Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM, JUDGMENT & ORDER WEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge. The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is granted. Defense counsel’s representation and conflicts so tainted this conviction as to require its being characterized as a nullity. That defense counsel’s associate, who conducted most of the actual trial, did a decent job does not mitigate the serious constitutional violations. A hearing was held in this matter. Petitioner’s counsel was present in person. The court ordered petitioner to be available by telephone, but he was not because of administrative problems at the prison. His presence was waived by his appointed habeas corpus counsel. Since only issues of law are involved, with no need for an evidentiary hearing, the waiver is accepted. Petitioner will be furnished with a full transcript of the hearing. Because resolution of this matter requires the court to determine whether petitioner’s trial lawyer provided him with effective representation, the court sought the attendance of petitioner’s trial lawyer at the hearing. The court has been informed that the lawyer, who was disbarred and convicted of fraud sometime after petitioner’s trial, is deceased. I. Introduction Petitioner Robert Eisemann was convicted of three counts of sodomy in the first degree for sexually molesting his girlfriend’s seven-year-old daughter. His father, Henry Eisemann, was also charged with sodomizing the same girl. Both men were represented by attorney Harold Holtman at overlapping times. In the course of representing the Eisemanns, Holtman committed numerous egregious violations of the rules of professional responsibility and the law. He bilked the Eisemann family of relatively exorbitant sums of money, fabricated affidavits to excuse his conduct, threatened to put petitioner in jail if he did not vouch for the fabricated affidavits, and advised petitioner to flee while the jury was deliberating. Holtman was later disbarred. Holtman’s representation of both Robert and Henry Eisemann created an actual conflict of interest that caused him to fore-go reasonable alternative defense strategies on petitioner’s behalf. This conflict violated petitioner’s right to the effective assistance of counsel and mandates habeas corpus relief. Holtman’s self-interest in concealing his malfeasance created a second conflict of interest that adversely affected his representation of petitioner. Although unnecessary to resolution of the habeas application, this ground too would provide a basis for granting the writ. II. Factual and Procedural Background A. The Arrest and Interrogation Petitioner had a long-term relationship with Josephine Sciubra. The couple lived together for a number of years and had a son together, Robert Eisemann, Jr. Ms. Sciubra had two other children from a previous relationship: a daughter named Theresa R., seven years old at the time of the incidents in question, and her twin brother, Timothy. Petitioner and Sciubra’s relationship ended. He petitioned the Family Court to obtain unsupervised visitation rights for his son. Ms. Sciubra opposed. While this domestic-relations litigation was in progress, Theresa R. accused petitioner of anally sodomizing her on five occasions. Theresa also claimed that Ei-semann’s father, Henry, had sodomized her. On August 8, 1985, petitioner was approached by the police while he was at work and was told to accompany them back to the police station. Upon his arrival, he was informed that he was under arrest for sodomizing a child. After being read his Miranda rights, petitioner denied the allegations. Petitioner was informed that his father had been arrested earlier in the day for sodomizing Theresa, her brother, and petitioner’s son Robert; and that his father had confessed to the crime. Petitioner broke down and cried. See Hr’g Tr. at 10. After recovering from the shock of being informed that his father had molested his grandson, petitioner spoke to Detective Vincent Jordan. It is undisputed that while at the police station petitioner signed an inculpatory, written statement concerning the allegations. Hotly contested, however, are the circumstances of the interrogation which led to the signing of the statement. The interrogation was neither audiotaped nor videotaped. Detective Jordan’s account at trial of the interrogation and ultimate signing of the confession presented petitioner as spontaneously offering the detective details of the sexual abuse of Theresa. According to the detective, he began the interrogation by asking petitioner why Theresa would allege that he had sodomized her, and that petitioner responded, “Well, it’s not the way it seems.” Trial Tr. at 103. The detective then testified that petitioner told him, in essence, that he had a strong sex drive that was unfulfilled by Ms. Sciubra, that he would sometimes cuddle with Theresa and get an erection, and that he had once placed his penis to the anus of Theresa mistakenly believing that he was about to engage in anal intercourse with Ms. Sciubra. Id. at 103-05. Detective Jordan prepared a statement which Eisemann signed. The first part of the statement contains Eisemann’s biographical information and a Miranda waiver. The substantive part of the statement reads as follows: Sometime, over a year ago, I was living with Josephine Sciurba [sic] whom [everybody] calls Kathy. At that time I was having a drinking problem off and on and also emotional problems with Kathy. [This] included having no sex with Kathy. I have a large sex drive and could not get satisfaction. Due to these problems] I found my self [sic] getting into bed with Kathy’s daughter Theresa. This happened on three or four different occasions. This would happen when Kathy was out [of] the apartment and I knew she was cheating on me staying out to all hours. When I would get into bed with Theresa [“Kathy” is crossed out and “Theresa” is handwritten in] I would cuddle up behind her and hug [her] for affection. Theresa would be wearing a night shirt but no underware [sic]. As I would cuddle up with Theresa I would naturally have an erection whcih [sic] would come out of the top of my underpants. On one occasion I spread [t]he cheeks and pressed my erect penis against her anus. I remember Theresa [“Kathy” is crossed out and “Theresa” is typed in] said it hurt so I stopped and got out of bed and went into the bathroom and masturbated. This happened other times but I stopped when Theresa complained of pain or I just did not go all the way. Sometime I would just go into the living room and cool off them [sic ] I would masturbate. I know I need help and [have] been attempting to get it. Further, I would like to state that on one occasion I was sleeping with [omitted] and we would have anal sex together. I remember cuddling someone and I t[hought] it was Kathy. I had an erection and put it into her anus and pena-trated [sic] her. All of a sudden I heard Theresa’s voice and I realized she was in bed with [me] and I, and it was her who I had stuck my penis in. I took out my penis and rolled over and went back to sleep. As to the above statement I would like to clear up a point. When I stated above that I penetrated Theresa thinking it was Kathy, I mean to say that I went in a little bit not all the way. Each paragraph is signed