Lester v. Lennane (84 Cal. App. 4th 536, 2000)

Opinion

SIMS, J.

In this child custody case, appellant James P. Lennane appeals from a series of orders made in the family court. In case No. C030662, Lennane appeals from a pretrial order made on July 22, 1998, limiting him to one hour a day of visitation with the newborn child of Lennane and respondent Judith Lester. In case No. C031941, Lennane appeals from a pretrial order made on November 13, 1998, also on the subject of temporary custody and visitation. In case No. C032406, Lennane appeals from a judgment after trial which awarded Lester primary physical custody of the child. We granted Lennane’s motion to consolidate the appeals.

We shall dismiss the appeals in case Nos. C030662 and C031941 because the orders from which Lennane purports to appeal are nonappealable; rather, immediate review can be sought only by petition for writ relief. Nevertheless, Lennane is entitled to challenge those orders via his subsequent appeal from the judgment. Although his challenges to those orders, made in his appeal from the judgment, would ordinarily be moot, we shall address them on the merits because they raise the serious charge of “gender bias” against a sitting judge of the family court. Concluding that Lennane’s contentions as to both the temporary orders and the final judgment are without merit, we shall affirm the judgment in case No. C032406.

Factual and Procedural Background

Lennane, a former Sacramento resident living in Florida with his second wife and their eight-year-old daughter, but retaining business and family ties to Sacramento, met Lester in Sacramento in October 1997. Lester, a divorced woman with a 10-year-old daughter who lived with her, was the host of a local radio program about business.

Knowing of Lennane’s history as a successful businessman in the Sacramento area before his relocation to Florida, Lester invited him on her program as a guest. Lennane appeared on the program in early November 1997, then saw Lester socially on the evenings of November 9 and 10. The second evening ended with an act of sexual intercourse. Lennane returned to Florida. No continuing relationship developed between the two.

After Lennane left Sacramento, Lester learned that she was pregnant. On December 23, 1997, she called him to tell him that she believed he was the father. Lennane at first urged Lester to have an abortion; she refused. At his insistence, she underwent DNA testing, which confirmed his paternity.

Pretrial proceedings.

On March 24, 1998, Lester filed a Uniform Parentage Act paternity complaint and a motion for custody, child support, and health and dental, costs as to the parents’ yet-unborn daughter; the motion also sought attorney fees and costs. She requested primary physical custody and joint legal custody to begin after the child’s birth, expected to occur on or around June 15, 1998. In a supporting declaration, Lester acknowledged that Lennane desired a parental relationship with the child and averred: “It is my hope that our child will bond with her father and hopefully be afforded a relationship with Mr. Lennane’s daughter, our daughter’s half sister.” She also averred that she was presently unemployed but hoped to resume full-time employment after her daughter’s birth, that she had attempted to settle the matter with Lennane but had met with “evasiveness and . . . veiled threats,” and that she feared Lennane would take unfair advantage of her if she did not file this action.

Lennane responded on May 13, 1998, by conceding his paternity and requesting an immediate custody evaluation and a long cause hearing to take place on June 18 or 19, 1998, on custody and support issues. He argued that it was necessary to begin the evaluation now, “prior to any advantage either party could obtain from a de facto custody arrangement.” In a supporting declaration, he averred that he sought physical custody of the child after her birth, but would not relocate to take custody: “The court will have to make the decision whether this child will reside with me in Florida or with the Plaintiff here in California.” (He also questioned Lester’s estimated date of delivery, calculating that since the child was conceived in November 1997, she ought to be bom in August 1998.) He declared himself to be a retired businessman and offered to stipulate for guideline support purposes (Fam. Code, § 4056) that his income was “extraordinarily

Lester opposed Lennane’s request for an immediate custody evaluation. She now demanded sole legal and physical custody of the child. She asserted that her estimate of the child’s birth date was based on the possibility that she would be unable to carry the child to term, due to the stress of the pregnancy, her preexisting health problems, and the surrounding circumstances (including Lennane’s alleged hiring of an investigator to invade her privacy and his alleged demands for a late-term abortion).

The family court (Judge Charles C. Kobayashi) heard the parties’ motions on May 20, 1998. Judge Kobayashi refused to make any order on custody at that time or to order an immediate custody evaluation, reasoning that any order or evaluation before the child’s birth was premature. Judge Kobayashi also expressed concerns that a psychological evaluation at this time might stress Lester, whose health appeared not to be the best, and adversely affect the pregnancy. Judge Kobayashi did not sympathize with Lennane’s position that the court needed to choose now whether the child belonged in Florida or California: “[H]e can stay here and parent the child with the mother if he wants to. He could move here. He’s the one that came to Sacramento and impregnated this woman who now has—is going to bear the child. He could come to Sacramento and parent the child. [^] Why should we suddenly take the child away to Florida because he lives there? The sexual intercourse took place in Sacramento. The jurisdiction is here. [^] If you want to decide the issue of whether she should be better [sz'c] or he should have custody, we could do it here in Sacramento. If he wants to stay in Sacramento, I’d be willing to do that. But if he’s going to Florida, I’m not going to do it.” However, Judge Kobayashi ordered that Lester turn over her medical records to Lennane, that he be allowed to participate in the birthing process, and that Lester provide him all current and ongoing information about the birth.

The next month, at Lennane’s request, the parties met twice with marriage, family, and child counselor Carol Greenfield for confidential mediation regarding future custody arrangements. However, Lester walked out of the second session on July 9, 1998, claiming that the process was too stressful.

On July 10, 1998, Lester was hospitalized. Her doctor decided labor should be induced because the child’s health was at risk.

Lester’s then attorney, Donna DeCuir, left a voice mail message for Lennane’s attorney, Jerilyn Borack, informing Borack that Lester was in labor; however, no one directly notified Lennane. The child, who was named Ava, was bom on the morning of Sunday, July 12, 1998. DeCuir called Borack at home to tell her of the birth.

Ava was bom premature, weighing only five pounds, seven ounces. She remained in an incubator for five days. When discharged from the hospital on July 17, 1998, her weight had dropped.

On July 14, 1998, two days after Ava’s birth, Lennane brought an ex parte motion for joint legal and physical custody to both parents “pending mediation and evaluation.” Lennane requested up to 12 hours of parenting time a day once Ava was released from the hospital. He proposed a shared “bird nesting” custody arrangement, where the parties would secure a home for the baby while maintaining their personal residences He also requested, and the court issued, an order that the parents immediately begin nonconfidential mediation with Carol Greenfield.

