Citations
- 433 F. Supp. 2d 1200
Full opinion text
ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
NOTTINGHAM, District Judge.
This is a defamation and Title VII case. Plaintiff Patricia Emerson alleges that Defendants Wembley Inc., (“Wembley”) Wembley USA, Inc., (“Wembley USA”), and Robert Ty Howard (collectively, “Defendants”): (1) discriminated and retaliated against her in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (2006), (2) published defamatory statements about her, and (3) committed various state law violations. Plaintiff seeks compensatory, punitive, and non-economic damages. This matter is before the court on Defendants “Wembley Inc.’s Second Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Second Renewed Motion for Partial Summary Judgment,” filed on December 9, 2005. Jurisdiction is premised upon federal question and supplemental jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367 (2006).
FACTS
1. Factual Background
Plaintiff worked for Defendant Wembley USA from approximately January 1999 through December 2002. (Br. in Supp. of Wembley Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 1 [filed Dec. 9, 2005] [hereinafter “Defs.’ Br.”]; admitted at PL’s Resp. to Wembly [sic] Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembly [sic] USA Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 1 [filed Dec. 22, 2005] [hereinafter “PL’s Resp.”].) Defendant Wem-bley USA is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Defendant Wembley. (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 2; admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 2.) Plaintiff worked as a controller in Defendant Wem-bley USA’s accounting department and performed accounting and other financial functions for all of the Wembley-affiliated companies, including Defendant Wembley and its subsidiaries. (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 3; admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 3.)
From January 1999 through April 2001, Plaintiff reported directly to David Brents, who served as Defendant Wembley USA’s chief financial officer (“CFO”), and Skip Sherman, who served as its president and chief executive officer (“CEO”). (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶4; admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 4.) On or about January 1, 1999, Brents presented Plaintiff with a letter that stated in relevant part: “[i]n the event that the Company chooses to terminate [Plaintiffs] employment for any reason, [Plaintiff] will be entitled to payment of one year’s full pay.” (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 13, Ex. A-11 [1/1/99 Letter]; deemed admitted at Pl.’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 9.)
From April 2001 through October 2001, Plaintiff reported directly to Defendant Howard, who served as: (1) Defendant Wembley USA’s president, CEO, CFO, and treasurer; and (2) Defendant Wem-bley’s president, CEO, CFO, and treasurer. (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 6; admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 6.) Plaintiff asserts that in April 2001, she became the acting CFO for Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA. (PL’s Resp., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 14; disputed at Reply Br. in Supp. of Wembley, Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J., Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 14 [filed Jan. 9, 2006] [hereinafter “Defs.’ Reply-”] •) Plaintiff asserts that she did not receive salary or benefits commensurate with her position. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 15, Ex. B-ll [11/16/01 Electronic Mail Message]; disputed at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 15.)
In July and August 2001, Plaintiff complained to Defendants that she was being discriminated against based on her sex. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 20; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 20.) In October 2001, Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA hired former Defendant Goergen as CFO. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 22; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts If 22.) Plaintiff asserts that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA replaced Plaintiff with Goergen. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 20; disputed at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 20.) On October 25, 2001, Plaintiff filed her first charge of discrimination against Defendant Wembley USA with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), in which she alleged Defendant Wembley USA discriminated against her based on her sex. (Defs.’ Br., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 10, Ex. A-7 [10/25/01 Charge of Discrimination]; deemed admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts.) Plaintiffs EEOC charge was based in part on Defendants’ decision to hire former Defendant Goergen as CFO. (Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-7 [10/25/01 Charge of Discrimination].) From October 2001 through the end of her employment in December 2002, Plaintiff reported to former Defendant Goergen. (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶¶ 7-8; deemed admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶¶ 6-7.)
In February 2002, Plaintiff was subpoenaed to testify before a Rhode Island state grand jury in connection with an investigation into Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA’s work in that state. (PL’s Resp., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 26; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 26.) Plaintiff asserts that after she gave her testimony, Defendant Howard and former Defendant Goergen ignored her, criticized her abilities and performance, and perpetuated a hostile work environment. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 26; disputed at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 26.)
On June 3, 2002, Plaintiff filed a second charge of discrimination with the EEOC, in which she alleged Defendant Wembley USA continued to discriminate and retaliate against her based on her sex and age. (Defs.’ Br., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 11, Ex A-8 [6/3/02 Charge of Discrimination]; deemed admitted at Pl.’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts.) In August 2002, Plaintiff informed former Defendant Goergen that the alleged hostile work environment was making her “unable to function in the workplace.” (Pl.’s Resp., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 34, Ex. B-23 [8/12/02 Electronic Mail Message]; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 34.) From August 8, 2002 through October 12, 2002, Plaintiff took sick leave followed by a leave of absence under the federal Family Medical Leave Act. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 38, Ex. B-23 [8/8/02 Letter; 9/12/02 Electronic Mail Message]; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 38.)
Plaintiffs performance evaluation was postponed due to her leave of absence. (Id., Ex. B-23 [8/8/02 Letter].) On November 5, 2002, Plaintiff received a performance evaluation that was negative in part. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 46; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 46; see also Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-6 [11/5/02 Performance Evaluation].)
On December 12, 2002, Plaintiff sent former Defendant Goergen an electronic mail message outlining her feelings that he had excluded her in her role at work. (Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-15 [12/12/02 Electronic Mail Message].) On December 13, 2002, former Defendant Goergen responded, but sent his electronic message reply to Plaintiff and multiple individuals, including some who worked for Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 48; admitted at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 48; see also Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-15 [12/13/02 Electronic Mail Message].) Plaintiff asserts that as a result of former Defendant Goergen’s reply, she was “humiliated, distraught, embarrassed[,] and stupefied to such great extent that she was forced to immediately [sic] resign” from her employment. (Id., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 49; disputed at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 49.) None of the Defendants has paid Plaintiff severance pay pursuant to the aforementioned January 1, 1999 severance agreement. (Defs.’ Br., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 14; admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 10.)
On January 28, 2003, Plaintiff filed a third charge with the EEOC, in which she alleged continuing retaliation against her based on her sex. (Id., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 12, Ex A-10 [1/28/03 Charge of Discrimination]; deemed admitted at PL’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 8.)