by petitioner, Detective Jordan, and Detective Dempsey. The statement is dated August 8, 1985. Petitioner’s recounting of the interrogation that led to his signing of the above statement purports to flesh out the context in which it was generated. According to Eisemann’s testimony at a pretrial hearing, detectives engaged in some banter with him, asked for some boxing lessons, and then began asking about the alleged abuse: A He said to me, you know, Bobby, the last time you were in here, Kathy— you were telling me how you and Kathy don’t get along and how you moved out and, you know. And I said, Yeah, I never went back to her. I go, I’m still with Laura, the girl you met. I go, Yeah — and then he said — well, he goes, you know, How did you live without sex for that long? He goes, Don’t you have like a normal sex drive? And I said, Yeah, I got a good sex drive, never thinking that he would turn it around and say I got a horrendous sex drive, you know. That’s ridiculous, the way this guy emphasized the whole damn thing. And then he told me like this. He goes, When you and Kathy were fighting, wouldn’t you, you know, like take comfort in the children being around you? I said, That’s the only thing that kept me in that house that long. I hated that girl after a while with the way she was filthy and dirty and wouldn’t do nothing around there. I was the one who washed their clothes and cooked and took them shopping and everything else, not her. My friends would take me with their cars to go do that. Q What did Detective Dempsey tell you when you told him that, if anything? A He said, Of course, I know the way you are with your kids. You’re very sensitive about them. The last time you said that if you could take them how, you would. Make no mistake, if I had my kids, I would have loved to move out. The first time she ever said to me, Why don’t you take your son, your fox and get out of the house. That’s what started this. Plain and simple. And he goes to me — then he says, where do you think they would come up with an accusation like this? I go, Plain and simple, from the mother who has been doing nothing but calling and harassing me and my fiancé, now who I am happy with. She can’t bear the thought of us being happy. Have the phone bills subpoenaed. See how many calls she has made to my house, even though there is one hundred orders of protection on me. Q What did Detective Dempsey say when you told him about that? A He said, I would like to see you get them kids. He goes, With me helping you out and this and that — this guy is my buddy, right, person who tells me, Don’t worry about anything at the end of the night. I’ll be there for you in the morning. And like a jerk, I’m looking through the cell block for him and his partner in every cop car that pulls up. Q Let’s not get into that. A Okay. Q What was the next thing that happened, in order? A Okay. He says, Now, didn’t the kids ever crawl into bed with you? I said, Sure. He goes, Well didn’t you enjoy it when the kids would crowd around you and you would put you arms around them? I said, Sure, who wouldn’t? And he said, Well, now, when you sleep at night, do you sleep in your underwear? I said, Yes. He said, When the kids come in, how were they dressed? I told him, The kids very rarely had any clothes except for the ones I did and that would back up, and when I would get fed up with doing it, because nobody else was — you know what I mean? And I told him — I go, Of course, they wore just T-shirts a lot of times. She wouldn’t have underwear until I could get the underwear done. I was boxing and working at the same time. So, it didn’t leave me very much time to do it. I would do the laundry sometimes at 11:00 o’clock at night after a full day of work from 6:00 o’clock in the morning. And he would say to me, Now, did you ever want to touch the children in any sexual way? I said, No, come on, man, you’re talking to me like a human being. Where are you coming from with this nonsense? And he is going on, No, I have to ask these questions. Understand, it’s my job. I go, Okay, man, understand me. I’m a father who has done nothing but take care of his kids since day one. I fed my son his first bottle. You’re going to come off and tell me like because it’s your job, I’m supposed to like it, but I won’t like it. Q What happened next? A Dempsey now goes, Okay, where are we? I go, Okay, you were saying how the kids climb into bed with us. Of course, when there is lightning out, they climb into bed with us and stuff. And I go — well, now let me get to where the accusation gets sticky. He goes, Now, when you lay down, how do you' lay down? I said, On my side. He goes, well, how does the child lay down? I go, Her side, like this. He said to me, Now — which I never knew — When her buttocks is up against you, wouldn’t it mold to your shape or is it hard as a rock? I thought about it, and I said, Well, what do you mean by “buttocks”? I go, I’m not doing nothing to her. I go, I got my underwear on. He is going, Well, — he goes, Her buttocks is not her anal opening. I made him explain that. I know it as an ass. I have always said it was an ass, you know. Q So, what did you make him explain? A So, I made him explain what he meant by that, you know. He goes, Well, wouldn’t — if you were pressed up against her, wouldn’t your penis be penetrating her buttocks? And I’m going, No. And he’s saying, Well, — and he showed me with his fingers, because he seen I was having a hard time grasping his line of reasoning, and he held up his fingers like this. Put your fingers around it. And he goes, Now, picture your buttocks like this and your fingers here. He goes, it’s soft. Wouldn’t it squish around? I said, Yeah. He says, That’s penetration. I go, Get out of here. He said, That’s penetration. By law, that’s penetration. I’m going, Because a kid leans up against you, because she is having nightmares or something and climbs into your bed and you put your arm around her, all of a sudden that’s penetration? And he’s going, Yeah, but now we’re understanding where these indications are coming from, these allegations are coming from. Q What happened next after that? A I said, Okay, if that’s penetration, how am I doing it with my underwear on? What type of underwear do you wear? Well, short briefs. And he goes, Well, when you sleep at night, he says, every guy when they wake up in the morning gets hard. I go, Yeah, I can follow that. Sometimes you have to use the bathroom in the morning. He said to me — he goes, Well, now, he goes, you have an erection. It got to come over the top of the briefs. Are you built like a little boy? I said, I’ll follow you along on that. To be honest with you, Dempsey, I feel like I’m being railroaded here. Q What did you say to that, if anything? A He said like this, Come on. He goes, you know, We can start this all over again. But he says, I’m telling you, if you don’t work along with me, you can wind up doing a year before they’ll even hear your story. And little did I know that’s the one thing he honestly said right. This is the first time in a year that anybody has heard my side. Q What happened next? A He told me the last time I walked and this time I would walk. Okay. What happened now — this is how he’s saying. Now, what happens, he tells me — Okay, we’re up to the part with the underwear. He’s saying