Madey v. Duke University (336 F. Supp. 2d 583, 2004)

United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina 2004-09-20

Patents

Citations

Full opinion text

MEMORANDUM OPINION

BEATY, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is currently before the Court after being remanded by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”). Plaintiff Dr. John M.J. Madey (“Dr. Madey” or “Plaintiff’) claims that Defendant Duke University (“Duke” or “Defendant”) violated 35 U.S.C. § 271(a) by infringing on two of Plaintiffs patents. Plaintiff also brings related state-law claims against Defendant for conversion of property and perhaps a claim for misappropriation of business opportunities (third claim), constructive fraud (sixth claim), and breach of contract (seventh claim). In light of the Federal Circuit’s remand of this case, the question before the Court is whether Defendant is entitled to summary judgment at this time on any or all of Plaintiffs claims.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This Court discussed the relevant facts in its June 15, 2001, Opinion (the “Summary Judgment Opinion”). Madey v. Duke Univ., 266 F.Supp.2d 420, 421-24 (M.D.N.C.2001), aff'd in part, rev’d in part, and remanded, 307 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir.2002), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 958, 123 S.Ct. 2639, 156 L.Ed.2d 656, subsequent appeal denied per curiam, 78 Fed. Appx. 105 (Fed.Cir.2003). As such, the Court will restate only those facts from its earlier Opinion that are necessary to resolve the issue's presently before this Court.

Dr. Madey is an internationally known scientist and scholar in the field of electromagnetic radiation and its uses. Dr. Ma-dey was hired by Defendant in 1989 as a professor, primarily to assist Duke in establishing a Free Electron Laser Laboratory (“FEL Lab”) and research program. Before coming to Duke, Plaintiff secured United States Patent Number 4,641,103 for the microwave electron guns now used in the FEL Lab (“the ’103 Patent”). Plaintiff is also the co-owner and exclusive patent holder for United States Patent Number 5,130,994 (“the ’994 Patent”), the patent that covers the Mark III, a Free Electron Laser that is also currently in use in the FEL Lab.

Prior to coming to Duke, Plaintiff was a professor and researcher at Stanford University. Before Plaintiff accepted a position with Duke,. Plaintiff contends that he thought it necessary, based on his prior experiences with Stanford University, to obtain certain assurances from Duke covering his work and the equipment that would be used in furtherance thereof. Accordingly, Plaintiff and Defendant allegedly entered, into a Research Agreement that detailed the terms upon which Plaintiff would transfer to Duke. According to Plaintiffs First Amended and Supplemental Complaint (“Amended Complaint”), the Research Agreement provided for the following arrangements: that Plaintiff would become a tenured faculty member of the Department of Physics, as outlined in the Duke University Faculty Handbook, that Plaintiff would locate his research and patented equipment in the FEL Lab constructed by Duke, that Plaintiff would assist the University in obtaining research grants and serve as Principal Investigator of said grants, that Plaintiff would be the Director of the FEL Lab, and that Plaintiff would be permitted to pursue research of interest to him using the laboratory’s equipment and facilities. (Am. ComplJ 14.)

Duke subsequently entered into a subcontract with North Carolina Central University (“NCCU”) with respect to research regarding a “test stand gun” to be assembled and installed at the Physics Building on Duke’s campus. Under the subcontract, Duke was to assist NCCU in performing its research of the test gun, which was patterned on the microwave gun of the MKIII FEL. Dr. Charles Ronald Jones, an NCCU professor, was the Principal Investigator under the subcontract.

Following Plaintiffs arrival at Duke, Plaintiff assisted Duke in obtaining a federal research grant from the Office of Naval Research (the “ONR grant”). (Am. Comply 21.) Under the terms of the ONR grant, Plaintiff was to be the Principal Investigator for the research conducted by the University. (Id. ¶22.) The agreement further provided that Plaintiff would have the authority to direct the research and expenditure of grant funds in accordance with the terms and conditions of the grant proposal. (See id.) Despite the terms set forth in the proposal, Plaintiff claims that Duke University revised the plans for construction of the FEL Lab in order to accommodate the research interests of other professors in the field of nuclear physics. (/¿.¶ 32.)' Plaintiff objected to the changed plans on scientific grounds and because he considered the changed plans to be an improper diversion of federal research funds. (/¿.¶ 40.) According to Plaintiff, as a result of his objections, Defendant conspired to take control of the FEL Lab and his patented technology. (Id. ¶ 42.) Plaintiff further claims that when he objected to the changed plans, members of Duke’s faculty conceived of a plan to remove Plaintiff from his position of authority by engaging in the following courses of action. First, a second Director was appointed to run the FEL Lab along with Plaintiff, thereby creating a situation wherein Plaintiffs objections to changes within the Lab could be neutralized by the second Director. (Id. ¶ 43). Second, Defendant created an advisory committee composed of senior administrators committed to the changed plans advocated by Defendant. (Id. ¶ 44.) This committee had the power to veto decisions made by Plaintiff. (Id.) Finally, Plaintiff alleges that after he objected to these changes in the management of the Lab, •Defendant removed him from his position as Director of the Lab and petitioned the Office of Naval Research to remove Plaintiff from his position as Principal Investigator on the ONR grant. (Id. ¶¶ 52-56.) Plaintiff claims that, following his removal, Defendant’s officials asserted control and authority over all aspects of the research project, including the hiring and firing of personnel, the procurement of equipment and supplies, and other decisions that were within the responsibility of the Principal Investigator. (Id. ¶ 54.) Shortly upon being removed from his position, and because Plaintiff objected to the manner in which the research program was being executed, Plaintiff submitted his resignation to Duke. (Id. ¶ 60.) Although Plaintiffs resignation became effective on August 31, 1998, Plaintiff contends that Defendant continued to make use of the FEL equipment even after his departure. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant has damaged him with respect to the patented devices by depriving him “of his rights and property.” (Id. ¶ 57; Def.’s Ex. 4, at 173-91, Dep. of John M.J. Madey.)