Lester opposed the proposals for shared custody and bird nesting. She requested primary physical custody based on her intention to breast-feed Ava as soon as possible.

The parties began court-ordered mediation with Greenfield on July 17, 1998. On July 19, Greenfield issued a report recommending one hour of visitation per day for Lennane from July 18 through July 27. Further mediation was scheduled for July 27.

Judge Kobayashi held a hearing on the motion on July 22, 1998. Lennane’s counsel opposed Greenfield’s recommendation. Judge Kobayashi felt that it was still premature to make any custody orders given the infant’s precarious state of health, proposing instead that he set the matter for long cause hearing and that the parties return to Greenfield for further discussion in the meantime. At Lennane’s counsel’s insistence that an order be made, however, Judge Kobayashi adopted Greenfield’s recommendation as a pendente lite custody order pending further mediation. Over Lester’s objection, Judge Kobayashi also ordered the commencement of a custody evaluation by a court-appointed expert under Evidence Code section 730 (hereafter section 730), with directions that it be completed by November 24, 1998.

Judge Kobayashi entered a minute order incorporating these rulings on July 22, 1998, and thereafter entered a formal order filed on September 15, 1998. On September 18, 1998, Lennane filed an appeal from the portions of the order which adopted Carol Greenfield’s report as a court order.

After meeting with Greenfield on July 27, 1998, Lester and Lennane agreed to increase Lennane’s parenting time and to continue mediation weekly, with the option of revising the parenting plan later. Their agreement was entered as a court order on August 6, 1998.

On September 10, 1998, Grednfield reported to the court that the parties had agreed to increase Lennane’s parenting time to four hours on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, and Greenfield recommended that Lennane get two more one-hour days per week and that all of his parenting time take place away from Lester’s residence. Lester did not agree to the latter proposals.

On September 14, 1998, Lennane filed an ex parte motion to modify the August 6 custody order in line with Greenfield’s recommendation. At a hearing on September 21, 1998, Judge Kobayashi granted the motion. He entered a formal order to that effect on October 15, 1998.

On November 3, 1998, Dr. Susan Possum, the psychologist appointed by the court to perform the section 730 evaluation, issued her report. She recommended that Lennane receive sole physical custody and that Greenfield develop a short-term transitional plan to shift primary care away from Lester.

On November 12, 1998, Greenfield issued a report recommending that until the time of trial.(set for January 25, 1999) Ava be with Lennane for eight hours a day every day and two overnights a week. Lester counter-proposed that Lennane care for Ava daily from Thursday through Monday with a single overnight on Saturday. Judge Kobayashi held a hearing on Greenfield’s proposal on November 13.

Judge Kobayashi asked why Greenfield was recommending such a great increase in Lennane’s custody time. Greenfield responded that Dr. Possum’s report raised the possibility that Lennane would receive physical custody of Ava after trial; however, Greenfield had no objection to Lester’s alternative proposal so far as Ava was concerned. Greenfield said her plan might not be in Ava’s best interests today, but would be “in the long run” if Ava wound up going to Florida.

After stating that he was “very troubled by this whole case” and finding that there was no definitive evidence of what amount of parenting time for Lennane would be in Ava’s best interests, Judge Kobayashi made a new custody order which fell in between the proposals of Greenfield and Lester: Lennane would receive the child Mondays from 1:00 to 6:00 p.m., Wednesdays and Fridays from 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., and overnights from Saturday at 1:00 p.m. to Sunday at 1:00 p.m. The minute order was filed on November 13, 1998. Lennane filed an appeal from this order.

On November 20, 1998, Lester moved under Code of Civil Procedure section 2032, subdivision (d), for an examination of Lennane’s wife, Susan, and their daughter, Jamey, asserting that the examination was necessary because Dr. Possum’s report was biased. Lennane opposed the motion. After a hearing on December 7, 1998, Judge Kobayashi denied the motion without prejudice.

Lester renewed her motion on December 10, 1998, asking in the alternative for an examination of Susan and Jamey Lennane or for a new section 730 evaluation. The motion was set for hearing on December 29, 1998.

On December 21, 1998, Lennane moved to disqualify Judge Kobayashi under Code of Civil Procedure sections 170.1 and 170.3, alleging personal prejudice and bias. Unknown to Lennane, Judge Kobayashi had already issued a minute order transferring the case to Judge Gail D. Ohanesian for all further proceedings. On December 29, 1998, Judge Kobayashi filed a further minute order accepting the disqualification but explaining that the issue was moot because of the transfer to Judge Ohanesian.

On December 30, 1998, Judge Ohanesian denied Lester’s motion for a new section 730 evaluation or for further examination of Susan and Jamey, but ruled that good cause existed for “a limited additional psychological evaluation” of Lennane. Judge Ohanesian also ruled that Lennane could hire his own expert to evaluate Lester.

Trial.

Trial on the issue of primary physical custody began on January 25, 1999, and lasted five days. Both parents testified, as did five child custody experts.

Lester testified that she was 37 years old and had a daughter, Brittany, now 11, by her ex-husband, Danny Cardenas. She and Cardenas had a shared 60/40 custody arrangement for Brittany. When custody issues arose, she and Cardenas could always work them out without going to court.

Lester had lived mainly in Sacramento since Brittany was born. She attended Sacramento City College from 1994 to 1996 and was again taking classes there. She had worked at various jobs, including legal secretary, real estate salesperson, and positions in broadcast media. She had quit her radio host job, but planned to resume her media career “on a limited basis”; she was currently working on Saturday mornings at a local radio station. She intended to remain in the Sacramento area, where she had family ties.

Lester grew up in a troubled home; her parents divorced when she was 11 and her mother remarried twice. Her mother and stepfather were alcoholics. Lester left home and became an emancipated minor at 16. By age 19, she had had two pregnancies and two abortions. She married Cardenas shortly after high school; they separated in 1991, when Brittany was 3. Lester had had a later relationship which included one incident of physical abuse in 1995, but left that relationship. In 1996 she became pregnant again and had another abortion.

When Lester was five months pregnant with Ava, she began a sexual relationship with her 24-year-old neighbor, Dejon Durio, but they were now only friends. She later learned that Durio had been the subject of a domestic violence complaint, but he had never been violent toward her, Brittany, or Ava. Lester was aware that Lennane was concerned about Durio’s proximity to Ava.