to me how it sticks out of the top. He says, Don’t her night shirt rise up? I go, Dempsey, give me a break here. Man, I’m going, if I’m sound asleep, how the fuck could I be raping anybody? I mean, it’s a little bit impossible to rape somebody when you’re sleeping. I mean, dead cold sober from lifting lumber all day long, working out and training anywhere from 50 hours a week to boxing. It’s a little tough to stay awake. He goes, Why are you so hostile to me? I’m trying to help you. Okay, man, I’m sorry. If you work with me, well get you out of here or we can make this all right. I said, Okay. What do you want me to do? He goes, There’s a double murder that happens up the block from you. He goes, We want you to take a lie detector test. If you pass that, he goes, all you have to do is sign this statement. He goes, Well write it up for you. No problem. You sign it, you take the test, and I know you are innocent of that one, but I got to give you the lie detector test. It’s my job. I go, Fine. Then I could go home? He goes, Yeah. I go, Can I make any phone call? He said, There will be somebody in here in a minute. They will take care of you. Q Now, did there come a time when you signed something? A Yes. Q Was it a typewritten statement or a handwritten statement? A No; it wasn’t a handwritten one. It was like typed up and stuff, you know. Q Who typed it up? A Jordan, but Dempsey dictated to him exactly what to write. Q Did Jordan ask you any questions before typing the statement? A No. As a matter of fact, I was kind of kept out of the whole ordeal, like Dempsey goes, Hey, we got it, no problem. The guy is going to work with us. I’m going to take him with me. He goes, We’ll get him some dinner, which was already promised, I am going to get dinner. He said, Don’t worry about it. We’ll eat something on the way. The lie detector test will come out better. Okay. That was his exact words. It makes the lie detector test come out better. Like a dope, I believed him. MR. REGAN: I ask that the witness be shown People’s 2 in Evidence. THE WITNESS: Yes, this is what he showed me that day. Q Who showed you that statement? A Detective Jordan. Q Was that ever read to you out loud? A No; he started to read it, and he got through a few things on top, and then he said, Oh, by the way, Bobby, you got to initial these mistakes, and he just stopped. So, I initialed the mistakes, right. He’s going this one, then this one, and then he goes, you got to read it as you go along, right. So I’m starting to read it again, and he says, Oh, here’s another one, another wrong, turn the page and sign here and here. He goes, Fine, fine. I go like this, you know, I didn’t even see the last page. I went like this and started looking at it. And they’re sitting there like this. Dempsey is going, Is everything all right? I’m going, You know, Officer Dempsey, this don’t look like anything you were telling me. I go, I don’t know where this is coming from. I go, But you are telling me now that if I put it in her anus, I go, I thought that was the other part. He’s going, No, if you want this statement to clarify the other things, you got to say penetration. And he says, What did I tell you? He showed me with the fingers again. He goes, If her ass is pressed up against you, it conforms to the outline of your body, and he is saying that means her body is wrapped around, which means you are inside. That’s penetration. But I go, This doesn’t sound right. I’m really being railroaded here. Maybe I should call Skir [petitioner’s family court lawyer]. He goes, Bobby, would you trust me. He says, you walked the last time. It’s all signed. He goes, You’re going to come with me. The worst part of this is over. Who gives a shit? Who gives a shit about this bullshit? All right. Q Was anything added to the statement at that point? A No. All he told me then was that now that this thing — you know, I want this put in here. I go, This doesn’t sound right. You’re making me sound like I penetrated it, like I was doing it with her, and actually all she was doing was lying against me. And I go, As far as sex-wise was concerned — and there was another thing that he had brought up. How did you satisfy yourself? And this was a little bit before this, if I could back up. How did you satisfy yourself with Kathy when you and Kathy weren’t doing anything? I go, To be honest with you, I would masturbate. I go — I go, I would wait for the kids to be asleep in their bedrooms. I go, if they wanted me to lay down with them for a while, I would lay down with them for a while, and then when I was assured that they were asleep, I would go out, turn the Playboy channel on and I would — Kathy wouldn’t be home until God knows what hours in the morning — and I go, That’s when I would reheve my tension. I would have to make sure the kids would be asleep and they wouldn’t walk out of the room, they wouldn’t walk out of the room while I’m masturbating. And look at his. God, what is this with them? After I’m seeing the statement, after I’m locked up, I’m going, What the hell is this? I was shocked when I seen this. I couldn’t believe it. Q The addition after you signature on page 2, how did that happen, two signatures on page 2? Who added the second part? A Detective Jordan put it back in because I raised a fuss, because I felt like I was being cheated like, or, you know, railroaded, and he put it back into the typewriter, pulled it out and, you know, I signed it. Trial Tr. at 79-94. On the same day as petitioner’s arrest, his father, Henry Eisemann, was arrested pursuant to a three-count information. The information charged Henry Eisemann with two counts of first degree sodomy and one count of sexual abuse in the first degree. Although the information does not name the alleged victims, it indicates that at least one male and one female juvenile was involved. See District Court Information for Arrest No. 4-938-85. While in police custody, Henry Eisemann made an incriminatory statement. B. Attorney Misconduct As noted above, petitioner’s trial counsel, Harold Holtman, was disbarred and convicted of a felony. Much of the following recitation is taken from the Affirmation of Anne L. Powers, Esq., counsel to the Grievance Committee for the Tenth Judicial District, who summarized the Grievance Committee’s factual findings for the benefit of the New York Clients’ Security Fund. Petitioner and his father, Henry Eisem-ann, retained Harold Holtman to represent them. On August 12,1985, four days after their arrest, the Eisemanns gave Holtman a $5000 cash advance retainer. See Powers Aff., at ¶ 23. At that time Mr. Holt-man promised to give Michline Eisemann (Henry Eisemann’s wife and Robert’s mother) a receipt; he later refused to furnish it. See id. After receiving the $5000 retainer, Mr. Holtman refused to do any work on the Eisemanns’ cases until they raised more money towards an unspecified fee. See id. Shortly thereafter, Holtman convinced Henry Eisemann to withdraw money from his pension fund to pay his fee. See id. at ¶ 25. On August 21, 1985, Holtman wrote to the Pressroom Unions — Printers League, stating that Henry Eisemann had requested that he write in regard to an annuity check that was due in the near future and asked that the funds be released as soon as possible. On September 5, 1985, Holtman wrote a second letter to the Pressroom