2. Procedural History
On May 30, 2003, Plaintiff received a right to sue letter from the EEOC. (PL’s Resp., Ex. B-27 [5/30/03 Notice of Right to Sue].) On August 21, 2003, Plaintiff filed her initial complaint against Defendants in the District Court of Adams County, Colorado. (Notice of Removal of Civil Action from the Adams County District Court, Colorado [filed Sept. 12, 2003], Ex. C [Compl. and Jury Demand].) On August 26, 2003, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint, in which she asserts eleven claims for relief: (1) libel per se against former Defendant Goergen; (2) libel per se against Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA; (3) libel and slander per se against Defendant Howard; (4) libel and slander per se against Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA; (5) breach of contract against Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA; (6) sex discrimination against Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA; (7) unlawful retaliation against Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA; (8) wrongful discharge against Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA; (9) violation of Colorado Revised Statutes section 8-2.5-101 against Defendants Wembley and Wembley. ÜSA; (10) outrageous conduct against Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA; and (11) negligent infliction of emotional distress against former Defendant Goergen. (Id., Ex. A [Amended Complaint].) On September 12, 2003, Defendants removed Plaintiffs action to this court. (Id.) On September 18, 2003, Defendants filed an answer to Plaintiffs complaint. (Answer [filed Sept. 18, 2003].)
On September 19, 2003, Plaintiff filed an objection to removal and a petition to remand the action to state court. (Pl.’s Objection to Removal and Pet. for Remand to State Court [filed Sept. 19, 2003].) Plaintiff emphasized that only one of her eleven claims invoked the protection of federal law, and noted the claim in question also invoked Colorado State law. (Id.) As a solution, Plaintiff suggested that she might delete the words “Title VII” from her complaint. (Id.) On October 10, 2003, Defendants filed a response to Plaintiffs petition. (Def.’s Mem.Br. in Opp’n to PL’s Pet. to Remand and Request for Oral Argument [filed Oct. 10, 2003].) On October 27, 2003, Plaintiff concurrently filed a reply brief in support of her motion and a motion for leave to amend her complaint. (PL’s Reply to Defs.’ Mem.Br. in Opp’n to PL’s Pet. to Remand and in the Alternative, Request for Leave to Am. Compl. as Justice so Requires [filed Oct. 27, 2003].) On March 10, 2004, the magistrate judge ordered Plaintiff to disclose whether she intended to pursue a claim under any federal statute in this case by March 16, 2004. (Courtroom Mins, [filed Mar. 10, 2004].) Evidently, Plaintiff did not comply. On March 22, 2004, the magistrate judge issued an order to show cause why the case should not be dismissed by March 30, 2004. (Order [filed Mar. 22, 2004].) On March 29, 2004, Plaintiff satisfied the order to show cause- by filing a statement that she intended to pursue a claim under Title VII. (PL’s Statement of Compliance with Court’s Order of Mar. 10, 2004 [filed Mar. 29, 2004].) On April 20, 2004, the parties filed a stipulated motion to withdraw Plaintiffs petition for remand. (Stipulated Mot. to Withdraw PL’s Pet. for Remand [filed Apr. 20, 2004].) On June 14, 2004, I granted the motion. (Min. Order [filed June 14, 2004].)
On April 21, 2004, Plaintiff moved to amend her complaint to seek exemplary damages. (PL’s mot. for Leave of Court to Am. Her Compl. to Seek Exemplary Damages [filed Apr. 21, 2004].) On May 19, 2004, the magistrate judge granted Plaintiffs motion. (Order [filed May 19, 2004].) On the same date, Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint, in which she asserts the same eleven claims described above. (PL’s Second Am. Compl. [filed May 19, 2004] [hereinafter “Second Am. Compl.”].)
On May 12, 2004, former Defendant Goergen filed a motion for summary judgment, in which he argued that no evidence existed to support Plaintiffs claims against him. (Def. Jeffrey Goergen’s Mot. for Summ. J. [filed May 12, 2004].) On June 1, 2004, Plaintiff responded to the motion. (PL’s Resp. to Def.’ Jeffrey Goergen’s Mot. for Summ. J. [filed June 1, 2004].) On June 20, 2004, Goergen filed a reply in support of his motion. (Reply in Supp. of Def. Jeffrey Goergen’s Mot. for Summ. J. [filed June 21, 2004].) On March 31, 2005, I granted Goergen’s motion and dismissed Plaintiffs claims against him. (Order and Mem. of Decision [filed Mar. 31, 2005] [hereinafter “Order”].) On July 1, 2005, the parties stipulated to dismiss Goergen with prejudice. (Stipulation for Dismissal With Prejudice [filed July 1, 2005].)
On May 12, 2004, Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA filed initial motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment, respectively. (Wembley Inc.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. [filed May 12, 2004].) On June 1, 2004, Plaintiff filed: (1) a cursory, nonsubstantive response to the motion; and (2) a motion for continuance pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f). (Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Wembley USA Inc.’s and Wembley Inc.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [filed June 1, 2004]; PL’s Mot. for a Continuance Pursuant to F.R.C.P. 56[f] [filed June 1, 2004].) In her motion for a continuance, Plaintiff asserted that she could not adequately respond to Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s motions unless and until such time as she was able to: (1) depose non-party Daniel Bucci, who was awaiting a criminal trial in Rhode Island; and (2) review particular documents under the control of non-parties Leonard O’Brien, Anthony Traini, and John Tarantino. (PL’s Mot. for a Continuance Pursuant to F.R.C.P. 56[f] [filed June 1, 2004].) On June 22, 2004, Defendants (1) Wembley and Wembley USA filed a response to Plaintiffs motion for a continuance, noting that as of June 17, 2004, all documents responsive to Plaintiffs subpoenas had been produced; and (2) Wembley, Wembley USA, and Howard filed a motion for an extension of time to file their reply brief in support of their motions for summary judgment, specifieally requesting to be allowed to reply fifteen days after Plaintiff filed a substantive response to their motions. (Defs.’ Objection to PL’s Mot. for Continuance Pursuant to F.R.C.P. 56[f] [filed June 22, 2004]; Mot. for Extension of Time to File Reply Regarding PL’s [sic] Mot. for Summ. J. [filed June 22, 2004].) On July 2, 2004, Plaintiff filed a reply brief in support of her motion for a continuance, in which she noted that her motion was still necessary because she had been unable to depose Bucci due to his pending criminal trial. (PL’s Reply Br. in Supp. of Her Mot. for Continuance [filed July 2, 2004].)