As a result of the alleged foregoing events, on November 5,1997, Plaintiff filed a lawsuit in this Court, claiming infringement of the ’103 patent (first claim), infringement of the ’994 patent (second claim), conversion of property and misappropriation of business opportunities (third claim), age discrimination in violation of 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (fourth claim), violation of Plaintiffs civil rights as protected under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (fifth claim), constructive fraud (sixth claim), and breach of contract (seventh claim). Defendant then moved to dismiss Plaintiffs first claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and Plaintiffs first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). In a Memorandum Opinion and Order and Judgment dated December 1, 1997 (the “Dismissal Opinion”), the Court granted in part and denied in part Duke’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs first claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), finding that it lacked jurisdiction over a portion of Plaintiffs first claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1498. The Court reasoned as follows:

[Duke’s] motion is granted with respect to Plaintiffs infringement claims which are based upon allegations of patent use by Defendant Duke University pursuant to government research grants issued to the University. However, Defendant’s motion is denied with respect to Defendant’s alleged use of the patent, for private purposes outside the scope of the government’s retained right in the patent.

Madey v. Duke Univ., No. 1:97CV1170, slip op. at 39 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 1, 1997), aff'd in part, rev’d in part, and remanded, 307 F.3d 1351 (Fed.Cir.2002), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 958, 123 S.Ct. 2639, 156 L.Ed.2d 656, subsequent appeal denied per curiam, 78 Fed. Appx. 105, 2003 WL 22344968 (Fed. Cir.2003). The Court further granted Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs fourth and fifth claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Id. The Court, however, denied Duke’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs first, third,, sixth, and seventh claims. Id.

Following the Court’s Dismissal Opinion, the parties proceeded with discovery on Plaintiffs remaining claims. Defendant then filed three Partial Motions for Summary Judgment: (1) a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment of Non-Infringement of the ’103 and ’994 Patents Based on Government License (“Patent Motion”) [Document # 65]; (2) a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment of Non-Infringement of the ’103 Patent with Respect to a Test Stand Gun owned by North Carolina Central University (“NCCU”) (“Test Stand Gun Motion”) [Document # 60]; and a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on the State Law Claims (“State Law Motion”) [Document # 63].

■ On June 15, 2001, the Court ruled on Defendant’s various Motions. The Court granted the Patent Motion, holding that the experimental use defense barred Plaintiffs patent-infringement claims against Duke. The Court also granted the Test Stand Gun Motion, holding that the record established, as a matter of law, that NCCU owned the Microwave Gun Test Stand and Dr. Jones of NCCU controlled the test gun with a key switch. Accordingly, the Court found that Plaintiff had failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact with respect with either of his patent infringement claims (first and second claims). The Court, therefore declined, in its discretion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c), to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Dr. Madey’s state-law claims (third, sixth, and seventh claims) and thus dismissed those claims without prejudice.

Dr. Madey appealed both the Court’s December 1, 1999, Order and Judgment and the Court’s June 15, 2001, Order and Judgment to the Federal Circuit. On October 3, 2002, the Federal Circuit issued an Opinion affirming in part and reversing in part this Court’s decisions, and remanding the matter to this Court for further proceedings. Madey v. Duke Univ., 307 F.3d 1351 (Fed.Cir.2002), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 958, 123 S.Ct. 2639, 156 L.Ed.2d 656, subsequent appeal denied per curiam, 78 Fed. Appx. 105, 2003 WL 22344968 (Fed. Cir.2003). With respect to the Dismissal Opinion, the Federal Circuit held that this Court misapplied 28 U.S.C. § 1498 and improperly dismissed a portion of Plaintiffs infringement claims under the ’103 patent pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). With respect to the Summary Judgment Opinion, the Federal Circuit affirmed this Court’s disposition of Defendant’s Test Stand Gun Motion, finding that this Court properly granted summary judgment to Duke. Id. at 1363. The Federal Circuit, however, reversed this Court’s disposition of the Patent Motion, finding that this Court’s application of the experimental use defense was improper. Thus, the Federal Circuit remanded the Patent Motion to this Court for further proceedings, specifically to determine whether Duke was entitled to a judgment in its favor based upon the three affirmative defenses asserted by Duke: (1) experimental use, (2) government license, and (3) 28 U.S.C. § 1498. Finally, with respect to the state-law claims, the Federal Circuit ruled that, “given our reversal of the district court’s application of the experimental use defense, these claims are still initially available to Madey.” Id. at 1364.

On January 2,2003, Duke filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court, which was denied on June 27, 2003. Duke Univ. v. Madey, 539 U.S. 958, 123 S.Ct. 2639, 156 L.Ed.2d 656, subsequent appeal denied per curiam, 78 Fed. Appx. 105, 2003 WL 22344968 (Fed.Cir.2003). The Federal Circuit then denied a subsequent appeal on October 8, 2003. Madey v. Duke Univ., 78 Fed. Appx. 105, 2003 WL 22344968 (Fed.Cir.2003) (per curiam). This Court held a status conference on this matter on August 25, 2003.

In light of the Federal Circuit’s ruling and the arguments made by the parties at the status conference, this Court finds it appropriate to address Plaintiffs and Defendant’s arguments with respect to all of Plaintiffs claims and all of Duke’s defenses. In doing so, the Court will again address Defendant’s Patent Motion and its State Law Motion and make the following determinations: First, whether summary judgment is appropriate on any of Plaintiffs claims. Second, if summary judgment is not appropriate at this time, whether the parties should be granted leave to file any additional dispositive motions in light of the Federal Circuit’s opinion in order to assist this Court in narrowing the issues for trial. As such, the Court will now address Plaintiffs claims, beginning with his federal claims for patent infringement.

III. DEFENDANT’S PATENT MOTION AND STATE LAW MOTION

A. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A fact is considered “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law .... ” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Under this standard, a genuine issue of material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. As a result, the Court will only enter summary judgment in favor of the moving party when “ ‘the entire record shows a right to judgment with such clarity as to leave no room for controversy and establishes affirmatively that the [nonmov-ing] party cannot prevail under any circumstances.’ ” Campbell v. Hewitt, Cole man & Assocs., Inc., 21 F.3d 52, 55 (4th Cir.1994) (quoting Phoenix Sav. & Loan, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 381 F.2d 245, 249 (4th Cir.1967)).

