Full opinion text
Opinion MORENO, J. A jury convicted defendant Robert Lee Smith of the first degree murders of Michelle Dorsey and James Martin (Pen. Code, § 187), among other offenses, and found true the special circumstance allegations that defendant committed multiple murders (Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(3)) and that each murder was committed during the commission of a robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A), 211). Following a sanity phase held pursuant to defendant’s plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, the jury returned a verdict that defendant was sane at the time of the offenses. After the penalty phase of the trial, the jury returned a verdict of death. This appeal is automatic. (Pen. Code, § 1239, subd. (b).) As explained below, we will reverse defendant’s conviction for receiving stolen property (Pen. Code, § 496, former subd. (1), now subd. (a)) and otherwise affirm the judgment. I. STATEMENT OF FACTS A. Procedural History On June 18, 1991, the Contra Costa County District Attorney filed a 10-count information in Contra Costa County Superior Court, charging defendant with the following: two counts of first degree murder (of Michelle Dorsey and James Martin) in violation of Penal Code section 187; attempted robbery in violation of Penal Code sections 211, 212.5, subdivision (a), and 664; robbery in violation of Penal Code sections 211 and 212.5, subdivision (a); unlawful taking of a vehicle in violation of Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a); first degree burglary in violation of Penal Code sections 459 and 460, former subdivision 1, now subdivision (a); possession of a controlled substance in violation of Health and Safety Code section 11350; receiving stolen property in violation of Penal Code section 496, former subdivision (1), now subdivision (a); petty theft in violation of Penal Code sections 484 and 488; and conspiracy to commit murder in violation of Penal Code section 182. The information further alleged that defendant personally used a firearm in violation of Penal Code section 12022.5, subdivision (a), in connection with the charge of receiving stolen property. Additionally, the information alleged as special circumstances that defendant committed multiple first degree murders under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(3), and that defendant committed murder in the course of a robbery under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(A). On July 8, 1991, defendant pled not guilty to all counts of the information and denied the special circumstance and firearm-use allegations. Subsequently, defendant filed a motion to set aside the information pursuant to section 995 and a nonstatutory motion to dismiss. The trial court dismissed the count alleging that defendant had committed petty theft and denied the remainder of defendant’s motion to dismiss the information. The trial court also denied defendant’s motion to sever the burglary and conspiracy counts. On March 25, 1993, defendant entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity to all counts and allegations of the information, pursuant to section 1026. The guilt phase jury trial commenced on April 20, 1993. On May 27, 1993, the jury convicted defendant of all remaining counts and found true the weapon allegation and all special circumstance allegations. The sanity trial commenced on June 8, 1993. On June 22, 1993, the jury found that defendant was legally sane at the time of the charged offenses. The penalty phase began on June 23, 1993. On July 6, 1993, the jury determined the death penalty should be imposed. The trial court sentenced defendant to death for the murders and to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life on the conspiracy charge. In addition, the trial court imposed a determinate term of three years for the remaining counts, to be served concurrently with the indeterminate term. Pursuant to section 654, the court stayed the imposition of sentence on the above counts, pending the automatic appeal and the death sentence being carried out. On September 30, 1993, the trial court denied defendant’s automatic application to modify the death verdict. After considering defendant’s motion for a new trial, the trial court dismissed the firearm enhancement allegation due to insufficient evidence, but otherwise denied defendant’s motion. This appeal is automatic. B. Guilt Phase Evidence 1. Prosecution Evidence Michelle Dorsey lived with her brother, James Martin, in a two-bedroom apartment in Richmond. Joseph A. had known the victims since he was about five years old, visiting them several times a month, and had considered Dorsey his godmother. Defendant’s brother, Jesse Smith, told the police that defendant and Dorsey had a “boyfriend, girlfriend type of relationship” and that Dorsey was defendant’s ex-girlfriend. Joseph, who was 14 years old at the time, went to visit Dorsey on the day of the murders, March 23, 1991. He found Dorsey in her bedroom, with defendant sitting at the foot of her bed. They were watching television, and Joseph joined them. After some time, defendant called Joseph to the living room and showed him a pistol and ammunition clip he had taken from Dorsey’s dresser. At this time, Joseph thought that Dorsey probably was asleep. Defendant asked whether Joseph had ever considered robbing Dorsey and Martin, and Joseph replied that he had not. Nonetheless, Joseph took the pistol from defendant, loaded bullets into the clip, and handed the pistol back to defendant. Joseph believed that defendant would return the gun to the dresser. Joseph followed defendant to Dorsey’s bedroom. Defendant asked Dorsey for the combination to the safe she kept in her bedroom. Dorsey noticed defendant holding the gun and demanded that he give the gun back to her. When Dorsey rose to confront defendant, he shot her once in the chest. Dorsey fell to her knees on her bed. The shot woke Martin, who called out from his room to find out what was happening. Defendant told Martin to go back to sleep. Defendant and Joseph walked to the doorway of Martin’s room, and, according to Joseph, defendant shot Martin once in the chest. At defendant’s direction, Joseph carried Martin into the hallway. While Martin lay on the floor, still alive, defendant took money out of Martin’s wallet. He then told Joseph to take Martin to Dorsey’s room, where defendant and Joseph bound Martin’s hands and feet. With Joseph’s assistance, defendant pulled Dorsey’s safe out of the closet and took it downstairs to the trunk of Dorsey’s car. They drove to Jesse Smith’s house, where defendant rushed in and told Jesse that he “just shot two people.” Jesse asked who defendant had shot, and defendant replied that it was Dorsey and her brother. Once they were able to pry the safe open, Joseph and defendant took the safe’s contents; defendant took $100 cash, and Joseph took the rest of the cash and the jewelry. Joseph gave his girlfriend, Jalicia R, some gold bracelets from the safe. Concerned that Martin had survived and could identify them, defendant and Joseph returned to the apartment to see if Martin was still alive. After confirming that Martin was dead, defendant and Joseph took some compact discs, tapes, and other small items from the apartment. Joseph and defendant returned to Jesse’s house and disposed of the safe in the vacant lot next door. The next day, the victims’ sister, Wilma Thomas, found their bodies in the Richmond apartment. The apartment was ransacked, and Dorsey’s