On March 31, 2005, I:(l) granted Plaintiffs motion and continued Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment until such time as the motions were fully briefed; and (2) granted Defendants Wembley, Wembley USA, and Howard’s motion for an extension of time to file reply briefs. (Order at 25.)
On May 19, 2005, I held a status conference, wherein I denied Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA’s motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment without prejudice, subject to refiling after ninety days. (Courtroom Mins, [filed May 19, 2005].) I also ordered the parties to submit status reports every thirty days. (Id.)
On August 17, 2005, Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA filed renewed motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment, respectively. (Wem-bley Inc.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J. [filed Aug. 17, 2005].) On September 12, 2005, Plaintiff responded to the motions. (PL’s Resp. to Wem-bley Inc.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J. [filed Sept. 12, 2005].) On September 16, 2005, Plaintiff filed a status report, in which she indicated that she had not yet had the opportunity to depose Bucci. (Case.Status Report [filed Sept. 16, 2005].) On the same date, I held a status conference, during which it was revealed that Plaintiff might depose Bucci in November 2005. (Courtroom Mins, [filed Sept. 16, 2006].) In light of this delay, I denied Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s motions without prejudice, subject to refiling in December 2005. (Id.) On November 16, 2005, at long last, Plaintiff deposed Bucci, which brings me to the motion presently before the court. (Case Status Report [filed Nov. 21, 2005].)
On December 9, 2005, Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA filed second renewed motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment, respectively. (Wembley Ine.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Second Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J. [filed Dec. 9, 2005].) Defendant Wembley argues it is entitled to summary judgment on all of Plaintiff claims because it: (1) could not have breached the January 1, 1999 severance agreement because it was not a party thereto; (2) is not an “employer” as defined by Title VII; and (3) was not Plaintiffs employer under common law principles. (Def.’s Br. at 7-17.) Alternatively, Defendant Wembley joins in Defendant Wembley USA’s motion for partial summary judgment. (Id. at 35.) Defendant Wembley USA argues it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs second, fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth claims because: (1) Plaintiffs defamation claim is based on vicarious liability in connection with a claim that this court has dismissed; (2) it is not in breach of the January 1, 1999 severance agreement because a condition precedent was not satisfied; (3) Plaintiff has no basis for her claims for retaliation or wrongful discharge because she cannot establish that she was constructively discharged; (4) Plaintiff cannot establish that it took action against her solely because of her grand jury testimony; and (5) Plaintiff cannot establish outrageous conduct. (Id. at 7-11, 17-35.) On December 22, 2005, Plaintiff responded to the motions. (PL’s Resp.) On January 11, 2006, Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA filed a reply brief in support of their motions. (Defs.’ Reply.)
On February 8, 2006, Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA filed a motion to compel in the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island. (Notice of Filing of Defs.’ Wembley, Inc.’s and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Mot. to Compel Answers to Dep. Questions by Witness Dan Bucci [filed Feb. 10, 2006].) Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA moved the Rhode Island court to compel Bucci to answer deposition questions or, alternatively, to transfer jurisdiction over the motion to this court. (Id., Ex. 1 [Defs.’ Wem-bley, Inc.’s and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Mot. to Compel Answers to Dep. Questions by Witness Dan Bucci].) On February 27, 2006, Plaintiff filed a response to Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s motion to compel. (Notice of Filing of PL’s Resp. to Wembley, Inc.’s and Wembley USA, Inc.’s Mot. to Compel Answers to Dep. Questions by Witness Dan Bucci [filed Feb. 27, 2006].) In her response, Plaintiff argued that the motion should be denied because: (1) a second deposition would pose an undue burden on Plaintiff, and (2) Bucci had a reasonable basis for pleading the Fifth Amendment during his deposition. (Id.) Given that the parties have not notified this court otherwise, I assume the motion to compel remains pending before the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island.
ANALYSIS
1. Legal Standard
Pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court may grant summary judgment where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c) (2006); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., All U.S. 242, 248-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Concrete Works of Colorado, Inc. v. City & County of Denver, 36 F.3d 1513,1517 (10th Cir.1994). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, All U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “Once the moving party meets this burden, the burden shifts to the nonmov-ing party to demonstrate a genuine issue for trial on a material matter.” Concrete Works, 36 F.3d at 1518 (citing Celotex, All U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548). The nonmov-ing party may not rest solely on the allegations in the pleadings, but must instead designate “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex, All U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e) (2006). A fact in dispute is “material” if it might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law; the dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that it might lead a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Allen v. Muskogee, 119 F.3d 837, 839 (10th Cir.1997) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). The court may consider only admissible evidence when ruling on a summary judgment motion. See World of Sleep, Inc. v. La-Z-Boy Chair Co., 756 F.2d 1467, 1474 (10th Cir.1985). The factual record and reasonable inferences therefrom are viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment. Byers v. City of Albuquerque, 150 F.3d 1271, 1274 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing Concrete Works, 36 F.3d at 1517).
2. Evaluation of Claims
a. Preliminary Matter: Adverse Evi-dentiary Inference
In her opposition brief to Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s motions, Plaintiff notes that Bucci refused to answer many of the questions she asked while deposing him, citing his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself.(Pl.’s Resp. at 42-53, Ex. B-34, passim [Bucci Dep.].) Plaintiff speculates that, inter alia, Bucci: (1) “would have testified” about the corporate structural organization between Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA; (2) would have made “statements supporting [ ] Plaintiffs claim of gender discrimination;” and (3) would have given testimony to support her claim of witness intimidation regarding her grand jury testimony. (Id. at 46, 48-50.) Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff argues that because she “has been foreclosed from using [Bucci’s] vital testimony” she is entitled to an adverse inference against Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA on all of Bucci’s unanswered questions. (Id. at 51.)