According to Lester, Lennane had demanded early in the pregnancy that she get an abortion, and then had put unremitting pressure on her once Ava was born. His visits with Ava in Lester’s home were also stressful.

Lennane testified that he was 59 years old and living in Naples, Florida; during the summer he and his family resided at Lake Tahoe. He had been coming to Sacramento on business about one week a month for the last two years.

Lennane admitted to having had three extramarital affairs in the last two years besides the one with Lester. (He had recently begun therapy to help him understand and deal with the problems in his marriage.) He also admitted that he had asked Lester to have an abortion and offered her money if she would do so.

Lennane had extensive parenting experience, first with the children from his prior marriage and then with Jamey, his daughter from the present marriage. Although Jamey had always had a nanny, Lennane had taken care of her on a daily basis since birth.

Lennane testified that since Ava was bom, he had continually tried to spend more time with her. Lester had just as continually resisted his efforts and his proposals for sharing custody.

Lennane and Lester generally praised each other’s parenting of Ava.

Dr. Susan Possum, the court-appointed custody evaluator, testified at length about her report, which was entered into evidence. Possum opined that both parents were acting as primary caregivers to Ava and that Ava was securely bonded and attached to both. Possum recommended that Lennane receive sole custody because Lester’s violent and traumatic childhood had instilled in her a pattern of seeking out violent and abusive men; Lennane showed greater maturity and judgment overall (aside from sexual escapades, where the two showed equally poor judgment); Lennane was better able to plan and to defer gratification; Lennane had a strong support system to help him parent Ava, but Lester did not; Lester’s negative view of Lennane and inability to work out accommodations with him were troubling; and Lennane was the parent more likely to allow frequent and continuing contact with the other parent. Possum would have made the same recommendation even if the parents had lived in the same city.

Dr. Frank Dougherty, a psychologist retained by Lennane, opined that according to the literature single-parent paternal custody is more beneficial than single-parent maternal custody, although this generalization cannot be used to predict individual outcomes. He also opined that children of two-parent households generally have fewer problems than children of one-parent households. Although he did not agree with Dr. Possum’s view that attachment and bonding begin at birth and are complete at six or seven months (see fn. 8, ante), he believed that it did not matter for bonding purposes that Lester had had physical custody of Ava since birth: Ava’s attachment to both parents was probably at the same level now. However, if a single custodial parent must be chosen, it is better to make the choice as early as possible, before the child has become primarily attached to one parent or the other.

Three psychologists retained by Lester—Drs. Herbert Weissman, Larry Nicholas, and Cynthia Neuman—harshly criticized Dr. Possum’s report and the investigative process that produced it.

In Dr. Weissman’s opinion, Dr. Possum violated almost every applicable professional and ethical norm in her work on this case, and her report did not meet the standards of practice. According to Dr. Weissman, Dr. Possum produced opinions unsupported by the facts she obtained. She misused psychological test data. She mischaracterized the literature on bonding, which in fact shows that the bonding process does not even begin until six months of age. (See fn. 8, ante.) She formed a bias against Lester and then manipulated the data to fit that bias. She spent far more time interviewing Lester than Lennane, a deviation from standard procedure which was likely to load the scales against Lester because the more information one has about a party, the more it tends to magnify that party’s blemishes. She formally evaluated Lester’s daughter, but did not formally evaluate Lennane’s daughter because Lennane and his wife denied permission; thus, any evaluation of Lennane’s daughter that Possum may have done was done unethically by subterfuge and was unreliable. She questioned Lester’s daughter invasively and irresponsibly, performing more of an interrogation than a neutral fact-finding interview. She badgered Lester about money, harping on the topic even after Lester declined to answer on advice of counsel, then characterized Lester’s answers as dissembling and dissimulation. She displayed a bias in favor of Lennane’s wealth and affluent lifestyle, giving it far too much weight in assessing Ava’s best interests. She failed to contact Lennane’s adult children or the caregiver of his young daughter. She drew negative conclusions about Lester based on her interviews and testing, but failed to note the evidence of narcissism, defensiveness, and manipulative and controlling tendencies in Lennane’s interviews and testing. She also failed to consider the possibility that the Lennanes might not have resolved their recent marital difficulties or the danger to Ava’s best interests that any unresolved tensions in the marriage might produce.

Dr. Weissman declined to make any recommendation on custody, since he had not been retained to do so. He opined, in response to the court’s question, that Lennane was the more likely parent to allow frequent and continuous contact with the other parent. However, based on Dr. Possum’s failure to demonstrate Lennane’s superiority as a parent, Dr. Weissman saw no good reason to change the status quo.

Dr. Nicholas agreed with Dr. Weissman that Dr. Possum’s report showed inappropriate bias against Lester. Dr. Possum disparaged her as to finances (a topic more relevant to child support than to custody) and as to the sexual relationship with Lennane, described in a “voyeuristic and moralistic” manner. Dr. Possum’s visit to the Lennanes’ home at Lennane’s expense was unnecessary and raised the appearance of impropriety. Furthermore, Dr. Possum had ignored trouble signs in her data about the suitability of Lennane as a parent and the problems in his marriage.

In Dr. Nicholas’s opinion, Dr. Possum’s scientific views were misguided. Dr. Possum’s claim that the bonding process begins at birth and concludes at six months clashed with the established consensus. Dr. Possum’s view that overnight visits would not cause detriment to a six-month-old infant was equally at odds with the literature, which supports beginning such visits around one year of age. Moreover, the latest research made clear that children need to be with their primary caretakers up until the age of three. Lester appeared to be the primary caretaker in this case because Ava had lived with her since birth and she cared for Ava almost every night.

Like Dr. Weissman, Dr. Nicholas concluded that Dr. Possum’s report fell below the standard of practice and evidenced “simple negligence.” Also like Dr. Weissman, however, Dr. Nicholas would not directly opine as to whether any change in the custody status quo was advisable.

Dr. Neuman agreed with Drs. Weissman and Nicholas that Dr. Possum’s report fell below the standard of care. In Dr. Neuman’s view, it would be “unwise” for the court to rely on the report. Barring evidence of major abuse, neglect, or psychopathology as to Lester, “it would appear that there would be no justification to uproot a child that young and implant her in an unfamiliar environment.”

