King v. Caruso (542 F. Supp. 2d 703, 2008)

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan 2008-03-19

Citations

Full opinion text

ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION AND GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT

FEIKENS, District Judge.

Presently before the Court is the report and recommendation issued on January 18, 2008 by Magistrate Judge Steven D. Pepe, recommending that I grant summary judgment to the Defendants in this matter. On January 28, 2008, Plaintiff Cheryl King (King) filed timely objections. There is no response to King’s objections, and the time for doing so has elapsed. Having reviewed the briefs, the court concludes that a hearing is unnecessary. See E.D. Mich. LR 7.1(e)(2). For the reasons stated below, the court will deny Petitioner’s objections, adopt the report and recommendation, and GRANT summary judgment.

I.STANDARD OF REVIEW

When timely objections are made, the Court is required to make de novo review and determinations of those portions of the report and recommendation to which objections were made. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) (1); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir.1981). De novo review requires this Court to reexamine the evidence brought before the magistrate to determine whether the report and recommendation should be accepted, denied, or modified. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

General objections, or those objections that restate arguments made before the magistrate are not sufficient to alert the Court to alleged errors made by the magistrate judge. In other words, if the “objection” merely states a disagreement with the magistrate’s suggested resolution or summarizes what was brought before the magistrate, it is not an objection for the purposes of this review. Howard v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 932 F.2d 505, 508 (6th Cir.1991) (holding, where objection was to entirety of report and recommendation, that “it is arguable in this case that Howard’s counsel did not file objections at all ... [I]t is hard to see how a district court reading [the ‘objections’] would know what Howard thought the magistrate had done wrong”).

II. DISCUSSION

At the outset, I note that the report and recommendation is thorough and well reasoned. However, in Plaintiff Kang’s objections, she contends that the magistrate erred in several respects: (1) the magistrate improperly recommended summary judgment when he weighed evidence prior to discovery; (2) the magistrate violated state and federal rules of statutory interpretation and judicial application; (3) Defendant Baerwalde is an Administrative Law Judge who acted outside her authority and is not entitled to immunity; and (4) her First Amendment right of freedom of association was violated when her visitation rights were withdrawn “de facto.”

After reviewing each objection, I am compelled to DENY them. Plaintiffs “objections” are objections only because she has labeled them as such. In truth, the “objections” merely restate Plaintiff King’s arguments before the magistrate and fail to meet the minimum requirements set forth in the Howard case. Howard, 932 F.2d at 508. An independent review of the report and recommendation reveals no errors, substantive or otherwise, that would call into question the ultimate recommendation of the magistrate judge: that Defendants’ summary judgment motion should be granted and the case dismissed. The court is confident, according to its de novo review of the report and recommendation, that the report and recommendation is persuasive and should be adopted in full and incorporated by reference.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, I DENY Plaintiffs objections, and the magistrate’s report and recommendation is ADOPTED in full and incorporated by reference. As such, I GRANT Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and DISMISS this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Report and Reoommendation

PEPE, United States Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff is a civilian whose husband, Kevin King, is under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) and is currently housed at Chippewa Correctional Facility. On April 26, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against Defendants Patricia Caruso, Director of MDOC, Richard Stapleton, Administrator at Office of Legal Affairs, and Ann Baerwalde, Administrative Law Examiner, claiming they have violated her First Amendment rights, her Equal Protection rights, and her Fourteenth Amendment Due Process rights. On June 27, 2007, Defendants Patricia Caruso, Richard Stapleton and Ann Baer-walde filed their motion for summary judgment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(b) arguing that Plaintiff has failed to show any genuine issue as to any material fact, and that they are entitled to judgement as a matter of law (Dkt.# 7). Defendants’ motion was referred for report and recommendation on September 10, 2007, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 636(b)(1)(B) (Dkt.# 13). For the reasons stated below, it is Reoom-mended that Defendants’ motion be Granted.

I. Background Facts

In February 2006, Internal Affairs began investigating Plaintiff and her husband, inmate King, after it received infor-

mation from an informant, James Klein, that Plaintiff and her husband were planning, with the assistance of MDOC employees, to smuggle a cell phone into the prison (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 13). On February 9, 2006, Plaintiff received notice of a proposed visitor restriction and that a hearing was to be held based on an accusation that Plaintiff and her husband were conspiring to smuggle a cell phone into the prison inside a cribbage board (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 3). Plaintiff requested a hearing in accordance with Michigan’s Administrative Procedure Act (APA) of 1969 (Cplt, ¶ 1). Yet, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants denied her request. Id.