When ruling on a summary judgment motion, the Court “view[s] the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, granting that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Bailey v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Va., 67 F.3d 53, 56 (4th Cir.1995). The moving party bears the initial “burden of establishing that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Catawba Indian Tribe of S.C. v. South Carolina, 978 F.2d 1334, 1339 (4th Cir.1992) (en banc). Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. In so doing, the nonmoving party may not rest on mere allegations, denials, or unsupported assertions, but must, through affidavits or otherwise, provide evidence of a genuine dispute. Anderson, 411 U.S. at 248-49, 106 S.Ct. at 2510; Catawba Indian Tribe, 978 F.2d at 1339. In other words, the nonmoving party must show “more than ... some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” for the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of its position is insufficient to survive summary judgment. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Catawba Indian Tribe, 978 F.2d at 1339.

B. Patent Motion

The Court will first discuss Defendant’s Patent Motion, in which Defendant argues that the Court should grant it summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs patent infringement claims (first and second claims). In support of its Patent Motion, Duke asserts three affirmative defenses to patent infringement liability. First, with respect to Plaintiffs first claim (the ’103 Patent Claim), Defendant contends that because Duke’s use of the ’103 patent was “by or for the United States,” Duke is not liable for infringement. See 28 U.S.C. § 1498. Second, Duke asserts what it characterizes as the “government license defense.” Duke claims under the Bayh-Dole Act, 35 U.S.C. §§ 200-212, that because “essentially all of Duke’s allegedly infringing activities consist of research being conducted either pursuant to government research grants or in order to obtain such grants,” Duke is not liable for infringement on either the 103 or ’994 patents. (Mem. Supp. Patent Mot. [Document # 65] at 8.). Third, Duke contends that because “[t]he remainder of the allegedly infringing activities consist of research being conducted either pursuant to government research grants or in order to obtain such grants,” Duke is not liable for infringement because of the “experimental use defense.” The Court finds it appropriate to discuss Duke’s arguments in reverse order, and the Court will therefore first discuss the application of the experimental use defense to this case.

1. Experimental Use Defense

a. Whether Summary Judgment Should Be Granted to Duke on the . Basis of the Experimental Use Defense

Duke contends that its research with respect to the 103 and ’994 patents was done “for the sole purpose of gratifying a philosophical taste, or curiosity, or for mere amusement .... ” Poppenhusen v. Falke, 19 F.Cas. 1048, 1049 (C.C.N.Y. 1861). In its previous Summary Judgment Opinion, this Court relied upon a number of cases from Federal Circuit (including its predecessor courts), as well as a leading case from the District of Colorado, and held, in pertinent part, that

[although the scope of the [experimental use] defense has recently been the issue of much debate, to date, the experimental use defense remains viable and may be asserted in those cases in which the allegedly infringing use of the patent is made for experimental, non-profit purposes only. Given this standard, for Plaintiff to overcome his burden of establishing actionable infringement in this case, he must establish that Defendant has not used the equipment at issue solely for an experimental or other non-profit purpose. More specifically, Plaintiff must sufficiently establish that Defendant’s use of the patent had definite, cognizable, and not insubstantial commercial purposes.

Madey, 266 F.Supp.2d at 425 (internal quotations omitted) (citations omitted).

In light of the Court’s interpretation of this authority and a careful review of the evidence before the Court, the Court concluded that Plaintiff “ ‘ha[d] failed to produce contradictory evidence on [the matter of commercial intent] sufficient to survive summary judgment.’ ” Id. at 426 (second alteration in original) (quoting Planmatics, Inc. v. Showers, 137 F.Supp.2d 616, 628 (D.Md.2001)). The Court found that “Plaintiffs mere speculation that Defendant intends, in this case, to stray from its general policy of using patents for academic and educational purposes is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact.” Id. In summary, therefore, the Court found that “Plaintiff ha[d] failed to meet its burden of establishing patent infringement by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 427.

The Federal Circuit reversed this Court’s ruling on the experimental use defense. First, the Federal Circuit held that this Court improperly shifted the burden to Dr. Madey to “establish that Duke did not use the patent-covered free electron laser equipment solely for experimental or other non-profit purposes,” finding that this Court improperly “folded the experimental use defense into the baseline assessment as to whether Duke infringed the patents.” Madey, 307 F.3d at 1361. The Federal Circuit thus held that this Court “erroneously required Madey to show as a part of his initial claim that Duke’s use was not experimental. The defense, if available at all, must be established by Duke.” Id.

Second, the Federal Circuit held that this Court “had an overly broad conception of the very narrow and strictly limited experimental use defense.” Id. In the Summary Judgment Opinion, this Court relied in part upon Ruth v. Steams-Roger Manufacturing Co., which held that the experimental use exception applies when a university uses a patented device in furtherance of its educational purpose. 13 F.Supp. 697, 713 (D.Colo.1935), rev’d on other grounds, 87 F.2d 35 (10th Cir.1936). As Ronald D. Hantman stated in his law review article on the subject, in light of Ruth, “[f]ew would deny the experimental use exception for research on patented technology performed at a university in furtherance of its educational function.” Ronald D. Hantman, Experimental Use as an Exception to Patent Infringement, 67 J. Pat. Off. Soc’y 617, 633 (1985).

The Federal Circuit, however, found both this Court’s application of prior Federal Circuit precedent and this Court’s reliance upon Ruth to be in error. The Federal Circuit reasoned as follows:

The district court stated that the experimental use defense inoculated uses that “were solely for research, academic, or experimental purposes,” and that the defense covered use that “is made for experimental, non-profit purposes only.” Both formulations are too broad and stand in sharp contrast to our admonitions in Embrex and Roche that the experimental use defense is very narrow and strictly limited. In Embrex, we followed the teachings of Roche and Pitcairn to hold that the defense was very narrow and limited to actions performed “for amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry.” Further, use does not qualify for the experimental use defense when it is undertaken in the “guise of scientific inquiry” but has “definite, cognizable, and not insubstantial commercial purposes.” The concurring opinion in Embrex expresses a similar view: use is disqualified from the defense if it has the “slightest commercial implication.” Moreover, use in keeping with the legitimate business of the alleged infringer does not qualify for the experimental use defense. The district court supported its conclusion with a citation to Ruth v. Steams-Roger Mfg. Co., 13 F.Supp. 697, 713 (D.Colo.1935), a case that is not binding precedent for this court.