The court’s statement of decision.

After trial, Judge Ohanesian issued a written ruling, later adopted as a statement of decision, awarding primary physical custody to Lester. The ruling states in part:

“1. Status Quo.

“Both parents have been actively involved in the child’s life since birth. The child has lived with the Mother and Mother has been the primary care giver mostly due to biology and by virtue of court orders which are to be without prejudice at trial. Father has been actively involved in the child’s life at great sacrifice and hardship to himself and his family. . . . Dr. Possum and Dr. Weissman both describe both parties as primary parents at this time. Both parties are able to provide a wholesome and stable environment for the child and are desirous of doing so. There is no detriment to the child in either home. . . .

“2. No Gender Preference.

“Family Code section 3040(a)(1) [sic] precludes the court from making a custody order based on preference of one gender over another. The expert witness testimony was consistent in noting that there is a biological basis for preferring the Mother as the primary parent in the first four months of life, all other things remaining equal; but at this stage, six months of age, there is no biological reason to prefer one gender over the other. And, of course, the law precludes the court from doing so.

“3. No Economic Preference.

“The law also precludes the court from using the parties’ relative economic positions as a basis for a custody determination. . . .

“There was testimony that a two-parent home is superior to a one-parent home in terms of a child’s best interests because of the additional stress involved when one parent alone is responsible for all the burdens of child rearing and perhaps juggling work obligations as well. While that may well be true, that is not an appropriate basis for a custody determination.

“4. Emotional Needs.

“The important factors for a custody determination are the emotional needs of the child, i.e., the need for continuity and stability; the harm caused by disruption of established patterns of care and emotional bonds; the ethical, emotional and intellectual guidance a parent gives to the child; the continuity of attention, nurturing and care; and a parent’s character, disposition and emotional stability.

“The evidence shows that both parties are bonded to the child and love the child. The child has shown a level of attachment to both parents consistent with her age. The only experts who saw the child with each of the parents were Dr. Possum and Dr. Weissman. Dr. Weissman indicated that due to the limitations of his evaluation, he was unable to determine which parent the child would turn to more, if either, for her emotional needs but he believes the likelihood is that the child would prefer the Mother based on primacy principles. Dr. Possum recommended that if custody goes to Father, there should be a three-month transitional period. That would require the Father spending an additional three months in Sacramento so the child could gradually spend longer periods of time away from Mother. Or it would require traveling back and forth with the child between California and Florida two times per month which seems to be excessive travel for a small child. There was no similar recommendation for a transition period should custody go to Mother. Thus, it is fair to conclude that the stronger bonding and attachment between parent and child at this time is with the Mother.

“However, the evidence is that the child is still in the early stages of attachment. Dr. Possum and Dr. Dougherty suggest that the child could be moved to Florida at this time without undue harm and that the child could and would quickly form a primary attachment to Father.

“5. History.

“In terms of relevant history, the court finds that both parents have successfully co-parented their respective children from their first marriages without the need for litigation. . . .

“Mother was involved in an abusive relationship .... She extracted herself from the situation quickly and has not demonstrated a pattern of becoming involved with abusive men.

“6. Frequent and Continuing Contact.

“The child is entitled to frequent and continuing contact with both parents. One of the factors the court is required to consider in making a custody order is which parent is more likely to allow the child frequent and continuing contact with the non-custodial parent. (Family Code sections 3020, 3040.) The evidence in this case supports a finding that Father is the parent more willing to accommodate the other parent’s rights. Mother’s delay in notifying the Father that she was in labor, causing him to miss the birth of his child, was unreasonable. Her refusal prior to the birth to rationally discuss the actual date of conception was unreasonable. Her refusal to allow Father’s wife access to the child in the hospital was unreasonable. The fact that Mother cannot even contemplate the child living with Father in Florida is of concern.

“7. Judgment and Character.

“[T]he court feels compelled to comment on the recklessly irresponsible conduct both parties have engaged in to create this beautiful child. Both parties have demonstrated an equal lack of good judgment by engaging in unsafe sex without appropriate consideration for birth control. They risked exposing themselves and others to disease, gave no thought to how their conduct might affect their existing children and families, and no thought to what it would be like for Ava to grow up in these circumstances.

“Nor was this conduct an isolated lapse of judgment on the part of either party. Father who was and is married had been involved in extramarital sexual liaisons with at least three other women besides Ms. Lester in the 18 months before his encounter with Ms. Lester. Mother recently had an abortion from a sexual liaison she had in 1996. Mother’s association with Dejon Durio is further cause to question her judgment as it relates to the child’s best interests. The fact that Mother was and is single does not make her conduct any less troublesome than Father’s.

“Father is a man of extraordinary superior accomplishments and great determination. He is a skilled communicator. He has taken positive steps to address the issues surrounding his extramarital indiscretions in therapy.

“Mother’s attributes are that she is nurturing, warm and concerned. She is less sophisticated than and may be insecure in her relationship with Father. It is important that she learn to communicate with him and manage her stress so as not to affect Ava.

“8. Education.

“Both parents are committed to seeing that Ava obtains a good education. Father is better able to provide the intellectual stimulation to enhance Ava’s education than Mother is.

“9. Other Factors.

“Ava has a half-sister Brittany, age 11, in Sacramento and a half-sister Jamey, age eight, in Florida. Ava would benefit from and deserves the opportunity of having a relationship with both of them. Ava has a grandmother in Sacramento and a grandmother in Florida. Father also has an adult daughter in Florida who has two young children .... Ava would benefit from all those relationships.

“10. Court Must Choose One Primary Parent.

“It is undisputed that the court must choose one primary parent. Mother lives in Sacramento and it is unreasonable to expect her to move to Florida. Father lives in Florida and it is unreasonable to expect him to move to Sacramento.

“Mother argues that she is and has been the primary parent. That is the status quo and there is no compelling reason to change it.

“Father argues that the child has a primary attachment to both parents. The parties stand in an equal position at this time if gender is disregarded. The court should break the tie in favor of Father based on evidence that he is the parent more likely to share.

“The court finds that there is a level of attachment to both parents. The child has been spending overnights with Father with no reported negative effects. However, stability favors keeping the child’s primary residence in Sacramento.