Relevant precedent for such request against a non-party is sparse, and binding precedent is non-existent. Plaintiff cites a number of cases in which the parties to litigation or other proceeding invoked the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. (Pl.’s Br. at 44-46.) More persuasively, Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA cite LiButti v. United States, 107 F.3d 110 (2d Cir.1997), in which the Second Circuit considered whether a nonparty witness’s invocation of his Fifth Amendment rights warranted an adverse inference against the plaintiff.(Defs.’ Reply at 23.) The LiButti Court stressed that “the overarching concern is fundamentally whether the adverse inference is trustworthy under all of the circumstances and will advance the search for the truth” and propounded four factors as guidance for a trial court in making such a determination: (1) the nature of the relevant relationships; (2) the degree of control the party vests in the non-party witness with regard to key facts and the subject matter of the litigation; (3) the compatibility of the interests of the party and non-party witnesses in the outcome of the litigation; and (4) the role of the non-party witness in the litigation. LiButti, 107 F.3d at 123-24. I address each factor in turn.
i. The Nature of the Relevant Relationships
The LiButti Court noted that “[wjhile no particular relationship governs, the nature of the relationship will invariably be the most significant circumstance.” LiButti, 107 F.3d at 123. Further, the court urged trial courts to examine such relationships from the perspective of the non-party witness’s loyalty to either party in the case, noting “[tjhe closer the bond, whether by reason of blood, friendship or business, the less likely the non-party witness would be to render testimony in order to damage the relationship.” Id. Here, this factor arguably weighs in Plaintiffs favor. Bucci formerly had a business relationship with Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA, potentially making it less likely that he would testify negatively against them.(Pl.’s Resp., Statement of Additional Disputed Facts ¶ 54, admitted in relevant part at Defs.’ Reply, Resp. Concerning Disputed Facts ¶ 54.) Analysis of the remaining factors does not support Plaintiffs stance.
ii. The Degree of Control of the Party Over the Non-Party Witness
The LiButti Court held that the “degree of control which the party has vested in the nonparty witness in regard to the key facts and general subject matter of the litigation” may inform the trial court whether assertion of the privilege could be viewed as a vicarious admission. LiButti 107 F.3d at 123. As will be discussed in more detail below, the vast majority Plaintiffs allegations and claims relate to or arise out of the Defendants’ actions and Plaintiffs alleged constructive discharge. (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7-90.) At best, Bucci is a tangential figure to this litigation. It is thus quite difficult to conceive that Defendants vested in Bucci key facts regarding the litigation in the instant case.
iii. Compatibility of the Interests of the Party and Non-Party Witness in the Outcome of the Litigation
The LiButti Court directed that “[t]he trial court should evaluate whether the non-party witness is pragmatically a non-captioned party in interest and whether the assertion of the privilege advances the interests of both the non-party witness and the affected party in the outcome of the litigation.” LiButti, 107 F.3d at 123. Here, Bucci no longer works for or with Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA. (Defs.’ Resp., Ex. A-17 at 60 [Bucci Dep.].) Further, in one of the few questions he answered substantively, Bucci testified that he has no interest in the outcome of Plaintiffs case. (Id., Ex. A-17 at 60-61 [Bucci Dep.].) It is thus markedly difficult to ascertain Bucci’s potential interest in the outcome of a discrimination and defamation case against Defendants.
iv. Role of the Non-Party Witness in the Litigation
Pursuant to LiButti, “[w]hether the non-party witness was a key figure in the litigation and played a controlling role in respect to any of its underlying aspects also logically merits consideration by the trial court.” LiButti, 107 F.3d at 123-24. Here, it is difficult to characterize Bucci as a key figure in this litigation. Plaintiff admits that, at best, Bucci would have made statements supportive of Plaintiffs claims. (Pl.’s Resp. at 42-53.) Plaintiff does not assert that she reported to Bucci as a supervisor during her employment or that Bucci directly took any part in the alleged actions that give rise to any of her claims. (Second Am. Compl., passim; Pl.’s Resp., Resp. to Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶¶ 4-6.)
v.Overarching Concern
Under LiButti, the court’s “overarching concern” in making its determination is whether the adverse inference: (1) is trustworthy considering all of the circumstances, and (2) “will advance the search for the truth” in this case. LiButti, 107 F.3d at 123. Here, the adverse inference Plaintiff seeks is massive in scope. Plaintiff seeks an inference in her favor on all of the questions Bucci refused to answer, which, in this case, is nearly all of the questions posed. (Pl.’s Resp., Ex. B-34 at 10-39, 47-49, 53-56 [Bucci Dep.].) Indeed, the topics of the unanswered questions range from Plaintiffs employment status and duties; to the reasoning behind hiring Goergen as CFO; to the corporate structure between Defendant Wembley, Wembley USA, and the other Wembley companies; to the timing of alleged retaliatory adverse employment actions; and beyond. (Id., Ex. B-34 at 16, 17, 22, 25, 29, 32 [Bucci Dep.].)
To grant the adverse inference would be unfair on many levels. First, it is difficult to imagine that Bucci was the only source of the answer to several of Plaintiffs questions, including, for example, whether Plaintiff was Defendant Wembley’s only female officer, and whether Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA maintained the same registered agents, officers, and directors. (Id., Ex. B-34 at 16, 32 [Bucci Dep.].) Simply granting an inference would not be trustworthy considering that the circumstances would seem to allow for Plaintiff to find her answers elsewhere.
Further, granting the inference on certain of Plaintiffs questions would unfairly favor Plaintiffs case. For example, without laying any foundation that Bucci had any role in hiring Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s CFO, Plaintiff asked “[w]as the only reason Mr. Goergen was hired the fact that he was a male?” (Pl.’s Resp., Ex. B-34 at 25 [Bucci Dep.].) Additionally without foundation, Plaintiff asked whether Bucci was “aware that because of [] [Defendants] Wembley[s]and Wembley USA’s] treatment toward her, [Plaintiffs] physically [sic] and emotional health worsened?” (Id., Ex. B-34 at 37 [Bucci Dep.].) Again without foundation, and with an alternate source for the answer, Plaintiff asked whether Bucci ever discussed with Defendant Howard “how to make [Plaintiffs] work environment so hostile that she would have no other choice but to leave [her] employment.” (Id., Ex. B-34 at 31 [Bucci Dep.].) To grant an inference in Plaintiffs favor on questions such as these would allow Plaintiff to bypass several required steps in proving her case. Plaintiff cannot use her fruitless deposition as a crutch to prop up her claims. Having considered the LiButti factors and trustworthiness issues, I find that an adverse inference in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants on all unanswered questions posed to Bucci would not advance this court’s pursuit of truth and is not appropriate in this case.
