Kaulia v. County of Maui (504 F. Supp. 2d 969, 2007)

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

SEABRIGHT, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Donald Kaulia (“Plaintiff’) filed suit against Defendants David Goode (“Goode”), Tracey Takamine (“Takamine”), John Jake Kostrick (“Kostrick”), and the County of Maui Department of Public Works and Waste Management (“County”) (collectively “Defendants”), alleging claims of discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (as amended), Title VII, and Hawaii Revised Statutes (“HRS”) §§ 368 and 378.

Defendants move for partial summary judgment claiming that Plaintiffs § 1981 and punitive damages claims against Goode and Takamine should be dismissed because Goode and Takamine never actively discriminated against Plaintiff and that, even if they had, they are entitled to qualified immunity; that Plaintiffs § 1981 claim for alleged negative job references is untimely; and that Plaintiffs Hawaii state law claims are time-barred due to Plaintiffs failure to provide written notice to the County as required under HRS § 46-72. Defendants also move for summary judgment as to the Title VII claims against the County; the § 1981 claims against the County and Kostrick; and the punitive damages claim against Kostrick arguing that there are no genuine issues of material fact and Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. For the following reasons, the court GRANTS the Defendants’ motions for partial summary judgment and for summary judgment.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Plaintiff, who is Hawaiian, is a former employee of the County of Maui Department of Public Works, Wastewater Management Division. Plaintiff was employed as a Wastewater Plant Worker at the La-haina Wastewater Treatment Plant (“La-haina Plant”) from October 16, 1998 until April 19, 2002 when he resigned. Plaintiffs primary duties included ground maintenance; treatment plant and pump station maintenance; and housekeeping duties. The Wastewater Treatment Plant Worker Position Description states that “[t]he performance of [these] functions] is the reason that the job exists,” and notes that the position may involve “work in [a] hazardous, filthy and obnoxious working environment....” Defs’. Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Ex. C at 31. Goode was the Director of the Maui County Department of Public Works from September 6, 2000 to January 2, 2003 and he is no longer employed by the County of Maui. See Defs’. Mot. For Partial Summ. J., Krieg Decl. ¶ 3. Takamine was temporarily assigned as the County of Maui’s Chief of the Waste-water Reclamation Division from September 1, 2001 to February 5, 2002. He held the Chief position outright from February 6, 2002 to August 21, 2005. See Defs’. Mot. For Partial Summ. J., Takamine Decl. ¶ 3. Kostrick was Plaintiffs Supervisor at the Lahaina Plant.

The following is a summary of facts relating to Plaintiffs various allegations of discrimination and retaliation:

1. Denial of Transfer Requests

Plaintiff alleges that the County improperly denied his three requests for transfer to a different location. The first such instance occurred in April, 2001. At that time, Ron Riska (“Riska”), the then-Chief of the Wastewater Reclamation Division, and Cheryl Marsh (“Marsh”), a Personnel Specialist from the Department of Personnel Services, interviewed employees regarding rumors of threats of violence or possible violent uprisings due to a manpower shortage at the Lahaina Plant. Plaintiff, who indicated that he was not afraid of Kostrick or his alleged bullying, was not transferred. Others, including an African-American employee and a Hawaiian employee, were transferred to different locations.

Plaintiff also requested transfers in December, 2001 and January, 2002. During this time period, Plaintiff was rarely at work. On January 4, 2002, Takamine and Assistant Wastewater Operations Program Superintendent A1 Souza (“Souza”) held a meeting with Plaintiff during which they informed him that the Kihei Wastewater Plant Worker position they had previously offered was no longer available. However, Takamine and Souza told Plaintiff they could place him outside of the Wastewater Division, and suggested a position with the Parks and Recreation Division. Plaintiff told Takamine and Souza that he would consider their offer. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. L.

On January 24, 2002, Souza advised Plaintiff that “there are no openings within the Division that you would be able to transfer into.” Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. M. However, Takamine continued to look for a transfer position for Plaintiff, writing a letter to Goode to request his assistance to determine whether Kaulia would qualify for any other open positions at his pay grade within the Department of Public Works. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. N. Goode responded to Plaintiff that “there are no available Wastewater Treatment Plant Worker positions currently available at any of the other plants. If you are interested in transferring or moving to any other position ... you should let us know....” Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. O. Plaintiff never indicated that he was interested in transferring to another department, and instead took a stress-related leave of absence from work. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 166-67.

2. “Dumb Hawaiian” Comments Directed at Plaintiff

Plaintiff alleges that Kostrick twice called him a “dumb Hawaiian.” The first incident occurred during Plaintiffs first week on the job. At that time, Kostrick was not yet his supervisor. Kostrick nonetheless gave Plaintiff work assignments. Plaintiff followed Kostrick’s instructions for two days before being told that Kos-trick did not have the authority to give Plaintiff assignments. Plaintiff alleges that Kostrick referred to him as a “dumb Hawaiian” at this time. Plaintiff explains that he “took this personal and confronted [Kostrick] and made myself clear to him how personal I could get legally and can take this matter physically outside of the premises one on one. [Kostrick] stood corrected and apologized. Since then, he and I had an understanding til this day.” Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. Q at l.

The second incident occurred either in 1998 or 2001 when Plaintiff was cutting a tree. As he explains it, “everybody is looking and everybody was laughing, because I was cutting one tree in an awkward position.” Kaulia Dep. Tr. 82-83. Kostrick then allegedly referred to Plaintiff as a “dumb Hawaiian.”

3. “Haole Staff Car” Golf Cart

In late October, 1998, around the time that Plaintiff began working at the Lahai-na Plant, Kostrick brought a golf cart to the Lahaina Plant for the workers to use to travel across the 12-acre property. Plaintiff alleges that Kostrick put a sign or sticker on the cart that read “Haole Staff Car.” Kaulia Dep. Tr. 97. Everyone at the plant was allowed to drive the cart and no one complained to Kostrick about the sticker. When an EEOC investigator indicated that the cart could be a problem, it was removed. The last time that Plaintiff saw the cart was in April, 2001.

