Full opinion text
OPINION SWEET, District Judge. Defendants General Cigar Holdings, Inc. (the legal successor in interest to named defendant Culbro Corporation) and General Cigar Co. Inc. (collectively “General Cigar”) have moved pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for summary judgment to dismiss the complaint of plaintiff Emmpresa Cubana del Tabaco d.b.a. Cubatabaco (“Cubatabaco”) on the basis of estoppel, acquiescence, and laches due to Cubatabaco’s alleged long delay in challenging General Cigar’s use and registrations of the COHIBA trademark. Cubatabaco has moved (1) to strike General Cigar’s affirmative defenses of es-toppel, acquiescence, and laches; and (2) for partial summary judgment on its claims of abandonment and under Articles 7 and 8 of the General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection (“IAC” or “Inter-American Convention”), Article 6bis of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (“Paris Convention”), New York common law, and the Trademark Dilution Act. For the following reasons, these motions are denied in part and granted in part. Parties Cubatabaco is a company organized under the laws of Cuba with its principal place of business in Havana, Cuba. Directly, and through its licensee, Habanos, S.A., Cubatabaco exports tobacco products from Cuba throughout the world, excluding the United States because of the current trade embargo. It was established by the Cuban government as an independent entity with its own assets and administration and is subject to the jurisdiction of a Cuban ministry. Culbro has been merged into and is survived by General Cigar Holdings, Inc. General Cigar Holdings is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in the county of New York and functions as a holding company for General Cigar Co. Inc. General Cigar Co. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Bloomfield, Connecticut. General Cigar Co. is in the business of manufacturing, marketing, advertising and distributing tobacco. General Cigar and its predecessors in interest have been major U.S. manufacturers and distributors of cigars for more than a century. Prior Proceedings Cubatabaco filed its complaint on November 12, 1997, alleging that Cubatabaco possessed a COHIBA mark for its cigars that was “well-known” in the United States at the relevant time, and that General Cigar’s efforts to exploit and trade upon Cubatabaco’s COHIBA mark in order to generate profits on the sale of its own cigars entitled Cubatabaco to relief under the Paris Convention, Arts. 6bis and lObis; the Inter-American Convention, Arts. 7, 8, 20 and 21; section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1125(c)(1) and 1125(a); and New York State law. On December 11, 1997, the parties in settlement discussions entered into a written agreement that, inter alia, (1) the actions of both parties in this court and in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) are “stopped”; (2) “the time spent during the negotiation will not be used by any of the parties to the detriment of the other, in case there is no [settlement] agreement;” and (3) “use of General Cigar’s COHIBA trademark as from the signing of this Contract will not be used in detriment of Cubatabaco if agreement is not reached.” The parties reported this agreement to the Court on December 16, 1997, and, at their request, all proceedings were stayed, including discovery, until litigation was renewed in February 2000. By order dated December 5, 2000, Counts V (Article 22 of TRIPS), VI (Article 10 of the Paris Convention), VIII (false representation of origin in violation of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act) and IX (deceptive advertising in violation of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act) were dismissed with prejudice in light of the decision in Havana Club Holding S.A. v. Galleon S.A., 203 F.3d 116, 124 (2d Cir.2000). General Cigar filed the instant motion for summary judgment on the basis of its equitable defenses on November 29, 2001. On January 29, 2002, Cubatabaco filed its motions for summary judgment to dismiss General Cigar’s equitable defenses and for summary judgment on its claims under Articles 7 and 8 of the IAC; Article 6bis of the Paris Convention; the Federal Trademark Dilution Act; and New York common law. The motions were heard on March 13, 2002, and were considered fully submitted at that time. Facts The following facts are taken from the parties’ Rule 56.1 statements and, as required, are construed in the light most favorable to the non-movant, as applicable. They do not constitute findings of fact by the Court. I. The Cuban COHIBA In 1969, Cubatabaco filed an application to register the “COHIBA” mark in Cuba. By 1970, cigars branded with Cubatabaco’s COHIBA trademark were being produced at the El Laguito factory in Havana. The cigar box and band bore a distinctive design developed for the COHIBA cigar as well as the COHIBA trademark. The registration issued on May 31,1972. Throughout the 1970’s, Cuban COHIBA cigars were commercially available and sold in Cuba at Havana’s main hotels, upscale restaurants and two retail outlets. From 1970 to 1975, Cubatabaco claims that annual sales at the two retail outlets in Havana averaged approximately 100,000 cigars and increased to approximately 180,000 cigars per year by 1975. In addition, since at least 1970, COHIBA cigars had been sold to the Cuban Council of State, which includes the office of the Cuban President and to another Cuban state enterprise which in turn sold the cigars to Cuban Ministries and other government institutions. Cubatabaco claims that the total volume of sales grew from approximately 350,000 to 375,000 per year from 1970 to 1975 to approximately 550,000 to 600,000 per year from 1975 to 1980. There are no records of these sales, however, as Cubatabaco has a policy of destroying its sales and production records after five years. On November 15, 1977, Forbes magazine published an article on the impact of Cuban cigars on the U.S. industry that noted that Cubatabaco was developing a Cohiba cigar. General Cigar’s principal executives read this article. By January 1978, Cubatabaco had made application to register COHIBA in 17 countries, including most of the Western European countries. The applied-for registrations issued in due course. Cubataba-co did not, however, sell COHIBA cigars outside of Cuba until 1982. On February 6, 1978, a New York magazine article featured Cubatabaco and CO-HIBA cigars. In the article, Cubatabaco commented that it would be commercially possible for Cubatabaco to sell cigars in the United States successfully under new brands if, as it appeared to be the case, it would not be able to sell under the historic trademarks it preferred as a result of the Menendez litigation, which is described infra in Part III. Cubatabaco stated, “We have the unassailable trademark ... the one which says ‘Havana’ or ‘Made in Cuba,’ and that is the only one we need.” The Miami Herald’s Sunday magazine, Tropic, also reported on the COHIBA cigar on March 19,1978. In July 1981, Cubatabaco announced that it would soon begin commercial exports of COHIBA in Cubatabaco International (July-December 1981), published in English for the foreign cigar trade. The COHIBA cigar was on the issue’s front cover. In this publication, Cubatabaco expressly positioned COHIBA as the pinnacle of Cuban cigars. In January 1982, The Spanish trade