b. Plaintiff’s First and Second Claims: Libel Per Se and Agent-Principal Liability
In her first claim, Plaintiff asserts that with his December 13, 2002 email, former Defendant Goergen defamed her through libel per se. (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45.1-48. 1, 45.2.) In my March 31, 2005 order, I found that former Defendant Goer-gen’s statements did not constitute libel per se as matter of law and dismissed the claim. (Order at 10-21.) As her second claim, Plaintiff that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA are vicariously liable for former Defendant Goergen’s libelous statements under principal-agent liability theories. (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶46.2-48.2, 49.) Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA cite my aforementioned ruling and move for summary judgment on Plaintiffs second claim. (Defs.’ Br. at 34-35.) Although Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA do not argue as much, no relief may be had where there has been no wrong. There is simply no problematic action by the agent for which to hold its actual or alleged principals liable in this instance. Accordingly, Defendants Wem-bley and Wembley USA are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs second claim.
c. Plaintiff’s Third and Fourth Claims: Libel Per Se, Slander Per Se, and Agent-Principal Liability
Defendant Wembley moves for summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim for vicarious liability for libel and slander per se. (Defs.’ Br. at 15-17.) Defendant Wembley USA does not move for summary judgment on this claim. (Id. at 35.) Similarly to Plaintiffs first and second claims, Plaintiffs third and fourth claim are interrelated. In her third claim, Plaintiff that Defendant Howard defamed her by publishing a statement accusing her of theft. (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50-54.) In her fourth claim, Plaintiff that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA are vicariously liable, because Defendant Howard defamed Plaintiff “in the capacity of his agency relationship” with Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA. (Id. ¶¶ 55-57.) Defendant Wembley argues it is entitled to summary judgment because it was not Plaintiffs employer under principles of either common law or agency. (Defs.’ Br. at 15-17.) Defendant Wembley’s argument is so misplaced in this instance, I need not address its substance. Defendant Wembley’s employment or agency relationship with Plaintiff is wholly distinct from its relationship with Defendant Howard. The latter is at issue in this claim, but Defendant Wembley speaks only to the former. In so doing, Defendant Wem-bley falls woefully short of meeting its burden in its motion to show an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs case. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Accordingly, Defendant Wembley is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs fourth claim.
d. Plaintiff’s Fifth Claim: Breach of Contract
Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA move for summary judgment on Plaintiffs fifth claim for relief, in which she asserts that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA breached a contractual agreement among them that provided for severance pay in the event of Plaintiffs termination from employment. (Defs.’ Br. at 7-13; Compl. ¶¶ 58-61.) Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA argue they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim because: (1) Defendant Wembley is not a party to the contract, thereby eliminating the possibility of breach on its part; and (2) a condition precedent contemplated in the contract was not satisfied, thereby excusing both Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA’s performance. (Defs.’ Br. at 7-13.)
In Colorado, a successful breach of contract claim requires: (1) existence of a contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff for some justification for nonperformance; (3) failure to perform by the defendant; and (4) damages. Western Distrib. Co. v. Diodosio, 841 P.2d 1053, 1058 (Colo.1992). In this case, I need only discuss the first and third elements.
i. Existence of the Contract with Respect to Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA
Under Colorado law, contract interpretation is “a question of law to be resolved by the court.” Denver Ctr. for the Performing Arts v. Briggs, 696 P.2d 299, 306 (Colo.1985); see also Grant v. Pharmacia & Upjohn Co., 314 F.3d 488, 491 (10th Cir.2002) (citing Fibreglas Fabricators, Inc. v. Kylberg, 799 P.2d 371, 374 [Colo. 1990]). Plaintiff testified that the contract she alleges Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA breached exists in the form of a letter dated January 1, 1999 (the “Severance Agreement”), which reads as follows:
[t]he purpose of this letter is to confirm in writing the oral agreement with regard to [Plaintiffs] employment with [Defendant] Wembley USA. In the event the Company chooses to terminate [Plaintiffs] employment for any reason, [Plaintiff] will be entitled to payment of one-year’s [sic] full pay.
(Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-l at 189 [Emerson Dep.], Ex. A-ll [1/1/99 Letter].) It is patently clear from the language of the instrument on its face — and apparently not disputed — that Defendant Wembley USA is a party to the Severance Agreement. (Defs.’ Br., Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 13.) The question remains whether Defendant Wembley is also a party. Defendant Wembley argues that it is not, as evidenced by the instrument’s plain language. (Defs.’ Br. at 11-13.) Plaintiff does not directly address Defendant Wem-bley’s argument, but it is a fundamental principle of law that “provisions of a contract cannot be enforced against those who are not parties to the contract.” Broder-ick v. McElroy & McCoy, Inc., 961 P.2d 504, 506 (Colo.Ct.App.1997); see EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 294, 122 S.Ct. 754, 151 L.Ed.2d 755 (2002) (“It goes without saying that a contract cannot bind a nonparty.”) Thus, to the extent she asserts that Defendant Wembley is liable for breach, by implication Plaintiff necessarily asserts that Defendant Wembley is a party to the Severance Agreement.
In Colorado, “[w]hether ... a contract is ambiguous is also a question of law for the court.” Denver Ctr. for the Performing Arts, 696 P.2d at 306; see also Fibreglas Fabñcators, 799 P.2d at 374. Significantly, “ ‘the fact that the parties disagree as to the meaning of the terms of the contract does not lead necessarily to the conclusion that the contract is ambiguous.’ ” Bennett v. Coors Brewing Co., 189 F.3d 1221, 1232 (10th Cir.1999) (quoting Denver Ctr. for the Performing Arts, 696 P.2d at 306). “In ascertaining whether certain provisions of a document are ambiguous, the instrument’s language must be examined and construed in harmony with the plain and generally accepted meaning of the words employed ... and [t]he plain effect of a contract should not be destroyed by strained construction.” Bennett, 189 F.3d at 1232 (citing Denver Ctr. for the Performing Arts, 696 P.2d at 306; Radiology Prof'l Corp. v. Trinidad Area Health Assoc., 195 Colo. 253, 577 P.2d 748, 750 [Colo. 1978]). In the instant case, the plain effect of the language of the Severance Agreement is that Defendant Wembley USA would be obligated to pay a severance of one year’s salary in the event it terminated Plaintiffs employment. Defendant Wembley is not a party to the Severance Agreement by its plain meaning, and therefore cannot be bound by its terms.