“The child was conceived in Sacramento and bom in Sacramento. The Father has lived in Florida for the last 10 years. But before that he lived in Sacramento for 25 years and he still has significant business interests in Sacramento. He has been coming to Sacramento on business approximately once a month for about five days at a time for the last two years. He would like to liquidate his business interests and retire to Florida devoting his full attention to raising Ava. However, as of this time, he still has business reasons to travel to Sacramento on occasion. In addition, he has a mother-in-law in Rancho Murietta where he can stay when he has Ava. He has a sister-in-law in Carmichael and a son in San Francisco. He has a home in Lake Tahoe where he and his family spend two-and-a-half months each summer. Mother, on the other hand, has no connection with Florida.

“The court is persuaded that moving the child to Florida at this time and placing her in an all[-]new environment would be unnecessarily dismptive to the child.

“Mother has a proven history of being the primary parent of Brittany. Father is clearly devoted to both Jamey and Ava. But he has no similar history of being the primary parent over a sustained period of time. The court is not necessarily persuaded that custody to Father is a now or never proposition. If Father keeps a consistent presence in Ava’s life and circumstances change so as to warrant review and modification of this order, custody to Father could be considered at some later time. The court is persuaded that moving the child to Florida at this time is an unnecessary risk to take. Accordingly, the court makes the following orders in the best interests of the child.

“1. The parties shall share legal custody jointly. Mother to have primary physical custody. Child not to be removed from California for purpose of change of residence.”

Lennane filed an appeal from the ensuing judgment. (Case No. C032406.)

Discussion

I

The Temporary Custody Orders Are Nonappealable

We must first consider whether the temporary custody orders from which Lennane purports to appeal in case Nos. C030662 and C031941 are appealable. We shall conclude they are not.

A. Appellant’s statement of appealability required by rule 13 of the California Rules of Court.

Rule 13 of the California Rules of Court (hereafter rule 13) provides in pertinent part that an appellant’s opening brief must “contain either a statement that the appeal is from a judgment that finally disposes of all issues between the parties or a statement explaining why the order or nonfinal judgment is appealable.”

Where an appeal is taken from an order other than a final judgment, rule 13’s statement of appealability serves multiple purposes. First, it requires an appellant to make the preliminary and fundamental determination that the order appealed from is, in fact, an appealable order or judgment. (Shpiller v. Harry C’s Redlands (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 1177, 1179 [16 Cal.Rptr.2d 814].) Second, it demonstrates both to other parties and to the Court of Appeal, before work on the merits of a case is begun, why the order is appealable.

Lennane’s “statement of appealability” does not explain why the orders in case Nos. C030662 and C031941 are appealable. It says only: “Father has been unable to discover a ruling addressing whether temporary custody orders are independently appealable or only reviewable through an appeal of the final judgment. As Father’s appeals of the two temporary custody orders have been consolidated with his appeal of the judgment, all .issues are properly before the court. For the guidance of the family law bar, however, Father asks that this court make a ruling as to whether temporary custody orders are appealable prior to judgment.”

Lennane’s statement of appealability wholly fails to comply with the letter and purpose of rule 13. It cites no law whatsoever in support of appealability. Rather, it simply serves the question of appealability onto the court’s side of the net and invites the court to undertake an independent analysis of appealability.

We requested supplemental briefing from the parties on the appropriate consequence to be assigned to Lennane’s failure to comply with rule 13. As Lennane correctly points out, it would be unfair to dismiss his appeals from the temporary orders for failure to comply with rule 13, since no reported case has heretofore imposed such a sanction. Rather, we shall address the question (upon which we have received supplemental briefing) whether the temporary orders are appealable orders.

However, appellants should now be on clear notice that, in the future, a failure to comply fully with rule 13’s requirement of a statement of appealability may result in our striking the appellant’s opening brief, either on our own motion or upon motion of a party. A further failure to comply fully with rule 13 may result in our dismissal of the appeal for failure to submit a brief in compliance with the rules of court. (See Berger v. Godden (1985) 163 Cal.App.3d 1113 [210 Cal.Rptr. 109].)

Having considered the parties’ supplemental briefs, we find that the orders are not appealable because there is no statutory or constitutional provision that authorizes appeals from such orders, and Lennane’s analogies to other kinds of temporary orders that have been held appealable fail.

B. No statute makes these orders appealable.

In Powers v. City of Richmond (1995) 10 Cal.4th 85 [40 Cal.Rptr.2d 839, 893 P.2d 1160] (Powers), a plurality of our Supreme Court endorsed the view that the right of appeal in California is purely a creature of statute, not a constitutional right. (Id. at pp. 108-110 (plur. opn. of Kennard, J.).) As the plurality noted (ibid.), the overwhelming majority of Supreme Court and Court of Appeal decisions that considered this issue before Powers had taken the same view. (See, e.g., Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. v. Tex-Cal Land Management, Inc. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 696, 705 [238 Cal.Rptr. 780, 739 P.2d 140]; People v. Chi Ko Wong (1976) 18 Cal.3d 698, 709 [135 Cal.Rptr. 392, 557 P.2d 976]; Lund v. Superior Court (1964) 61 Cal.2d 698, 709 [39 Cal.Rptr. 891, 394 P.2d 707]; Modern Barber Col. v. Cal. Emp. Stab. Com. (1948) 31 Cal.2d 720, 728 [192 P.2d 916]; Trede v. Superior Court (1943) 21 Cal.2d 630, 634 [134 P.2d 745]; In re Marriage of Griffin (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 685, 687 [19 Cal.Rptr.2d 94]; Steen v. Fremont Cemetery Corp. (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1221, 1226 [11 Cal.Rptr.2d 780]; In re Taya C. (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 1, 6 [2 Cal.Rptr.2d 810]; Rao v. Campo (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 1557, 1564 [285 Cal.Rptr. 691]; County of Monterey v. Mahabir (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1650, 1653 [282 Cal.Rptr. 924]; In re Eli F. (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 228, 232 [260 Cal.Rptr. 453]; State Farm Fire & Casualty v. Hardin (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 501, 505 [259 Cal.Rptr. 433]; Uptain v. Duarte (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 1258, 1261 [254 Cal.Rptr. 150]; In re T. M. (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 314, 316 [253 Cal.Rptr. 535]; Reisman v. Shahverdian (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 1074, 1088 [201 Cal.Rptr. 194]; Redevelopment Agency v. Goodman (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 424, 432 [125 Cal.Rptr. 818]; Draus v. Alfred M. Lewis, Inc. (1968) 261 Cal.App.2d 485, 489 [68 Cal.Rptr. 154]; Woodman v. Ackerman (1967) 249 Cal.App.2d 644, 649 [57 Cal.Rptr. 687]; accord, People v. Garrett (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 1419, 1421 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 803]; In re Daniel K. (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 661, 666 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 764]; Cobb v. University of So. California (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 798, 801 [38 Cal.Rptr.2d 543]. See generally 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (4th ed. 1997) Appeal, § 2, pp. 60-62.)

