in the suppression hearing only, and not to prove his guilt in the People’s case-in-chief at trial. (Simmons v. United States (1968) 390 U.S. 377, 393-394 [88 S.Ct. 967, 975-977, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247].) This limited immunity protects an accused’s rights under the Fifth Amendment and, in light of this immunity, we conclude defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights were not violated at the hearing. To the extent defendant also claims the prosecutor’s questioning constituted misconduct and violated his constitutional rights to due process, a fair trial, and his rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, we find no objection on those grounds and conclude they were not preserved for appeal. (People v. Mickle (1991) 54 Cal.3d 140, 191 [284 Cal.Rptr. 511, 814 P.2d 290].) The record does not indicate counsel’s strategy in failing to object on these grounds; most likely counsel believed defendant’s constitutional rights were protected by the use immunity set forth in Simmons v. United States, supra, 390 U.S. at pages 393-394 [88 S.Ct. at pp. 975-977]. In any event, because this is not a situation in which counsel could have had no reasonable purpose for failing to object, we must reject defendant’s further claim that his defense counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to object. Such claims must instead be raised in a collateral proceeding. (People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1068-1069 [99 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 5 P.3d 68]; People v. Mendoza Tello (1997) 15 Cal.4th 264, 266-268 [62 Cal.Rptr.2d 437, 933 P.2d 1134].) 2. Challenge for Cause Defendant challenged Prospective Juror K.C. for cause, claiming he was biased in favor of the death penalty, but the trial court denied the challenge. Defendant claims the trial court’s ruling was error and denied his rights under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, as well as state constitutional analogs. As we explain, the trial court erred by not excusing this juror, but the court’s error did not compromise the impartiality of the jury so no relief is warranted. At the outset, the People contend defendant failed to preserve the claim for appeal because, although he made a timely challenge for cause, exercised a peremptory challenge to excuse the objectionable juror, and then exhausted his peremptory challenges, he did not then express dissatisfaction at the composition of the jury as eventually selected. (See Weaver, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 910-911.) As in Weaver, we will not rely on this omission, for the law was in a state of flux on this point at the time of defendant’s 1993 trial. (Compare People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 121 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 474, 885 P.2d 887] [statement of dissatisfaction with the jury required] with People v. Bittaker (1989) 48 Cal.3d 1046, 1087-1088 [259 Cal.Rptr. 630, 774 P.2d 659] [suggesting relief could still be granted if a defendant could show denial of an impartial jury].) We recently stated the law with regard to challenges for cause: “The state and federal constitutional guarantees of a trial by an impartial jury include the right in a capital case to a jury whose members will not automatically impose the death penalty for all murders, but will instead consider and weigh the mitigating evidence in determining the appropriate sentence. [Citation.] ‘[A] juror may be challenged for cause based upon his or her views concerning capital punishment only if those views would “prevent or substantially impair” the performance of the juror’s duties as defined by the court’s instructions and the juror’s oath.’ [Citations.] If the death penalty is imposed by a jury containing even one juror who would vote automatically for the death penalty without considering the mitigating evidence, ‘the State is disentitled to execute the sentence.’ [Citation.] “Assessing the qualifications of jurors challenged for cause is a matter falling within the broad discretion of the trial court. [Citation.] The trial court must determine whether the prospective juror will be ‘unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law in the case.’ [Citation.] A juror will often give conflicting or confusing answers regarding his or her impartiality or capacity to serve, and the trial court must weigh the juror’s responses in deciding whether to remove the juror for cause. The trial court’s resolution of these factual matters is binding on the appellate court if supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] ‘[W]here equivocal or conflicting responses are elicited regarding a prospective juror’s ability to impose the death penalty, the trial court’s determination as to his true state of mind is binding on an appellate court. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Weaver, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 910, quoting Wainwright v. Witt (1985) 469 U.S. 412, 424 [105 S.Ct. 844, 852, 83 L.Ed.2d 841] and Morgan v. Illinois (1992) 504 U.S. 719, 729 [112 S.Ct. 2222, 2229-2230, 119 L.Ed.2d 492].) Prospective Juror K.C. indicated on his juror questionnaire that he was “strongly in favor” of the death penalty. He also indicated that the death penalty should automatically be imposed on those defendants convicted of committing a multiple murder. When asked by the trial court whether he was “strongly in favor of the death penalty,” he answered in the affirmative. When the court asked whether he could return “a verdict of life imprisonment without [the] possibility of parole if you thought it appropriate,” he replied, “I would probably have to be convinced.” He did not similarly qualify his answer when asked whether he could impose the death penalty. He explained he believed the death penalty was “effective” and that, given an “honest choice” between the two penalties, he “would be more inclined to go with the death penalty.” He equivocated when asked whether he would exclude consideration of a life term, saying, “Never having been in that situation, I have no idea.” When asked whether he could impose a life term if he thought it appropriate, he replied: “Yeah, if there was enough to make it seem appropriate, yes, I could.” Defense counsel then undertook voir dire. The juror affirmed he was “somewhat pro death,” and when asked whether both penalties were “open” to him in a situation where aggravating factors greatly outweighed mitigating ones, he replied: “I would vote probably for the death penalty. Life imprisonment without possibility of parole only lasts as long as the political climate makes it a good idea.” The following exchange then occurred: “THE COURT: You understand life imprisonment without possibility of parole means that? “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: Unless the sentence is commuted by the Governor. “THE COURT: You may be aware of some cases. “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: Yes, I am. “THE COURT: Such as Sirhan Sirhan and the Manson [case] in which he comes up for parole. “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: No, that’s not— “THE COURT: They were convicted at a time when the statute didn’t provide for life imprisonment without possibility of parole. “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: I’m referring to— “THE COURT: Can you assume that life imprisonment without possibility of parole means what it says? “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: Well, from my experience in other states where it was imposed, no, it didn’t. “THE COURT: In California, can you assume thatl “PROSPECTIVE JUROR [K.C.]: Given some of the political leaders in this state, no, I can (Italics added.) In addition to the question of the death penalty, the juror explained he had been the victim of an attempted murder, but asserted that experience would not bias him against defendant because it had happened so long ago. He also testified he had a son with a legal problem and that his son’s situation would affect his attention span for defendant’s case. Defense counsel then challenged the juror for cause, but the trial court denied it, explaining: “I think he’s qualified under Wainwright [v. Witt, supra, 469 U.S. 412].” Defendant later used one of his peremptory challenges to remove Prospective Juror K.C. from the jury. Although we pay great deference to the decisions of our trial courts in their determinations of whether a prospective juror can remain impartial, we conclude the trial court should have sustained defendant’s challenge for cause against this juror. This was not a case in which the juror gave equivocal answers: He was strongly in favor of the death penalty and was not shy about expressing that view. He indicated he would apply a higher standard (“I would probably have to be convinced”) to a life sentence than to one of death, and that an offender (such as defendant) who killed more than one victim should automatically receive the death penalty. Finally, he admitted he would not follow an instruction to assume that a sentence of life in prison with no possibility of parole meant the prisoner would never be released. Because this juror’s views would have “ ‘prevented] or substantially impaired] the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath’ ” (Wainwright v. Witt, supra, 469 U.S. at p. 424), the trial court erred in denying defendant’s challenge for cause. Because defendant removed Prospective Juror K.C. from the jury using a peremptory challenge, however, the juror never served on the jury and the impartiality of defendant’s jury was not undermined by the trial court’s error. Defendant’s argument is thus reduced to a claim that the trial court’s error forced him to use one of his peremptory challenges, thereby reducing the number he had on hand later in the trial. Relief is not warranted on this theory. “It is well settled that even if the trial court erred in denying a defendant’s motion to remove a juror for cause, that error will be considered harmless if ‘[n]one of the prospective jurors whom defendant found objectionable actually sat on his jury.’ [Citations.] ‘[W]e reject the notion that the loss of a peremptory challenge constitutes a violation of the constitutional right to an impartial jury.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Hawkins (1995) 10 Cal.4th 920, 939 [42 Cal.Rptr.2d 636, 897 P.2d 574], overruled on another point in People v. Blakeley (2000) 23 Cal.4th 82, 89-91 [96 Cal.Rptr.2d 451, 999 P.2d 675].) Furthermore, defendant did not express dissatisfaction with the jury as constituted and, although we decline to find he forfeited the issue as a result, that omission is relevant to determining whether he was prejudiced by the trial court’s error. To the extent defendant now suggests he was unhappy with the composition of the jury, his “belated recitation of dissatisfaction with the jury is speculative. Consequently, he fails to demonstrate that he was harmed by the denial of his challenges for cause.” (People v. Johnson (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1183, 1211 [14 Cal.Rptr.2d 702, 842 P.2d 1].) In short, we conclude the trial court’s erroneous denial of defendant’s challenge for cause did not violate his constitutional right to an impartial jury. 3. Alleged Wheeler Error Defendant next claims the prosecutor excused three African-American women from the jury in violation of his rights under People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 [148 Cal.Rptr. 890, 583 P.2d 748] (Wheeler). “ ‘In [Wheeler] ... we held that the use of peremptory challenges by a prosecutor to strike prospective jurors on the basis of group membership violates the right of a criminal defendant to trial by a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community under article I, section 16, of the California Constitution. Subsequently, in Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79, 84-89 [90 L.Ed.2d 69, 79-83, 106 S.Ct. 1712] ... the United States Supreme Court held that such a practice violates, inter alia, the defendant’s right to equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. . . .’” (People v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 116 [109 Cal.Rptr.2d 31, 26 P.3d 357].) a. Facts Defendant focuses on three prospective jurors. Prospective Juror V.F. In her jury questionnaire, V.F. stated she was “neutral” about the death penalty, would vote in favor of an initiative creating a death penalty in California, and if she found herself on the jury would not automatically vote for or against it. She wrote that the purpose of the death penalty was “[t]o remove that person from the earth so that he/she cannot commit any other crimes and to make the statement to all—Commit a Crime you must be punished to some degree.” In response to the question “Overall, in considering general issues of punishment, which do you think is worse for a defendant?.” she circled “Life in prison without possibility of parole.” She explained: “Because it gives him/her longer to think about the crime and to ask[] themselves whether it was worth it or was there another answer.” In response to the question “Do you feel that the death sentence is imposed:” she circled “About right.” During voir dire, she testified she was a Christian but that voting for the death penalty would not get her in trouble at her church. She admitted to some confusion over whether life meant with or without parole, but affirmed her belief that life in prison was “worse” because the prisoner would know he was in prison “forever” and that “you could be tortured that way where you can’t get out into society.” She affirmed she could vote for the death penalty. Prospective Juror B.W. In her jury questionnaire, B.W. stated she was “moderately in favor” of the death penalty, would vote in favor of an initiative creating a death penalty in California, and if she found herself on the jury would not automatically vote for or against it. She wrote that the purpose of the death penalty was so “that person will never commit that crime again.” In response to the question “Overall, in considering general issues of punishment, which do you think is worse for a defendant?.” she circled “Death.” She explained: “They will never exist again. They will leave family and friends.” In response to the question “Do you feel that the death sentence is imposed:” she circled “Randomly” and explained: “Look at death row. People have been waiting for years. You shouldn’t have death row if death never comes.” During voir dire, she testified she could vote for the death penalty if selected for the jury. Prospective Juror L.D. In her jury questionnaire, L.D. stated she was “moderately in favor” of the death penalty, would vote in favor of an initiative creating a death penalty in California, and if she found herself on the jury would not automatically vote for or against it. Responding to a question asking what she thought was the puxpose of the death penalty, she wrote: “I think it deters other criminals from committing serious crimes.” In response to the question “Overall, in considering general issues of punishment, which