4. General Comments Regarding Non-Caucasians

Plaintiff also alleges that Kostrick stated that he would hand pick his assistant supervisors “and they got to be white ... oh, no other colored people here. No way. Got to have white people.” Kaulia Dep. Tr. 157. However, the individuals Kostrick selected to be his assistant supervisors, were, in fact, both Filipino.

5. Denial of Training

Plaintiff claims that he was denied the opportunity to take certain training courses necessary for his advancement. Plaintiff does not specify what training courses he was denied or when these supposed occurrences took place. Indeed, Plaintiff apparently did attend training and received a certificate upon completion of his course. Plaintiff himself turned down opportunities for other on-site training. Kostrick Dep. Tr. 27-28, 47; Defs’. Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Ex. XX; Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. G. Other training which would allow Plaintiff to advance was available through a correspondence class which Plaintiff presumably could have completed at any time. There is no indication that Plaintiff did so. Kostrick Dep. Tr. 27-28.

6.Plaintiff Placed on Administrative Leave

On June 25 and again on June 26, 2001, Plaintiff sent Kostrick a fax stating that he would not be at work. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Exs. S & T. Kostrick, who received the faxes in the break room, apparently made a comment in front of other employees that he would deny Plaintiffs leave requests based on union and departmental rules and the existing manpower shortage. Plaintiff also claims that Kos-trick stated that he was denying Plaintiffs leave request because of his discrimination complaint and “[a]ll the B.S. [Plaintiff] is giving the [C]ounty.” Pi’s. Mem. in Opp’n, Kaulia Decl. ¶ 41. When Plaintiff heard of Kostrick’s comments, he became enraged, claiming that his privacy had been violated and that he had been defamed. Plaintiff confronted Kostrick, pounding on Kostrick’s office door, calling Kostrick a “fucking haole” and a liar, and stating “you want see some stress get out here now. Now. Now. Call the cops, I’m going to beat your ass you fucka.” See Kaulia Dep. Tr. 186; Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. W at 2; Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Kostrick Decl. ¶ 22. Although Plaintiff was not disciplined for this behavior, he was placed on paid administrative leave. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 90.

7. Allegations of Workplace Violence

The record reveals that in October, 2000 and sometime prior to March, 2001, Kos-trick threatened a Caucasian and an African-American employee with violence. Neither incident involved Plaintiff.

Plaintiff alleges in his Complaint that Kostrick also threatened him. However, Plaintiff later admitted that no County employee had ever physically threatened him personally during the course and scope of his employment. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. Z at 16. When Plaintiff was asked about his claim of threats of physical violence during his deposition, Plaintiff clarified that he was referring to the instances, discussed swpra, when Kostrick called him a “dumb Hawaiian.” Plaintiffs own description of one such instance indicates that it was Plaintiff — and not Kos-trick — who impliedly threatened violence. As Plaintiff explained, “I just threw down my shovel, and I made my gesture, you know. We get-we get at this point where we get mad, right. And then he just said, go ahead, try me. And I just walked away, because I knew in my mind, if I hit him, I’m fired.” Kaulia Tr. Dep. 177-78.

8. Failure to Interview Plaintiff

In the fall of 2000, threats of workplace violence due to the manpower shortage at the Lahaina Plant began surfacing. In April, 2001, Lahaina Plant management arranged to interview employees regarding the rumors. Plaintiffs name was apparently inadvertently left off the list of interviewees and he had to request that he be assigned an interview. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. BB. The names of two other Caucasian employees were also omitted from the list. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Marsh Decl. ¶ 20. Other Hawaiians were included on the list of interviewees. Id. Additionally, other employees who had previously complained of the manpower shortage were on the list of interviewees. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Takamine Decl. ¶ 17.

Plaintiff, however, was personally offended by the omission of his name from the list. When Riska heard that Plaintiff was offended, he called Plaintiff to apologize for the oversight. Riska also mailed Plaintiff a written letter of apology on May 17, 2001. Plaintiff was included on a later schedule of interviews on April 27, 2001.

9.Failure to Provide Plaintiff with Work Boots and a Photo I.D. Badge

As a plant worker under union contract, Plaintiff was entitled to work boots. See Defs. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. NN. Under the UPW contract, the County receives a bid from a vendor to provide the work boots at a set price. When an employee needs a new pair of boots, he is given a voucher to give to the vendor. The vendor then submits the voucher to the County to receive payment. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Takamine Decl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff was issued work boots on October 20, 1999 and January 15, 2000. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 137. Plaintiff alleges that the County failed to provide him with work boots after this point and that “everybody got their shoes but me.” Kaulia Dep. Tr. 134-35.

Employees of the Lahaina Plant were issued a photo I.D. upon commencement of work. Plaintiff was never issued this badge, despite requests from two of his supervisors to management. Dennis Schwind (“Schwind”), Executive Assistant to the Managing Director, County of Maui, explained that “not every employee receives a laminated official County photo identification card. Employees are only issued ID badges if they need access to a secure facility which uses some sort of automatic entry system or need to be identified as a County employee.” Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Amended Schwind Decl. ¶11.

Plaintiff did not file complaints regarding the failure to provide him with work boots or an I.D. badge through either the County or union grievance process.

10.Delay in Processing Disability Paychecks

Plaintiff completed a workplace compensation form for stress and psychological injuries sustained on the job on May 7, 2001. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. FF. Plaintiffs request was initially denied pending an independent psychological examination. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. GG. However, because Plaintiff did not have accumulated sick or vacation time, the County determined that Plaintiff should be eligible to receive temporary total disability benefits. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. HH. Worker’s compensation benefits have a three-day waiting period to be processed, must be cut by hand, and, depending on the circumstances, do not amount to 100% of the worker’s wages.