The parties have cited no statute expressly making temporary custody orders appealable, and we have found none. If the right to appeal in California is purely a creature of statute, as the overwhelming weight of authority indicates', the lack of any statute giving a litigant the right to appeal from a temporary custody order forecloses the claim that such orders are appealable.

C. There is no independent constitutional basis for the appealability of these orders.

As noted, however, the dissent in Powers, supra, 10 Cal.4th 85, argued at great length that article VI, section 11, creates a constitutional right of appeal independent of statute. Only a plurality in Powers took the contrary view, and our Supreme Court has not definitively adopted that view in any later decision. Nevertheless, we decline to revisit that issue because, even assuming that article VI, section 11 creates an independent constitutional right of appeal, we find no basis for holding temporary custody orders appealable.

Article VI, section 11 provides in relevant part: “The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction when judgment of death has been pronounced. With that exception courts of appeal have appellate jurisdiction when superior courts have original jurisdiction in causes of a type within the appellate jurisdiction of the courts of appeal on June 30, 1995, and in other causes prescribed by statute.” (Italics added.)

The term “causes” recurs in further provisions of article VI of the California Constitution, including section 14, which provides in part: “Decisions of the Supreme Court and courts of appeal that determine causes shall be in writing with reasons stated.” Our Supreme Court has recently held that a “cause” under article VI, section 14 is synonymous with an “action” or a “proceeding” under Code of Civil Procedure section 22. (In re Rose (2000) 22 Cal.4th 430, 452 [93 Cal.Rptr.2d 298, 993 P.2d 956] [petitions to Supreme Court for review of attorney discipline not “causes” requiring disposition by written opinion].) Because sections 11 and 14 of article VI are in pari materia, we construe “cause” to mean the same thing in both provisions. (Lungren v. Deukmejian (1988) 45 Cal.3d 727, 735 [248 Cal.Rptr. 115, 755 P.2d 299].)

Family law proceedings in which custody is at issue are actions within the meaning of Code of Civil Procedure section 22, hence causes within the meaning of article VI, section 11. (Fam. Code, §§ 110, 200, 213, subd. (b)(3).) However, the parties have cited no statute or case law declaring that a temporary custody order is itself a cause, and we have found none. Moreover, even though an action to adjudicate custody and visitation is a cause, it does not follow that the Legislature may not regulate the mode of appellate review in such proceedings so as to prohibit appeals from interlocutory judgments and orders therein. That is what the Legislature has done.

A temporary custody order is interlocutory by definition, since it is made pendente lite with the intent that it will be superseded by an award of custody after trial. (Fam. Code, §§ 3022, 3040, 3060-3062.) Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1 bars appeal from interlocutory judgments or orders “other than as provided in paragraphs (8), (9), and (11). . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(1)(A).) Temporary custody orders are not listed in any of those paragraphs. Therefore this statute precludes the appealability of such orders.

This result is in accord with the general rule that, under the “one final judgment” rule, appeal lies only from final judgments in actions or proceedings, or from orders after judgment that affect the judgment or its enforcement; it does not lie from interlocutory judgments or orders unless specifically made appealable by statute. (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a); Morehart v. County of Santa Barbara (1994) 7 Cal.4th 725, 740-741 & fn. 9 [29 Cal.Rptr.2d 804, 872 P.2d 143]; Lakin v. Watkins Associated Industries (1993) 6 Cal.4th 644, 651-656 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 109, 863 P.2d 179]; Olson v. Cory (1983) 35 Cal.3d 390, 400 [197 Cal.Rptr. 843, 673 P.2d 720]; see generally 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, supra, Appeal, §§ 57-59, 135-140, pp. 113-115, 201-207.) Article VI, section 11 does not of itself make interlocutory orders appealable merely because they occur in actions or proceedings, i.e., in a “cause.” (Powers, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 161 & fn. 33 (dis. opn. of Lucas, C. J.); see Title Ins. & Trust Co. v. Calif, etc. Co. (1911) 159 Cal.484, 486 [114 P. 838].) Thus, even if article VI, section 11 is the ultimate source of appealability, it does not authorize an appeal from interlocutory, temporary custody orders.

D. The “collateral order” exception does not apply.

One exception to the “one final judgment” rule codified in Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1 is the so-called collateral order doctrine. Where the trial court’s ruling on a collateral issue “is substantially the same as a final judgment in an independent proceeding” (In re Marriage of Skelley (1976) 18 Cal.3d 365, 368 [134 Cal.Rptr. 197, 556 P.2d 297]), in that it leaves the court no further action to take on “a matter which ... is severable from the general subject of the litigation” (In re Marriage of Van Sickle (1977) 68 Cal.App.3d 728, 735 [137 Cal.Rptr. 568]), an appeal will lie from that collateral order even though other matters in the case remain to be determined. (Day v. Papadakis (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 503, 508 [282 Cal.Rptr. 548].) Lennane relies on this exception to the “one final judgment” rule, but his reliance is misplaced.

In determining whether an order is collateral, “the test is whether an order is ‘important and essential to the correct determination of the main issue.’ If the order is ‘a necessary step to that end,’ it is not collateral. [Citations.]” (Steen v. Fremont Cemetery Corp., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th 1221, 1227.)