On July 24, 2006, Defendant Baerwalde conducted a hearing, pursuant to MCL 791.251, in Plaintiffs absence. Plaintiff claims that she did not attend this hearing because she was not given notice of the date. Yet, an original notice of proposed visitor restriction was first presented to Plaintiff on February 9, 2006, and included a hearing date of March 15, 2006 (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 3). Plaintiff refused to sign the notice. Nevertheless, Defendant Baerwalde adjourned the hearing from March 15, 2006, because Plaintiff requested a waiver of time limits until the Michigan State Police Investigation had been completed (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 7; Cplt, Ex. C).

A notice of the July 24, 2006, hearing date was mailed to Plaintiff by Investigator Gunter on July 14, 2006 (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 8, p. 1), but Plaintiff claims she did not receive this notice. Defendant Baerwalde conducted a hearing on July 24, 2006, pursuant to MCL 791.251. The hearing was based on the allegations of smuggling in a cell phone, not weapons. At the hearing, Defendant Baerwalde found that Plaintiff had received notice of the hearing and thus the hearing was held without her in accordance with R791.3315.39. Plaintiff attaches to her Complaint the Administrative Hearing Report, which contains a finding by Defendant Baerwalde that Plaintiff had received written notice of the hearing and had chosen voluntarily not to attend (Cplt, Ex. C).

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants have violated her First Amendment rights, her Equal Protection rights, and her Fourteenth Amendment Due Process rights because the July 24, 2006, hearing was held outside of her presence, she was denied discovery or cross examination of witnesses or evidence, they refused to create any formal record or ask witnesses questions, and deemed the investigation and all material confidential (Cplt, ¶ 1).

Before the hearing held on July 24, 2006, Plaintiff requested copies of the Internal Affairs investigation pertaining to her husband, which was denied (Cplt, Ex. B). She attaches to her Complaint the MDOC Response to Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) Appeal in which her request is denied. Defendant Caruso denied the FOIA appeal becáuse the MDOC employee investigative files are personnel records and are exempt from disclosure. Id. MCL 791.230a prohibits the release of MDOC employees’ personnel records.

Plaintiff submitted a request for a rehearing regarding the visitor restriction because she alleges that the hearing was conducted in her absence without notice that it had been rescheduled (Cplt, Ex. D). A rehearing was approved by Defendant Stapleton because Plaintiffs husband, Prisoner King, was not given notice of the prior hearing nor an opportunity to submit a statement to be considered by the hearing officer. Id. The rehearing was conducted on April 11, 2007, pursuant to R 791.3315 and R 791.6611, and the visitor restriction was upheld (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 4, Att.4-C). Plaintiff was present at this hearing, but claims that the rehearing also was in violation of her procedural due process safeguards.

Plaintiff now attacks the credibility of the informant, James Klein, whom both hearing officers found credible (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 4, Att. 4-A & 4-C). On June 19, 2007, Plaintiff conducted a deposition pursuant to MCR 2.306 and 2.315 on the informant, James Klein (Dkt.# 8, Ex. F). This deposition was held in conjunction with Plaintiffs and her husband’s state court defamation lawsuit against Mr. Klein. Plaintiff states that Mr. Klein never sought confidential status from Defendants (Dkt.# 8, p. 2). In fact, Mr. Klein stated that he asked to have his record sealed (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 1:53:53). Plaintiff also states that Mr. Klein says he has a lying problem (Dkt.# 8, pp. 2-3). In the deposition Mr. Klein says that he once stated in court that in the past he used to have a problem lying (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 1:58:29). He stated that he has lied about “several things” in the past, but that his account of the actions between Plaintiff and himself was accurate (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 1:59:56). Plaintiff also claims that Mr. Klein said that he never mentioned any MDOC staff names to investigators (Dkt.# 8, p. 2). Yet, Mr. Klein stated that he told investigators about a maintenance man he knew at the time of the video deposition to be Joe Furtah (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 2:13:02). Mr. Klein also stated that he gave the name of Resident Unit Officer (“RUO”) Mark Jones to Internal Affairs because Plaintiffs husband had told him that “Mark Jones had helped him in the past” (Dkt. #8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 2:13:39-2:13:58).

Consistent with the information provided to Internal Affairs, Mr. Klein stated at his deposition that he and Plaintiff discussed smuggling weapons and “other things” into the facility (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 1:53:22). Consistent with the information Klein provided Internal Affairs, he also stated he wanted his record sealed regarding smuggling in the cell phone (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 1:53:52). Plaintiff claims that her husband and all MDOC staff were exonerated, and refers to her Exhibit K (Dkt.# 8, p. 3). Yet, Exhibit K does not support Plaintiffs contention. That exhibit is composed of three short letters between Plaintiffs husband, Kevin King, and Mr. Marschke of Internal Affairs regarding whether inmate King had filed a complaint (Dkt.# 8, Ex. K).