Plaintiff acknowledges that he received the full amount of worker’s compensation benefits. Plaintiff nonetheless complains that the three-day waiting period and the process of picking up and depositing the worker’s disability checks (rather than receiving them through direct deposit, the manner in which he received his wages) constituted unlawful discrimination.

11. Corrections to Paychecks

When Plaintiff filed worker’s compensation claims, the County mistakenly continued to pay him his regular paychecks in addition to the worker’s compensation payments. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. OO. After the error was discovered, the County sent Plaintiff a notice, dated December 28, 2001, requesting that Plaintiff authorize the County to withhold $100 per paycheck as reimbursement of the overpayments made to him. Plaintiff and his union representative received the supporting paperwork and agreed that there were improper overpayments. After a minor adjustment as to the amount, Plaintiff authorized the withholding as requested by the County. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. PP; Kaulia Dep. Tr. 231-32.

12. Work Assignments

Plaintiffs plant worker position involved dirty manual labor. At the time that Plaintiff was hired, there were two Waste-water Plant Workers. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 63. Plaintiffs Caucasian co-worker, Carl Roberts (“Roberts”), based on seniority, was assigned to fill in when workers above the Wastewater Plant Worker level were absent or their positions vacant. Roberts later resigned, initially creating a vacancy in the senior Wastewater Plant Worker position. However, Roberts’ former position was re-allocated to an Assistant Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator position, leaving only one Wastewater Plant Worker position. Plaintiff continued to hold this position and was charged with the responsibilities formerly divided between both Wastewater Plant Workers. However, Plaintiff was never required to perform overtime work, and any overtime work he did perform was entirely voluntary. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 71-72.

13. General Workplace Mayhem

A review of the totality of the record indicates that the Lahaina Plant was a uniquely difficult, unorganized, uncivil, and violent workplace. There were manpower shortages, rumors of violence, disputes, and friction leading some supervisors to wear bullet proof vests to work. Pi’s. Mem. in Opp’n, Kaulia Decl. ¶ 55. Employees of different races suffered this environment equally. See, e.g., Kaulia Dep. Tr. Ill, 186 (Plaintiff admits that Kostrick regularly swore at employees of all races and that Plaintiff would swear back at Kostrick); id. at 66, 158 (citing two instances in which Kostrick was allegedly involved in threats of violence, once with a Caucasian employee and once with an African-American employee).

14. Parking Ticket on Brother-in-Law’s Rental Car

Plaintiffs brother-in-law rented a car which he parked on Plaintiffs property. Plaintiffs brother-in-law was issued a ticket on December 19, 2001. Plaintiff considered the ticket to be a retaliatory threat and wrote to the FBI seeking their protection. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 204-05.

B. Procedural Background

On December 6, 2001, Plaintiff filed a Complaint for violations of Title VII with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). An Amended EEOC Complaint was filed on December 14, 2001.

Plaintiff filed the present suit on April 22, 2005, a little over three years after his resignation and a little over three years and four months after he filed his EEOC Complaint. Since that time, the claims in Plaintiffs Complaint have been pared down as follows:

1. Stipulations for Dismissal of Certain Claims and Plaintiff’s Motion to Reverse Stipulations

Plaintiffs original suit named eight individual defendants. On November 30, 2005, Plaintiff stipulated to a dismissal with prejudice as to all claims against all individual defendants, leaving only claims against the County. Plaintiff later regretted his decision and filed a motion to reverse the stipulation for dismissal of the individually named defendants. Plaintiff prevailed in part and certain § 1981 and punitive damages claims against Kostrick, Takamine, and Goode were reinstated, while the reinstatement of Plaintiffs claims as to the other individual defendants was denied.

On March 28, 2006, Plaintiff stipulated to a dismissal of his intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. On February 20, 2007, Plaintiff stipulated to a dismissal of his claims for violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Plaintiff has also apparently agreed to stipulate to the dismissal of his wage claims but has yet to sign the stipulation. See Defs’. Reply in Support of Defs’. Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Exs. E, H.

2. Defendants’ Previous Motion for Partial Summary Judgment

The Defendants previously moved for partial summary judgment, which this court granted in part and denied in part. Kaulia v. County of Maui, 2006 WL 4660130 (D.Haw. May 24, 2006). The court found that Plaintiffs §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986 claims were barred by the statute of limitations. The court also found that Plaintiffs punitive damages claim against the County was barred.

In addressing Plaintiffs § 1981 claims, the court found that claims relating to the conditions of Plaintiffs employment— claims of a hostile work environment, allegations of less desirable assignments, denial of a transfer, and retaliation — were made possible by the 1991 amendments to § 1981 and that the four-year statute of limitations enacted in 1990 therefore applied. The court also held that Plaintiffs claim that the County gave him negative job references is contract-based (as it relates to prospective contractual relations with other employers) and was available prior to the 1991 amendments, and as such is subject to a two-year statute of limitations. Finally, the court found that Plaintiffs claim that the County failed to promote him may be subject to either the two-year or four-year statute of limitations depending on the type of promotion he was denied.

3. Defendants’ Current Motions for Partial Summary Judgment and

for Summary Judgment

Plaintiffs remaining claims are: (1) allegations of violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 against Goode, Takamine, Kostrick, and the County; (2) allegations of violations of Title VII against the County; (3) allegations of violations of HRS §§ 368 and 378 against the County; and (4) a claim for punitive damages against Goode, Taka-mine, and Kostrick.