publication, Actualidad Tabguera reported that Cuba would soon begin international sales of the “famous cigar Cohiba.” In June 1982, El Pais, a general circulation paper, reported on the imminent arrival of COHIBA in Spain. On June 30, 1982, Cubatabaco launched COHIBA’s international commercial sales at an event in Madrid during the World Cup. In 1983, Cubatabaco sought to register the COHIBA mark in the United States for the first time. In August 1984, its United States attorneys (Lackenbach, Sie-gal, Marzullo, Pesa & Aronson (“Lacken-bach”)) informed Cubatabaco that General Cigar had already obtained the registration on February 17,1981. On February 22, 1985, Cubatabaco filed an application with the PTO to register in the United States the BEHIQUE mark with the same trade dress it used on CO-HIBA cigars. In 1987, Cubatabaco sought and obtained an opinion from Lackenbach on whether to begin legal proceedings over the COHIBA registration. Thereafter, Cubatabaco learned that General Cigar had filed a Declaration of Use and Incontestability for its COHIBA registration under Sections 8 and 15 of the Lanham Act in 1986 in connection with its 1981 registration for COHIBA. Cubatabaco chose not to take any action against General Cigar. In a November 1992 interview with Pa-drón, published in the Spring 1993 Cigar Aficionado, Francisco Padrón, director of Cubatabaco, replied to a question regarding the company’s future strategy for Cuban cigars. The magazine included the following purported exchange: CA: Many American smokers don’t realize that there are two brands of Partagas, a Partagas in America from the Dominican Republic and a Parta-gas sold around the world from Cuba. Assuming that tomorrow the embargo was lifted, how would it work? Padron: We are not going to have two brands over there. Not even in Europe. We decided to break off our deal with Davidoff because of that. So what would happen is that we would launch new things for the North American market, new brands. Or we could make an arrangement with the brand owners there. CA: General Cigar, as an example, owns the brand names Partagas, Ramon Al-iones and Cohíba for the U.S. market, and it has tremendous distribution in the United States. I would imagine that they would love to sit down with you and work it out to represent those brands of Cuban cigars in America. Is this possible or a problem? You are shaking your head no. Padrón: The first condition is that they must pass the brand name to us. This is the first condition Immediately. If not, forget about it. Second condition, they must be our partner the same way that we have it with the rest of the world. There is no other way to make a deal with us. If not, forget about it. Padrón also stated: We want to have [a] Habano cigar, not a brand name. It doesn’t matter if it is Bolivar, Montecristo or even Cohíba. For the last four years, we have been telling the connoisseur how to recognize a Havana. When we launched the smoke ad we just put Havana, no Haba-nos. We think the most important thing is the umbrella that can cover all brand names. We can create a brand name whenever we want. Cubatabaco challenges these statements as unreliable given the difficulties of translation (the interviewer spoke no Spanish) and complexity of legal issues. In response, General Cigar notes that Padrón never corrected or disclaimed the statements attributed to him in the interviews. II. General Cigar’s 1981 Registration General Cigar first learned of the name “COHIBA” in the late 1970’s. General Cigar executives had read the Forbes article discussed above. In addition, a December 1977 internal memorandum refers to COHIBA as “sold in Cuba/brand in Cuba” and “Castro’s brand cigars.” In February 1978, General Cigar employee Oscar Boruchin (“Boruchin”) discussed the COHIBA brand with Edgar Cullman Jr. (“Cullman”), chairman of Cul-bro. Boruchin purportedly had learned of COHIBA from a friend who visited Cuba on behalf of the State Department during the Carter Administration and was given COHIBA cigars in Cuba by “the highest echelons of government.” On March 13, 1978, General Cigar filed an application to register “Cohíba,” with a claimed first use date of on or before February 13, 1978. Before or after pursuing this application, General Cigar did not request counsel to conduct a trademark search in Cuba or internationally, which would have disclosed the Cuban registrations. There is evidence to suggest that such a search would not have been industry practice in these circumstances. It is a disputed issue as to whether the COHIBA name was well-known at this time. Boruchin testified that he told Cull-man that “[njobody knew the brand,” and it was “not on the market,” “didn’t mean anything to anybody,” and was “just given to visitors, diplomats.” Cubatabaco states, however, COHIBA cigars were well-known in the United States cigar industry and among the public because of the two magazine articles mentioning COHIBA. Further, numerous United States journalists, business executives, and others knew of the brand from seeing it on sale in retail outlets and hotels in Havana, from receiving it as gifts in Cuba and at receptions in the United States, and by word of mouth. On July 25, 1978, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) asked General Cigar “whether the term COHIBA has any meaning or significance in the relevant trade or industry.” General Cigar answered in the negative. On March 20, 1979, the PTO, in another Office Action, noted, “Cohíba is a geographical tobacco growing region of Cuba,” and stated that the COHIBA application would be refused as either geographically descriptive or misdescriptive, depending on whether the goods were from Cohíba. In a September 14, 1979 response, General Cigar asserted that COHIBA was “wholly arbitrary” and “fanciful and arbitrary,” which Cubatabaco claims General Cigar clearly knew to be false. On November 4, 1980, General Cigar’s COHIBA application was published in the Trademark Office Official Gazette for opposition purposes. Neither Cubatabaco nor any other entity opposed General Cigar’s COHIBA application. General Cigar obtained United States registration for the COHIBA mark, Registration 1,147,309, on February 17,1981. III. The Growth of Parallel Brands as a Result of the Cuban Revolution and Cuban Embargo General Cigar- alleges that COHIBA represents another example of a “parallel brand” that resulted from the Cuban Revolution and the subsequent embargo. On January 1, 1959, Fidel Castro seized control of the Cuban government. The new government seized privately-owned cigar manufacturers on September 15, 1960. Some of the ousted Cuban cigar owners reestablished their businesses abroad using the trademarks their families had owned before the government seizure. In 1963, the U.S. government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba, prohibiting anyone subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. from transporting, importing or otherwise dealing in or engaging in any transaction with respect to merchandise “of Cuban origin.” 