Id. at 1361-62 (citations omitted).

The Federal Circuit thus instructed this Court “to significantly narrow and limit its conception of the experimental use defense.” The correct focus should not be on the non-profit status of Duke but on the legitimate business Duke is involved in and whether or not the use was solely “for amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry.” The Federal Circuit’provided the following guidance with respect to this instruction:

Our precedent clearly does not immunize use that is in any way commercial in nature. Similarly, our precedent does not immunize any conduct that is in keeping with the alleged infringer’s legitimate business, regardless of commercial implications. For example, major research universities, such as Duke, often sanction and fund research projects with arguably no commercial application whatsoever. However, these projects unmistakably further the institution’s legitimate business objectives, including educating and enlightening students' and faculty participating in these projects. These projects also serve, for example, to increase the status of the institution and lure lucrative research grants, students and faculty.

Id. at 1362.

Therefore, this Court must determine whether Duke has established that its alleged use of Plaintiffs patented inventions was not in keeping with its legitimate business as an educational institution but was instead solely for amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry. The Court finds that, given the evidence before the Court, Duke has failed to meet its burden that it is entitled to summary judgment on the experimental use defense. In fact, Duke previously stated in its Memorandum in Support of its Patent Motion that “Duke is conducting its allegedly infringing research in a laboratory in furtherance of the school’s educational purpose.” (Def.’s Mem. Supp. Patent Mot. at 9 (emphasis added).) Thus, Duke has conceded that at least some of its uses of Plaintiffs patents “unmistakably further [its] legitimate business objectives, including educating and enlightening students and faculty participating in these projects.” Madey, 307 F.3d at 1362. In light of the Federal Circuit’s Opinion narrowly construing the experimental use defense, the Court finds that Duke has failed to demonstrate that it is entitled to this defense as a matter of law. As such, to the extent that Duke’s Patent Motion for Summary Judgment is based upon the experimental use defense, that Motion must be denied.

b. Whether Further Factual and Legal Development of the Experimental Use Defense Would be Appropriate Prior to Trial

Having determined that the record before the Court does not support Duke’s Motion for Summary Judgment on the basis of the experimental use defense, the next question for the Court is whether this Court should allow the parties to present additional briefing and arguments to the Court with respect to this defense at this time. The Court finds that further motions or supplementation of the record with respect to the experimental use defense at this time would be unnecessary. Duke has offered absolutely no evidence showing that it is entitled to this defense. Rather, as discussed above, it has actually conceded that this research was done in furtherance of its legitimate business purposes, that is, educating its students, and it has offered no indication of any evidence it could offer to support this defense. In its Statement on the Course of Future Proceedings in this Matter, Duke stated that with respect to the experimental use defense it “is prepared to stand on the briefing it has already submitted on summary judgment .... ” (Def.’s Statement on Course of Future Proceedings [Doc. # 142] at 7.) This Court, however, has determined that Duke’s briefing and evidence presently before the Court on the experimental use defense are insufficient to entitle it to summary judgment. Accordingly, because Duke has made no showing as to why additional motions or proceedings on the experimental use defense would be useful, the Court will not allow any at this time.

That said, however, if Duke is able to marshal additional evidence on the experimental use defense, Duke may offer this evidence at trial. However, given the Federal Circuit’s extremely narrow conception of the experimental use defense and the total lack of evidence currently in the record, the Court has doubts about whether Duke will be able to provide any evidence in support of its experimental use defense. Regardless, these are issues to be resolved at trial, and the Court will address any additional arguments or evidence with respect to the experimental use defense at that time.

2. Government License Defense

a. Whether Summary Judgment Should Be Granted to Duke on the Basis of the Government License Defehse

In addition to its reliance on the experimental use defense, Duke also claims that this Court should grant summary judgment in its favor “because Duke has a license to practice the patents for government research purposes pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act.” (Def.’s Statement on Course Future Proceedings at 6.) The Court notes that the Bayh-Dole Act, 35 U.S.C. §§ 200-212, states in pertinent part as follows:

(c) Each funding agreement with a small business firm or nonprofit organization shall contain appropriate provisions to effectuate the following:

(4) With respect to any invention in which the contractor elects rights, the Federal agency shall have a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice or have practiced for or on behalf of the United States any subject invention throughout the world: Provided, That the funding agreement may provide for such additional rights, including the right to assign or have assigned foreign patent rights in the subject invention, as are determined by the agency as necessary for meeting the obligations of the United States under any treaty, international agreement, arrangement of cooperation, memorandum of understanding, or similar arrangement, including military agreement relating to weapons development and production.

35 U.S.C. § 202(c)(4).

As discussed above, although Duke has always asserted this defense, this Court did not rely upon this defense in its earlier decision granting summary judgment in favor of Duke University. The Court instead found Plaintiffs claims to be barred by the experimental use defense. The Court did state in its Summary Judgment Opinion, however, that

[i]n this case, the funding agreements for the inventions created under the ’994 and ’103 patents expressly provide that the Government retained rights in those inventions. Therefore, in light of the

Bayh-Dole Act and said funding agreements, those uses that Defendant has made with respect to the ’103 and ’994 Patents that have been authorized by the Government do not constitute patent infringement to the extent that such uses are protected by an irrevocable government license.