car was missing. Dorsey and Martin had each been shot one time. During the autopsy, the forensic pathologist found a .32-caliber bullet in Dorsey’s body. Martin’s hands and feet had been bound behind him with telephone cord and a leather belt. In Martin’s bedroom, police found two unexpended .32-caliber rounds, and near Martin’s bed there was one expended .32-caliber cartridge and some blood. Martin could have survived his wound if he had received immediate medical treatment, and it was estimated that it took him between 20 minutes and an hour to die from the wound. The following day, defendant’s brother, Jesse Smith, was driving Dorsey’s car in North Richmond. Defendant was in the front passenger seat, and there were two passengers, Darrell Fuller and Bobby Robinson, in the rear seat of the car. Defendant had told Jesse that he had he gotten the car from “some base head,” had told Fuller that he had purchased the car from “faggot Michelle” for $4,000, and had gotten the gun from “some base head.” A deputy from the Contra Costa Sheriff’s Office on patrol in North Richmond spotted Dorsey’s car and pulled over the vehicle. As the car was pulled over, defendant told the other occupants to tell the deputy that the car was a friend’s car or had been rented from someone. While searching the car, the deputy found a box of .32-caliber ammunition and a .32-caliber semiautomatic pistol underneath defendant’s seat. The gun found in the car was registered to Dorsey, and analysis of an expended .32-caliber cartridge from the crime scene revealed that it had been fired from Dorsey’s gun. Defendant was arrested. Defendant was first interviewed by police on the day he was arrested, Monday, March 25, 1991. Defendant told inconsistent stories about how he had obtained Dorsey’s gun; he told police that he had purchased Dorsey’s gun from a person named “Skin,” then told police that he actually had bought the gun from a drug dealer called “D Money.” He told police that he had been approached by three men who drove up in Dorsey’s car and asked for his help in opening the safe they had with them. Eventually, defendant admitted that he had been at Dorsey and Martin’s apartment when they were killed. He told police that he was at the apartment when Joseph and two other men arrived. He said that Joseph went into Dorsey’s bedroom, that Dorsey told Joseph to put the gun down, and that he saw Joseph shoot Dorsey, then Martin. Defendant denied that he provided any assistance to Joseph or the other men in committing the murders, but admitted helping the men carry the safe to Dorsey’s car and taking some money and other small items. Nearly 11 hours later, after interviewing Joseph, police reinterviewed defendant about the murders. Defendant admitted that he and Joseph had planned to rob Dorsey and that they were the only ones in the house, but continued to deny having shot Dorsey and Martin. 2. Defense Evidence During his opening argument, defense counsel focused his case upon the theory that Joseph, not defendant, shot Dorsey and Martin. Peter Barnett, an expert criminalist and crime scene reconstructionist, testified that certain evidence at the crime scene contradicted the account of the shootings presented by the prosecution. Barnett concluded that the shooter had been inside Martin’s bedroom or the doorway to the bedroom when Martin was tilled, instead of in the hallway, as posited by the prosecution. Additionally, Barnett concluded that it was unlikely that Michelle Dorsey had been on her knees facing the shooter eye-to-eye when she was shot, as the shooter would not have been able to shoot Dorsey with a straight shot from this position. Joseph had previously testified that Dorsey had been on her knees, facing towards defendant when she was shot. Jalicia P., who previously had testified for the prosecution, testified that Joseph had given her some jewelry, and that he had appeared to be nervous when he presented the jewelry to her. She further testified that Joseph more recently had written her a letter in which he had threatened to till her. C. Sanity Phase Evidence 1. Defense Evidence At the sanity phase, the defense first presented testimony about defendant’s childhood and his behavior shortly before the murders. Defendant acted differently from other children, including his siblings, beginning at the age of four years. Defendant’s father, Robert Smith, Sr., was abusive to defendant and to defendant’s mother, Francine. When defendant was a young child, his father tilled his mother. Defendant’s maternal aunt was at the Smiths’ house soon after the murder, and defendant tried to indicate to her that his mother’s body was in the closet. After his mother’s murder, defendant was removed from his home. About a year and a half or two years later, Robert Smith, Sr., was released from jail and regained custody of defendant. When defendant was in his youth, he was sent to Napa State Hospital, a psychiatric facility. After a short time had passed, defendant was incarcerated at the California Youth Authority (CYA). During this period, defendant seemed depressed and paranoid. These bouts of paranoia seemed to correlate with periods when defendant did not take the medication that had been prescribed for his mood and behavioral problems. After defendant was released from CYA, shortly before the murders, defendant acted strangely; he babbled and behaved in a paranoid fashion. Around this time, Dr. Champlin, a psychiatrist at the county hospital where defendant was briefly involuntarily admitted, diagnosed defendant with schizoaffective disorder. Defendant’s aunt testified that, during this period, it appeared that defendant knew the difference between right and wrong. Dr. George Woods and Dr. Martin Blinder, who had been appointed to evaluate defendant following his not guilty by reason of insanity plea, both testified during the sanity phase. Dr. Woods testified that defendant’s psychiatric files, CYA and other juvenile court records, and social services records of his family circumstances revealed an extensive family history of bipolar disorder, substance abuse, and psychosis. Defendant had been committed to psychiatric treatment facilities, including Napa State Hospital, from the age of nine years; while in these treatment facilities he exhibited psychotic behavior, and testing revealed some organic brain dysfunction. When discharged from Napa, defendant was diagnosed with a conduct disorder involving aggressive behavior. Based on the records of tests conducted on defendant in the past and the relative levels of success of defendant’s current and prior use of lithium, which had been prescribed to defendant at various points in his life, Dr. Woods believed that defendant had been misdiagnosed and was instead suffering from an organic mood disorder with features of bipolar disorder. Dr. Woods opined that, based on the information he had reviewed, defendant was in a severe manic state at the time of the killings, which would have made it impossible for him to initiate any action. Dr. Woods opined that defendant was more likely to have followed a cohort’s actions. Dr. Woods’s conclusion was that defendant had not been able to understand the nature and quality of his actions at the time of the offense, but that he would have understood the difference between right and wrong. Dr. Blinder’s testimony was far less favorable to defendant. He described defendant as a “sociopath,” and also commented that defendant was essentially dyslexic. He opined that defendant had a genetic predisposition