Defendants have filed two separate motions. In their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Defendants argue that the § 1981 and HRS §§ 368 and 378 claims for negative job references are time-barred and that the § 1981 and punitive damage claims against Goode and Ta-kamine should be dismissed because they did not actively discriminate against the Plaintiff and are entitled to qualified immunity. In their Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendants move as to the remaining claims against the County and against Kostrick. Plaintiff filed a Memorandum in Opposition to the Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, to which Defendants replied. The court heard arguments on May 29, 2007.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(c). The burden initially lies with the moving party to show that there is no genuine issue of material fact. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.1987). Nevertheless, “summary judgment is mandated if the non-moving party ‘fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case.’ ” Broussard v. Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley, 192 F.3d 1252, 1258 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). An issue of fact is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). An issue is material if the resolution of the factual dispute affects the outcome of the claim or defense under substantive law governing the case. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir.2001); Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir.2000). When considering the evidence on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all reasonable inferences on behalf of the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).

“One of the principal purposes of the summary judgment rule is to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses[.]” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548. “There is no genuine issue of fact if the party opposing the motion ‘fails to make an adequate showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden at proof at trial.’ ” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989) (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548). Moreover, there is no genuine issue of material fact if, taking the record as a whole, a rational trier of fact could not find in favor of the non-moving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348; Taylor, 880 F.2d at 1045.

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Defendants Are Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s § 1981 Claims

Section 1981 provides, in pertinent part, that “all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right ... to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens----” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a); see also Patterson v. County of Oneida, N. Y., 375 F.3d 206 (2d Cir.2004) (Section 1981 “outlaws discrimination with respect to the enjoyment of benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of a contractual relationship, such as employment.”). “[T]he term ‘make and enforce contracts’ includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b).

The court finds that the Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs § 1981 claims. First, Goode and Ta-kamine are entitled to summary judgment because they did not participate in, and were not aware of, the alleged wrongdoing. Second, certain § 1981 claims are time-barred. Third, Defendants demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to Plaintiffs remaining § 1981 claims and that the County and Kostrick are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. Finally, Defendants have demonstrated, and Plaintiff has not rebutted, that the County did not employ a policy or custom of racial discrimination.

1. Plaintiff Has Failed to Demonstrate that Goode and Takamine Personally Participated in the Alleged Wrongdoing

To be held individually liable under § 1981, an individual must personally participate in the discriminatory acts or be informed of the wrongdoing of his or her subordinates but be grossly negligent or deliberately indifferent as to their supervision. County of Oneida, N.Y., 375 F.3d at 229 (“Personal involvement ... includes not only direct participation in the alleged violation but also gross negligence in the supervision of subordinates who committed the wrongful acts and failure to take action upon receiving information that constitutional violations are occurring.”); Whidbee v. Garzarelli Food Specialties, Inc., 223 F.3d 62, 75 (2d Cir.2000) (“[I]n order to make out a claim for individual liability under § 1981, a plaintiff must demonstrate some affirmative link to causally connect the actor with the discriminatory action.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted); Musikiwamba v. ESSI, Inc., 760 F.2d 740, 753 (7th Cir.1985) (noting that no personal liability can be imposed on a corporate official “when that official is not alleged to have participated in the actual discrimination against the plaintiff’). Mere negligence in supervision alone is not sufficient. Whidbee, 223 F.3d at 75.

There is no evidence in the record indicating that Goode and Takamine were involved in any of the alleged incidents of which Plaintiff complains. Nor is there any evidence that Goode or Takamine were aware of the alleged discrimination or were grossly negligent in their supervision of Kostrick or other Lahaina Plant workers.

a. Section 1981 claims against Goode

During his sworn deposition, Plaintiff admitted that Goode never called him names, referred to his race, or threatened him; instead, Plaintiff asserted that he named Goode individually merely because Goode was a supervisor and part of the County. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 229-30. There is also no evidence that Goode was ever put on notice of Kostrick’s supposed racist comments or the “Haole Staff Car” golf cart sticker. Nor is there any evidence that Goode was aware that Plaintiff had filed complaints regarding workplace conditions. See, e.g., Kostrick Dep. Tr. 47 (testifying that he never informed Goode of Plaintiffs complaints). Instead, Goode attempted to correct problems of which he was aware. He tried to find Plaintiff an alternate position when Plaintiff requested a transfer and tried to address Plaintiffs complaints regarding his paycheck processing even though Goode had no authority to supervise or direct the Finance Department. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 228-29.

Plaintiff has failed to rebut this evidence and has failed to point to any evidence that Goode in any way personally participated in the discriminatory acts Plaintiff complains of or that Goode was made aware of Kostrick’s behavior but was grossly negligent to his supervision. Goode is entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs § 1981 claims.

b. Section 1981 claims against Taka-mine

Takamine started work with the County near the end of Plaintiffs employment. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 230-31. Takamine states that he never called Plaintiff derogatory names and never based his supervisory decisions on Plaintiffs race, color, griev-anees, worker’s compensation claims, or other complaints. Defs’ Mot. for Partial Summ. J., Takamine Decl. ¶ 5. Plaintiff agreed, admitting during his deposition that Takamine “didn’t do anything specifically” to Plaintiff and didn’t call Plaintiff names. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 232-33. Plaintiff further admitted that his only contact with Takamine was a couple of conversations regarding the delay in some of Plaintiffs checks and that Takamine gave a seminar on preventing discrimination which Kaulia attended. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 231-32. Finally, Kaulia admitted that he named Taka-mine not because he had individually done anything wrong, but because he “named all the bosses, because nothing was done. Nothing was resolved.” Kaulia Dep. Tr. 233.

Nor is there any evidence that Taka-mine was grossly indifferent to the alleged wrongdoing; indeed, Plaintiff admitted that Takamine scolded him for not bringing his concerns to management’s attention in a timely manner. As such, Taka-mine is entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs § 1981 claims.