In her complaint, Plaintiff expressly and exclusively refers to the Severance Agreement “with Plaintiff to provide severance pay in the event of Plaintiffs job separation.” (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 59.) Rather than directly addressing Defendant Wembley’s argument regarding the Severance Agreement, Plaintiff asserts a new claim — -that Defendant Wembley is in breach of a separate contract, an indemnification agreement regarding confidential information Plaintiff provided to her employer. (Pl.’s Resp. at 32-33.) Purportedly in support of her argument, Plaintiff cites a letter dated April 12, 2001 (the “Indemnification Agreement”), addressed to Plaintiff, and printed on Wembley pic letterhead. The Indemnification Agreement is signed by Mark Elliot “for and on behalf of Wembley plc/Wembley USA” and reads in relevant part:
Wembley acknowledges that you made certain statements and provided information to it of a confidential nature for its benefit.... Wembley agrees to indemnify you for any loss or damage you suffer as a result of such disclosures, including underwriting any legal costs involved in defending any claim or law suit [sic] against you on the following terms:
1. You notify us promptly in writing of any claim or potential claim;
2. Wembley has the right to take over the conduct of any defense to any claim brought against you; [and]
3. No settlement or compromise is made without our prior written consent
(PL’s Resp., Ex. B-12 [4/12/01 Letter].) Plaintiff argues that she “was harassed and constructively discharged because she provided such information to Wembley,” and “Wembley should indemnify Plaintiff for the damages she incurred as a result of her constructive discharge” as per the agreement. (Id. at 32.)
Courts may treat new claims raised in a plaintiffs opposition to summary judgment as a motion to amend the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15 (2006); Viernow v. Euripides Dev. Corp., 157 F.3d 785, 790 n. 9 (10th Cir.1998). Generally, a plaintiff ought not be prohibited to pursue a valid claim due to the plaintiffs failure to set forth in the complaint a theory upon which she could recover, so long as the “ ‘late shift in the thrust of the case will not prejudice the other party in maintaining his defense upon the merits.’ ” Evans v. McDonald’s Corp., 936 F.2d 1087, 1090-91 (10th Cir. 1991) (quoting 5 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1219 at 194 [1990]). Indeed, the Tenth Circuit has held that “the purpose of ‘fact pleading,’ as provided by [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 8(a)(2), is to give the defendant fair notice of the claims against him without requiring the plaintiff to have every legal theory or fact developed in detail before the complaint is filed.... ” Evans, 936 F.2d at 1091. Notably, this pleading standard, although liberal, does not “permit plaintiffs to wait until the last minute to ascertain and refine the theories on which they intend to build their case. This practice, if permitted, would waste the parties’ resources, as well as judicial resources, on discovery aimed at ultimately unavailing legal theories and would unfairly surprise defendants, requiring the court to grant further time for discovery or continuances.” Id.
Here, Plaintiff has already amended her complaint twice, and offers no explanation as to why this court should allow a third amendment, by implication, at this stage in the case. It is difficult to ascertain — and Plaintiff makes no argument to aid the court in its endeavor — why Plaintiff could not have presented this argument in a more timely manner. It is well settled in the Tenth Circuit that “untimeliness alone is a sufficient reason to deny leave to amend, especially when the party filing the motion has no adequate explanation.” Frank v. U.S.West, Inc., 3 F.3d 1357, 1365 (10th Cir.1993) (citing Woolsey v. Marion Laboratories, Inc., 934 F.2d 1452, 1462 [10th Cir.1991]; Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Far West Bank, 893 F.2d 1182, 1185 [10th Cir.1990]; First City Bank v. Air Capitol Aircraft Sales, 820 F.2d 1127, 1133 [10th Cir.1987]). Plaintiffs proposed amendment is unjustifiably untimely, and is therefore denied.
Moreover, amending Plaintiffs complaint would be an exercise in futility. Even were I to entertain Plaintiffs proposed amendment, Plaintiff falls woefully short of meeting the burdens imposed upon her by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and long-established case law to survive summary judgment. In motions for summary judgment, the nonmoving party may not rest solely on the allegations in the pleadings, but must instead designate “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e) (2006). As mentioned above, in Colorado, a successful breach of contract claim requires: (1) existence of a contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff for some justification for nonperformance; (3) failure to perform by the defendant; and (4) damages. Diodosio, 841 P.2d at 1058. First, Plaintiff offers neither argument nor evidence that she performed her duties under the indemnification agreement by giving written notice of her intended claim. Perhaps more importantly, as will be discussed in detail in subsequent sections of this Order, Plaintiff cannot establish that she was constructively discharged. Accordingly, even assuming Plaintiff had established an enforceable contract in the form of the Indemnification Agreement, Plaintiff has not established a basis upon which to demand damages, a fundamental element in a claim for breach of contract. Defendant Wembley is therefore entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim against it for breach of contract.
ii. Condition Precedent: Termination! Constructive Discharge
A condition precedent is “[a]n act or event, other than a lapse of time, that must exist or occur before a duty to perform something promised arises. If the condition does not occur and is not excused, the promised performance need not be rendered.” Black’s Law Dictionary 289 (7th ed.1999). Here, the Severance Agreement provides that “[i]n the event the Company chooses to terminate [Plaintiffs] employment for any reason, [Plaintiff] will be entitled to payment of one-year’s [sic] full pay.” (Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-l at 189 [Emerson Dep.], Ex. A-11 [1/1/99 Letter].) Defendant Wembley USA asserts that Plaintiff resigned from her employment and argues that it is in not breach of the Severance Agreement because a condition precedent — termination of Plaintiffs employment — was not satisfied, thereby excusing Defendant USA’s performance. (Defs.’ Br. at 9-11.) Plaintiff argues that Defendant Wembley USA constructively discharged Plaintiff from her employment, and “[b]ecause constructive discharge constitutes formal discharge,” she is entitled to one year’s severance pay under the agreement. (Pl.’s Resp. at 30.) Further, Plaintiff “recognizes that no Colorado case has dealt with this exact issue.” (Id.) Plaintiffs argument must fail, for reasons apart from its novelty under the law. Fatally to her claim, Plaintiff provides no evidence to support the contention that sits at the crux of her argument.