for psychopathy and antisocial characteristics, and that such disorders were essentially unbeatable. In Dr. Blinder’s opinion, defendant’s symptoms were consistent with antisocial personality disorder; he especially emphasized defendant’s lack of remorse for hurting people. Dr. Blinder found no psychiatric evidence that defendant was legally insane at the time of the offenses. Defendant also presented other expert witnesses, including Dr. Myla Young and Dr. Samuel Benson. Dr. Young testified that defendant’s ability for verbal comprehension was “borderline” and his overall intellectual functioning was “in the low average range,” and that defendant suffered from significant brain damage, as well as an organic mood disorder involving mania and depression. Dr. Benson, a psychiatrist, concluded that defendant, suffered from organic brain disease and bipolar disorder. He noted that defendant had lesions on his left temporal and parietal lobes, which could cause violent and unpredictable behavior. Dr. Benson opined that at the time of the murders, defendant knew the difference between right and wrong, but could not appreciate the nature and consequence of his acts. 2. Prosecution Rebuttal Evidence In rebuttal, the prosecution called several witnesses to dispute the testimony of the defense witnesses. Dr. Sandra Klein testified that the intelligence tests administered to defendant by Dr. Young had been erroneously scored, and also that defendant showed no evidence of organic brain damage. Another prosecution witness diagnosed defendant with antisocial personality disorder. The prosecution also presented testimony by a CYA counselor, who concluded that defendant was a “predator” who knew the difference between right and wrong and could understand the nature and quality of his actions. 3. Defense Surrebuttal Evidence The defense called Dr. Dale Watson to rebut Dr. Sandra Klein’s testimony that Dr. Young’s test results were erroneously scored. Dr. Watson criticized Dr. Klein’s analysis and testified that the testing showed evidence of organic brain damage. Dr. Watson also discussed psychological testing performed by Dr. Oliver Glover, a psychologist who had testified in support of defendant’s pretrial motion to suppress statements he made during police interviews. D. Penalty Phase Evidence 1. Prosecution Evidence The prosecution’s case in aggravation centered upon many violent acts committed by defendant prior to the murders. While he was incarcerated at CYA facilities, defendant became violent toward the youth counselors and other wards on several occasions. For example, defendant hit another ward with a closed fist in June 1985, and threw one chair at a window and another chair at two youth counselors in August 1985. In March 1986, defendant assaulted a counselor, causing minor injuries. In two separate incidents, defendant threatened to kill youth counselors at CYA facilities. Eventually, defendant was transferred to a special unit within the CYA that housed the most violent offenders. While housed in this unit, defendant was involved in an altercation with another ward, continuing to assault the other ward despite staff members’ use of Mace, until four staff members were finally able to subdue him. After his release from CYA custody, defendant was arrested on domestic violence charges. Even after officers responded to the report of domestic violence, defendant continued to assault the victim. While in pretrial custody on the present charges at the Martinez Detention Facility, defendant claimed that he had failed to receive his medication. Returning to his cell after receiving his medication, defendant suddenly darted into the cell of another inmate and punched the inmate several times. He continued to assault the inmate until he was sprayed with Mace and restrained. The reason underlying the assault was that the inmate formerly had given defendant extra food and toiletries, but recently had stopped doing so. On the same day as that assault, defendant displayed out-of-control behavior, such as kicking doors and overturning tables, which he continued even after being sprayed with Mace. Four deputies were required to restrain him. After he was transported to the facility’s discipline module, defendant again became combative and told the deputies; “I have got the death penalty coming. I have got nothing to lose. As soon as I get these . . . handcuffs off, I’m going to get you guys. I have got the death penalty.” Little more than a month later, he assaulted a deputy. Later during defendant’s incarceration in the Martinez Detention Facility, deputies performing a routine security check of defendant’s cell found that the metal screen covering the window had been pried loose; they also recovered a piece of iron from under defendant’s bunk that matched the pry marks on the metal screen. When deputies told defendant that he would be transferred to a different cell and would receive a writeup for destruction of jail property, defendant became verbally abusive toward the deputies. He repeatedly used the intercom between his cell and the deputies’ booth to insult the deputies, and destroyed the intercom after the deputies turned the intercom off. Immediately after breaking the intercom, defendant used a wooden desk to break down the cell door, and walked out of his cell, challenging the deputies to come get him. The deputies escorted defendant to a rubber-lined safety room, and, after defendant became combative and attempted to bite and spit on the deputies, he was shackled and chained to the floor. On February 28, 1992, defendant appeared for a hearing in Contra Costa County Superior Court. When the prosecutor placed a witness list in front of defense counsel at the conclusion of the proceedings, defendant became very agitated. After he was handcuffed, defendant screamed obscenities and said that he “might as well let this deputy shoot [him] right now.” He ran toward the chambers area of the courtroom and was wrestled to the ground. Defendant attempted to grab one of the deputies’ guns. After the court reporter pressed the emergency button, four deputies arrived and subdued defendant. Defendant was placed in a cell at the detention facility across the street from the courthouse. While there, he kicked the cell door open and further threatened the deputies. 2. Defense Evidence The defense case in mitigation focused upon the childhood abuse of defendant by his father, Robert Smith, Sr. Robert Smith, Sr., was violent towards defendant and the other children in the household. However, his abuse of defendant was particularly brutal, and he treated defendant like he was “some type of animal.” Robert Smith, Sr., also abused Francine, his wife and defendant’s mother, choking her and beating her. In early 1975, defendant’s aunt visited the Smith residence. The house was covered in blood. Robert Smith, Sr., was attempting to clean up the blood. When asked what had happened, he told the aunt that defendant had had a bloody nose. The aunt returned with other family members. When defendant told his aunt that his mother’s body was in the closet, defendant’s father kicked him and threw him into another room. The family left the house. Defendant’s father wrapped the body in paper bags and blankets, dumped it in an area near Martinez, and fled to Mississippi. Defendant was removed from parental custody, was notified that his father had killed his mother, and was placed in a foster home. Will and Berta Lias, defendant’s foster parents, had no problems with defendant and