do you think is worse for a defendant?,” she circled “Life in prison without possibility of parole.” She explained: “Because I believe life in prison is a constant suffering.” In response to the question “Do you feel that the death sentence is imposed:” she circled “About right” and explained: “I think it is about right because of all the things that have to be taken into consideration. When dealing with a life you must be sure.” During voir dire, this juror reiterated she had a brother who was a police officer, that she was “moderately in favor” of the death penalty, and that she was capable of returning a death penalty verdict. After the prosecutor had exercised 15 of her peremptory challenges, defendant objected on Wheeler grounds. The motion was reserved until both sides had exhausted their peremptory challenges and a jury was selected. The court then entertained the motion. Defense counsel claimed the prosecutor had struck four of the six African-American women from the panel. Specifically, the prosecutor had removed Prospective Jurors V.F., B.W., L.D. and G.A. The trial court noted that the panel still contained two African-American women and stated: “I don’t think a prima facie case has been shown. ... I don’t know if the district attorney wants to explain her challenges or not.” The prosecutor explained that she did not have the juror questionnaires with her, but that her recollection was that the four African-American women she challenged were what she called “lifers,” that is, they could not vote for the death penalty. The prosecutor also noted some African-Americans remained on the jury. The trial court then denied the motion, stating: “As I say, I don’t think a prima facie case has been shown. [T|] I would have to agree with the district attorney on her challenges of the four Black African-American women, that I did not believe they were persons who would vote for the penalty of death based upon their questionnaires and their answers [during voir dire].” b. Discussion We presume that “a prosecutor uses his peremptory challenges in a constitutional manner. [Citation.] The defendant bears the burden to show, prima facie, the presence of purposeful discrimination. [Citation.] If he succeeds, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to show its absence.” (People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal.4th 155, 193 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 385, 926 P.2d 365].) In order to establish a prima facie case of group bias, a litigant must raise the issue in a timely fashion, make as complete a record as feasible, establish that the persons excluded are members of a cognizable class, and show a “ ‘strong likelihood’ ” of group rather than individual bias. (People v. Howard (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1132, 1153-1154 [5 Cal.Rptr.2d 268, 824 P.2d 1315], italics omitted; Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 280.) “We give great deference to the trial court in distinguishing bona fide reasons from sham excuses.” (People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137, 165 [32 Cal.Rptr.2d 762, 878 P.2d 521]; Wheeler, supra, at p. 282.) The dispositive question here is whether defendant demonstrated a prima facie case of group bias. Neither party disputes that the issue was timely raised or that the record is adequate for review. Moreover, that African-American women comprise a cognizable class for Wheeler purposes is clear. (People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629, 652 [7 Cal.Rptr.2d 564, 828 P.2d 705].) We turn, then, to whether defendant established a “strong likelihood” of group bias. Although the three jurors in question were all African-American women, defense counsel did not provide any other reason why he believed group bias motivated the prosecutor. Although the trial court did not immediately rule on whether a prima facie showing had been made, it nevertheless asked the prosecutor for her reasons. As in other cases, we hold this did not moot the question of whether defendant had established a prima facie showing. (People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 746 [85 Cal.Rptr.2d 203, 976 P.2d 754]; People v. Turner, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 166.) The prosecutor indicated she was concerned about the jurors’ willingness to impose the death penalty. All three jurors had professed they were open to voting to impose the death penalty, although none was a strong supporter of that penalty. Prospective Juror V.F. had indicated she was neutral about the death penalty. Both V.F. and Prospective Juror L.D. suggested they believed life in prison was a harsher penalty. Prospective Juror B.W. expressed some impatience with the death penalty, noting the length of time some inmates spend on death row. The trial court was clearly aware of the answers these jurors had provided on the questionnaires and observed their demeanor as they testified, two factors undermining defendant’s claim that the court accepted the prosecutor’s reasons without reviewing the