31 C.F.R. §§ 515.101 et seq. (1999) (the “Embargo”). Although the embargo prevented Cuban entities such as Cubatabaco from selling-cigars and other Cuban products in the United States, it did not prevent them from registering or protecting trademarks, trade dress and other intellectual property in the United States. In fact, Cubatabaco has aggressively protected its intellectual property in the United States. In a series of cases in the 1960’s and early 1970’s (the “Menendez litigation”), U.S. courts upheld rights of the former owners of Cuban cigar trademarks in the United States against claims of the Cuban government and governmental entities. The courts determined that the owners of the expropriated Cuban cigar companies retained ownership of the pre-expropriation common law trademark rights obtained by their pre-expropriation sale of cigars in the United States under those trademarks and the appurtenant good will. The courts so ruled on the ground that the United States would not give extraterritorial effect to takings without compensation and hence would not give legal effect to the Cuban expropriations of the cigar companies as applied to trademark registrations and common law rights existing in the United States at that time. F. Palicio y Compania, S.A. v. Brush & Bloch, 256 F.Supp. 481 (S.D.N.Y.1966), aff'd 375 F.2d 1011 (2d Cir.1967); Menendez v. Faber, Coe & Gregg, 345 F.Supp. 527 (S.D.N.Y.1972), aff'd in part and rev’d in part sub nom. Menendez v. Saks & Co., 485 F.2d 1355 (2d Cir.1973), cert. granted as to certain questions, 416 U.S. 981, 94 S.Ct. 2382, 40 L.Ed.2d 758 (May 13, 1974); reargued Jan. 19, 1975; rev’d in part and cert. controverted in part sub. nom. Alfred Dunhill of London v. Republic of Cuba, 425 U.S. 682, 96 S.Ct. 1854, 48 L.Ed.2d 301 (1976). Over time, U.S. cigar manufacturers, including General Cigar, purchased some of the U.S. trademark registrations and rights from the families who fled Cuba. As a result of the upholding of the ousted Cuban owners’ U.S. trademark rights, “parallel brands” developed, i.e., the Cuban government sells a Cuban cigar in Cuba and other parts of the world under the same apparent trademark as an unrelated company that sells a non-Cuban cigar in the U.S. It is not the same trademark, however, as the U.S. cigars are sold under trademarks which the owners had registered and used in the United States for the sale of their cigars prior to the expropriation of the Cuban cigar companies. COHIBA’s situation is different from those of the brands in the Menendez litigation, as the COHIBA brand was not originally a privately owned company prior to the Revolution and embargo, nor was it sold in the United States prior to that time. COHIBA therefore did not involve an expropriated owner seeking to use its U.S. trademark while the Cuban government continued to use the Cuban and other trademarks. It is true, however, that the Cuban COHIBA is sold around the world and in Cuba, while cigars under the same apparent mark are sold in the United States by a different, unrelated entity. IV. Sales of General Cigar’s COH1BA-Branded Cigars From 1978 to 1997 From 1978 to 1997, General Cigar sold three different pre-existing cigars — the White Owl, the Canario D’Oro, and the Temple Hall — as a “COHIBA cigar” by placing a COHIBA label on the cigars. A. 1978-1982: COHIBA-Branded “White Owl” Cigars Beginning in 1978, General Cigar shipped 1,000 or fewer COHIBA-branded cigars per year. The cigars were White Owl “stock” machine-made cigars that were shipped along with other White Owl cigars (or other “seconds”) labeled with as many as 32 other different brands as part of a “trademark maintenance program.” The cigars were irregularly and sporadically shipped to two retailers who, by prearrangement, were given a full credit back on the nominal payment they made to General Cigar. Two boxes of 50 cigars of each of the 33 brands were simultaneously shipped in identical cardboard boxes, with stick-on labels affixed to two boxes for each of the 33 different brands. These shipments were not sent out when “seconds” were not available. The cardboard boxes with the different labels, including “COHIBA,” were sold in the same cartons they were in with a sign stating the price per box. If the two boxes with the COHIBA label were at the bottom of the box, they would not have been visible to the consumer. General Cigar sold the following amounts of COHIBA-branded White Owl cigars during this period: 1978: 650 1979: 600 1980: 1,000 1981: 700 1982: 200 (single shipment on April 15,1982) B. 1982-1987: COHIBA-Branded “Ca-nario D’Oro” Cigar Beginning in November 1982, General Cigar placed the COHIBA brand on its pre-existing Canario D’Oro premium cigar. The COHIBA-branded Canario D’Oro was packaged in a clear plastic canister with a price between that of a high-end premium cigar and a “bundled” cigar. General Cigar’s sole promotion of the brand consisted of in-store advertising materials. On June 23, 1986, General Cigar filed a sworn “Declaration Under Sections 8 and 15 of the Trademark Act of 1946” for its COHIBA registration, in which it attached a “specimen showing the mark as currently used” (the packaging in which the Ca-nario D’Oro was sold as of November 1982). As part of the requirement to establish incontestability under Section 15, General Cigar declared that “the mark shown therein has been in continuous use in interstate commerce for five consecutive years from February 17, 1981 to the present.” On November 3, 1986, the PTO granted “incontestability status” to General Cigar’s COHIBA mark. Sales of the COHIBA-branded Canario D’Oro ceased sometime in 1987. General Cigar sold the following amounts of COHIBA-branded Canario D’Oro cigars during this period: 1982: 90,000 (Nov. and Dec. only) 1983: 323,000 1984: 118,000 1985: 70,000 1986: 5,000 1987: 3,000 C. Period of No Sales from 1987 to 1992 General Cigar itself made no sales under the COHIBA name for at least five years, from sometime in 1987 until November 20,1992. It is disputed whether duxing this time period General Cigar abandoned its earlier registration of COHIBA or merely stopped selling a lower-quality version in order to make plans for a higher priced, “super-premium” version. General Cigar claims that it decided to convert COHIBA from a “bundled” cigar into a premium cigar that would be sold in wooden boxes and used as one of General Cigar’s principal brands, and that it stopped shipping the non-premium cigars from 1986 to 1992 to develop the premium brand of COHIBA. Cubatabaco alleges, however, that General Cigar did not begin working with an outside consultant to develop the premium COHIBA until September 1992, six years later. It is undisputed that the following events occurred during this time period. In April 1989, General Cigar sought to use the word mark “COHIBA” in conjunction with the identical copying of the Cuban COHIBA trade dress. Counsel advised in July 1989 that the trade dress was already registered, and based on this legal advice, General Cigar determined not to use the identical trade dress. On November 9, 1990, General Cigar sent a cease and desist letter, asserting that the use of the name “COHOBA” for cigars infringed on General Cigar’s “considerable rights in [its 1981 COHIBA] registration.” In December 1991, General Cigar again considered using an element of the Cuban COHIBA trade dress, the so-called “Indian Head” design. Outside counsel advised against it, and in-house counsel informed the marketing department that “We are out of luck on the use of the Indian Head design.” The outside counsel in April 1989 and December 1991, advised General Cigar that either non-use or mere token use of a mark was insufficient to sustain rights and would constitute abandonment. D. 1992-1997: The COHIBA-Branded “Temple Hall” Cigar On September 