2. The County and Kostrick Are Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s § 1981 Claim for Failure to Promote

Plaintiff claims he applied for a promotion sometime in 2000 or 2001. The position was filled by a worker with more seniority than Plaintiff. See Kaulia Dep. Tr. 200. Plaintiff conceded during his deposition that he did not have a claim for discrimination based on the promotion of a more senior employee over him. Id. The court therefore grants the County and Kostrick summary judgment as to Plaintiffs § 1981 failure to promote claim.

3. The County and Kostrick Are Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s § 1981 Claim for Alleged Negative Job References

Plaintiffs § 1981 claim for alleged negative job references is time-barred. In its May 24, 2006 Order, this court found that because Plaintiffs claim of negative employment references was a cause of action available prior to the 1991 amendments to § 1981, it is subject to a two-year statute of limitations.

Plaintiff filed his Complaint on April 22, 2005. Under the applicable two-year statute of limitations, Plaintiff may not recover for any negative employment references allegedly occurring prior to April 22, 2003. Plaintiff admitted during his deposition that the two negative job references he complains of occurred shortly after his resignation in April 2002 — almost one year outside of the applicable statute of limitations. See Kaulia Dep. Tr. 42-43, 54-55. Plaintiffs § 1981 claims for alleged negative job recommendations are dismissed.

4. There Was No Policy or Custom of Discrimination

When a plaintiff brings a § 1981 claim against a municipality or a municipal employee acting in his or her official capacity, the plaintiff must show that the challenged acts were performed pursuant to a municipal policy or custom; liability cannot be inferred based on a theory of respondeat superior alone. See Fed’n of African Am. Contrs. v. City of Oakland, 96 F.3d 1204, 1215 (9th Cir.1996) (concluding that Congress intended to import the “policy or custom” language into § 1981); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., of New York City, 436 U.S. 658, 690-94, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). The Ninth Circuit has held that a plaintiff may establish municipal liability in one of three ways:

(1) proving] that a city employee committed the alleged constitutional violation pursuant to a formal governmental policy or a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard operating procedure of the local governmental entity;

(2) establishing] that the individual who committed the constitutional tort was an official with final policy-making authority and that the challenged action itself thus constituted an act of official government policy; or

(3)provpng] that an official with final policy-making authority ratified a subordinate’s unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it.

Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346 (9th Cir.1992) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Defendants presented evidence that the County prohibited employment discrimination. Defs’. Mot. For Summ. J. Ex. C. Plaintiff has offered no evidence to rebut this claim or to otherwise show the existence of a policy or practice. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law as to all of Plaintiffs § 1981 claims.

B. The County Is Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s Title VII Claims

Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer “to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race” or “to limit, segregate, or classify ... employees ... in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities ... because of such individual’s race....” 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-1(a)(1), 2000e-2(a). Additionally, “Title VIPs anti-retaliation provision forbids employer actions that discriminate against an employee ... because he has opposed a practice that Title VII forbids or has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in a Title VII investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, — U.S.-, -, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 2410, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006) (citations omitted); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). The court finds that the County is entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Title VII discrimination and retaliation claims.

1. Certain Allegations Do Not Rise to the Level of Title VII Claims

Kostrick’s alleged racial comments and the presence of a golf cart with a “Haole Staff Car” sticker, although offensive, are not by themselves independent causes of action under Title VII. They are not events or occurrences which affect the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of Plaintiffs employment (nor has the Plaintiff linked them to such events). Nor are they by themselves, and without anything more, acts of retaliation. As such, these incidents do not constitute independent Title VII claims. To the extent Plaintiff wished to raise them as such, the Defendants are entitled to summary judgment. These incidents are relevant, and will be considered, as evidence of discriminatory or retaliatory intent, pretext, and as part of Plaintiffs hostile work environment claim discussed infra.

2. Plaintiff’s Title VII Claims for Discrete Acts Are Barred Due to Plaintiff’s Failure to Timely File an EEOC Complaint

Plaintiff must exhaust his administrative remedies by timely filing a claim with the EEOC prior to filing suit in federal court. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e — 5(b); Vasquez v. County of L.A., 349 F.3d 634, 644 (9th Cir.2003); B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir.2002); Sosa v. Hiraoka, 920 F.2d 1451, 1456 (9th Cir.1990). Federal subject matter jurisdiction will extend “to all claims of discrimination that fall within the scope of the EEOC’s actual investigation or an EEOC investigation that could reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge.” Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 644; B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1099; EEOC v. Farmer, 31 F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir.1994). The court construes Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint “with the utmost liberality.” Kaplan v. Int’l Alliance of Theatrical & Stage Employees, 525 F.2d 1354, 1359 (9th Cir.1975).

The parties dispute whether a 180-day or 300-day statute of limitations period applies to the filing of Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint. In brief, the 180-day period applies unless a plaintiff “initially instituted proceedings with a State or local agency with authority to grant or seek relief from such practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Hawaii has its own enforcement agency, the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission (“HCRC”).

Defendants argue that because Plaintiff filed a complaint with the EEOC and the HCRC simultaneously — instead of filing first with the HCRC and subsequently filing a separate complaint with the EEOC— the 180-day period applies. The court disagrees.

“Discrimination claims under Title VII ordinarily must be filed with the EEOC within 180 days of the date on which the alleged discriminatory practice occurred. However, if the claimant first ‘institutes proceedings’ with a state agency that enforces its own discrimination laws — a so-called ‘deferral’ state — then the period for filing claims with the EEOC is extended to 300 days.” Laquaglia v. Rio Hotel & Casino, Inc., 186 F.3d 1172, 1174 (9th Cir.1999) (citations omitted). Similarly, where “a charge is sent first to the EEOC instead of the appropriate state deferral agency, and the state prohibits the alleged employment practice, the EEOC will refer the claim to the state agency. The EEOC works out arrangements with each state deferral agency regarding such deferrals.” Tinsley v. First Union Nat’l Bank, 155 F.3d 435, 439 (4th Cir.1998).