recalled him being a relatively normal child. Robert Smith, Sr., was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and served a nine-month jail term. Upon his release, he returned to California and regained custody of his children. Defendant had a difficult time readjusting to living with his father and began behaving violently toward his siblings. Defendant was removed from the Smith home in 1978, after exhibiting uncontrollable behavior and rage toward the other family members. He was eventually placed in a psychiatric institute. Defendant’s primary counselor during one of his CYA placements recalled that defendant was pleasant and performed well most of the time. He conceded that defendant had been disciplined for violent offenses while at the facility and could not control his anger. The counselor eventually recommended that defendant be transferred out of the facility. Two other youth counselors who had experience dealing with defendant during his incarceration in CYA facilities testified that defendant responded warmly when treated with respect and interacted well with the other wards. II. DISCUSSION A. Admission of Defendant’s Statements to Police On March 25 and 26, 1991, defendant was in police custody and was interrogated by Richmond police officers. Defendant contends that admission of his confession violated his rights under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. He argues that several factors rendered his statements involuntary and unreliable: 1) defendant’s mental impairments made him particularly vulnerable during the interviews; 2) he was misled about the time necessary to obtain counsel; 3) the detectives failed to readminister Miranda warnings at the beginning of the second interview; 4) the fictitious “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test” administered by police was coercive; and 5) the audiotapes of defendant’s interviews are incomplete. 1. Factual Background After defendant’s arrest on Monday, March 25, 1991, police officers brought him to the Richmond police headquarters. Detectives interviewed defendant twice. The first interview began on the evening of March 25 and lasted six hours, concluding in the early morning hours of March 26; the second interview began in the afternoon of March 26 and lasted approximately an hour and a half. At the outset of the first interview, Detective Kimura advised defendant of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602]. Defendant asked Detective Kimura, “[I]f I don’t talk to you now, how long will it take for me to talk to you ’fore a person sent a lawyer to be here?” Before Detective Kimura could answer the question, defendant told the detective, “I could wait ’til next week sometime.” Detective Kimura said: “Maybe, yeah.” Defendant then told the detective: “I’ll talk to you now. I don’t got nothing to hide.” Defendant initially was informed that he was under investigation for automobile theft. Defendant stated that he had been approached by Joseph and two other men, who wanted defendant’s help opening a safe. After later being told that he was under investigation for murder, defendant admitted that he had been present at the apartment during the murders, but told the detectives that Joseph and two other men had killed Dorsey and Martin. At the end of the interview, Detective Kimura booked defendant into custody for murder. The second interview began less than 12 hours after the conclusion of the first interview and lasted for about an hour and a half. Detective Kimura asked defendant whether he remembered being read his Miranda rights during the previous interview and whether he was still comfortable talking about the case. Defendant had no objections to speaking about the case, telling Detective Kimura that he “pretty much” remembered the Miranda advisements and had no objections to talking further about the case. Detective Kimura concluded that defendant did not want or need a Miranda readvisement. During the second interview, Detective Kimura told defendant that he wanted to conduct a “test” called the “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test” that purportedly would determine whether defendant had recently fired a gun. No such test exists. In the first step of the “test,” the detectives sprayed defendant’s hands with soap and patted them with a paper towel. In the second step, they used a field test kit used for testing substances suspected of being cocaine, which the detectives knew inevitably would turn color. Detective Kimura told defendant that the test had provided proof that defendant had recently fired a gun. Defendant continued to deny shooting Dorsey and Martin. However, defendant did admit that only he and Joseph were involved in the murders, and that the two other men he had said were involved in the crimes had not been present. Defendant filed a pretrial motion to exclude his statements. Among other things, he argued that his statements were involuntary because he was misled about the time necessary to obtain counsel, the detectives failed to readminister Miranda warnings at the beginning of the second interview, and the fictitious “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test” administered by police was coercive. Defendant did not argue that the statement was rendered involuntary because the audiotapes of defendant’s interviews are incomplete, and it is not clear that defendant sufficiently raised the argument that his mental impairments made him particularly vulnerable during the interviews at trial. The trial court denied the motion, noting that defendant had consistently denied being the shooter during both interviews: “Mr. Smith was steadfast in his position, and [the detectives] could never shake him from that despite their continued questioning.” 2. Legal Principles The federal and state Constitutions both bar the use of involuntary confessions against a criminal defendant. (Jackson v. Denno (1964) 378 U.S. 368, 385-386 [12 L.Ed.2d 908, 84 S.Ct. 1774]; People v. Benson (1990) 52 Cal.3d 754, 778 [276 Cal.Rptr. 827, 802 P.2d 330].) A confession is involuntary if it is “not ‘ “the product of a rational intellect and a free will” ’ ” (Mincey v. Arizona (1978) 437 U.S. 385, 398 [57 L.Ed.2d 290, 98 S.Ct. 2408]), such that the defendant’s “will was overborne at the time he confessed.” (Lynumn v. Illinois (1963) 372 U.S. 528, 534 [9 L.Ed.2d 922, 83 S.Ct. 917].) In assessing allegedly coercive police tactics, “[t]he courts have prohibited only those psychological ploys which, under all the circumstances, are so coercive that they tend to produce a statement that is both involuntary and unreliable.” (People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal.4th 313, 340 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 296, 914 P.2d 846].) Whether a statement is voluntary depends upon the totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation. (People v. Neal (2003) 31 Cal.4th 63, 79 [1 Cal.Rptr.3d 650, 72 P.3d 280].) In Miranda v. Arizona, the high court held that police must advise a criminal suspect who is in custody of specified Fifth Amendment rights prior to questioning. (Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436.) As we have held: “Under the familiar requirements of Miranda, ... a suspect may not be subjected to custodial interrogation unless he or she knowingly and intelligently has waived the right to remain silent, to the presence of an attorney, and to appointed counsel in the event the suspect is indigent.” (People v. Sims (1993) 5 Cal.4th 405, 440 [20 Cal.Rptr.2d 537, 853 P.2d 992].) “Miranda holds that ‘[t]he defendant may waive effectuation’ of the rights conveyed in the warnings ‘provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently.’ [Citation.] The inquiry has two distinct dimensions. [Citations.] First, the relinquishment of the right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. Second, the waiver must have been made with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the ‘totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation’ reveals both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived. [Citations.]” (Moran v. Burbine (1986) 475 U.S. 412, 421 [89 L.Ed.2d 410, 106 S.Ct. 1135]; see also People v. Combs (2004) 34 Cal.4th 821, 845 [22 Cal.Rptr.3d 61, 101 P.3d 1007].) In reviewing Miranda issues on appeal, we accept the trial court’s resolution of disputed facts and inferences as well as its evaluations of credibility if substantially supported, but independently determine from undisputed facts and facts found by the trial court whether the challenged statement was legally obtained. (People v. Storm (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1007, 1022-1023 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 110, 52 P.3d 52]; People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 992 [108 Cal.Rptr.2d 291, 25 P.3d 519].) 3. Defendant’s Mental Impairments Defendant contends that his particular mental state at the time of the interviews rendered his statements involuntary. In particular, defendant asserts that he had a family history of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, had previously been committed to a mental hospital, and had significant brain damage. It is not clear from the record that defendant sufficiently raised this argument at trial. However, respondent does not object to the claim on this ground, and we will address the merits of this claim. Insofar as a defendant’s claims of involuntariness emphasize that defendant’s particular psychological state rendered him open to coercion, this court has noted that “[t]he Fifth Amendment is not ‘concerned with moral and psychological pressures to confess emanating from sources other than official coercion.’ ” (People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1041 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 225, 929 P.2d 544], quoting Oregon v. Elstad (1985) 470 U.S. 298, 304—305 [84 L.Ed.2d 222, 105 S.Ct. 1285]; see also Colorado v. Connelly (1986) 479 U.S. 157, 165 [93 L.Ed.2d 473, 107 S.Ct. 515] [while mental condition is relevant to an individual’s susceptibility to police coercion, a confession must result from coercive state activity before it may be considered involuntary].) The record does not convince us that the interrogating officers were aware of, or exploited, defendant’s claimed psychological vulnerabilities in order to obtain statements from him. 4. Request for Counsel Defendant also maintains that Detective Kimura misrepresented the availability of counsel when advising defendant of his Miranda rights and thereby unconstitutionally induced defendant into waiving his right to counsel. During the Miranda advisement process, defendant asked Detective Kimura how long it would take to get an attorney appointed. Before Detective Kimura could answer, defendant told him that he could wait until “next week sometime.” In response, Detective Kimura said, “Maybe, yeah.” Miranda requires that a suspect be informed that “he has the right to an attorney before and during questioning, and that an attorney would be appointed for him if he could not afford one.” (Duckworth v. Eagan (1989) 492 U.S. 195, 204 [106 L.Ed.2d 166, 109 S.Ct. 2875], fn. omitted.) In Duckworth, the high court approved of Miranda warnings that explained that the suspect had a right to consult with counsel before being questioned, but that an attorney would be appointed “ ‘if and when’ ” he appeared in court. (Ibid.) The court in Duckworth noted that “[t]he Court in Miranda emphasized that it was not suggesting that ‘each police station must have a “station house lawyer” present at all times to advise prisoners.’ [Citation.] If the police cannot provide appointed counsel, Miranda requires only that the police not question a suspect unless he waives his right to counsel. [Citation.] Here, respondent did just that.” (Ibid.) In other words, Miranda does not require that attorneys be producible on call, or that police “keep a suspect abreast of his various options for legal representation.” (People v. Bradford, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1046.) Here, defendant was told in no uncertain terms that he had the right to consult with, to be represented by, and to have an attorney present before and during questioning, and the further right to have counsel appointed if he was indigent. Defendant never requested an attorney or indicated that he wished to end the interview. (See People v. Whitson (1998) 17 Cal.4th 229, 249-250 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 321, 949 P.2d 18].) Contrary to defendant’s contention that Detective Kimura “lied” about the availability of counsel, Detective Kimura did not actively mislead defendant. Detective Kimura never told defendant that it would take a week for counsel to be appointed, but merely responded equivocally to defendant’s statement that he could wait up to a week for counsel to be appointed. The detective never represented to defendant that it actually would take up to a week for counsel to be appointed. Although defendant posits that Kimura should have corrected defendant’s assumption that it could take up to a week to get counsel, he cites no authority for the proposition that a suspect who has received and understood the Miranda advisements cannot properly waive his Fifth Amendment rights if he labors under any misapprehension of the mechanics of when and how counsel is appointed. Indeed, several federal circuit courts have held that a suspect’s Miranda waiver remains valid even if interrogating officers mislead the suspect about how long it will take to appoint counsel. (See Soffar v. Cockrell (5th Cir. 2002) 300 F.3d 588, 591, 596 [holding that a detective’s speculation that “it could take as little as one day or as long as a month” for a suspect to obtain counsel did not invalidate the suspect’s Miranda waiver]; Richardson v. Duckworth (7th Cir. 1987) 834 F.2d 1366, 1367, 1371 [holding that defendant had been fully apprised of his constitutional rights where he was given a Miranda advisement and told upon two occasions that he had the right to speak to a lawyer before being questioned, made an incriminating statement, and then, upon inquiry, was told by the detective that a lawyer would be appointed in court].) 