Madey, 266 F.Supp.2d at 429 n. 3. The Court further noted that the parties had “presented conflicting evidence as to the extent to which the patented devices have been used for a purpose consented to by the Government .... ”

On appeal, the Federal Circuit only briefly addressed Duke’s argument that it is entitled to summary judgment because it is using the patents on behalf of the government. With respect to the government license defense, the Federal Circuit stated as follows:

Before this court, Duke argued vehemently that even if we did not agree with the district court’s application of the experimental use defense that we could affirm the district court’s judgment on alternate grounds: that the government had a license to have the patents at issue practiced on its behalf. We disagree with Duke’s assertion because it overstates the information contained in the record on appeal. The only concrete evidence Duke cites is the statements on each of the patents noting that the government has rights in the patents. This, however, is insufficient because these short notations on the patents do not define the scope of the government’s rights. None of the controlling contracts that would define the scope of such rights are provided in the record nor discussed by Duke in its arguments.

In addition, Duke discusses at length the Bayh-Dole Act, urging that this provides a basis to conclude that the scope of the rights granted to the government encompass Duke’s use. Madey, however, notes that the provisions cited by Duke were enacted into law after Ma-dey’s two patents issued. Thus, some other provision may have generated the “government rights” notation on the two patents. In sum, this discussion serves to illustrate that the government license issue needs further development before the district court if it is to ultimately provide Duke the defense it seeks.

Madey, 307 F.3d at 1363-64.

At the status conference this Court previously held, Duke’s counsel seemed to agree with the Federal Circuit “that the government license issue needs further development before the district court if it is to ultimately provide Duke the defense it seeks.” He stated that there are “holes” in the record and “that there are some uses that are not, quote, governmental uses .... ” Counsel for Duke thus seemed to concede that currently the evidence in the record does not support full summary judgment in Duke’s favor. (Status Conf. Tr. at 15.)

Giving the conflicting evidence presented by the parties, Duke has failed to establish its entitlement to the government license defense at this time. As such, based on the information presently before the Court, or the lack thereof, summary judgment for Defendant is denied.

b. Whether Further Development of the Government License Defense Would Be Appropriate Prior to Trial

The next question before the Court, therefore, is whether the Court should allow additional dispositive motions limited to further factual and legal development of the government license defense prior to trial. The Court finds that, after a careful review of the record before the Court, the arguments made by the parties, and the instructions the Federal Circuit, provided to this Court in its Opinion remanding this case, that further factual and legal development of the government license defense is appropriate before this case goes to trial. In particular, the Court notes that there are several underdeveloped issues surrounding the government license defense. First, although it is clear from the face of the patents that the government has some interest in these patents, the scope of that interest is unclear. As the Federal Circuit noted, the “short notations on the patents [stating that the. government has an interest in these patents] do not define the scope of the government’s rights. None of the controlling contracts that would define the scope of such rights are provided in the record nor discussed by Duke in its arguments.” Madey, 307 F.3d at 1363-64. Second, with respect to Duke’s position that the Bayh-Dole Act defines the scope of the government’s rights in these patents, the Federal Circuit also noted Plaintiffs argument “that the provisions [of the Bayh-Dole Act] cited by Duke were enacted into law after Madey’s two patents issued. Thus, some other provision may have generated the ‘government rights’ notation on the two patents.” Id. This Court notes that there has been no briefing before this Court of the issue of the timing of the Bayh-Dole Act. Thus, in order for this Court to fulfill its mandate from the Federal Circuit to fully address these issues on remand, the Court finds that additional factual and legal development are necessary.

Accordingly, the Court will allow the parties to submit additional dispositive motions and briefs, including evidence and arguments as appropriate, on the viability of Duke’s government license defense. In particular, the Court notes that in order to consider the availability of the defense, the following issues need clarification: (1) The scope of the government’s rights in the patents based upon contract N00014-78-C-0403 awarded by the Office of Naval Research (the ’103 patent) and contract DAAL03-88-K0109 awarded by the U.S. Army Research Office (the ’994 patent); (2) whether the government has rights in the patents under the Bayh-Dole Act, or whether the relevant provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act are inapplicable; (3) additional evidence documenting the extent to which Duke’s use of the ’103 and ’994 patents was done on behalf of the government or whether Duke used the patents for other means; and (4) any additional arguments or evidence either party believes relevant to this Court’s determination of the viability and scope of the government license defense. The Court will discuss, in the Order attached to this Memorandum Opinion, the briefing schedule the parties must adhere to with respect to any additional motions to be filed at this time with respect to this defense.

3. 28 U.S.C. § 1498 Defense

Finally, Duke originally contended at the motion-to-dismiss stage that this Court lacked jurisdiction over all or a portion of Plaintiffs claims for infringement under the ’103 patent based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1498. Section 1498 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner’s remedy shall be by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture.

28 U.S.C. § 1498(a). Duke reasoned that because it was using the ’103 patent “by or for the United States,” Plaintiffs infringement claim should have been brought against the United States Government in the United States Court of Federal Claims. In its Dismissal Opinion, this Court agreed with Defendant in part, holding as follows:

[Duke’s] motion is granted with respect to Plaintiffs infringement claims which are based upon allegations of patent use by Defendant Duke University pursuant to government research grants issued to the University. However, Defendant’s motion is denied with respect to Defendant’s alleged use of the patent for private purposes outside the scope of the government’s retained right in the patent.

Madey v. Duke Univ., No. 1:97CV1170, slip op. at 39 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 1, 1997).

The Federal Circuit reversed this decision, holding that, in lawsuits between private parties, § 1498 is not jurisdictional, but instead provides an affirmative defense to infringement. In reversing this Court’s Dismissal Opinion, the Federal Circuit held that although a research grant (in this case, the ONR grant) could provide a basis for assertion of the § 1498 affirmative defense, the Federal Circuit found that in this case

[t]he district court did not clearly identify, discuss or analyze the particular statements or aspects of the ONR grant that may have provided the government’s authorization or consent to be sued. The court seems to have assumed that a research grant by a federal agency to a university for financial support of scientific research proposed by the university constitutes activity “for the United States” and provides authorization or consent by the United States for patent infringement liability for any patents used in the course of the research. In addition, the court did not discuss or characterize Duke’s use or manufacture of the ’103 patent embodiments as “by or for the United States.”