Over 50 years ago, our Supreme Court stated the minimum conditions for the appealability of a collateral order: “It is not sufficient that the order determine finally for the purposes of further proceedings in the trial court some distinct issue in the case; it must direct the payment of money by appellant or the performance of an act by or against him.” (Sjoberg v. Hastorf (1948) 33 Cal.2d 116, 119 [199 P.2d 668] (Sjoberg); accord, In re Marriage of Skelley, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 368; Ponce-Bran v. Trustees of Cal. State University (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 1656, 1661 [56 Cal.Rptr .2d 358]; Conservatorship of Rich (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1235 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 459]; Efron v. Kalmanovitz (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 149, 155 [8 Cal.Rptr. 107].) However, in Meehan v. Hopps (1955) 45 Cal.2d 213 [288 P.2d 267] (Meehan), the Supreme Court appeared to some later courts to have held otherwise. (Id. at pp. 216-217 [order denying defendants’ motion to disqualify plaintiffs’ counsel and to enjoin counsel from disclosing confidential information related to case; held appealable because motion collateral to merits of case and order finally determined defendants’ rights as to opposing counsel]; see In re Marriage of Lechowick (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 1406, 1410 [77 Cal.Rptr.2d 395]; Marsh v. Mountain Zephyr, Inc. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 289, 297-298 [50 Cal.Rptr.2d 493]; Brun v. Bailey (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 641, 650-651 [32 Cal.Rptr.2d 624]; Henneberque v. City of Culver City (1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 837, 841-842 & fn. 3 [218 Cal.Rptr. 704]; all appearing to hold interlocutory orders appealable despite failure to direct payment of money or performance of act.) We agree with those courts that have held the Sjoberg rule remains the law of California, notwithstanding Meehan. (Conservatorship of Rich, supra, 46 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1236-1237; Efron v. Kalmanovitz, supra, at p. 155 [explaining that order in Meehan was appealable by statute because it denied injunctive relief (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(6)) and pointing out that the Meehan court showed no intent to overrule Sjoberg].)

The temporary custody orders here are not appealable under Sjoberg because they did not direct the payment of money or the performance of an act. They merely established terms for custody and visitation, permitting Lennane to avail himself of the parenting time he was awarded but not requiring him to do so..

In any event, the temporary custody orders here are simply not “collateral.” Custody is the only disputed issue in this case (aside from related attorney fees and costs). Furthermore, according to Lennane the temporary orders essentially rigged the final outcome against him: they created a status quo favoring Lester which the trial court used as the tiebreaker, under the rubric of “stability,” in awarding her custody after trial. (See pt. IV, post.) Thus neither temporary order finally resolved any matter “severable from the general subject of the litigation.” (In re Marriage of Van Sickle, supra, 68 Cal.App.3d at p. 735.)

Lennane cites decisions, including two from this court, which appear to treat temporary custody orders as appealable without saying why. (Michael U. v. Jamie B. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 787 [218 Cal.Rptr. 39, 705 P.2d 362]; Polin v. Cosio (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 1451 [20 Cal.Rptr.2d 714]; Rogers v. Platt (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 1204 [245 Cal.Rptr. 532]; In re Marriage of Schwander (1978) 79 Cal.App.3d 1013 [145 Cal.Rptr. 325]; Chichester v. Chichester (1964) 228 Cal.App.2d 491 [39 Cal.Rptr. 553]; De Freitas v. De Freitas (1955) 133 Cal.App.2d 769 [285 P.2d 111].) As he concedes, however, these decisions are not authority for the proposition that such orders are appeal-able, because they do not consider that proposition. (Ginns v. Savage (1964) 61 Cal.2d 520, 524, fn. 2 [39 Cal.Rptr. 377, 393 P.2d 689].)

Lennane finally cites the Law Revision Commission comment to Family Code section 3022, the general provision authorizing the trial court to make custody orders “during the pendency of a proceeding or at any time thereafter.” This citation also fails to support him.

Lennane quotes the comment’s end: “See also Code Civ. Proc. § 917.7 (order not automatically stayed by appeal).” (Cal. Law Revision Com. com., 29D West’s Ann. Fam. Code (1994 ed.) foll. § 3022, p. 167.) He then asserts that this reference “assumes such [temporary custody] orders are appeal-able.” We disagree. Family Code section 3022 also covers custody orders after trial, which are unquestionably appealable. Absent authority to the contrary, which Lennane does not cite, we presume that the comment refers to those orders.

E. Lennane’s analogy to other temporary orders fails.

Lennane analogizes the temporary custody orders here to temporary orders for support or attorney fees in family law cases, which have been held appealable as collateral orders—including some which denied support or fee requests. (In re Marriage of Skelley, supra, 18 Cal.3d 365; Sarracino v. Superior Court (1974) 13 Cal.3d 1 [118 Cal.Rptr. 21, 529 P.2d 53]; Greene v. Superior Court (1961) 55 Cal.2d 403 [10 Cal.Rptr. 817, 359 P.2d 249]; Lincoln v. Superior Court (1943) 22 Cal.2d 304 [139 P.2d 13]; Fish v. Fish (1932) 216 Cal. 14 [13 P.2d 375]; White v. White (1890) 86 Cal. 212 [24 P. 1030]; Sharon v. Sharon (1885) 67 Cal. 185; Askew v. Askew (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 942 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 284]; In re Marriage of Van Sickle, supra, 68 Cal.App.3d 728; Chichester v. Chichester, supra, 228 Cal.App.2d 491.) The analogy is unpersuasive.

In In re Marriage of Skelley, supra, 18 Cal.3d 365, where the order at issue reduced temporary spousal support and denied attorney fees, the court noted (citing most of the above decisions) that appeals from temporary support orders had long been authorized. (Id. at pp. 367-368.) The court cited the Sjoberg rule, including the requirement that the order direct the payment of money or the performance of an act, as a controlling statement of the collateral order doctrine. (Id. at p. 368.) The court then noted; “An order for support is operative from the moment of pronouncement. And a final judgment excluding future support does not preclude recovery of all money due under a prior temporary support order. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 369.) The court also quoted (id. at p. 368) the observation in Sharon v. Sharon, supra, 67 Cal. 185, the earliest decision on point, that an order for the payment of alimony and attorney fees is immediately enforceable by execution. (Id. at p. 195.) By the same token, where a party has obtained an order to reduce temporary spousal support, he or she can execute against the other spouse to recover any excess sums already paid since the date of filing the notice of motion or order to show cause. (See In re Marriage of Skelley, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 369.) Furthermore, where a motion for attorney fees has been denied, the moving party has in effect been directed to pay his or her own fees. Thus, temporary support and attorney fee orders, whether granting or denying relief, meet the Sjoberg test.

By contrast, the temporary custody orders here were not collateral because they went to the only disputed issue in the case. Moreover, they did not order Lennane to pay money or direct him to do any act; they merely gave him the opportunity to visit his child at set times if he chose to do so. Finally, unlike temporary support orders, there is no long line of authority holding temporary custody orders appealable; in fact, there is not a single published decision that does so. For all these reasons, Lennane’s analogy to temporary support and fee orders fails.