Plaintiff also states the Klein “tried to sell his story,” referring to her Exhibit H (Dkt.# 8, p. 10). Plaintiffs Ex. H is Mr. Klein’s April 5, 2007, Motion to Modify the restitution portion of his sentence; Plaintiffs statements makes it appear that Mr. Klein was trying to sell rights for a potential book. In fact, Mr. Klein’s motion to reduce his restitution was denied, and he specifically denied “selling info for leniency.” (Dkt. # 8, Ex. F, Video Dep, 2:04:17).

At both the hearing and the rehearing, the hearings officers considered the information provided by Mr. Klein and made the following factual findings to support the conspiracy to smuggle in contraband. In the hearing held on July 24, 2006, Defendant Baerwalde found that:

The information requested by Ms. King is held confidential as it does reveal information related to the security of the facility. The information is also not released for the safety of the witness. I find that the information is credible given the documents that were presented, the detail of the report, and the notes and letters provided that are from Ms. King in addition to the photograph of the cell phone and the receipt showing it was purchased by Cheryl King on 2-5-06. The information in its entirety is convincing to me that the informant had been requested by Ms. King to alter a cribbage board, was given the cell phone purchased by Ms. King and the power adapter, and given instructions on how to alter both the cribbage board and the adapter to have the items delivered to prisoner King inside the prison by giving the items to an employee to bring through the gates. I find given the entirety of the summary of the interviews, the summary of the telephone calls listened to and the written letters to Ms. King that the information is credible, detailed and consistent. The source of the information, the person who was said to have watched the King home and the informant, is found to be credible given the physical evidence that was obtained and the receipt showing this phone was purchased by Ms. King.

(Dkt.# 7, Ex. 4, Att.4-A).

In the rehearing which occurred on April 11, 2007, the hearings officer made the following factual findings:

Visitor Cheryl Champine-King asked James Klein to hollow out a cribbage board for her so that she could hide a cell phone in the cribbage board and have it brought to her husband Prisoner King in MRF without staff authorization on or before 2-8-07. I find that she took steps in furtherance of this act as James Klein was given diagrams as to how to hollow out the board and she purchased the cell phone on 2-5-07 then left it with a note for James Klein at her house for James Klein to pick up on 2-8-07. I find that the information regarding the internal investigation of the employees is confidential and is not to be turned over to Ms. King before or after the hearing and she knew the substance of the allegations and who made the allegations and even had her attorney review the information so she clearly knew enough information to prepare a defense.... I find that James Klein’s statements are credible because his statement is supported by the evidence and facts that occurred during the investigation.

(Dkt.# 7, Ex. 4, Att.4-C).

Finally, Plaintiff states that Defendants did not have judicial authority to investigate Plaintiff by their own Policy Directive 01.01.140(G). This policy directive states that Internal Affairs can investigate employee misconduct (Dkt. # 10, Ex. 20, PD 01.01.140, “Internal Affairs” (eff 10/18/99)). Internal Affairs was investigating the information they had that Plaintiff and her husband were attempting to smuggle in the cell phone with the help of MDOC employees. Thus the investigation appears to fall under Policy Directive 01.01.140(G).

II. Analysis

A. Legal Standards

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, summary judgment is to be entered if the moving party demonstrates there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. The Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean that summary judgment should be entered if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could find only for the moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The moving party has “the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue as to any material fact.” Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970). See also Lenz v. Erd-mann Corp., 773 F.2d 62 (6th Cir.1985). In resolving a summary judgment motion, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Duchon v. Cajon Co., 791 F.2d 43, 46 (6th Cir.1986). But as the Supreme Court wrote in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986):

[T]he plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be “no genuine issue as to any material fact,” since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the non-moving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. The moving party is “entitled to a judgment as a matter of law” because the non-moving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof.

Moreover, when a motion for summary judgment is filed, the adverse party may not merely rely “upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleading, but ... by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).

B. Factual Analysis

Plaintiff brings both a substantive due process claim under the First Amendment as incorporated in to the Fourteenth Amendment, as well as a procedural due process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment states that no State shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” While a literal reading of the Clause suggests that it governs only the procedures by which a state may deprive persons of liberty, it has for years been understood to contain a substantive component as well.

Procedural due process guarantees only that there is a fair decision-making process before the government takes some action directly impairing a person’s life, liberty or property. This aspect of the due process clauses does not protect against the use of arbitrary rules of law which are the basis of those proceedings. It is only necessary that a fair decision-making process be used; the ultimate rule to be enforced need not be a fair or just one.

Rotunda & Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law-Substance & Procedure § 14.6 (4th ed. West 2007).

The Due Process Clause guarantees more than fair process, and the “liberty” it protects includes more than the absence of physical restraint. Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 1068-1069, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992) (Due Process Clause “protects individual liberty against ‘certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them’ ”) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331, 106 S.Ct. 662, 665, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986)). The Clause also provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests. Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 301-302, 113 S.Ct. 1439, 1446-1447, 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993)

Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 719-720, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997).