Hawaii is a deferral state. See 29 C.F.R. §§ 1601.80, 1601.13; Beaulieu v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 161 F.Supp.2d 1135, 1141 (D.Haw.2000). Thus, because the EEOC defers jurisdiction to the HCRC, the 300-day period applies “regardless of whether the complaint was first received by the EEOC or the state.” Bouman v. Block, 940 F.2d 1211, 1220 (9th Cir.1991). The 300-day statute of limitations applies.

Plaintiff filed his EEOC Complaint on December 6, 2001, amending it on December 14, 2001. Under the 300-day statute of limitations, discrete acts which occurred prior to February 9, 2001, are time-barred. Defendants have asserted the statute of limitations as a defense to many of Plaintiffs claims. Several claims clearly fall outside of the relevant limitations period. As to other claims, Plaintiff either fails entirely to allege any date at all or submits that an event occurred sometime in “2001” but fails to assert a specific date within the limitations period. Where a defendant raises a statute of limitations defense, a plaintiffs conclusory allegations that his claims are timely, unsupported by facts showing that the incidents occurred within the relevant limitations period, are insufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment. Hernandez v. Spacelabs Med., Inc., 343 F.3d 1107, 1116 (9th Cir.2003) (“Hernandez asserts that several of these incidents occurred in ‘late 1998’ or 1999. However, he offers no support for these asserted dates other than his declaration. Indeed, he offers no specific dates for any of the actions. Hernandez’s con-clusory allegations, unsupported by facts, are insufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment.”); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989) (“There is no genuine issue of fact if the party opposing the motion ‘fails to make an adequate showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear tile burden of proof at trial.’ ” (quoting Celotex, ATI U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548)). The following claims are thus barred:

a. Denial of training

Plaintiff claims that he was wrongfully denied a training opportunity, but fails to specify when this incident supposedly took place. Indeed, the record indicates that Plaintiff did attend training, even receiving a certificate; that training was offered through a correspondence class that Plaintiff could have completed at any time; and that Plaintiff himself turned down opportunities for on-site training. Kostrick Dep. Tr. 27-28, 47; Defs’. Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Ex. XX; Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. G. Given that there is no evidence that Plaintiff ever requested and was denied training within the limitations period, summary judgment is appropriate.

b. Threats of violence against others

Plaintiff alleges that Kostriek’s threats of violence against a Caucasian and an African-American employee somehow constituted illegal discrimination against Plaintiff. The first threat occurred in October, 2000 and the second sometime prior to March, 2001. The first instance is outside of the 300-day limitations period. The second instance may or may not be within the limitations period, but Plaintiff has failed to introduce any evidence as to when specifically the incident he complains of took place or when he learned of it and felt personally threatened. As such, the County is entitled to summary judgment.

c. Failure to promote

Plaintiff claims that he applied for a single promotion, in 2000 or 2001. He has failed to present any evidence as to a specific date, entitling the County to summary judgment.

d. Failure to provide Plaintiff with work boots

Plaintiff admitted during his deposition that he complained of a failure to receive work boots sometime in early 2001. See Kaulia Dep. Tr. 136. Plaintiff has not set forth any evidence as to whether this occurred before or after February 9, 2001. As such, the County is entitled to summary judgment.

e. Failure to provide Plaintiff with an I.D. badge

Plaintiff complains that he was not given a photo I.D. badge when he began work in 1998. This claim is outside of the applicable statute of limitations.

f.Remaining Title VII claims

Plaintiffs remaining claims — those that were timely filed with the EEOC and within the scope of the EEOC Complaint— include the failure to include Plaintiff on an interview list; placing Plaintiff on administrative leave in late June, 2001; denial of his transfer requests in April and December, 2001 and January, 2002; alleged delay in processing Plaintiffs paychecks; withholding pay due to improper overpayment; and a parking ticket on Plaintiffs brother-in-law’s rental car. The court now turns to consider these claims.

3. The County Is Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s Title VII Discrimination Claims

A person suffers discrimination prohibited by Title VII “when he or she is singled out and treated less favorably than others similarly situated on account of race.” Jauregui v. City of Glendale, 852 F.2d 1128, 1134 (9th Cir.1988). Plaintiff, a Hawaiian male, claims that he was treated less favorably than Caucasian individuals. The court applies the familiar McDonnell Douglas burden shifting scheme to Plaintiffs remaining Title VII claims.

To survive a motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff must proffer admissible evidence as to each element of his Title VII claim. See Texas Dep’t of Com. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981); Sengupta v. Morrison-Knudsen Co., Inc., 804 F.2d 1072, 1074 (9th Cir.1986). Plaintiff must show that (1) he belongs to a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position and was performing his job in a satisfactory manner; (3) he suffered an adverse personnel action at the hands of the defendant employer; and (4) the County treated similarly situated Caucasian individuals more favorably than non-Caucasians. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993); McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973); Aragon v. Republic Silver State Disposal, Inc., 292 F.3d 654, 659 (9th Cir.2002). “A plaintiffs failure to offer evidence establishing a necessary element of his prima facie case will ordinarily be fatal to his claim.” Lyons v. England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1113 (9th Cir.2002).