Madey, 307 F.3d at 1359. Thus, the Federal Circuit instructed this Court as follows:

[B]y failing to explain or demonstrate precisely how the ONR grant authorizes the government’s consent to suit or authorizes Duke to use or manufacture the patented articles for the government, the district court has provided no findings or analysis upon which we can base our review of the issue appealed from the court’s Dismissal Opinion. Although a research grant may not meet the requirements of § 1498(a), from the limited record presented by the parties, it cannot be determined whether the ONR grant may authorize the necessary predicates for § 1498(a). However, even if Duke ultimately prevails on its assertion of § 1498(a) as an affirmative defense for its use of the ’103 patent under the ONR grant, that does not mean that the district court’s dismissal of the claim was without error. The ultimate factual and liability determinations are issues for the district court to determine initially on remand because in addition to evaluating the ONR grant and making the requisite findings, as it noted in its Dismissal Opinion, it has not yet determined which uses fall within the scope of the ONR grant and which uses are outside that scope. This determination, as well, seems necessary to support the dismissal in-part.

Id. at 1360 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).

Thus, the Federal Circuit has instructed this Court to determine which uses of the ’103 patent fall within the scope of the ONR grant and which uses do not. However, the record and arguments before the Court at this time are insufficient, for a number of reasons, for the Court to make this determination. First, because the Court originally ruled on the §,*1498 defense at the motion-to-dismiss stage, Duke never had the opportunity to assert this affirmative defense at the summary judgment stage. Second, it is unclear to the Court whether and how the § 1498 defense is distinct from or complementary to Duke’s government license defense. Although the Federal Circuit treated these two defenses separately, there seems to be factual and legal overlap between these defenses that has not been adequately addressed by the parties. Notably, Duke did not even mention § 1498 at the status conference or in its post-status conference memorandum to the Court. It is thus unclear to the Court whether Duke seeks to independently pursue the § 1498 defense or whether Duke’s § 1498 arguments are subsumed within its assertion of the government license defense.

Accordingly, as the Court did with the government license defense, the Court will allow the parties to file additional disposi-tive motions related to the § 1498 defense prior to trial. Specifically, the Court will allow the parties to address and develop the following issues (as well as any other issues related to this defense that the parties deem appropriate): (1) whether Defendant is still asserting this defense; (2) whether and how the § 1498 defense is related to or subsumed by the government license defense; (3) how the ONR grant authorizes the government’s consent to suit or authorizes Duke to use or manufacture the patented articles for the government, and (4) which uses fall within the scope of the ONR grant such that they could be protected by a § 1498 defense and which uses are outside that scope. The Court will discuss, in the Order attached to this Memorandum Opinion, the briefing schedule the parties must adhere to with respect to any motions related to the § 1498 defense.

C. State Law Motion

In addition to Plaintiffs claims for patent infringement, Plaintiff also asserts several state-law claims against Duke: conversion of property (and purportedly, perhaps, a somewhat related claim of misappropriation of business opportunities) (third claim), constructive fraud (sixth claim), and breach of contract (seventh claim). In its Dismissal Opinion, this Court held that Plaintiff had adequately stated each of these claims in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure' 8. Accordingly, the Court denied Defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss these claims. Madey, No. 1:97CV1170, slip op. at 38^0. After the completion of -discovery, Duke moved for summary judgment on each of Plaintiffs state-law claims in accordance with Rule 56. However, because the Court granted summary judgment on both of Plaintiffs patent claims, the Court, in its discretion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs related state law claims. As discussed more fully above, however, the Federal Circuit reversed this Court’s grant of summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs federal claims, finding that the Court improperly applied the experimental use defense in dismissing Plaintiffs patent claims. As such, the Federal Circuit specifically held that “[o]n remand, given our reversal of the district court’s application of the experimental use defense, these [state law] claims are still initially available to Madey.” Madey, 307 F.3d at 1364. As this Court has -discussed above, the Court now holds, consistent with the Opinion of the Federal Circuit, that Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment based upon the experimental use defense. The Court has also found that, at least at this stage of the proceedings, Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment with respect to Defendant’s government license defense and its § 1498 defense. Accordingly, the Court has found that dismissal of Plaintiffs patent claims is improper at this time. Thus, because Plaintiffs federal claims have not been dismissed, the Court finds it appropriate to now address Plaintiffs state-law claims on the merits. The Court will therefore now determine whether Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on any or all of Plaintiffs state-law claims.

1. Conversion and Misappropriation of Business Opportunities ■ (Third Claim)

In Plaintiffs third claim, Plaintiff asserts state-law claims for conversion of property and misappropriation of business opportunities. The Court will discuss these claims in turn.

a. Conversion

Plaintiffs first state-law claim (third claim) is for conversion. In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that “[t]hrough their unauthorized actions, Duke .. ...wrongfully converted- the property, of Dr. Madey — including the Mark III FEL and related equipment — to their own use and benefit and have deprived Dr. Madey of the ownership, use, enjoyment, and benefit of the property.” (Am. ComplJ 101.) As this Court previously held in its Dismissal Opinion, “[u]nder North Carolina law, conversion is defined as ‘an unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over goods or personal chattels belonging to another, to the alteration of their condition or the exclusion of an owner’s rights.” Madey, No. 1:97CV1170, slip op. at 15 (some internal quotations omitted) (quoting Peed v. Burleson’s Inc., 244 N.C. 437, 439, 94 S.E.2d 351, 353 (1956)). However, this Court has consistently held that “ ‘this definition clearly does not provide an independent standard for determining whether conversion occurred, for what constitutes an “unauthorized” interference with another’s ownership of goods or chattels depends upon the circumstances under which such interference arose.’ ” Id. (quoting Binkley v. Loughran, 714 F.Supp. 776, 779 (M.D.N.C.1989)).

Defendant proffers two reasons why it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim for conversion: (1) the Mark III FEL and its related equipment are not Dr. Madey’s property and (2) even if Plaintiff does have ownership rights in the Mark III FEL, Duke did not wrongfully possess the Mark III FEL. The Court will discuss these contentions in turn.