F. The orders are also nonappealable on grounds of policy.

But if the law left any room for doubt whether temporary custody orders are appealable, policy considerations would resolve the doubt. The very nature of such orders compels the swiftest possible review of any challenge. The writ process, not the appeal process, is the way to get that review.

In most custody dispute cases, young children bond with their primary custodial parents. The trial court must place the child’s best interest first in any long-term custody decision. (Fam. Code, §§ 3011, 3040, subd. (b).) Thus, the child’s bond with the primary custodial parent will often weigh heavily in the court’s mind. Once the bond is established, the court is likely to find that the child’s best interest requires preserving that bond to maintain stability in the child’s life.

A noncustodial parent who seeks to obtain custody will often be at a disadvantage by the time of trial if the child has bonded with the custodial parent. The noncustodial parent’s only effective recourse is to obtain immediate review of any objectionable temporary custody order. This can be done by filing a petition for writ, a procedure Lennane failed to use in this case. It cannot be done by filing an appeal which will sit in abeyance while the case works its way to trial and decision—and while the bond between child and custodial parent strengthens and deepens.

G. Conclusion.

For all of the above reasons, Lennane’s purported appeals in case Nos. C030662 and C031941 are dismissed.

II

The Merits of the Temporary Custody Orders

A. We shall review the temporary orders even though, in ordinary circumstances, they would be moot.

We recognize, however, that Lennane contends he suffered prejudice in case No. C032406 because of the status quo created in part by the earlier temporary custody orders, which he claims were motivated mainly by impermissible “gender bias” against awarding primary physical custody to a male parent. Therefore we review his claims of error as to those orders as part of our review of the final judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 906.) Our review of these claims of error, however, leads us to conclude that they would ordinarily be moot: even if error occurred, there is no effectual relief we could now grant Lennane as to the temporary custody orders.

“An appellate court will not review questions which are moot and which are only of academic importance.” (Keefer v. Keefer (1939) 31 Cal.App.2d 335, 337 [87 P.2d 856]; see Finnie v. Town of Tiburon (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 1, 10 [244 Cal.Rptr. 581].) A question becomes moot when, pending an appeal from a judgment of a trial court, events transpire which prevent the appellate court from granting any effectual relief. (Consol. etc. Corp. v. United A. etc. Workers (1946) 27 Cal.2d 859, 863 [167 P.2d 725].) Lennane’s challenges to the temporary custody orders attempt to dispute conditions of parenting time and visitation which are no longer in effect, having been superseded by the final judgment. Moreover, we cannot turn back the clock and restore the custody situation that existed before the orders were made. With the best interests of the child in mind (Fam. Code, § 3011), we cannot undo bonds that were formed or stability that was created by the temporary orders. We therefore conclude any error in the temporary orders would ordinarily be, at this point, moot.

So far as Lennane contends that the temporary orders caused him irreparable harm in the later course of the litigation by creating an unjust status quo which the trial court felt bound to preserve, we note that the normal remedy where a party fears irreparable harm from an interlocutory order is writ review, a remedy Lennane failed to pursue in this case. (See 8 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, supra, Extraordinary Writs, § 62, pp. 840-841.) And, as we have explained, that is also the remedy which law and policy compel as to temporary custody orders.

Although any error in the temporary orders would ordinarily be moot, nevertheless, we shall discuss the merits of his challenges to the orders, for one reason only. As indicated above, Lennane asserts that the adverse rulings he complains of sprang from the gender bias of a sitting judge, the Honorable Charles Kobayashi. It would be a disservice to the parties, the accused judge, and the family law system of this county if we declined to air and resolve this grave charge.

B. Lennane’s claims of gender bias.

At the outset, we make two observations about this claim of judicial gender bias, advanced in this child custody dispute.

On the one hand, judicial gender bias is expressly outlawed by the Legislature (Fam. Code, § 3040, subd. (a)(1)) and may subject a judge to discipline by the Commission on Judicial Performance. (See Rothman, Cal. Judicial Conduct Handbook (1999) Judicial Behavior and Implications, §2.11, pp. 37-39.) The prohibition on judicial gender bias therefore reflects important societal policies of fairness in our judicial system.

On the other hand, claims of judicial gender bias are easily made in child custody disputes between biological parents and involving infant children. This is so because biological parents are, by reason of nature, of different sexes, and because custody orders involving infants invariably designate one parent as the primary custodial parent, with rights of visitation to the other. Consequently, nearly every custody order involving an infant child will appear on its face to favor one sex or the other, i.e., the parent who is the primary custodial parent.

It is with these preliminary thoughts in mind that we turn to Lennane’s claims of gender bias.

In enacting former Civil Code section 4600, subdivision (b)(1) (reenacted without substantive change in the Family Code as § 3040, subd. (a)(1)), the Legislature implicitly recognized the historic tendency of family courts to decide custody matters based on gender and expressly barred those courts from doing so henceforth: “In making an order granting custody to either parent, the court . . . shall not prefer a parent as custodian because of that parent’s sex.” Lennane contends that Judge Kobayashi violated this statutory mandate in making both of the temporary custody orders at issue. However, he does not base his charge of gender bias only on the orders themselves. Rather, he argues that the judge’s entire course of conduct throughout the time he presided over the case reveals the bias which the orders embody.

To assess Lennane’s contention, we must recount the procedural history of the case in greater detail than we have done so far. We address matters relevant to each temporary custody order under the case number of Lennane’s purported appeal from that order.

Case No. C030662

As will appear, Lennane did not wait to start talking about gender bias until after Judge Kobayashi ruled against him. From the very beginning of the case, even before the child was bom, Lennane suggested that mlings unfavorable to him would betray such bias.

The proceedings in May 1998.

In Lennane’s first pleading, filed on May 12, 1998, in response to Lester’s custody motion—months before the expected birth of the parties’ child—he requested the immediate commencement of a section 730 evaluation of the parties’ parental fitness. However, he cited no authority holding that it is proper or even permissible to do such an evaluation when the child who may eventually be the subject of a custody determination has not yet been born. Instead, he cited the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution and an anti-gender-bias provision in the California Standards of Judicial Administration, then discussed the law’s adoption of gender neutrality in custody cases, then ominously referred to “stud