1, 1992, the premiere issue of Cigar Aficionado was published, with a distribution of 115,000 copies and display at 453 cigar outlets. The premier issue was introduced to the trade on August 27, 1992, at a breakfast held by Cigar Aficionado at the annual convention of the Retailer Tobacco Dealers of America (“RTDA”), the principal retailers’ association. Complimentary copies of the premier issue were distributed to the 300 to 400 attendees. The issue featured the Cuban COHIBA in a six-page cover story about “Cuba’s Best Cigar,” entitled “The legend of Cohi-ba: Cigar Lovers Everywhere Dream of Cuba’s Finest Cigar.” On September 21,1992, Newsweek ran an article on Cigar Aficionado’s launch, noting that COHIBA was the initial winner of the magazine’s first “blind tastings” feature, and that the first issue had featured ads for premium products, such as Glenlivet single-malt scotch, Louis Vuitton luggage “and, of course, COHIBA cigars.” Cubatabaco claims that General Cigar decided in the fall of 1992 to sell a new product under the COHIBA name “to somehow capitalize on the success of the Cuban brand and especially at this point in time the good ratings that it got, the notoriety that it got from Cigar Aficionado.” General Cigar states that it had always intended to resume use of the COHIBA mark. In September 1992, defendants began to work with an outside graphic designer, Cliff Bachner (“Bachner”) on the trade dress of the new COHIBA. John Rano, General Cigar’s head of marketing, instructed Bachner to make “exactly same” copies of the Cuban COHIBA trade dress. Bachner did as instructed, but General Cigar states that it never used those prototypes in commerce. Milstein, who was Assistant General Counsel for General Cigar at that time, testified in deposition that General Cigar wanted to use a label as near as possible to the Cuban COHIBA “for the same reason they wanted to use it in ’89 and again in ’91,” that is “they wanted to somehow capitalize on the success of the Cuban brand, and especially at this point in time the good ratings that it got, the notoriety that it got from Cigar Aficionado.” Milstein Dep. at 284. In the first week of November 1992, Ron Milstein, General Cigar’s then Assistant General Counsel (“Milstein”), and Al-fons Mayer, General Cigar’s Vice President for Tobacco (“Mayer”), traveled to Havana, Cuba, at the invitation of Cubata-baco to attend an international conference in Havana for the 500th anniversary of the European discovery of tobacco, which included the launch of a new line of COHI-BA cigars, “Siglo (Century) 1492.” In a private meeting, Mayer informed Padrón of General Cigar’s interest in entering into a broad and exclusive partnership with Cubatabaco for the United States territory upon the embargo’s end, which would replicate the 51/49 partnership for distribution of Cuban cigars that Cubatabaco had created in the rest of the world. COHIBA was not mentioned during the meeting. Milstein wrote of the meeting: We met with Mr. Padrón for 1 hour over breakfast. The talk was of the Consolidated sale rumor. We got no more information. Mr. Padrón made it very clear that trademarks are not important. He said Havana will sell cigars no matter what name they have. Any companies that have marks (this was directed to G.C.) would have to sell (give) the marks back to Cubatabaco and get distributorship rights only, or else Cubata-baco will sell the cigars under a new name. While at the conference, Milstein was introduced to Adargelio Garrido, a Cubata-baco attorney (“Garrido”). Milstein did not speak Spanish and Garrido, a native Spanish speaker, had not studied English at the time. General Cigar claims that a conversation took place between the two men. The evidence of this meeting is a memorandum Milstein wrote two weeks after the meeting. Milstein wrote that Garrido “acknowledged that we owned the name in the U.S. and that we would be free to sell a cigar under that name there.” Milstein’s memorandum also indicated that Garrido stated that Cubatabaco would object to any use General Cigar made of the trade dress associated with Cubatabaco’s COHIBA cigars. Cubatabaco raises several objections to this evidence. In November 1992, General Cigar began to sell a COHIBA cigar again by relabeling its pre-existing “Temple Hall” cigar. This COHIBA was a medium-priced cigar. General Cigar made no reference to its earlier “COHIBA” product, and the trade dress was completely different. The cigars were sold only at Alfred Dunhill of London, an upscale retailer (“Dunhill”), and Mike’s Cigars, a Florida retailer, wholesaler, and mail-order distributor. In 1992, General Cigar sold through Dunhill only. General Cigar engaged in no advertising or promotion of the COHIBA-brand-ed Temple Hall cigar from 1992 to 1997. Prior to this time, General Cigar knew of the Cuban COHIBA’s sale, .use, registration and employment in Cuba. In the fall of 1992, General Cigar requested that its outside counsel provide a legal opinion regarding its rights to the COHIBA name and use of the Cuban CO-HIBA trade dress. On December 2, 1992, Morgan & Finnegan advised General Cigar that Cubatabaco’s registrations of the trade dress would probably not support an action by Cubatabaco against General Cigar for use of its trade dress. Instead, it warned that use of the Cubatabaco trade dress could increase the potential for Cu-batabaco’s being able to show likelihood of confusion regarding the COHIBA mark based upon its “prior existing reputation for the Cuban COHIBA mark.” Further, use of the trade dress “would lend support to an argument that General Cigar was acting in bad faith, i.e. with an intention to mislead the public into confusing General Cigar’s product with Cubatabaco’s” and could expose General Cigar to liability. Morgan & Finnegan advised General Cigar to obtain Cubatabaco’s written confirmation of General Cigar’s right to use the COHIBA word mark and that it would be prudent not to launch the product even without the trade dress elements of Cuba-tabaco’s product before obtaining that confirmation. It also advised General Cigar to file a new U.S. trademark application coinciding with the new launch of the CO-HIBA product. This new registration “would not be vulnerable to any claims of earlier abandonment which may be asserted against the existing registration.” On December 30, 1992, General Cigar filed an application to register COHIBA, purportedly to protect the appearance of the mark in bold, capital letters. Cubata-baco claims that General Cigar filed the application because it had abandoned its 1981 registration. In a January 13, 1993 memo to the top executives of General Cigar, the assistant general counsel Milstein laid out General Cigar’s strategy “to exploit the popularity, familiarity, brand recognition and overall success of the Cuban Cohíba.” Milstein also stated General Cigar’s desire to use “the familiar trade dress of the Cuban Cohíba.” In the spring of 1993, General Cigar’s advertising agency developed a campaign for the new, premium COHIBA. They first phase of the “strategy” was to “[exploit the Cohíba name, with its reputation as one of the world’s finest cigars amongst cigar smokers, to build a brand image for the U.S. Product.” In mid-1993, General Cigar instructed the advertising agency to stop working on the COHIBA campaign, and no more work was done until March 1997. Also in the spring of 1993, General Cigar’s graphic designer developed trade dress