5. Failure to Readvise Defendant of Miranda Rights Defendant further faults Detective Kimura for failing to readvise him of his Fifth Amendment rights when the second interview began. This court repeatedly has held that a Miranda readvisement is not necessary before a custodial interrogation is resumed, so long as a proper warning has been given, and “the subsequent interrogation is ‘reasonably contemporaneous’ with the prior knowing and intelligent waiver.” (People v. Mickle (1991) 54 Cal.3d 140, 170 [284 Cal.Rptr. 511, 814 P.2d 290] (Mickle); see People v. Braeseke (1979) 25 Cal.3d 691, 701-702 [159 Cal.Rptr. 684, 602 P.2d 384], judg. vacated and cause remanded sub. nom. California v. Braeseke (1980) 446 U.S. 932 [64 L.Ed.2d 784, 100 S.Ct. 2147], reaffd. (1980) 28 Cal.3d 86 [168 Cal.Rptr. 603, 618 P.2d 149].) We have established several factors to determine whether readvisement is necessary prior to a subsequent interrogation held after an earlier valid Miranda waiver: 1) the amount of time that has passed since the initial waiver; 2) any change in the identity of the interrogator or location of the interrogation; 3) an official reminder of the prior advisement; 4) the suspect’s sophistication or past experience with law enforcement; and 5) further indicia that the defendant subjectively understands and waives his rights. (Mickle, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 170.) In Mickle, we found that readvisement was unnecessary when 36 hours had elapsed between interrogations, because the defendant was still in custody, was interviewed by the same interrogators, was reminded of his prior waiver, and was familiar with the justice system, and there was nothing to indicate he was mentally impaired or otherwise incapable of remembering the prior advisement. (Id. at p. 171.) In this case, the second interrogation occurred less than 12 hours after the first interrogation ended. Defendant remained in custody in the interim. The same officers conducted the interrogation, in the same office, and asked defendant whether he remembered the Miranda warnings, or if he would like to hear them again. Defendant declined, stating that he remembered the advisements and still wished to speak with the officers. There is no indication on the record that the officers should have suspected that defendant was mentally impaired or otherwise incapable of remembering the prior advisement. Finally, because defendant had been incarcerated in the CYA and arrested for domestic violence in 1990, defendant was quite familiar with the criminal justice system. Under these circumstances, Detective Kimura was not required to readvise defendant of his Miranda rights. 6. The “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test” During the second interview, the officers conducted what they told defendant was called the “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test.” As we have described, this test was a sham. When the officers indicated that the “test” was positive, and that defendant had fired a gun recently, defendant repeatedly and vehemently denied ever shooting a gun. After the test was given, and defendant had been told that the result was positive for gunshot residue, defendant recanted the portion of his statement implicating the two unnamed men; according to defendant, only he and Joseph were involved, and Joseph had been the shooter. Defendant now contends that the officers’ use of a sham test was a deceptive tactic that rendered defendant’s incriminating statements involuntary. Police deception “does not necessarily invalidate an incriminating statement.” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 411 [133 Cal.Rptr.2d 561, 68 P.3d 1].) Courts have repeatedly found proper interrogation tactics far more intimidating and deceptive than those employed in this case. (See, e.g., Frazier v. Cupp (1969) 394 U.S. 731, 739 [22 L.Ed.2d 684, 89 S.Ct. 1420] [officer falsely told the suspect his accomplice had been captured and confessed]; People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 299 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 793, 949 P.2d 890] [officer implied he could prove more than he actually could]; People v. Thompson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 134, 167 [266 Cal.Rptr. 309, 785 P.2d 857] [officers repeatedly lied, insisting they had evidence linking the suspect to a homicide]; In re Walker (1974) 10 Cal.3d 764, 777 [112 Cal.Rptr. 177, 518 P.2d 1129] [wounded suspect told he might die before he reached the hospital, so he should talk while he still had the chance]; People v. Watkins (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 119, 124-125 [85 Cal.Rptr. 621] [officer told suspect his fingerprints had been found on the getaway car, although no prints had been obtained]; Amaya-Ruiz v. Stewart (9th Cir. 1997) 121 F.3d 486, 495 [suspect falsely told he had been identified by an eyewitness].) Indeed, at least one Court of Appeal has approved of the particular practice used in this case. (People v. Parrison (1992) 137 Cal.App.3d 529, 537 [187 Cal.Rptr. 123] [police falsely told suspect a gun residue test produced a positive result].) After examining the circumstances surrounding the “Neutron Proton Negligence Intelligence Test,” it does not appear that the tactic was so coercive that it tended to produce a statement that was involuntary or unreliable. In any event, we also note that the officers’ tactic in using the fake test was unsuccessful in eliciting a confession; defendant never confessed to having been the shooter, but instead steadfastly denied having shot the gun. Defendant contends that the deceptive tactic, though unsuccessful in eliciting a confession to firearm use, coerced him into revising his story and telling police that the two other men he had implicated were not involved. However, it is evident that the “test” was designed to elicit a confession related to firearm use. The absence or presence of the two men has little relation to whether defendant shot a firearm on the night of the murders. 7. Lapse in Taped Recording of Defendant’s Statement Both interrogations of defendant were tape-recorded by the interrogating officers. However, one half-hour segment of the first interrogation was either not recorded or taped over. Defendant now contends that the lapse in the recording occurred during a critical period in the interrogation. He argues that immediately before the unrecorded portion of the interrogation, defendant had not seriously incriminated himself, and that it was only after the unrecorded portion that he made self-incriminating statements. Defendant argues that, without a recording of this critical period, the People cannot meet their burden of proving that the statement was voluntary. Defendant did not argue at trial that the court should exclude his statements because of the lapse in the audio recording. However, the trial court reviewed the tapes independently while considering defendant’s pretrial motion to exclude the statements and noticed the lapse. At the beginning of the pretrial hearing on the motion, the trial court pointed out to counsel that one side of one tape was blank. Although defense counsel had also noticed the blank portion of the recording, he seems not to have considered it problematic. He explained, “There is a blank one and—on one side ’cause it puzzled me the first time I listened to it, but it seemed that the chronology continued on on the next tape.” There was no discussion during the hearing of whether the lapse should have affected the trial court’s decision as to whether defendant’s statement was voluntary. Defendant has forfeited this claim by failing to object in the trial court to the incomplete recording of defendant’s interviews. (People v. Saunders (1993) 5 Cal.4th 580, 589-590 [20 Cal.Rptr.2d 638, 853 P.2d 1093].) Because the trial court had no opportunity to address any possible factual disputes about what occurred during the lapse in recording, we will not address this claim for the first time on appeal. (People v. Ray, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 339 [where defendant sought suppression of his confession at trial only on the ground that there was a delay in advising him of his Miranda rights, his claim that the confession was involuntary because it was given in exchange for a promised benefit was forfeited on appeal].) Defendant also alleges that the police “did something” to make defendant change his story during the unrecorded portion of the tape. However, defendant acknowledges that his argument relies upon matters outside of the record in this case, which may not be considered on appeal. The mere fact that there was a lapse in the recording of the first interrogation in no way establishes that defendant’s subsequent statements were involuntary or coerced. B. Disclosure of Dr. Glover’s Testing Data The trial court, after a defense-retained psychologist referred to psychological tests taken by defendant, ordered that the psychological test data be turned over to the prosecution. Defendant contends that this order was reversible error. 