record. Defendant further claims it was not true the three jurors would refuse to vote for the death penalty, but neither the prosecutor nor the trial court was required to take the jurors’ answers at face value. Although defendant contends that other jurors who were equally unenthusiastic about the death penalty were not challenged, and that the African-Americans left on the jury were much more pro-death-penalty, we do not engage in a comparative analysis when evaluating a prosecutor’s stated reasons. (People v. Fuentes (1991) 54 Cal.3d 707, 714-715 [286 Cal.Rptr. 792, 818 P.2d 75].) Defendant also contends the trial court used the wrong standard in assessing whether he had established a prima facie showing of group bias. He claims he need only “raise an inference” of such bias, whereas we have held he must “show a strong likelihood” of such bias. (See Wade v. Terhune (9th Cir. 2000) 202 F.3d 1190 [discussing a perceived difference between the two standards].) However, as we have explained, “in California, a ‘strong likelihood’ means ‘a reasonable inference.’” (People v. Box (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1153, 1188, fn. 7 [99 Cal.Rptr.2d 69, 5 P.3d 130]; see Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 280-281.) Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the two standards were different, and that the “reasonable inference” standard were more lenient, the court’s ruling finding that defendant had not established a prima facie showing of group bias was supportable. Because the trial court’s ruling that defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of group bias is supported by substantial evidence and is thus entitled to deference, we deny defendant’s Wheeler claim. 4. Admission of Evidence Regarding the Victims Defendant next claims the trial court erred by admitting into evidence photographs of the victims while they were alive and testimony from surviving relatives identifying them from those pictures. He argues this evidence “prevented an impartial assessment of guilt, distracted the jury from its responsibility to decide the appropriate penalty, and violated [his] rights under state law and federal constitutional law.” The prosecutor asked Alvarez Devallier, Annette’s father, to identify her from a photograph taken while she was alive. He did so and also testified she had been living at a rehabilitation program on Hilton Street until a week before she was killed. The People also had Reo Carter, Gary’s sister, identify him from a photograph taken while he was alive. She did so and testified the victim had been living with her at the time he was killed. Defendant did not object to this testimony or to the use of the photographs. When the prosecutor later moved to admit both photographs into evidence, however, defendant objected, explaining that he would stipulate to the identity of the victims. The trial court overruled the objection, explaining that the “probative value [of the evidence] outweighs any prejudicial effect.” Because defendant did not object at the time the photographs were used in questioning the witnesses, he failed to preserve the issue for appeal. Although he later raised an objection, that objection was not sufficiently timely to preserve the issue. The requirement that an objection to evidence be timely made is important because it “allows the court to remedy the situation before any prejudice accrues.” (People v. Taylor (1982) 31 Cal.3d 488, 496 [183 Cal.Rptr. 64, 645 P.2d 115].) Defendant contends that, if we find the issue was not preserved for appeal, we should find that his counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to object. Failure to object rarely constitutes constitutionally ineffective legal representation (People v. Avena (1996) 13 Cal.4th 394, 421 [53 Cal.Rptr.2d 301, 916 P.2d 1000]), but assuming the matter was preserved, we would still find no error. Although only relevant evidence is admissible (Evid. Code, § 350), “[t]he state is not required to prove its case shorn of photographic evidence merely because the defendant agrees with a witness or stipulates to a fact.” (Weaver, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 933.) Trial courts have wide discretion in admitting such photographic evidence, and we have explained that “trial courts should be alert to how photographs may play on a jury’s emotions, especially in a capital case, [and] we rely on our trial courts to exercise their discretion wisely, both to allow the state fairly to present its case as well as to ensure that an accused is provided with a fair trial by an impartial jury.” (Id. at p. 934.) We have examined the challenged photographs and conclude the trial court did not abuse its broad discretion. Photographic evidence of murder victims while they were alive is not necessarily inadmissible. (People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 975 [86 Cal.Rptr.2d 243, 978 P.2d 1171].) Even were we to reach a different conclusion, any error was manifestly harmless in light of the strong evidence of guilt, including defendant’s confession. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243].) To the extent defendant argues that admission of the photographic evidence violated his federal constitutional rights to due process, a fair trial, a reliable penalty determination, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, and his right to due process under Hicks v. Oklahoma, supra, 447 U.S. 343, we find those issues were not preserved for appeal because defendant did not object at trial on those specific grounds. (People v. Crittenden, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 126; People v. Rogers (1978) 21 Cal.3d 542, 547-548 [146 Cal.Rptr. 732, 579 P.2d 1048].) “Specificity is required both to enable the court to make an informed ruling on the motion or objection and to enable the party proffering the evidence to cure the defect in the evidence.” (People v. Mattson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 826, 854 [268 Cal.Rptr. 802, 789 P.2d 983].) With regard to the testimony of Alvarez Devallier and Reo Carter, defendant did not object at all. Accordingly, he failed to preserve his objections to their testimony. Even were we to reach the issue, both witnesses refuted an aspect of the defense’s case, namely, defendant’s claim that the victims were living at the Cole Street house at the time they were killed. The testimony of these witnesses was thus relevant and admissible. Moreover, defendant is incorrect that their testimony was inflammatory; it was, instead, brief and factual. We find no error. 5. Restriction on Defense Evidence Defendant next claims the trial court erred in excluding portions of the testimony of Earl Turner, Latonya Jackson and Marcia Surrell on either hearsay or relevance grounds. As we explain, the trial court made a small error, but the error was harmless. a. Facts Defendant gave varying stories about his involvement in the crimes. His first recorded statement to police on June 4, 1992, blamed Ronald “Dee” Thomas for the shootings. On July 30, 1992, he gave two additional recorded statements, confessing to shooting both Devallier and Carter, though insisting Antoine Johnson had directed him to kill Devallier. This was contrary to his June 4th statement, in which he had blamed Thomas for the killings. On January 25, 1993, at the suppression hearing, defendant told yet a different story, claiming that nearly everything in the two July 30th statements was a lie, and that he had simply parroted a memorized version of the crime given to him by Sergeant Kozicki. At trial, defendant took the stand and suggested his original story on June 4th blaming Thomas was the accurate one. He was very evasive, refusing to answer several questions, claiming that both he and his mother had received threats. Warned that his entire testimony could be stricken, he nevertheless refused to answer some questions. He eventually testified that after giving the June 4th statement, word of his statement got out on the street and Dee Thomas threatened his life. Defendant explained that, with the help of a woman named Tanya, he had moved his mother from the Cole Street house to a safer location, although he later admitted his mother had to move because the house was boarded up. Defendant also testified that Johnson had threatened him and let it be known in jail that defendant was a snitch. When asked what happens to snitches in jail, defendant replied: “They die.” He admitted he was worried that his testimony would be reported to Johnson because Johnson’s attorney was in the courtroom. Defendant testified he had lied at the suppression hearing and disavowed his prior claim that Sergeant Kozicki had told him what to say. He claimed he lied because Johnson was present at the hearing and he was afraid for his life. He also testified his statements on July 30th were all lies. When asked whether his June 4th statement (blaming Dee Thomas) was the truth, he replied in the affirmative. When asked whether “everything” he had said on June 4th was true, he turned evasive, saying, “I can’t really say.” The following colloquy then occurred: “Q. Okay. You mentioned that the exchange that took place between Dee and his friend went down as: Let me see the gun, give me the gun. “Is that the truth or a lie? “A. I’m not going to answer that due to the fact that I might be a dead man if I answer. “Q. A dead man from whom? “A. In jail or on the streets, wherever. fl[] . . . [If] “Q. . . . You say your life is in danger because you confessed to two murders and you basically said Antoine [Johnson] just did the shooting in the house and you did all the killing out in the streets. “A. No, that’s not the reason why my life [is] in danger. The reason why my life is in danger is because of the first statement. “Q. Because of the first statement? “A. Yes, it is. “Q. When you blamed Dee and his friend? “A. Yes.” Later, the defense called Earl Turner to the stand. Turner testified he had grown up with, and was a close friend to, Johnson. He also had known Dee Thomas for about two years. While Defense Counsel Cannady was questioning