(1) Dr. Madey Does Not Own the Mark III FEL and Its Related Equipment

Duke first contends that the Mark III FEL and its related equipment are not Dr. Madey’s property, but instead “Duke owns the Mark III and related equipment that came from Stanford because Stanford and the government conveyed title to Duke.” (Def.’s Mem. Supp. State Law Mot. [Doc. # 63] at 10.) Plaintiff, however, supports his contention that he has ownership rights in the Mark III FEL based upon the following logic: (1) he provided funding for the initial construction of the Mark III FEL by giving money to Stanford; (2) this money was given to Stanford with the understanding that Stanford would give Plaintiff control and use of the Mark III FEL; (3) Stanford did in fact expend this money in the initial construction of the Mark III FEL; and (4) therefore, Plaintiff has ownership rights in the Mark III FEL. Duke contends, however, that any money that Plaintiff gave Stanford constituted a gift and did not vest in Plaintiff any ownership rights in the Mark III FEL. However, Plaintiff offers the affidavit of C. Frederick Bentley, II, who was the Director of the Sponsored Projects Office at Stanford during the time that Dr. Madey was a professor at Stanford. In his affidavit, Mr. Bentley states, in pertinent part, the following:

3. I was at Stanford during the period that Dr. Madey designed and constructed the Mark III FEL. As indicated by correspondence between Dr. Madey and various government officials, particularly Dr. Bob Guenther of the Army Research Office, Dr. Madey had been seeking government funding for construction of the Mark III FEL for a significant period of time without success when he decided to begin the initial construction with his own funds. The major expense for the construction was the cost of labor for design and fabrication of the equipment. Any government funds received for that purpose would have been subject to the normal indirect cost deductions by Stanford for administration and overhead. However, Stanford and Dr. Madey agreed that Dr. Madey could supply the necessary funds to pay the lab personnel and no indirect costs would be imposed on those funds. Dr. Madey agreed to provide the funds with the agreement and understanding, which Stanford accepted, that the funds would be used solely to support Dr. Madey’s research program and Dr. Madey would have the right to control and direct the use of the Mark III FEL and the right to use it for his research. A “gift” account was established and the funds contributed by Dr. Madey were allocated to that account and were spent under his direction and supervision.

(Bently Aff. [Document # 75] ¶ 3.)

In response to this evidence, Duke continues to argue that Dr. Madey merely made charitable gifts to Stanford and he had no control over those proceeds. However, Mr. Bentley’s statement that “the funds contributed by Dr. Madey were ... spent under his direction and supervision,” id., disputes Duke’s assertion. Duke further argues, however, that even if Dr. Madey did supervise the construction of the Mark III FEL, “he was acting as an agent of Stanford and not on his own behalf’ and therefore he did not obtain any ownership rights in the Mark III FEL. (Def.’s Mem. Supp. State Law Mot. at 5 n. 6.) In support of this argument, Duke cites Connelly v. Bank of America National Trust & Savings Ass'n, 138 Cal.App.2d 303, 291 P.2d 501 (1956), in which the California District Court of Appeal specifically held that

a donor may retain custody and control over the subject of the gift where such possession and control relates [sic] only to the use and enjoyment thereof and does not vest in the donor any interest or title in the property itself, and that where such custody and control is to be exercised by the donor as agent of the donee, all other essentials of a completed gift existing, the gift is not to be affected or invalidated.

Id. at 503. The Court further noted that the essentials of a completed gift are (1) competency of the donor to contract, (2)

a voluntary intent on the part of the donor to make a gift, (3) delivery, either actual or symbolical, amounting to a transfer of title, (4) acceptance, actual or imputed, (5) a complete divestment of all control by donor, (6) a lack of consideration in return for the gift.

Id.

The case before this Court, however, is distinguishable from Connelly. First, Plaintiffs evidence shows a genuine issue with respect to whether he completely divested all control over the money he transferred to Stanford. Second, Plaintiffs evidence also shows that he received consideration in return for transferring the money to Stanford, that is, in return for transferring the money to Stanford, Plaintiff received the right to control how the funds were spent as well as the right to use the Mark III FEL in his research. Third, there is a genuine issue in this case whether Plaintiff was Stanford’s agent with respect to his construction and use of the Mark III FEL. For all of these reasons, therefore, the standards articulated in Connelly do not support summary disposition of this claim at this time.

In further support of its argument that Plaintiff has no rights of ownership in the Mark III FEL, Defendant also contends that

the evidence in this case conclusively establishes that Duke is the true owner of this equipment. It is undisputed that after the Army funded additional development of the Mark III, the Government and Stanford agreed, through a 1996 Settlement Agreement, to convey title to Duke for all equipment that was transferred from Stanford to Duke through the Air Force.”

(Def.’s Mem. Supp. State Law Mot. at 5-6.)

Again, however, Mr. Bentley’s affidavit disputes Duke’s assertion that Stanford transferred title to the Mark III FEL to Duke. Mr. Bentley stated, in part pertinent, as follows:

Stanford did not transfer title to the Mark III FEL or any part of the Mark III FEL to Duke.... It was at the request of Dr. Madey, and at the direction of the Army, that Stanford released the Mark III FEL for shipment to Duke. That action did not constitute a transfer of title to Duke by Stanford of the Mark III FEL.

(Bentley Aff. ¶ 7.) Mr. Bentley further explained in his affidavit that

9. After Dr. Madey left Stanford, a dispute developed between Stanford and the Air Force over amounts Stanford believed it was owed for work performed at Stanford under the Air Force-0012 contract....

10. After the claim had been pending for several years, I recommended that Stanford settle the dispute with the Air Force.... As part of these settlement negotiations, there was never any discussion of transferring title to Duke of the Mark III FEL or any property other than the property covered by the AF-0012 contract.

(Id. ¶¶ 9-10.)