Even under the low burden of proof required at the prima facie stage, Plaintiff has failed to set forth admissible relevant evidence as to the last two elements for many of his claims. As to Plaintiffs other claims, the County sets forth a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for its actions but Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the County’s rationale is pretext. The County is thus entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Title VII discrimination claims as follows:

a. Failure to include Plaintiff on an interview list

The omission of Plaintiff from an interview list occurred on April 17, 2001. Plaintiff has failed to show that an accidental omission of his name from an interview list constitutes an adverse personnel action. Further, because some Caucasians were also mistakenly left off the interview list and because other employees of Hawaiian ancestry and other employees who complained of manpower shortages were included on the interview list, Plaintiff was not treated differently than other similarly situated Caucasian employees. Finally, the County has offered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for its actions: human error. Plaintiff has not proffered evidence to show that Kostrick was involved in creating the interview list. Nor has Plaintiff introduced any other evidence to show that the County’s mistaken oversight was pretext for a discriminatory motive. The County is entitled to summary judgment.

b. Denial of transfer requests in April and December, 2001 and January, 2002

Plaintiff claims that the County’s refusal to allow him to transfer constitutes discrimination. However, Plaintiff has failed to set forth a prima facie claim of discrimination because he has not demonstrated that he was treated differently than similarly situated individuals. See Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. Davis, 225 F.3d 1115, 1124 n. 8 (9th Cir.2000) (Plaintiff must show “that an employer treated similarly situated individuals outside the plaintiffs protected class more favorably .... ” (emphasis omitted)). Other non-Caucasian employees, including an African-American and a Hawaiian, were granted transfer requests. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J., Marsh Decl. ¶¶8-9; Kaulia Dep. Tr. 68, 147-48.

Additionally, the County has offered legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its decision to decline Plaintiffs transfer requests. Plaintiff has not introduced any evidence to show that the County’s stated reasons — that his transfer was denied because Plaintiff was not involved in the allegations of workplace violence; Plaintiff indicated that he was not fearful of Kostrick; the manpower shortage would worsen were he to transfer; and the County did not have any other available positions at his skill level in other plants— were pretext for racial discrimination. Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Ex. H, Marsh Decl. ¶ 26.

c. Alleged delay in payment

Although Plaintiff was paid in full when he was on disability leave, Plaintiff alleges that the failure of the County to tender his wages through direct deposit without a waiting period constituted discrimination. The court disagrees. The County’s procedure for disability worker’s compensation payments was for checks to be prepared by hand and to be subject to a three-day waiting period. Plaintiff has introduced no evidence showing that the implementation and enforcement of this policy was an adverse personnel action or that Plaintiff was treated differently from similarly situated individuals. Plaintiff has also failed to show that the County’s standard procedures were pretext for discrimination.

As such, Plaintiffs claim must fail.

d. Withholding due to improper overpayment

Plaintiff alleges that the County’s treatment of his overpayment of worker’s compensation claims was discriminatory. Plaintiff is unclear as to whether he is alleging that the County’s initial overpayment&emdash;stemming from the fact that the County mistakenly paid Plaintiff both his regular wages and worker’s compensation at times when Plaintiff was on leave&emdash;was discriminatory or that the subsequent withholding of wages to reimburse the County was discriminatory. In either case, Plaintiffs claim fails since by his own admission Plaintiff does not have any evidence showing that this incident was racially-motivated. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 231-32. Requiring Plaintiff to repay the County for wages incorrectly disbursed to Plaintiff&emdash; and which he did not rightfully earn or deserve as he himself admits&emdash;does not constitute discrimination. Plaintiff has thus failed to demonstrate that he was subjected to an adverse personnel action or treated differently than similarly situated individuals. Plaintiff has also failed to show that the County’s stated reason for the withholding&emdash;that the County had mistakenly overpaid him and needed to be reimbursed&emdash;was pretext for a prohibited motive.

e. Assignment of “dirty” and manual labor

Plaintiff confoundingly alleges that he was assigned to do dirty and manual labor because he was not Caucasian. Plaintiff appears to ignore the fact that his Position Description clearly stated that the performance of the manual labor functions “is the reason that the job exists,” and notes that the position may involve “work in [a] hazardous, filthy and obnoxious working environment....” Defs’. Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Ex. C at 31. Plaintiff cannot maintain a discrimination claim for being required to do his job.

4. The County Is Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s Title VII Retaliation Claims

Plaintiff also claims that the County retaliated against him in violation of Title VII. Under Title VII, an employer may not discriminate against an employee because the employee has opposed an employment practice made unlawful by Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e~3(a) (“It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees ... because he has opposed any practice [prohibited by Title VII] ... or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under [Title VII].”); Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 126 S.Ct. at 2410 (“Title VIPs anti-retaliation provision forbids employer actions that discriminate against an employee ... because he has opposed a practice that Title VII forbids or has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in a Title VII investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).

To make a prima facie showing of retaliation under Title VII, the Plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in a protected activity; (2) the County took an adverse action against the him; and (3) there was a causal link between his involvement in the protected activity and the adverse personnel action undertaken by the County. Freitag v. Ayers, 468 F.3d 528, 541 (9th Cir.2006); McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1124 (9th Cir.2004); Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 646. For the purposes of a Title VII retaliation claim, an adverse employment action is one that a reasonable employee would find to be materially adverse, or which would dissuade a reasonable worker from filing a discrimination charge. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 126 S.Ct. at 2415. The McDonnell Douglas framework also applies to Title VII retaliation claims. See McGinest, 360 F.3d at 1124.

Plaintiff engaged in a protected activity, namely the filing of an EEOC Complaint on December 6, 2001 (amended on December 14, 2001). See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Exs. A, B. However, Plaintiff has failed to make the required showing as to the last two elements for many of his Title VII retaliation claims. Where Plaintiff does so show, the County has set forward a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions, but Plaintiff has failed to set forth evidence demonstrating that the County’s rationale is pretext for retaliation. The County is entitled to summary judgment as to the Plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claims as follows:

a. Failure to include Plaintiff on an interview list

The County’s accidental omission of Plaintiff from an interview list was not retaliation because the occurrence would not dissuade an individual from future protected activity. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Go., 126 S.Ct. at 2415. Also, this event occurred in April, 2001, well before Plaintiff filed his EEOC Complaint; as such, there is no causal connection.

b. Placing Plaintiff on administrative leave

Plaintiff alleges that he was placed on administrative leave in retaliation for filing a discrimination complaint against the County. Being placed on administrative leave may constitute an adverse employment action for the purposes of a Title VII retaliation claim. However, Plaintiff was placed on administrative leave on June 27, 2001&emdash;a little under six months before he filed his EEOC Complaint. There is no causal connection between Plaintiffs protected activity and being placed on administrative leave.

c.Denial of transfer requests in December 2001 and January 2002

Plaintiff also claims that the County’s failure to transfer him constitutes unlawful retaliation. The court disagrees. First, Plaintiff has made out a prima facie Title VII retaliation claim: The County’s refusal to transfer an employee from a violent workplace constitutes an adverse employment action as it would likely dissuade others from filing discrimination complaints. Second, the temporal proximity to the filing of his EEOC Complaint suggests a causal connection.