designs similar, but not identical, to the Cuban trade dress, based on instructions for “further exploration,” “in terms of color, typography and graphics,” of the “original [Fall 1992] comps” which “came from the Cuban Cohíba.” These plans, too, were put on hold from mid-1993 until March 1997. During the time period from mid-1993 to March 1997, General Cigar claims that it was in the process of developing the blend to use in the “super-premium” COHIBA. Cubatabaco contests this, stating that General Cigar’s practice was to develop blends and then name them. In a December 1993 interview with Pa-drón, which appeared in the Spring 1994 edition of Cigar Aficionado, the following exchange purportedly took place: CA: If the embargo ended tomorrow or two to five years from now, have you thought through how it would happen and what the scenario would be? You have problems with certain brands as far as trademark issues, and with other brands you do not have a problem. Have you thought how you would introduce your brands to the American market? Pedron: First there is going to be a fight. We have not been able to have the brand name in the United States because of the embargo. It was forced by [the United States]. It was not decided on our side.... But we are not going to fight in order to get our cigars into the United States. As we always say, a Habano [cigar] is a Habano [cigar]. With a name of Marvin or Padrón or Meyer or whatever goes on the cigar, it is a Habano. So, we are going to let everybody know that we are here, and this is a Haba-no. We are not going to fight with somebody else because he owns the brand name of Cohiba or Montecristo in America. We have been living without that for a long time. Cubatabaeo objects to this statement for the same reasons it objects to Padron’s earlier interview excerpts. In January 1994, Cubatabaeo received a box of General Cigar’s COHIBA-branded Temple Hall cigars. Along with the box, Cubatabaeo received a note stating that the box was not sold as a “regular item” and that it was being produced by General Cigar only for purposes of its trademark registration. At the time Cubatabaeo believed that General Cigar was not making stable or continuous use of the COHIBA trademark in the United States. Cubata-baco’s counsel did not learn of the box until some time later. On April 12, 1994, General Cigar’s application to register COHIBA in a block letter format was published for opposition. No entity challenged General Cigar’s application to register COHIBA in block letter format at that time. On June 2, 1994, Cubatabaeo first learned of General Cigar’s application to register COHIBA in block-letter format after the time to file an opposition had expired. Sometime after that, Cubatabaeo engaged and communicated with its United States attorneys (plaintiffs counsel Ra-binowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky & Lieberman (“Rabinowitz, Boudin”)) with respect to contesting General Cigar’s rights to the COHIBA mark. The Autumn 1994 issue of Cigar Aficionado quoted Cullman as stating that General Cigar (1) was “sitting on” its CO-HIBA rights with “no big plans at the moment,” despite, in the interviewer’s words, the fact that COHIBA “is widely regarded as the No. 1 brand produced in Cuba”; and (2) would “like to work something out with” Cuba regarding COHIBA when the embargo was lifted. In 1995, the PTO granted General Cigar’s application to register the COHIBA mark. In the September 1996 issue of Cigar Aficionado, Cullman announced that General Cigar “had a plan to come out with Cohíba” “within the next two years.” Cubatabaeo had decided in the summer of 1996 to commence proceedings against General Cigar and on November 19, 1996, Garrido instructed Rabinowitz, Boudin to do so. General Cigar sold the following amounts of the COHIBA-branded Temple Hall cigars, constituting less than 0.05% of General Cigar’s annual premium cigar sales, from 1992 to 1996: 1992: 5,600 (November and December only) 1993: 50,000 1994: 49,000 1995: 101,000 1996: 96,000 V. Cubatabaeo Submits Cancellation Petition On January 15, 1997, Cubatabaeo applied to register the COHIBA mark and filed a Petition for Cancellation with the PTO. On May 28, 1997, Cullman contacted Francisco Linares, president of Habanos, S.A., a marketing arm of Cubatabaeo, to propose a settlement meeting. As noted earlier, the instant lawsuit was filed on November 12,1998. General Cigar claims that it has been prejudiced because Cubatabaeo waited until 1997 to file this petition. First, it claims it had taken a number of actions to protect its rights in the COHI-BA mark. Cubatabaeo alleges that the bulk occurred after Cubatabaeo filed its cancellation petition in January 1997. General Cigar: • filed two lawsuits for infringement of General Cigar’s COHIBA trademark, both of which resulted favorably for General Cigar. General Cigar Co. v. G.D.M. Inc., 988 F.Supp. 647 (S.D.N.Y.1997); Case No. 98 Civ. 8174 (S.D.N.Y.) • assisted the Customs service to prevent importation of counterfeit COHI-BAs; communicated with importers of detained or seized goods. • participated in one action before the PTO to prevent the registration of a mark, “CAOBA,” similar to its COHI-BA registration. • obtained or supported actions by criminal law enforcement authorities against sellers of unauthorized COHI-BA cigars and related products. • hired private investigators to investigate infringers and their activities, to submit related affidavits in support of search and seizure warrants and to review seized merchandise and related records bearing the COHIBA mark, all at General Cigar’s expense. • sent at least two “cease and desist” letters to infringing users of the CO-HIBA trademark. • spent $1.5 million in enforcement activities. General Cigar also alleges that it has been prejudiced by Cubatabaco’s delay in bringing this suit because witnesses have died or are elderly and ill and unable to testify. These witnesses are: • Frank Fina, Sr., a General Cigar employee for 45 years and Vice President of Manufacturing, has died; ® John McLoughlin, a Sales Administrator at General Cigar’s corporate offices, is hospitalized and cannot testify in this action; • Gregory Atkinson, an attorney at Morgan & Finnegan who worked on the COHIBA matter for General Cigar, has died; • James Siegel, the attorney who filed the U.S. BEHIQUE registration on behalf of Cubatabaco, has died; • Henry Whitehall, Vice President and Secretary of Culbro Corporation from 1946 until 1987, who signed the 1978 registration and the Section 8 and 15 declaration, has died; • Robert Lilienfield, a former Vice President of General Cigar until 1998 and who was in charge of premium cigars, is ill and cannot testify in this action; • Nicholas Freeman, a go-between between General Cigar and Cubatabaco with regard to their respective trade rights in the COHIBA trade dress, has died; • Amy Lineberger, Manager of Marketing Research at General Cigar from November 1996 until June 1998, has died. According to Cubatabaco, General Cigar has not been prejudiced by the unavailability of these witnesses because General Cigar failed to identify the materiality of their testimony and failed to specify in many instances that the witnesses were unable for deposition after Cubatabaco filed the cancellation petition. Further, General Cigar has deposed more than 35 other persons, and Cubatabaco contends that they are more central to this matter than those