Unions — Printers League stating that he had appeared in court twice and that the matter would require several more appearances. See id. at ¶27. He again requested that the money be released on an emergency basis. Holtman wrote a third letter on November 14, 1995. The following day, the Pressroom Unions — Printers League wrote back and enclosed a check for $16,296.91. Holtman endorsed the check and Holtman deposited it in his personal account. See id. at ¶ 30. At the time that he deposited the check, Holtman told Henry Eisemann that he would have the check clear through his account, retain $5000 toward his fee, and return the balance to the Eisemanns. See id. at ¶ 31. In fact, Holtman retained $14,831.00 for himself and returned $1465 to the Eisemanns. See id. at ¶ 32. Holtman demanded more money from Henry Eisemann. In order to raise funds, Henry Eisemann submitted a mortgage loan application for $70,000 to the National Westminster Bank. See id. at ¶ 33. The application stated that Henry Eisemann was disabled and that his disability retirement on Social Security was pending. National Westminster Bank turned down the mortgage loan application. Thereafter, Holtman had Michline Eisemann sign a blank mortgage application which he prepared and submitted to the Greenpoint Savings Bank. See id. at 34. This second mortgage application falsely stated that Henry Eisemann had an annual gross income of $35,000. See id. at ¶ 37. It made no mention of the fact that in fact Henry Eisemann was unemployed and was receiving disability benefits and food stamps. See id. at ¶ 36. Holtman submitted the application knowing that it contained false and misleading information. See id. at ¶ 35. At the time of the second mortgage application, the Eisemanns’ existing mortgage balance was roughly $8000, with monthly payments of $328. After Holt-man participated in the Eisemanns’ obtaining a new mortgage of $70,000, the required monthly payments rose to $938. The Eisemanns could not afford the payments because Michline Eisemann’s net income was $150 per week. At the closing on December 9, 1985, Holtman took for his own use $30,000 of the net proceeds of $58,000. He had indicated that the $30,000 would be held in an escrow fund, but it was not. On the same day, petitioner was indicted on five counts of sodomy in the first degree. See Nassau Count Indictment No. 62334. Each count alleged that petitioner had sodomized Theresa R. at some time between August 1983 and August 1985. Holtman submitted a motion seeking dismissal of the indictment on the grounds that it was overbroad. He also requested a bill of particulars to determine the date, time, and place of the offenses. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss and ordered that “[t]he People should make diligent efforts to provide any information which might give more specificity as to the dates of the five (5) counts.” The People did not submit a written bill of particulars. One day after jury selection commenced, the prosecutor informed counsel that count one was alleged to have occurred between August 3, 1983 and August 8, 1983 — while Ms. Sciubra was hospitalized — and that count two was alleged to have occurred on December 24, 1983 or December 24, 1984. The dates of the remaining three counts were not specified. The acts in question were allegedly reported by Theresa R. to her mother at least a year after the event, during the summer of 1985. On the same day petitioner was indicted, Henry Eisemann was indicted on eighteen counts of sodomy in the first degree and five counts of sexual abuse in the first degree. See Nassau Count Indictment No. 62341. One of the counts of sodomy in the first degree charged Henry Eisemann with deviate sexual intercourse with Theresa R. The remaining twenty-two counts charged him with committing sexual acts with Theresa’s twin brother Timothy. The indictment did not charge Henry Eisemann with any wrongdoing in connection with his grandson, Robert Eisemann, Jr. The trial court docket reveals that Henry Eisemann was scheduled to be arraigned on December 20, 1985, but that his attorney was not present. On December 24, 1985, barely two weeks after being indicted, Henry Eisemann pled guilty to attempted sodomy in the first degree. Holtman retained Louis LaRosa, director of Pathways Counseling Center, to evaluate Henry Eisemann for sentencing. La-Rosa arrived in court on April 9, 1986, to testify as to Henry Eisemann’s condition. Holtman arrived an hour late and asked LaRosa and an unknown attorney what he should say to the judge in court. See Powers Aff. at ¶ 7. While waiting in chambers for the judge, Holtman gave LaRosa a copy of Henry Eisemann’s confession, which he had neglected to send him. See id. at ¶ 9. Henry Eisemann was sentenced to three to nine years. LaRosa believed Holtman incompetent. He wrote a letter to the Grievance Committee in which he strongly criticized Holt-man’s failure to turn over important information about Henry Eisemann. See id. at ¶ 11(a). Had he possessed this information, LaRosa contended, he could have prepared a more detailed and accurate evaluation of Henry Eisemann, including information that would undermine the vol-untariness of his confession. See id. at ¶ 11(b), (c). When LaRosa called Holtman on behalf of Michline Eisemann, Henry Eisemann’s wife, and asked about the $30,000 in funds that were supposedly being held in escrow, Holtman became angry and refused to discuss the matter. See id. at ¶ 12. On April 22, 1986, Holtman received a letter from Michline and Henry Eisemann terminating his services. See id. at ¶41. Holtman visited Henry Eisemann in prison on April 30, 1986, and had him sign blank sheets of paper. See id. at ¶ 42. Thereafter, Holtman drafted a self-serving affidavit using one of the signed blank sheets of paper countermanding the April 22 letter. On that same day, Holtman received a second letter from Michline Eisemann, again telling him that his services had been terminated. See id. at ¶ 43. On May 21, 1986, Holtman received a third letter from Michline Eisemann terminating his services and stating that he was “never authorized to use their money for their son Robert’s defense.” Id. at ¶ 44. In response, Holtman created another fraudulent affidavit, this time countermanding the May 21, 1986 letter. See id. at ¶ 45. On the same day, Holtman visited petitioner and had him sign blank sheets of paper. Holtman used these sheets to forge a fraudulent affidavit in which petitioner purported to swear that he saw his father read and sign the affidavit, also fraudulent, after Holtman had explained it to him. See id. at ¶45. Holtman told petitioner that if he did not swear that he saw his father sign the full affidavit, he would “see to it that Robert would go to jail for a long period of time.” Id. at ¶ 46. During the summer of 1986 Holtman openly discussed Henry Eisemann’s statements to him with others in violation Holt-man’s obligation not to reveal client confidences. He showed another attorney, James Caffrey, a copy of Henry Eisem-ann’s confession, telling him, “he did it and he is a dirty old man” and “I really covered my ass with the money, because these people were going to run out on me.” Id. at ¶ 17. Holtman also told his friends Steve Zacofsky, Paul Hastings, and Herb Gass about the Henry Eisemann’s cause. Zacofsky later recounted