1. Factual Background Dr. Oliver Glover, a psychologist, testified in support of defendant’s pretrial motion to suppress statements he made during the police interviews of March 25 and 26, 1991. Dr. Glover had listened to the tapes of the police interrogations in order to form an opinion on whether defendant’s statements were made voluntarily. At the suppression hearing, Dr. Glover opined that defendant’s statements were made involuntarily. According to Dr. Glover, several factors combined to render defendant’s statements involuntary: 1) defendant’s fatigue; 2) his recent marijuana use; 3) the fictitious gunshot residue test; and 4) an anxiety condition causing a panic response in defendant when confronted by authority figures. Dr. Glover noted that he had administered numerous psychological tests to defendant. Although Dr. Glover stated that he did not give the tests to defendant in order to assess the voluntariness of defendant’s statements to police, he acknowledged that he referred to the tests, and also to notes taken during examinations of defendant, in order to refresh his recollection before testifying. Additionally, Dr. Glover stated that he examined the tests to formulate his opinion about defendant’s anxiety condition and to support his general diagnosis. The prosecution moved to discover Dr. Glover’s test data, pursuant to Evidence Code sections 771 and 721, subdivision (a)(3). Defendant objected to disclosure of Dr. Glover’s test data and notes, asserting that disclosure would violate the psychotherapist-patient privilege. The trial court overruled defendant’s objection and ordered defense counsel to turn over to the prosecution Dr. Glover’s notes, raw data, and the actual test materials. The trial court reasoned that the prosecutor was entitled to discovery of the evidence under Evidence Code section 771 for the purpose of cross-examining Dr. Glover. The record appears to support defendant’s assertion that the prosecution never used the notes, raw data, and test materials obtained from Dr. Glover during the suppression hearing. The prosecution used these materials later, however, during the sanity phase of the trial. The defense objected to the prosecution questioning Dr. Paul Berg, a witness called by the prosecution, about Dr. Glover’s results on the ground that it was improper for a witness to give an opinion based on another person’s report. The trial court overruled this objection. Dr. Berg testified that defendant’s scores on one psychological test showed that the proper diagnosis for defendant “clearly would be antisocial personality disorder.” Dr. Dale Watson, a witness called by the defense, was asked on cross-examination about certain of Dr. Glover’s testing. Dr. Watson testified that, when asked to describe an image of the profile of a man standing in a window or French door, defendant responded: “This is a burglar creeping into the window of a house to remove items he shouldn’t have. He will soon exit the house and sell the items for cash money. He will get his money, have a good time, get broke, and do another burglary.” Additionally, during closing argument, the prosecution argued that Dr. Glover’s data revealed inconsistencies in defendant’s testing indicating that he was malingering and emphasized Dr. Berg’s conclusion that defendant had antisocial personality disorder. 2. Discussion Defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error in requiring disclosure to the prosecution of Dr. Glover’s notes, test data, and test materials. He argues that this disclosure violated his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel, as embodied in the psychotherapist-patient privilege (Evid. Code, § 1014) and attorney-client privilege (Evid. Code, § 954) violated his Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination, and led to a verdict of death in violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. However, during trial, the defense objected to the disclosure of Dr. Glover’s materials only on the ground of the psychotherapist-patient privilege. Defendant has not identified, nor is the court aware of, any portion of the record showing that any other objection was made to this disclosure during the suppression hearing. Accordingly, defendant’s other grounds for appealing the disclosure have been forfeited. The trial court did not err in requiring disclosure of Dr. Glover’s materials. Evidence Code section 771, subdivision (a), provides: “[I]f a witness, either while testifying or prior thereto, uses a writing to refresh his memory with respect to any matter about which he testifies, such writing must be produced at the hearing at the request of an adverse party and, unless the writing is so produced, the testimony of the witness concerning such matter shall be stricken.” The “adverse party may . . . inspect the writing, cross-examine the witness concerning it, and introduce in evidence such portion of it as may be pertinent to the testimony of the witness.” (Evid. Code, §771, subd. (b).) Additionally, Evidence Code section 721, subdivision (a), provides in pertinent part that “a witness testifying as an expert may be cross-examined to the same extent as any other witness and, in addition, may be fully cross-examined as to ... the matter upon which his or her opinion is based and the reasons for his or her opinion.” Such cross-examination properly includes documents and records examined by an expert witness in preparing his or her testimony. (People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 712 [55 Cal.Rptr.2d 26, 919 P.2d 640].) Dr. Glover stated during his testimony that he used the tests to refresh his recollection before testifying at the hearing. Defendant disputes whether Dr. Glover actually consulted the test data before testifying, relying on statements made by Dr. Glover that his opinion in court was not based upon any psychological tests whatsoever. However, defendant fails to note that Dr. Glover made these statements more than a month after the trial court had ordered that the prosecution be given the test materials. Dr. Glover’s contradictory statements, given well after the trial court’s ruling, do not indicate that the trial court abused its discretion in requiring defendant to produce the test data, notes, and materials. Before the trial court ruled on this issue, Dr. Glover had conceded to the prosecution that he had relied upon certain portions of the testing to formulate his opinion about defendant’s anxiety condition, which was a strong factor in Dr. Glover’s conclusion that defendant’s statements were involuntary. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that without examining the tests upon which Dr. Glover founded his conclusion, the prosecution may not have been able to cross-examine him effectively. C. Denial of Motion to Sever Counts 6 and 10 Prior to trial, defendant moved to sever from the information count 6 (first degree burglary) and count 10 (conspiracy to commit murder), which involved charges arising out of defendant’s return to the victims’ apartment after the shootings. Count 6 charged defendant with burglary based upon his theft of several items when he returned to the apartment; count 10 charged defendant with conspiracy to commit murder because he returned to the scene in order to make sure Martin was dead. The trial court denied defendant’s motion to sever these counts from the information. Defendant now contends that the trial court’s failure to sever those counts was an abuse of discretion requiring reversal of the judgment, because “[t]he evidence supporting Counts 6 and 10 was extraordinarily prejudicial and added nothing on the question of [defendant’s] personal culpability for the deaths of Dorsey and Martin.” He contends that this violated his rights to a fair trial under the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. “ ‘The law prefers consolidation of charges.’ ” (People v. Manriquez (2005) 37 Cal.4th 547, 574 [36 Cal.Rptr.3d 340, 123 P.3d 614]; see People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 409 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 408, 966 P.2d 442].) “An accusatory pleading may charge two or more different offenses connected together in their commission, or different statements of the same offense or two or more different offenses of the same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts, and if two or more accusatory pleadings are filed in such cases in the same court, the court may order them to be consolidated.” (§ 954.) We review the trial court’s denial of a severance motion for abuse of discretion. (People v. Ochoa, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 408.) On appeal, the court must consider whether a gross unfairness occurred that denied the defendant a fair trial or due process. (People v. Cleveland (2004) 32 Cal.4th 704, 726 [11 Cal.Rptr.3d 236, 86 P.3d 302].) To demonstrate that a denial of severance was reversible error, defendant must “ ‘clearly establish that there [was] a substantial danger of prejudice requiring that the charges be separately tried.’ ” (People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 508 [41 Cal.Rptr.2d 826, 896 P.2d 119], quoting Frank v. Superior Court (1989) 48 Cal.3d 632, 640 [257 Cal.Rptr. 550, 770 P.2d 1119].) Refusal to sever charges on a defendant’s motion may be an abuse of discretion where: “ ‘(1) evidence on the crimes to be jointly tried would not be cross-admissible in separate trials; (2) certain of the charges are unusually likely to inflame the jury against the defendant; (3) a “weak” case has been joined with a “strong” case, or with another “weak” case, so that the “spillover" effect of aggregate evidence on several charges might well alter the outcome of some or all of the charges; and (4) any one of the charges carries the death penalty.’ ” (People v. Davis, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 508 [joinder of claims was appropriate in a capital case], quoting People v. Balderas (1985) 41 Cal.3d 144, 173 [222 Cal.Rptr. 184, 711 P.2d 480].) The trial court in this case properly exercised its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to sever. The statutory requirements for joinder were met in this case. The crimes charged in the counts defendant sought to sever were connected in their commission to the other charges—the crimes charged in counts 6 and 10 were no more than a continuation of the earlier crimes, involving the same victims, the same crime scene, and occurred on the same night as the charged murders. Defendant does not dispute that the crimes charged in counts 6 and 10 were connected in their commission to the remaining charged offenses. Rather, defendant maintains that the trial court abused its discretion because the evidence offered in support of those claims was not cross-admissible to prove the remaining charges and was likely to inflame the jury against defendant. Defendant asserts that the evidence supporting counts 6 and 10 was irrelevant to defendant’s personal culpability for the murders of Dorsey and Martin. Even assuming that defendant is correct, this court has noted that complete cross-admissibility is not necessary to justify joinder. (People v. Cummings (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1233, 1284 [18 Cal.Rptr.2d 796, 850 P.2d 1].) Additionally, because defendant’s return to the apartment to confirm that Martin was dead is relevant to whether the murder was premeditated, it is reasonably probable that evidence relating to the return visit would have been admissible even if the court had ordered severance. In People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal.4th 155 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 385, 926 P.2d 365], this court found denial of a motion to sever appropriate where two crimes were connected in their commission by a close temporal and spatial relationship, and where the later crime may have been connected to a desire to avoid apprehension for the earlier crime. (Id. at p. 188.) Here, the evidence tended to show that defendant returned to the victims’ apartment hours after the murders were committed in order to confirm that Martin was dead and unable to “snitch.” Defendant’s return to the apartment was certainly close in time (the same night) and space (the same apartment) to the earlier crimes. Additionally, defendant returned to the scene of the earlier crimes in order to assure himself that Martin would not be able to identify defendant as the perpetrator. The earlier crimes committed by defendant were so tightly intertwined temporally, spatially, and motivationally with the latter crimes so as to constitute a continuation of the former. None of the other relevant factors support defendant’s contention that counts 6 and 10 should have been severed. The charged offenses of burglary and conspiracy to commit murder were no more likely to inflame the jury against defendant than were the remaining counts. Nor were any of the charged offenses joined to take advantage of a “spillover” effect of aggregate evidence; all charges were proved with the same body of evidence. We therefore hold that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to sever counts 6 and 10. D. Impeachment of Joseph with Juvenile Record Joseph, whom defendant ultimately identified as the only person present at Dorsey’s apartment besides defendant and the victims, testified that defendant shot Dorsey and Martin. The trial court permitted defense counsel to impeach Joseph by questioning him about a letter he wrote while in custody on charges related to the Dorsey and Martin murders, in which he threatened to kill his girlfriend, Jalicia P. In addition, defense counsel sought to impeach Joseph by cross-examining him regarding incidents of prior misconduct noted in his juvenile record, including bicycle thefts, burglaries, and the assault of another ward while in placement. Defense counsel specified to the court that he sought to question Joseph about specific acts of misconduct and did not intend to use Joseph’s record itself as impeachment evidence. The trial court reviewed Joseph’s juvenile record in camera to determine which, if any, of the incidents in this record could be used by defense counsel. The trial court allowed the defense to question Joseph only about his admission of p