witnesses identified by General Cigar. In addition, General Cigar claims that it has been prejudiced as many witnesses do not recall the events in question because they took place so many years ago. Cuba-tabaco argues, however, that General Cigar has failed to identify any material factual question affected by loss of memory. General Cigar also notes that all files related to Cubatabaco maintained by Lackenbach Siegel were destroyed in a flood caused by Hurricane Floyd in 1999. VI. General Cigar Introduces Super-Premium COHIBA In August 1997, General Cigar introduced the super-premium COHIBA cigar at the RTDA Convention. No sales were made to the public at this time. In September 1997, General Cigar launched its new product with an “unprecedented” advertising and promotional campaign costing more than $2 million. The product was promoted nationwide through broad channels of premium retail trade. Cubatabaco claims that the product launched in September 1997 intentionally adopted a trade dress “as near as possible” to the Cuban COHIBA and that it is confusingly similar. Cigar Aficionado and its affiliated publication, Cigar Insider, rate cigars. They typically give ratings of 90 or better to a few select brands in each category of cigars. The super-premium General Cigar COHIBA has received a 90 rating or better, but has not received it consistently. The following sales of the super-premium COHIBA occurred: 1997: 509,000 (August to December only) 1998: 858,000 1999: 985,000 The following summarizes the approximate annual sales of the various versions of the COHIBA-branded cigars: White Owl 1978: 650 1979: 600 1980: 1,000 1981: 700 1982: 200 (single shipment on April 15,1982) Canario D’Oro 1982: 90,000 1983: 323,000 1984: 118,000 1985: 70,000 1986: 5,000 1987: 3,000 1988: 0 1989: 0 1990: 0 1991: 0 Temple Hall 1992: 5,600 (Nov. and Dec. only) 1993: 50,000 1994: 49,000 1995: 101,000 1996: 96,000 Original COHIBA blend 1997: 509,000 (Aug. to Dec. only) 1998: 858,000 1999: 985,000 DISCUSSION I. Jurisdiction This Court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1338(a), and 15 U.S.C. § 1121(a) for claims arising out of alleged violations of Sections' 38, 43(a) and (c), and 44(b) and (h) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1120,1125(a) and (c) and 1126(b) and (h). II. Venue Venue is appropriate in this district under 28 U.S.C. § 1391. III. Standard for Summary Judgment Rule 56(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a court shall grant a motion for summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits ... show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Silver v. City Univ., 947 F.2d 1021, 1022 (2d Cir.1991). “The party seeking summary judgment bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the undisputed facts establish her right to judgment as a matter of law.” Rodriguez v. City of New York, 72 F.3d 1051, 1060-61 (2d Cir.1995). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, a court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Gibbs-Alfano v. Burton, 281 F.3d 12, 18 (2d Cir.2002). IV. Abandonment As part of its Count XI, Cubatabaco seeks the cancellation of General Cigar’s 1981 COHIBA registration because of alleged abandonment. Cubatabaco has moved for summary judgment on this claim based on General Cigar’s inaction from 1987 to 1992. It is necessary to determine whether abandonment has occurred at the outset as this determination may affect the analysis of whether General Cigar’s equitable defenses apply. Whether acquiescence, es-toppel, and laches result from the period between 1984 and 1997 presents a much different question than whether they apply to the period between 1992 and 1997. A. Equitable Defenses Do Not Apply to Claims of Abandonment As an initial matter, General Cigar’s equitable defenses do not apply to Cubatabaco’s claims that the 1981 registration was abandoned. There is no question that in actions before the PTO, equitable defenses such as the ones General Cigar asserts here are unavailing against cancellation claims based on abandonment. The only question is whether that rule also applies when the cancellation proceeding is brought before a court. The Lanham Act provides that a petition to cancel a trademark registration may be filed “at any time” if, inter alia, the registered mark has been abandoned. 15 U.S.C. § 1064(3). Based on the “at any time” language, the PTO’s Trademark Trial and Appeal Board has ruled in cancellation hearings that equitable defenses are not available against claims of abandonment in cancellation of trademark registration cases. Treadwell’s Drifters Inc. v. Marshak, 1990 WL 354600, 18 U.S.P.Q.2d 1318, 1320 (Trademark Tr. & App. Bd.1990) (“[Ejquitable defenses are not available against the claims of abandonment ... because it is in the public interest to remove abandoned registrations from the register.... ”); Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. Leupold & Stevens Inc., 1986 WL 83320, 1 U.S.P.Q.2d 1497, 1499 (Trademark Tr. & App. Bd.1986) (citing cases); Southwire Co. v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp., 1977 WL 22597, 196 U.S.P.Q. 566, 573 (Trademark Tr. & App. Bd.1977); see also McCarthy, Trademarks and Unfair Competition, § 20:11, 1045 (2d ed. 1984) [“McCarthy”]. The Fourth Circuit has held that the limits placed on PTO cancellation proceedings also apply to court proceedings. Shakespeare Co. v. Silstar Corp. of America, Inc., 9 F.3d 1091, 1098 (4th Cir.1993) (citing Siegrun D. Kane, Trademark Law 281 (2d ed.1991)). That means that the language in Section 1064 and its express license to file for cancellation on particular grounds “at any time” is applicable here. Therefore, parties in a court proceeding cannot assert equitable defenses against cancellation claims asserted on the basis of abandonment or other enumerated grounds in § 1064 that allow filing “at any time.” Baniel v. Guild, 2000 WL 1349254, at *5 (N.D.Ill. Sept. 19, 2000). As the Baniel court recognized, the policy reasons that the PTO bars equitable defenses against cancellation proceedings involving abandoned marks apply equally whether the case is before that body or a federal court. 2000 WL 1349254, at *5. General Cigar posits that this rule contravenes the rationale behind equitable defenses, i.e. that parties should not sleep on their rights while a competitor develops good will in a disputed mark. Congress, in drafting the Lanham Act, clearly showed its preference between these two conflicting policies: keeping the registry clear of abandoned marks is more important than preventing entities from sleeping on their rights. General Cigar cites a number of case that do not involve cancellation proceedings and Section 1064’s statutory language permitting filing “at any time” and thus are not applicable. General Cigar presents only two seemingly contradictory cases that involve a cancellation proceeding. In both Oreck Corp. v. Thomson Consumer Elecs. Inc., 796 F.Supp. 1152, 1161 (S.D.Ind.1992) (dismissing trademark cancellation claim on the basis of fraudulent procurement due to laches) and Joint Stock Soc’y v. UDV N. America Inc., 53 F.Supp.2d 692, 721-22 (D.Del.1999) (granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment dismissing, inter alia, a trademark cancellation claim on the basis of laches), however, the courts either ignored or refused to apply the language of Section 1064. Because it is held that this Court is bound by the