“The question on which constructive discharge cases turn is simply whether the employer by its illegal discriminatory acts has made working conditions so difficult that a reasonable person in the employee’s position would feel compelled to resign.” Derr v. Gulf Oil Corp., 796 F.2d 340, 344 (10th Cir.1986); see Mitchell v. Mobil Oil Corp., 896 F.2d 463, 467 (10th Cir.1990) (same). “Essentially, a plaintiff must show that she had ‘no other choice but to quit.’ ” Yearous v. Niobrara County Mem. Hosp., 128 F.3d 1351, 1356 (10th Cir.1997) (quoting Woodward v. City of Worland, 977 F.2d 1392, 1401 [10th Cir.1992]). The conditions of employment must be objectively intolerable; the “plaintiffs subjective views of the situation are irrelevant.” Id.
Before turning to the substance of Plaintiffs argument, I discuss its form. I remind Plaintiff that pursuant to my practice standards, the “sole purpose” of the required statements of undisputed and disputed material facts is “to establish facts and determine which of them are in dispute. Legal argument ... should be reserved for separate portions of the brief.” (Practice Standards — Civil, Special Instructions Concerning Motions for Summary Judgment ¶ 7.) Flouting my rules, Plaintiff generally makes legal arguments throughout her statement of facts, and, here, fails to make factual references to support her legal argument. Plaintiff baldly asserts that “[b]ecause of the lengthy, hostile, demeaning actions of Defendants Wembley [and Wembley USA], as illustrated in Plaintiffs [ujndisputed [f]acts listed above, a reasonable person in [ ] Plaintiffs position would view her conditions as intolerable.” (Pl.’s Resp. at 29.) In response to a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff may not rest solely on the allegations in the pleadings, but must designate specific facts to demonstrate a genuine issue of fact for trial with respect to her claim. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. This court is not tasked with combing through Plaintiffs twenty-seven pages of improperly proffered facts to divine and gather those which support her legal arguments, and I decline the opportunity to do so. Without citation to the record, Plaintiffs assertions are merely conclusory, and thus cannot serve to create a genuine issue of fact to survive summary judgment. L & M Enters, v. BEI Sensors & Sys. Co., 231 F.3d 1284, 1287 (10th Cir.2000) (noting conclusory allegations without citation to the record are insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact to defeat summary judgment.). Plaintiff does not argue that the condition precedent was excused and has not provided sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of fact as to whether she was constructively discharged. Therefore, Plaintiff cannot establish a genuine issue of fact as to the satisfaction of the condition precedent in the severance agreement. Accordingly, Defendant Wembley USA is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim for breach of contract.
e. Plaintiff’s Sixth Claim: Sex Discrimination
Defendant Wembley moves for summary judgment on Plaintiffs sex discrimination claim. (Defs.’ Br. at 13-16.) Defendant Wembley USA does not move for summary judgment on this claim. (Id. at 35.) Plaintiff asserts that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA discriminated against her based on her sex by denying her opportunities for advancement in violation of Title VII and the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (“CADA”), Colorado Revised Statutes section 24-34-402 (2006). (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 62-67.) Defendant Wembley argues that summary judgment is appropriate because it does not: (1) meet the statutory definition of an “employer” under Title VII; and (2) qualify as Plaintiffs “employer” under common law principles. (Defs.’ Br. at 13-17.)
i. Title VI “Employer”
Title VII provides that it is an “unlawful employment practice for an employer ... to discriminate against any individual ... because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 92-93, 123 S.Ct. 2148, 156 L.Ed.2d 84 (2003) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 [a][l]). Title VII also provides “[t]he term ‘employer’ means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such a person.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b) (2006). Defendant Wembley argues that because it has no employees, it is not an employer within the meaning of the statute and not subject to its coverage. (Defs.’ Br. at 13-16.) Perhaps realizing that she testified “[Defendant] Wembley [ ] had no employees,” Plaintiff does not respond directly to Defendant Wembley’s argument. (Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-l at 11 [Emerson Dep.].) Instead, Plaintiff attempts to subject Defendant Wembley to Title VII liability by arguing that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA “could be considered a single [employer] or joint employer[s].” (Pl.’s Resp. at 34.) Plaintiff offers one set of unsubstantiated facts to support her argument, and does not differentiate between a single employer and joint employers. (Id.)
To correct Plaintiffs conflation, I note that a single employer and joint employers are analytically distinct concepts. A plaintiff who is the employee of one entity may seek to hold another entity liable by arguing that the two entities effectively constitute a single employer. See Bristol v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 312 F.3d 1213, 1218 (10th Cir.2002). Alternatively, a plaintiff who is the employee of one entity may seek to hold another entity liable by claiming that the two entities are joint employers. Id. Stated more simply, “the single-employer test asks whether two nominally separate entities should in fact be treated as an integrated enterprise, while the joint-employer test assumes that the alleged employers are separate entities.” Id.; see Sandoval v. City of Boulder, 388 F.3d 1312, 1323-24 (10th Cir.2004) (single employer test looks at the overall relationships of the two entities, while the joint employer test is “employee-specific,” and focuses on “the entities’ relationships to a given employee or class of employees”). I separate and evaluate Plaintiffs arguments regarding Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA as a single employer and as joint employers below.
(1) Single Employer
The single-employer test comprises foui' factors: (1) interrelation of operations; (2) centralized control over labor relations; (3) common management; and (4) common ownership or control. Knowlton v. Teltrust Phones, Inc., 189 F.3d 1177, 1184 (10th Cir.1999)financial (citation omitted). The Tenth Circuit has held that not all factors need be present, and the focus of the inquiry is “whether there is an absence of an arm’s-length relationship among the companies.” Id. (citations omitted). Ostensibly to prove up the relevant factors, Plaintiff asserts that:(l) Defendant Wembley USA aids Defendant Wembley in its primary function — filing tax returns on behalf of its subsidiaries; (2) Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA share the same officers; (3) Defendant Wembley owns Defendant Wembley USA; (4) Defendants Wembley and Wem-bley USA have loaned money to each other; and (5) although Plaintiff was an employee of Defendant Wembley USA, she performed budgeting, tax planning, and tax preparation activities for Defendant Wembley, and assisted Defendant Wem-bley in its primary function. (Pl.’s Resp. at 34.) In support of her assertions, Plaintiff offers merely a blanket citation to unspecified “[u]ndisputed [Qacts above.” (Id.)