The Court thus finds that the parties have presented conflicting evidence as to whether the Mark III FEL and its related equipment were “transferred from Stanford to Duke through the Air Force.” (Def.’s Mem. Supp. State Law Mot. at 6.) At this stage of the proceedings, therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff has demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether he has an ownership interest in the Mark III FEL and related equipment. As such, Duke is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs conversion claim based upon its contention that Plaintiff does not own the Mark III FEL and related equipment.

(2) Duke Did Not Wrongfully Possess the Mark III FEL and Its Related Equipment

Duke’s second contention, however, is that it did not wrongfully possess the Mark III FEL and related equipment because it “had a reasonable belief that it owned this equipment since at least 1996.” (Def.’s Mem. Supp. State Law Mot. at 10.) Duke thus contends, without any supporting authority, that the tort of conversion includes an element of wrongful intent. However, in North Carolina, while the tort of “[conversion necessarily involves an intentional act, ... the intention need not be wrongful .... ” Marlen C. Robb & Son Boatyard & Marina, Inc. v. VESSEL BRISTOL, 893 F.Supp. 526, 548 (E.D.N.C. 1994); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 224 emt. c (1965) (stating that “the defendant may be liable for conversion where he has in fact exercised dominion or control, although he may be quite unaware of the existence of the rights with which he interferes”). In addition, under North Carolina law, even if a Defendant rightfully comes into possession of the goods, a conversion occurs when the rightful owner demands return of the goods and the Defendant refuses. Hoch v. Young, 63 N.C.App. 480, 483, 305 S.E.2d 201, 203 (1983). The evidence is undisputed that Duke intentionally exercised dominion and control over the Mark III FEL and related equipment and refused to turn the equipment over to Plaintiff upon his request. As such, Duke’s second contention fails as a matter of law. In summary, therefore, Plaintiff has demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact on his claim for conversion. As such, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on this claim is denied.

b. Misappropriation of Business Opportunities

Plaintiffs conversion claim also includes allegations regarding a purported claim identified as a claim for “misappropriation of business opportunities.” In Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant contends that the claim for “misappropriation of business opportunities” should be dismissed because such claims are only recognized in the corporate and partnership contexts. North Carolina courts have recognized claims for usurpation or misappropriation of a business opportunity, but only against corporate officers or partners who usurp a business opportunity that rightfully belongs to the corporation or partnership. See Meiselman v. Meiselman, 309 N.C. 279, 307, 307 S.E.2d 551, 567 (1983); Boyd v. Howard, 147 N.C.App. 491, 494, 556 S.E.2d 337, 339 (2001). Plaintiff has not presented any evidence or allegation to establish that such a claim is available to him as a separate claim based on the circumstances of this case. However, it appears that this “claim” is actually discussed as a part of Plaintiffs claim for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty, rather than Plaintiff asserting it as a separate legal claim. In this Court’s Dismissal Opinion, the Court reviewed North Carolina law on fiduciary relationships, and concluded that Plaintiff had sufficiently alleged the existence of a fiduciary relationship which might have provided a basis for a misappropriation of business opportunity claim. For that reason, the Court also allowed Plaintiff the opportunity to further develop the claim for “misappropriation of business opportunity.” However, based on a further review of the pleadings and briefs submitted on this issue, it now appears that Plaintiffs civil action is actually a claim for damages stemming from the alleged conversion and for breach of fiduciary duty, rather than an attempt by Plaintiff to assert a claim based upon usurpation of a corporate opportunity by Defendant. Therefore, to the extent that Plaintiff offers these allegations of misappropriation of business opportunities solely as part of the discussion of his claim for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiff has presented a genuine issue of material fact as to those claims, as. discussed herein, and Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs claims for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty. However, for the reason stated, Plaintiff would not have a basis for asserting a stand-alone claim against Defendant for misappropriation or usurpation of business opportunities.

2. Constructive Fraud (Sixth Claim)

Plaintiffs sixth claim is for constructive fraud. As this Court previously held in its Dismissal Opinion, to prevail on a claim for constructive fraud a plaintiff must show a “(1) relation of trust and confidence ... (2) (which) led up to and surrounded the consummation of the transaction in which defendant is alleged to have taken advantage of his position of trust to the hurt of plaintiff.” Madey v. Duke Univ., No. 1:97CV1170, slip op. at 32 (alteration in original) (quoting Terry v. Terry,, 302 N.C. 77, 85, 273 S.E.2d 674, 678-79 (1981) (quoting Rhodes v. Jones, 232 N.C. 547, 549, 61 S.E.2d 725, 726 (1950))). In Barger v. McCoy Hillard & Parks, 346 N.C. 650, 666, 488 S.E.2d 215, 224 (1997), the North Carolina Court of Appeals explained the tort of constructive fraud as follows:

Constructive fraud differs from actual fraud in that “it is based on a confidential relationship rather than a specific misrepresentation.” Terry v. Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 85, 273 S.E.2d 674, 678-79 (1981). Implicit in the requirement that a defendant “[take] advantage of his position of trust to the hurt of plaintiff’ is the notion that the defendant must seek his own advantage in the transaction; that is, the defendant must seek to benefit himself.

Id.

■ Defendant contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs constructive fraud claim for two primary reasons. First, Defendant contends that it was not in a fiduciary relationship with Plaintiff. However, this Court considered that argument at length in its Dismissal Opinion, and concluded that a fiduciary relationship could exist between Plaintiff and Defendant under North Carolina law if sufficient evidence were presented on that issue. Defendant has not presented any additional arguments on this point, and the Court concludes that a genuine issue of fact exists as to the nature of the relationship between Plaintiff and Defendant.

In addition, Duke contends that “Ma-dey’s complaint does not allege, and the record does not indicate, any benefit sought by or accruing to Duke based on its supposedly fraudulent actions.” However, Plaintiff has proffered sufficient "evidence to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Duke breached its fiduciary duty towards Plaintiff in 'order to gain control of the Mark III FEL and Plaintiffs research program. Such control would obviously be of great benefit to Duke as a major research university. As such, Defendant’s State Law Motion- for summary judgment on Plaintiffs sixth claim is denied.

3. Breach of Contract (Seventh Claim)

Plaintiffs final state-law claim i