language of that section, these cases are inapposite. B. General Cigar Abandoned the CO-HIBA Mark Between 1987 and 1992 A determination that a mark has been abandoned defeats the alleged owner’s claim of priority: Once abandoned, the mark reverts back to the public domain whereupon it may be appropriated by anyone who adopts the mark for his or her own use. Hence a party that is found to have abandoned its mark is deprived of any claim to priority in the mark before the date of abandonment and may regain rights in the mark only through subsequent use after the time of an abandonment. General Cigar Co. v. G.D.M., Inc., 988 F.Supp. 647, 658 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (“G.D.M.”) (citing Dial-A-Mattress Operating Corp. v. Mattress Madness, 841 F.Supp. 1339, 1355 (E.D.N.Y.1994) (citing Manhattan Indus. Inc. v. Sweater Bee by Banff Ltd., 627 F.2d 628, 630 (2d Cir.1980)).) Because it constitutes a forfeiture of a property right, abandonment of a mark must be proven by clear and convincing evidence, and statutory aid to such proof must be narrowly construed. Saratoga Vichy Spring Co. v. Lehman, 625 F.2d 1037, 1044 (2d Cir.1980); see also G.D.M., 988 F.Supp. at 658. The determination of abandonment is governed by Section 1127 of the Lanham act, which states, in pertinent part: A mark shall be deemed to be “abandoned” (1) when its use has been discontinued with intent not to resume. Intent not to resume may be inferred from circumstances. Nonuse for two consecutive years shall be prima facie abandonment. 15 U.S.C. § 1127 (1993). The Second Circuit has found two elements necessary to find abandonment: (1) non-use and (2) intent not to resume use. Stetson v. Howard D. Wolf & Assoc., 955 F.2d 847, 850 (2d Cir.1992) (citing Silverman v. CBS, Inc., 870 F.2d 40, 45 (2d Cir.1989)). The party claiming abandonment bears the burden of proof as to both elements. However, where the statutory presumption of abandonment has been established by nonuse for more than two consecutive years, the trademark owner must demonstrate that circumstances do not justify the inference of an intent not to resume use. Exxon Corp. v. Humble Exploration Co., 695 F.2d 96, 99 (5th Cir.1983). This presumption “eliminates the challenger’s burden to establish the intent element of abandonment as an initial part of its case.” Imperial Tobacco Ltd. v. Philip Morris, Inc., 899 F.2d 1575, 1579 (Fed.Cir.1990); see Emergency One, Inc. v. American FireEagle, Ltd., 228 F.3d 531, 536 (4th Cir.2000) (“Once the presumption is triggered, the legal owner of the mark has the burden of producing evidence of either actual use during the relevant period or intent to resume use.”). Defendants must come forward with objective, hard evidence of actual “concrete plans to resume use” in the “reasonably foreseeable future when the conditions requiring suspension abate.” Silverman, 870 F.2d at 46; see also Rivard v. Linville, 133 F.3d 1446, 1449 (Fed.Cir.1998) (“To prove excusable nonuse, the registrant must produce evidence showing that, under his particular circumstances, his activities are those that a reasonable businessman, who had a bona fide intent to use the mark in United States commerce, would have taken.”)• “A bare assertion of possible future use is not enough” to prove an intent to resume use. Silverman, 870 F.2d at 47; see also Imperial Tobacco, 899 F.2d at 1581 (“In every contested abandonment case, the respondent denies an' intention to abandon its mark.... [0]ne must, however, proffer more than conelu-sory testimony or affidavits.”); Rivard, 133 F.3d at 1449 (“A registrant’s proclamations of his intent to resume or commence use in United States commerce during the period of nonuse are awarded little, if any weight”). This is not the first time that this Court has addressed the issue of whether General Cigar abandoned its rights to the COHI-BA mark. The issue was discussed at some length in a different case brought by General Cigar: General Cigar does not dispute that no sales of COHIBA cigars took place from 1988 through 1991. Instead, it explains this hiatus resulted from the “restaging” of its COHIBA cigars. The restaging consisted of the switch from the plastic cylindrical package to wooden box, the second registration of the trademark, and commencement of the tobacconist partnership with Dunhill and Mike’s Cigars. Even if General Cigar had not come forward with evidence of an intent to resume use during the 1988 through 1991 hiatus, General Cigar established rights to the mark by filing the second trademark registration in 1992, and conducting sales from 1992 to the present. G.D.M., 988 F.Supp. at 659 (granting preliminary injunction as General Cigar was likely to prevail on its claim of trademark infringement). Cubatabaco states that this holding is not determinative because the “restaging” cited is not supported by the record in this case. In any case, the issue facing the Court in G.D.M. was not whether General Cigar had proved that it had not abandoned its rights to the COHI-BA mark, but whether it was likely to prevail on its claim of trademark infringement. This case is at a different procedural posture and more discovery has taken place. In addition, in G.D.M., the determination of whether abandonment had occurred, did not affect the ultimate resolution because of General Cigar’s second registration. It is undisputed for the purposes of this motion that General Cigar did not have any commercial use of the COHIBA mark from sometime in 1987 to November 20, 1992 — a period of five years. This establishes a presumption of abandonment that General Cigar may rebut by showing valid reasons for nonuse and by proving intent to resume use. The ultimate burden remains with Cubatabaco, however. General Cigar places primary emphasis on its argument that it withdrew the mark from 1987 to 1992 because of the slump in the cigar market and used the time to plan for a new COHIBA cigar. These constitute reasonable business explanations. E.g., Star-Kist Foods, Inc. v. P.J. Rhodes & Co., 769 F.2d 1393 (9th Cir.1985) (no abandonment where temporary cessation of use caused by changing or depressed market conditions); Keebler Co. v. Nabisco Brands, Inc. (N.D.Ill. May 19, 1992) (no abandonment where introduced evidence of tests, plans, and investments of funds in development of new products). However, the claims of “restaging” are belied by the fact that the “new” COHIBA cigar introduced in 1992 was nothing more than an existing General Cigar, the Temple Hall, with a COHIBA label on it. Even the new label was created in the fall of 1992, after the launch of Cigar Aficionado with its cover story on the Cuban COHIBA. If General Cigar truly spent five years engaged in ruminating over complex marketing strategies, it apparently did not implement the results. E.g., Imperial Tobacco, 899 F.2d at 1582 (development of “marketing strategy” for five years did not excuse non-use because “when Imperial finally made sales of [its] cigarettes, there was no implementation of a complex marketing strategy to introduce them”). In addition, a reasonable business explanation for stopping selling the cigar is insufficient in the absence of a showing of an intention to resume use in the “reasonably foreseeable future.” Silverman, 870 F.2d at 47. To demonstrate its intent to resume use, General Cigar points to the fact that during the period of nonuse — which coincided with a slump in the cigar market — it prepared