Again, I remind Plaintiff of her duty in a response to a motion for summary judgment to designate specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of fact for trial with respect to her claim. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Again, I decline the opportunity to burrow through Plaintiffs submissions to seek out and gather facts to support her legal arguments. As such, Plaintiffs allegations are merely conclusory, and therefore insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact as to whether Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA are a single employer. L & M Enters., 231 F.3d at 1287.
(2) Joint Employers
The joint-employer test “acknowledges that the two entities are separate, but looks to whether they codetermine the essential terms and conditions of employment.” Bristol v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 312 F.3d 1213, 1218 (10th Cir. 2002) “Most important to control over the terms and conditions of an employment relationship is the right to terminate it under certain circumstances.” Id. at 1219. “In other words, courts look to whether both entities exercise significant control over the same employees.” Id. at 1218; see also Swallows v. Barnes & Noble Book Stores, 128 F.3d 990, 993 n. 4 (6th Cir. 1997) (“The basis of the [joint employer] finding is simply that one employer while contracting in good faith with an otherwise independent company, has retained for itself sufficient control of the terms and conditions of employment of the employees who are employed by the other employer.”). “Most important to control over the terms and conditions of an employment relationship is the right to terminate it under certain circumstances.” Bristol, 312 F.3d at 1219.
In her arguments regarding Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA as joint employers, Plaintiff cites the same set of unsubstantiated facts as those purportedly supporting her arguments regarding Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA as a single employer. (PL’s Resp. at 34.) Thus Plaintiffs arguments must fail for the same reasons discussed above. Further, Plaintiff fails to cite any material fact to demonstrate that Defendants Wembley and Wembley USA shared or codeter-mined the essential terms and conditions of her employment. Plaintiff has failed to establish material issues of fact as to Defendant Wembley’s liability under Title VII as an employer in its own right, and as a single or joint employer with Defendant Wembley USA. Accordingly, Defendant Wembley is not subject to employer liability under Title VII and is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim for discrimination arising thereunder.
ii. Common Law “Employer”
The CADA provides that it is discriminatory employment practice:
[f]or an employer to refuse to hire, to discharge, to promote or demote, to harass during the course of employment, or to discriminate in matters of compensation against any person otherwise qualified because of disability, race, creed, color, sex, age, national origin, or ancestry.
Colo.Rev.Stat. § 24-34-402 (2006). Defendant Wembley argues that it is not subject to Plaintiffs claim under the CADA because it is not Plaintiffs employer under common law agency principles. (Defs.’ Br. at 15-16). Both Defendant Wembley and Plaintiff point the court to a list of factors to consider: (1) the skill and type of occupation; (2) the source of equipment; (3) the location of the work; (4) the duration of the work relationship; (5) whether the hiring party may assign additional work to the hired party; (6) the hired party’s discretion over when and how long to work; (7) the method of payment; (8) the hired party’s role in hiring and paying assistants; (9) whether the work is part of the regular business of the hiring party; (10) whether the hiring party is in business; (11) provision of employee benefits; and (12) tax treatment of the hired party. (Defs.’ Br. at 15, Pl.’s Resp. at 36.)
Defendant Wembley argues that: (1) it did not have an employment contract with Plaintiff; (2) it did not pay Plaintiff; (3) it did not provide Plaintiff with employee benefits; (4) Plaintiff performed limited work duties for Defendant Wembley; and (5) Plaintiff performed work for Defendant Wembley at Defendant Wembley USA’s corporate office. (Defs.’ Br. at 15-16.) Defendant Wembley purports to support many of its arguments based on a combination of:(l) Plaintiffs testimony that if any documentation of either Defendant Wembley’s employment contract with her or Defendant Wembley’s payment of benefits to her exists, then Defendant Wembley possesses it; (2) Plaintiffs testimony that if Defendant Wembley does not have such documentation, then no employment contract exists and Defendant Wembley did not pay her benefits; and (3) Defendant Howard’s affidavit, in which he stated he had directed his staff to search Defendant Wembley’s records for such documentation, and the search proved unsuccessful. (Id. at 15-16, Ex. A-3 ¶ 8 [Howard Aff.].) Most convincingly, Defendant Wembley cites Plaintiffs testimony as follows:
Q. At any time during your employment were you ever paid by [Defendant] Wembley[ ]?
A. [Defendant] Wembley [ ] had no employees.
Q. At any time during your employment were you ever paid by [Defendant] Wembley[ ]?
A. No.
(Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-l at 11 [Emerson Dep.].)
Plaintiff does not directly address Defendant Wembley’s arguments or evidence. Rather, Plaintiff argues that the facts regarding the employment relationship are in dispute and the question of whether Defendant Wembley was her employer ought go before a jury because she: (1) aided in Defendant Wembley’s regular business; (2) testified she did not know whether she was reporting to Defendant Wembley or Defendant Wembley USA when she performed her work; (3) believes she received instructions from Defendant Wembley pertaining to her work; and (4) had contact with Defendant Wem-bley about her grand jury testimony. (PL’s Resp. at 36-37.) In support of her first contention, Plaintiff provides no specific citation to the record. (PL’s Resp. at 36.) As stated previously, Plaintiff cannot rely on conclusory allegations to raise a genuine issue of fact. L & M Enters., 231 F.3d at 1287. Plaintiffs second assertion is a mischaracterization of her testimony, in which she merely listed officers of Defendant Wembley to whom she reported. (Defs.’ Br., Ex. A-1 at 105 [Emerson Dep.].) As to Plaintiffs third and fourth assertions, it is difficult to ascertain how Plaintiffs own impressions of the work environment or Plaintiffs contact with Defendant Wembley about her testimony satisfy any of the factors used to determine employee status. Plaintiff offers no argument to aid in the process. Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot overcome her own testimony to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding whether Defendant Wembley was her employer.
Plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of fact to rebut Defendant Wembley’s substantia