the details of Henry Eisemann’s case at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. Several years after the conclusion of petitioner’s trial, Holtman was convicted of fraud and was disbarred. See In the Matter of Harold Holtman, 152 A.D.2d 15, 547 N.Y.S.2d 335 (2d Dep’t 1989). C. Suppression Hearing There was a pre-trial hearing in August 1986 to determine whether petitioner’s in-culpatory statement to the police was voluntarily given. During the hearing, Victor Regan, an associate of Holtman, conducted the defense. Counsel for petitioner is listed on the cover of the hearing transcript as “Harold Holtman, Esq.” with “Victor M. Regan, Esq., of Counsel.” Hr’g Tr. at 1. Mr. Holtman was present throughout the hearing. See id. at 12, 57,184. At the hearing, Detective Jordan testified that he and his partner had taken petitioner to the station house, that he received his Miranda warnings, that he confessed to sodomizing Theresa R., and that he voluntarily signed a written statement to that effect. See Hr’g Tr. at 2-16. Petitioner testified at this hearing that he was not informed that he was under arrest and was not read his Miranda rights; when he broached the subject of calling his attorney, Detective Jordan told him that “[a]n innocent man don’t need no attorney.” Hr’g Tr. at 73. Petitioner vehemently denied that he had confessed to sodomizing Theresa. He admitted that he had slept in the same bed as Theresa on occasion when she climbed into bed with him and Ms. Sciubra. As recounted in great detail supra, petitioner stated that the police manipulated his words to make it sound as though he had penetrated the girl when he had only been sleeping with his arm around her. He also stated that the police pressured him into signing, and that he did not read the second page of the statement. See id. at 90-92. He claimed that he was administered a polygraph test at the time he allegedly confessed and “passed.” In addition to petitioner and Detective Jordan, Detective Dempsey and Laura Lusmore, petitioner’s fiancée, testified. At the close of the hearing, defense counsel asked and was granted permission to submit a written memorandum of law concerning various legal issues raised at the hearing. No memorandum was ever submitted. The trial court found that the People’s witnesses were more credible than the defense witnesses; that petitioner knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights prior to being questioned; and that the statement was voluntarily signed. The court also rejected petitioner’s contention that the right to counsel had attached prior to questioning by virtue of being represented by counsel in the Family Court dispute. D. Trial The trial began on October 27, 1986. The defense was conducted by Mr. Regan, although Holtman, counsel of record, appears to have been present at all times. See Trial Tr. at 41, 88, 168, 358. Prior to the opening statements, the trial court permitted the prosecution to narrow count one of the indictment to between August 3 and August 8, 1983 and count two to December 24, 1983 or 1984. It also conducted a Sandoval hearing and determined that the prosecutor could not cross-examine petitioner with regard to his prior criminal convictions for disorderly conduct and third degree trespass. The People’s first witness was the victim, Theresa R. At the time of the trial she was ten years old. See Trial Tr. at 51. Prior to testifying, and outside of the presence of the jury, the trial court questioned her to ascertain whether she was qualified to give sworn testimony. Over defense counsel’s objection, it found that she understood her oath and duty to tell the truth. See id. at 51-56. During the trial court’s questioning it became apparent that Theresa R. did not want to face the open court and petitioner. As she entered, the trial judge said, “Good afternoon, Theresa. I was afraid you were turning your back to me. Are you?” Id. at 51. She answered that she was not. However, she did not face the open court. Later in the colloquy, the judge said, “Why don’t you turn around just a little bit, and this man over here with the Stenographic machine will be able to hear you a little bit better.” Id. at 53. At the end of the colloquy, the trial judge permitted the child witness to testify facing away from petitioner and the jury: She also indicated when I asked her to turn around and face the front, to both the Reporter and myself to be able to hear her, that she really didn’t want to, and I gather the reasons are very obvious in view of the fact that the defendant sits in front of her. There are certainly audibility problems. It would seem to me that the best arrangement would be if the court officer would take the microphone out from the stand and hold the microphone up to the witness, in close proximity to her so that we can assist in her being heard by the jurors. Id. at 58. Defense counsel did not object. No hearing was held to determine whether Theresa R. would be emotionally traumatized by facing petitioner while testifying. As noted infra, the record suggests that she faced away from the judge, jury, and petitioner for much, if not all, of her testimony. Theresa R. testified that sometime in August 1983, while her mother was hospitalized and after the home care worker had gone home, petitioner “tried to stick his private spot up my rear end.” Trial Tr. at 67. She also testified that “it” happened again on Christmas Eve and three other times. See id. at 67, 73. On cross-examination, Theresa conceded that she could not remember the dates of the attacks and that she had asked petitioner to accompany her to a father-daughter school dance after he had moved out of Ms. Sciubra’s residence. See id. at 79. Ms. Sciubra testified as to her relationship with petitioner and to the fact that he spent many evenings at her home, although he did not live there permanently. Detective Jordan testified that he had told petitioner to accompany him back to the police station. Once there, he told petitioner that he was under arrest and read him his Miranda rights from a card. He then informed petitioner of the charges made against him by Theresa R. When petitioner denied the charges, Detective Jordan told him that his. father had been arrested for sodomizing Theresa, her brother, and petitioner’s son. See Trial Tr. at 101. He later informed petitioner that his father had confirmed that he, the father, had molested Theresa. See id. at 103. No objection was made to the mention of Henry Eisemann’s confession. Detective Jordan testified as to the incriminatory statements made by petitioner and the confession he signed: The confession was introduced into evidence and was read to the jury. See id. at 108-09. Petitioner presented two witnesses who testified that he had been found to be unsuitable for jury duty in 1980 because he could not understand English. See, e.g., Trial Tr. at 185. His fiancée testified that on the evening of petitioner’s arrest, he had called her. The trial court upheld a hearsay objection with respect to the substance of that call. The prosecution called Detective Dempsey as a rebuttal witness, who testified that he had heard petitioner read part of his statement aloud and the rest he read, apparently to himself, before signing it. Defense counsel moved for an order of dismissal on the following grounds: (1) neither Theresa R. nor Josephine Sciubra, her mother, had identified petitioner; (2) the child’s testimony was that petitioner “tried” to make contact with her anus, not that he had done so; (3) the indictment was defective for lack of specificity; and (4) the People failed to provide any corroborative evidence. The motion was denied. Defense counsel also made a Brady ■ motion, demanding a mistrial because the prosecution had failed to turn over the result of a medical examination of the child until well after the child had testified. The medical report stated that the child had told the doctor that her “father and grandfather touched her V, used tongue and other.” Trial Tr. at 234. The court denied the motion. During summation, both the defense and the prosecution referred to the fact that Theresa R. did not face them. Defense counsel stated: “Who does she confront? Nobody. Why? I wonder why. She wouldn’t look at you or [the prosecutor].” Trial Tr. at 294. The prosecutor’s summation included the following: It is no secret for the most part that [Theresa R.] faced the side and, indeed, the back of the courtroom when she gave her testimony. What can we draw from this reality, this observation? I suggest to you, ladies and gentlemen, the evidence shows that the reason she did not wish to look into the main lobby of the courtroom was because of one individual sitting in this courtroom. Not yourself, not myself, but Robert Eisem-ann. I suggest to you the evidence shows that the reason she was looking in the direction she was looking was because she did not even want a peripheral view of that man. Id. at 305-06. As the jury was deliberating, Holtman told petitioner that it looked as though he would be convicted and advised him to flee to another state. See Powers Aff., at ¶¶ 50-51. He fled. Defense counsel waived petitioner’s absence for purposes of re-charging the jury. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the first three counts of the indictment and not guilty on counts four and five. A bench warrant for petitioner’s arrest was issued. Petitioner was sentenced in absentia to three concurrent eight-and-one-third to twenty-five year terms on the three counts for which he was convicted. On the day that Holtman was served with a Notice of Petition by the Grievance Committee for the Tenth Judicial District, the Nassau County Warrant Squad received an anonymous phone call telling them petitioner’s whereabouts. See Powers Aff., at ¶ 55. Petitioner was arrested and the sentence was executed. E. Post-Conviction Proceedings Petitioner appealed his conviction to the Appellate Division, Second Department. His counsel on appeal, Marvin E. Basson, prepared a shoddy brief. The “Statement of Facts” is only five sentences long and completely omits any mention of the trial. The brief raised nine legal arguments but fails to cite a single case. The Appellate Division affirmed petitioner’s conviction. See People v. Eismann [sic], 158 A.D.2d 537, 551 N.Y.S.2d 304 (2d Dep’t 1990). Years later, petitioner’s appellate counsel was convicted of violating federal securities laws and resigned from the bar. See In the Matter of Marvin E. Basson, 214 A.D.2d 106, 631 N.Y.S.2d 535 (2d Dep’t 1995) (per curiam). Several years after conviction, petitioner filed a petition for a writ of error coram nobis, alleging that he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. The People submitted an affirmation in support of petitioner’s motion, conceding that appellate counsel had been ineffective. See Affirmation in Support of Assistant District Attorney Edward Miller, Mar. 5,1997. On September 17, 1997, the Appellate Division vacated its 1990 judgment, assigned petitioner new counsel, and ordered reargument. See People v. Eisemann, 242 A.D.2d 581, 664 N.Y.S.2d 732 (2d Dep’t 1997). In his second direct appeal, petitioner raised five claims: (1) that the third count of the indictment was fatally overbroad and duplicitous; (2) that petitioner was denied the right to confront his accuser because Theresa R. testified facing away from petitioner; (3) trial counsel was ineffective due to a conflict of interest; (4) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to submit a summation after the pre-trial hearing; for failing to object to the introduction of Henry Eisemann’s confession; and for making other “significant errors”; and (5) the sentence was harsh. With respect to the first claim, the Appellate Division agreed that the two-year time period alleged in the third count of the indictment was unreasonable on its face and dismissed that count. See People v. Eisemann, 248 A.D.2d 484, 670 N.Y.S.2d 39, 40 (2d Dep’t 1998). The court held that petitioner’s Confrontation Clause claim was unpreserved for appellate review. In any event, defense counsel’s failure to object was “actually a calculated tactical maneuver” and thus did not warrant review in the interest of justice. See id. Turning to the conflict of interest claim, the Appellate Division found that nothing indicated that Holtman divulged or used any of Henry Eisemann’s confidences or secrets. See id. It concluded that “[h]indsight does not elevate unsuccessful trial tactics into ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 41. The Appellate Division held that the remaining claims were without merit. See id. Leave to appeal to the New York Court of Appeals was denied. See People v. Eisemann, 92 N.Y.2d 851, 677 N.Y.S.2d 82, 699 N.E.2d 442 (1998). In May 1999, petitioner filed a timely petition for a writ of habeas corpus. In it he raises three claims: (1) that he was deprived of the right to conflict-free counsel; (2) that counsel was ineffective for, inter alia, failing to submit a post-hearing brief and to make appropriate objections at trial; and (8) that his Confrontation Clause rights were violated. III. Law A. AEDPA Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus to a state prisoner on a claim that was “adjudicated on the merits” in state court only if it concludes that the adjudication of the claim “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). See Price v. Vincent, —— U.S. -,- -, 123 S.Ct. 1848, 155 L.Ed.2d 877, 885-86 (2003). An “adjudication on the merits” is a “substantive, rather than a procedural, resolution of a federal claim.” Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 313 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Aycox v. Lytle, 196 F.3d 1174, 1178 (10th Cir.1999)). Under the “contrary to” clause, “a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than this Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (O’Connor, J., concurring and writing for the majority in this part). Under the “unreasonable application” clause, “a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from this Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495. “[Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court, may as much be a generalized standard that must be followed, as a bright-line rule designed to effectuate such a standard in a particular context.” Overton v. Newton, 295 F.3d 270, 278 (2d Cir.2002). Determination of factual issues made by a state court “shall be presumed to be correct,” and the applicant “shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). B. Exhaustion In the past, a state prisoner’s federal habeas petition had to be dismissed if the prisoner did not exhaust available state remedies as to any of his federal claims. See Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 522, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982). “This exhaustion requirement is ... grounded in principles of comity; in a federal system, the States should have the first opportunity to address and correct alleged violations of [a] state prisoner’s federal rights.