However, as the court has already explained, the County has come forward with legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for denying Plaintiffs transfer requests, namely that Plaintiff said that he was not fearful of Kostrick; that there was a severe manpower shortage at the Lahaina Plant; that the manpower shortage would only worsen were Plaintiff to be transferred; and that there were no available positions at other plants at Plaintiffs skill and pay level. The record demonstrates that it was Goode, Takamine, and Souza who were involved with Plaintiffs transfer request; nothing on the record suggests that Kostrick was involved or that he set in motion the decisions by Goode and Ta-kamine to decline Plaintiffs transfer requests. Poland v. Chertoff 494 F.3d 1174, 1182 (9th Cir.2007) (holding that “if a subordinate, in response to a plaintiffs protected activity, sets in motion a proceeding by an independent decision maker that leads to an adverse employment action, the subordinate’s bias is imputed to the employer if the plaintiff can prove that the allegedly independent adverse employment decision was not actually independent because the biased subordinate influenced or was involved in the decision or the decisionmaking process.”). Plaintiff has failed to introduce any evidence to show that the County’s reason was pretext for a retaliatory motive. As such, Plaintiffs claim fails.

d. Withholding due to improper overpayment

Plaintiff also alleges that the County’s accidental overpayment of regular and worker’s compensation wages and the subsequent corrective withholding (to which Plaintiff agreed) constituted unlawful retaliation. Plaintiff is incorrect. A withholding is an adverse employment action under Title VII. However, Plaintiff fails to demonstrate a causal connection. The time-stamp on the spreadsheet attached to the December 28, 2001 notice of overpayment indicates that the County Finance Department prepared the notice and the relevant calculations on December 20, 2001, the day before the County received notice of Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint. See Defs’. Mot. for Summ. J. Exs. PP at 2, QQ (date stamp indicates document received by County on December 21, 2001). Moreover, Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the County’s legitimate, non-retaliatory rationale of wanting to correct its mistake and collect the mistaken overpayments was pretextual. Instead, during his deposition, Plaintiff admits that he had no facts to show that this incident was retaliatory. Kaulia Dep. Tr. 231-32. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment.

e. Parking ticket issued to Plaintiffs brother-in-law

Plaintiff alleges that his brother-in-law, whose rental car was parked on Plaintiffs property, received a parking ticket in retaliation for Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint. The court rejects Plaintiffs allegation as baseless and specious. First, a ticket on a rental car is not an adverse act against the Plaintiff. There is no evidence that the officer who issued the ticket was not in any way related to, or even aware of, Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint against the Lahaina Wastewater Plant. Second, the December 19, 2001 parking ticket could not have been a retaliatory act by the County for the simple reason that the parking ticket was issued two days before the County received notice of Plaintiffs EEOC Complaint.

C. The County and Kostrick Are Entitled to Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs § 1981 and Title YII Hostile Work Environment Claims

To make out a claim for a hostile work environment under § 1981 or Title VII, Plaintiff must show (1) he was subjected to verbal or physical conduct because of his race; (2) the conduct was unwelcome; and (3) the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the Plaintiffs employment and create an abusive work environment/ See Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 78, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) (Title VII is violated “when the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive as to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.” (Citation and quotation marks omitted)); El-Hakem v. BJY Inc., 415 F.3d 1068, 1073 (9th Cir.2005); Kang v. U. Lim Am., Inc., 296 F.3d 810, 817 (9th Cir.2002). The County may be vicariously liable “for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over [the Plaintiff].” See Montero v. AGCO Corp., 192 F.3d 856, 861 (9th Cir.1999). However, so long as the County did not take a tangible employment action against Plaintiff, the County may assert the affirmative defense that it exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct any discriminatory behavior and that the Plaintiff unreasonably failed to take advantage of available preventative or corrective opportunities. Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998); Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 807-08, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998). The court finds that Plaintiffs working conditions did not constitute a hostile work environment and that the Defendants have successfully asserted an affirmative defense under Ellerbh/Faragher.

1. The Conditions at the Lahaina Plant Did Not Constitute a Hostile Work Environment as a Matter of Law

In order to constitute a hostile work environment, “[t]he working environment must both subjectively and objectively be perceived as abusive.” Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 923 (9th Cir.2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). When ascertaining whether an environment is abusive, courts consider the totality of the circumstances, including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Nichols v. Azteca Rest. Enters., Inc., 256 F.3d 864, 872 (9th Cir.2001) (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993)). Thus, as the Supreme Court has noted, “‘[s]imple teasing,’ offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the ‘terms and conditions of employment.’” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (discussing Title VII) (internal citations omitted).

At the outset, the court notes that the Lahaina Plant workplace was disorganized, volatile, stressful, and sometimes violent. These conditions were imposed upon workers equally, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or whether they had previously filed complaints. It is against this chaotic backdrop that the court must consider Plaintiffs claims.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and accepting his allegations as true, the court concludes that many of the “hostile conditions” Plaintiff complains of were not the result of race-based animus but instead were directed at all individuals equally. Other elements of Plaintiffs claims&emdash;that Kostrick expected Plaintiff to do his job as set forth in his position description, including messy manual labor&emdash;hardly constitute a hostile work environment.

The court