a list of 29 marks that it intended to abandon, and that COHIBA was not on the list. The mere fact that General Cigar did not intend to abandon the brand is insufficient as a matter of law. Silverman, 870 F.2d at 46 (intent not to resume use is intent not to resume use in foreseeable future, rather than never to resume use at all); Stetson, 955 F.2d at 850 (“The ‘intent to abandon’ language [used by the district court] directly contradicts Silverman’s specific rejection” of that standard). General Cigar must have intended to do more than merely “warehouse” the mark until it was useful again. It does not in its memorandum produce any other “concrete plans” to resume use. The only other actions that General Cigar undertook with respect to the COHIBA mark from 1987 to 1992 can only be described as minor activities that fail to establish any intent to resume use of the mark in the reasonably foreseeable future. Silverman, 870 F.2d at 47 (intent to resume use could not be proven by “minor activities” such as “challenging infringing uses brought to its attention”); Rivard, 133 F.3d at 1449 (finding no intent to resume use where between 1986 and 1991, Rivard “made sporadic trips to the United States, cursory investigations of potential sites for salons, and half-hearted attempts to initiate the business relationships necessary to open a salon”). A minor activity is one that “do[es] not sufficiently rekindle the public’s identification of the mark with the proprietor, which is the essential condition for trademark protection.” Silverman, 870 F.2d at 48. In mid-1989 and the end of 1991, General Cigar discussed the use of trade dress similar or identical to the Cuban COHIBA trade dress. General Cigar decided not to follow through with this plan based on advice of counsel. These two activities are insufficient. E.g., Imperial Tobacco, 899 F.2d at 1582-88 (plaintiffs desire to use the “trade dress similar to that of [defendant]” and its concerns over possible litigation that would arise did not overcome presumption of abandonment). On November 9, 1990, General Cigar wrote a cease and desist letter, asserting that the name “COHOBA” for cigars “infringed on General Cigar’s considerable rights in its registration.” This single letter too is insufficient to raise a material issue of fact as to intent to resume use. Silverman, 870 F.2d at 47 (intent to resume use could not be proven by “minor activities” such as “challenging infringing uses brought to its attention”). Finally, the testimony of Cullman and others that General Cigar intended to resume use of the COHIBA mark is insufficient in light of the lack of any supporting evidence. To refute an allegation of abandonment, the contesting party must “proffer more than conclusory testimony or affidavits.” Imperial Tobacco, 899 F.2d at 1581; see also Cerveceria Centroamericana, S.A. v. Cerveceria India Inc., 892 F.2d 1021, (Fed.Cir.1989) (“vague” testimony regarding intent to resume given “little to no weight”). For these reasons, Cubatabaco’s motion for summary judgment on the ground of abandonment is granted. Therefore, the 1981 registration and 1986 incontestability declaration are cancelled due to abandonment. All claims relating to the 1981 registration and 1986 incontestability declaration are dismissed. The only outstanding claims are those addressing the 1992 new use and 1995 registration. Y. General Cigar’s Equitable Defenses General Cigar has moved for summary judgment on the basis of its equitable defenses of acquiescence, estoppel and lach-es. Cubatabaco has moved separately to dismiss these equitable defenses. A. Whether General Cigar is Barred From Raising Its Equitable Defenses As an initial matter, Cubatabaco alleges that General Cigar is barred from raising equitable affirmative defenses on a number of different grounds and moves to dismiss them on these grounds. It claims that General Cigar may not take advantage of equitable defenses because it engaged in fraud in filings with the PTO and intentionally infringed upon the trademark. Further, it claims that equitable defenses may not apply because the potential for likelihood of confusion is great. 1. False and Fraudulent Filings Other courts in this district have applied the doctrine of “unclean hands” to prevent the application of equitable defenses in trademark infringement cases. Nat’l Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. v. All Sports Promotions, Inc., 58 U.S.P.Q.2d 1114, 2001 WL 196755, at *11 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (evidence of unclean hands precluded summary judgment on acquiescence defense in trademark infringement case); Aris-Isotoner Gloves, Inc. v. Berkshire Fashions, Inc., 792 F.Supp. 969, 972 (S.D.N.Y.1992) (unclean hands of defendant in trademark dispute prevented application of defense of laches); see also AccuScan Inc. v. Xerox Corp., 1998 WL 60991, at *5 n. 4 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (disputed issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on the defense of laches in patent infringement case). As discussed below, however, any purposeful delay on the part of the plaintiff in order to take advantage of the alleged infringer’s use of the mark will vitiate this rule. Cubatabaco alleges that General Cigar made fraudulent statements to the PTO in its 1978 registration and in its 1986 incontestability declaration. Both of these occurred prior to General Cigar’s new use in 1992, and therefore this claim is no longer applicable due to the determination that General Cigar abandoned its claims until that new use in 1992. 2. Intentional Infringement The Second Circuit has held that intentional infringement acts as a bar to the assertion of a laches defense against an infringement suit seeking injunctive relief. Hermes Int’l v. Lederer de Paris Fifth Ave., Inc., 219 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir.2000) (“Intentional infringement is a dispositive, threshold inquiry that bars further consideration of the laches defense, not a mere factor to be weighed in the balancing of the equities.... ”); see also Harlequin Ent., Ltd. v. Gulf & Western Corp., 644 F.2d 946, 950 (2d Cir.1981) (laches does not bar injunctive relief if intentional infringement); Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf. v. Steinway & Sons, 523 F.2d 1331, 1344 (2d Cir.1975) (same); but see Odetics Inc. v. Storage Technology Corp., 14 F.Supp.2d 800 (E.D.Va.1998) (concluding that infringer of patent could raise a laches claim even though it was found to have willfully infringed patent in question). “While an infringer claiming laches need not be in total ignorance of another’s mark, it must be able to demonstrate the absence of any intent to confuse and deceive the public.” Cuban Cigar Brands N.V. v. Upmann Intern., 457 F.Supp. 1090, 1098-99 (S.D.N.Y.1978). McCarthy has identified two reasons underlying this rule: “(1) Such intent proves a clear case of infringement. In such a clear case, the right of customers not to be confused prevails over plaintiffs slowness in suing. (2) A deliberate infringer cannot establish the traditional elements of estoppel: that is, good faith reliance on the plaintiffs failure to file suit promptly.” McCarthy, supra, § 31:9, at 31-27. Cubatabaco alleges that General Cigar intentionally infringed upon its trademark. At the time of the 1995 registration (begun in 1992), Cubatabaco itself had not registered the COHIBA trademark in the Un