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 731, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). The exhaustion requirement requires the petitioner to have presented to the state court “both the factual and legal premises of the claim he asserts in federal court.” Daye v. Attorney General, 696 F.2d 186, 191 (2d Cir.1982) (en banc). The state may waive the exhaustion requirement, but a “State shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion requirement or be estopped from reliance upon the requirement unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives the requirement.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3); see also Ramos v. Keane, No. 98 CIV. 1604, 2000 WL 12142, at *3-4 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (state’s failure to raise exhaustion requirement does not waive the issue). A claim may be presented for habe-as review even if the federal grounds were not explicitly asserted before the state courts if the petitioner, in asserting his claim before the state court, relied on pertinent federal cases employing constitutional analysis, relied on state cases employing constitutional analysis in like fact situations, asserted his claims in terms so particular as to call to mind specific rights protected by the constitution, or alleged a pattern of facts well within mainstream of constitutional litigation. See Daye v. Attorney General, 696 F.2d 186 (1982). C. Procedural Bar A federal habeas court may not review a state prisoner’s federal claims if those claims were defaulted in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural rule, “unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). If a state court holding contains a plain statement that a claim is procedurally barred then the federal habeas court may not review it, even if the state court also rejected the claim on the merits in the alternative. See Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 264 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989) (“a state court need not fear reaching the merits of a federal claim in an alternative holding” so long as it explicitly invokes a state procedural rule as a separate basis for its decision). IV. Analysis of Claims A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Due to Conflict of Interest Petitioner first claims that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel because counsel was laboring under a conflict of interest as a result of his near-simultaneous representation of both petitioner and his father, who were essentially co-defendants accused of committing the same crimes. At the hearing in this matter, respondent suggested that this claim might be unexhausted and sought leave to file a memorandum with this court explaining its position. The application was denied. Petitioner’s claim was exhausted on direct appeal. See Brief for Defendant-Appellant, at 39^46; Letter from Edward Miller, Legal Aid Society, to Hon. Judith S. Kaye, at 1-3 (Mar. 25, 1998) (leave application). The claim was addressed and denied on the merits by the Appellate Division. See People v. Eisemann, 248 A.D.2d 484, 670 N.Y.S.2d 39 (2d Dep’t 1998). The Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that a criminal defendant “shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const, amend. VI. The right is accorded “not for its own sake, but because of the effect it has on the ability of the accused to receive a fair trial.” United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984). The right to counsel is “the right to effective assistance of counsel,” McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970) (emphasis added), and assistance that is ineffective in “preserving fairness does not meet the constitutional mandate.” Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 122 S.Ct. 1237, 1240, 152 L.Ed.2d 291 (2002). The right to the effective assistance of counsel also includes the right to conflict-free counsel. See Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271, 101 S.Ct. 1097, 67 L.Ed.2d 220 (1981) (“Where a constitutional right to counsel exists, our Sixth Amendment cases hold that there is a correlative right to representation that is free from conflicts of interest.”). Cf. Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 490-91, 98 S.Ct. 1173, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978). In general, in order to prevail on a Sixth Amendment claim, a petitioner must prove both that counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” measured under “prevailing professional norms,” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. See also Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. -,-, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2534-36, — L.Ed.2d -(2003); United States v. Eyman, 313 F.3d 741, 743 (2d Cir.2002). A “reasonable probability” is “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Exceptions to the Strickland rule exist. “Actual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052. “Similarly, if counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing, then there has been a denial of Sixth Amendment rights that makes the adversary process itself presumptively unreliable.” United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984). In such cases, a per se rule of prejudice exists. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052. An intermediate level of review exists between the general Strickland requirement of a showing of actual prejudice and cases involving utter deprivation of counsel, like Cronic, where prejudice is presumed per se. This intermediate level, which governs conflicts of interest, is set forth in Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980). As the Strickland Court explained, where an attorney labors under an actual conflict of interest there is a “fairly rigid rule of presumed prejudice” that is “not quite the per se rule” discussed in Cronic: One type of actual ineffectiveness claim warrants a similar, though more limited, presumption of prejudice. In Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. at 345-350, 100 S.Ct. 1708, the Court held that prejudice is presumed when counsel is burdened by an actual conflict of interest. In those circumstances, counsel breaches the duty of loyalty, perhaps the most basic of counsel’s duties. Moreover, it is difficult to measure the precise effect on the defense of representation corrupted by conflicting interests. Given the obligation of counsel to avoid conflicts of interest and the ability of trial courts to make early inquiry in certain situations likely to give rise to conflicts, see, e.g., Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 44(c), it is reasonable for the criminal justice system to maintain a fairly rigid rule of presumed prejudice for conflicts of interest. Even so, the rule is not quite the per se rule of prejudice that exists for the Sixth Amendment claims mentioned above. Prejudice is presumed only if the defendant demonstrates that counsel “actively represented conflicting interests” and that “an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” Cuyler v. Sullivan, supra, at 350, 348, 100 S.Ct. 1708 (footnote omitted). Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696-97, 104 S.Ct. 2052. The clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, with respect to ineffective assistance claims premised on conflicts of interest is thus set forth in Cuyler and Strickland. Petitioner must show (1) that defense counsel actively represented conflicting interests, and (2) that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance. This rule, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly noted, presumes prejudice nearly per se. The Cuyler-Strickland standard has been clarified by both the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. An actual conflict of interest exists when, during the course of the representation, “the attorney’s and defendant’s interests diverge with respect to a material factual or legal issue or to a course of action.” United States v. Feyrer, 333 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting United States v. Schwarz, 283 F.3d 76, 91 (2d Cir.2002)). The conflict must actually have affected counsel’s performance and may not be “a mere theoretical division of loyalties.” Mickens, 122 S.Ct. at 1243. Counsel’s performance is deemed affected when he or she opts to forego a viable alternative defense strategy because of the conflict. See Feyrer, 333 F.3d at 118. A defendant who “shows that a conflict of interest actually affected the adequacy of his representation need not demonstrate prejudice in order to obtain relief.” Mickens, 122 S.Ct. at 1243 (quoting Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 349-50, 100 S.Ct. 1708). There is some disagreement among the federal courts of appeals as to whether a petitioner claiming his lawyer worked under a conflict of interest must show that the abandoned defense strategy was prudent or even reasonable. In the Second Circuit, a petitioner need only show “that the alternative strategy was plausible.” Feyrer, 333 F.3d at 118. Other circuit courts have concluded that the alternative strategy must reach the slightly higher threshold of reasonableness. See, e.g., Mickens v. Taylor, 240 F.3d 348, 361 (4th Cir.2001) (en banc) (“the petitioner must show that the alternative strategy or tactic was objectively reasonable under the facts of the case known to the attorney at the time of the attorney’s tactical decision”), aff'd, 535 U.S. 162, 122 S.Ct. 1237, 152 L.Ed.2d 291 (2002); Freund v. Butterworth, 165 F.3d 839, 860 (11th Cir.1999) (the alternative must possess “sufficient substance to be a viable alternative” (citation omitted)). This minor disagreement among the courts of appeals does not obscure the basic clarity of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence with respect to attorney conflicts of interest, particularly where, as here, the alternative strategies abandoned by petitioner’s counsel were plausible, reasonable and sensible. In the instant case, the Appellate Division held that Holtman was not ineffective as a result of a conflict of interest, but it did so without direct reference to federal law or precedent from the Supreme Court: There is no merit to the defendant’s contention that the defense counsel was ineffective due to a conflict of interest (see, People v. Recupero, 73 N.Y.2d 877, 538 N.Y.S.2d 234, 535 N.E.2d 287; People v. Alicea, 61 N.Y.2d 23, 471 N.Y.S.2d 68, 459 N.E.2d 177 (1983)). The defense counsel’s associate previously represented the defendant’s father, who pleaded guilty to sexually assaulting the same victim. However, there is no indication that the defense counsel divulged or used any of the prior client’s confidences or secrets. The defense counsel merely used the father’s plea of guilty to support the defense theory that the father also perpetrated the crimes charged against the defendant. Hindsight does not elevate unsuccessful tactics into ineffective assistance of counsel (see, People v. Baldi 54 N.Y.2d 137, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 (1981)). People v. Eisemann, 670 N.Y.S.2d at 40-41. The state-law case relied upon by the Appellate Division, People v. Recupero, 73 N.Y.2d 877, 538 N.Y.S.2d 234, 535 N.E.2d 287 (1988), acknowledges that an ineffectiveness claim premised on an attorney’s conflict implicates both the New York and federal constitutions. Recupero, which involved an attorney conflict manifesting itself at the plea stage, sets forth the standards applied by the Appellate Division in the instant case: The joint representation of codefen-dants by a single attorney creates a potential conflict of interest between the attorney and each of his clients, thereby threatening each defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by both the State and Federal Constitutions (N.Y. Const, art I, § 6; US Const 6th Amend).... Joint representation is not per se forbidden, however, and vaca-tur of the plea will only result where the defendant demonstrates that a significant possibility of a conflict of interest existed bearing a substantial relationship to the conduct of the defense (People v. McDonald, 68 N.Y.2d 1, 9, 505 N.Y.S.2d 824, 496 N.E.2d 844 (1986); People v. Lombardo, 61 N.Y.2d 97, 103, 472 N.Y.S.2d 589, 460 N.E.2d 1074 (1984); People v. Serio, 87 A.D.2d 978, 450 N.Y.S.2d 105 (1982); cf., People v. Mattison, 67 N.Y.2d 462, 503 N.Y.S.2d 709, 494 N.E.2d 1374 (1986), cert denied 479 U.S. 984, 107 S.Ct. 571, 93 L.Ed.2d 575 (1986)). We have not attempted to define a “significant possibility” previously, preferring to analyze conflict claims on a case-by-case basis. Our decisions make clear, however, that a significant possibility is more than a potential conflict of interest and that before relief will be accorded the conflict must do more than exist, it must have “operated.” Recupero, 538 N.Y.S.2d 234, 535 N.E.2d at 289. It is unclear whether the Appellate Division’s “significant possibility of a conflict” test accords with the Strickland and Cuyler standards already discussed, and it is therefore uncertain whether review of petitioner’s claims by this federal court should proceed under the “unreasonable application” or “contrary to” clauses of AEDPA. The question is academic, however, since under either articulation of the AEDPA standard petitioner’s claim warrants habe-as relief. 1. Conflicting. Interests of Petitioner and Henry Eisemann Multiple representation, even of co-defendants in the same case, “does not violate the Sixth Amendment unless it gives rise to a conflict of interest.” Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980). Petitioner and his father were not literally co-defendants but they were effectively so. The potential for a conflict of interest in the circumstances was patent and obvious. Harold Holtman’s representation of both petitioner and Henry Eisemann in these criminal matters in fact created an actual conflict of interest. Petitioner and his father were both arrested on the same day and charged with molesting the same victim during the same period of time. The investigating detective who interrogated and arrested petitioner is the same detective listed in the