1. Plaintiff's First Amendment right of freedom of association was not violated when her right to visitation was permanentlg withdrawn.

Plaintiff claims that her substantive rights of association with her husband under First Amendment as incorporated in to the Fourteenth Amendment are violated by the permanent ban on visitation. The contours of First Amendment rights of inmates or their visitors are somewhat opaque. The Sixth Circuit has stated, “Prison inmates have no absolute constitutional right to visitation .... Limitations upon visitation may be imposed if they are necessary to meet penological objectives such as ... rehabilitation and the maintenance of security and order.” Bellamy v. Bradley, 729 F.2d 416 (6th Cir.1984). Yet, that case considered an Eighth Amendment challenge in a case where a girlfriend was excluded on occasion from visits for, among other visitor infractions, bringing a picnic tablecloth and petroleum jelly into the prison. The record is limited due to the lack of a lower court opinion. In Judge Keith’s opinion, he notes that:

These incidents do not rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation. Prison inmates have no absolute constitutional right to visitation. Newman v. Alabama, 559 F.2d 283 (5th Cir.1977), rev’d in part sub nom, Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 98 S.Ct. 3057, 57 L.Ed.2d 1114 (1978). Limitations upon visitation may be imposed if they are necessary to meet penological objectives such as the rehabilitation and the maintenance of security and order. Lynott v. Henderson, 610 F.2d 340 (5th Cir.1980). There were legitimate penological concerns for security in each incident cited by Bellamy as harassment of a visitor.

Id. at 420.

Bellamy’s short treatment of the visitation issue did not address any First Amendment claims regarding a permanent ban of a spouse nor any procedural due process issues.

A few years later, then Circuit Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg in Robinson v. Palmer, 841 F.2d 1151 (D.C.Cir.1988), did address a ban on a visit from a spouse who had smuggled marijuana into the Lorton corrections facility. Robinson first addressed a procedural due process issue which in this case is analyzed in the next section. Robinson also addressed a First Amendment challenge to the Department’s permanent denial of face-to-face communications between husband and wife which plaintiffs claimed curtailed the couple’s right to maintain a marital relationship without “reasonably compelling” cause to do so. The Robinsons did not challenge the propriety of subjecting Mrs. Robinson to sanctions for carrying contraband into Lorton, but confined their challenge to the propriety of a permanent suspension of visiting privileges. The D.C. Circuit rejected this First Amendment claim:

Because of the security objections behind the contraband policy and the dangers posed by the introduction of contraband into Lorton, the Court cannot conclude that it is unreasonable for prison officials to adopt a permanent suspension policy.

Id. at 1156.

It was noted that the plaintiffs had alternate channels of communication available to them- — letters, telephone, messages conveyed through other members of the family whose visitation had not been restricted.

The Supreme Court, in upholding a jail policy denying pretrial detainees contact visits with their spouses, relatives, children, and friends, took “judicial notice that the unauthorized use of narcotics is a problem that plagues virtually every penal and detention center in the country.” Block v. Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576, 588-89, 104 S.Ct. 3227, 3234, 82 L.Ed.2d 438 (1984). Moreover, in the very case in which the Supreme Court held impermissible a prison regulation effecting an “almost complete ban” on marriage by inmates, Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 2267, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987), the Court reiterated:

[W]hen a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. In our view, such a standard is necessary if “prison administrators ... and not the courts, [are] to make the difficult judgments concerning institutional operations.” U.S. 119, 128, 97 S.Ct. 2582, 2539, 53 L.Ed.2d 629 (1977); see also id. 107 S.Ct. at 2267. The Court upheld in Turner a Missouri regulation restricting inmate-to-inmate correspondence, 107 S.Ct. at 2263-64, and stated that an inmate’s marriage is indeed “subject to substantial restrictions as a result of incarceration,” id. at 2265, although the restrictions imposed must be “reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives,” id. at 2267, including “legitimate security concerns.” Id. at 2266.

Id. 107 S.Ct. at 2261, quoting Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Union, 433

The D.C. Circuit noted that while Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987), held impermissible a prison regulation effecting an “almost complete ban” on marriage by inmates, the Supreme Court nonetheless reiterated:

[W]hen a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. In our view, such a standard is necessary if “prison administrators ... and not the courts, [are] to make the difficult judgments concerning institutional operations.”

The Robinson court concluded on the First Amendment issue concerning a permanent ban on spousal visitation:

The suspension policy at issue, while unyielding, surely furthers the legitimate government objective of staunching the flow of drugs into the prison system; it avoids the risk that “special treatment” of any class of visitors will prompt resentment among the inmate population; and it leaves open some communication channels, albeit less satisfactory ones, between inmate and excluded spouse. In light of the serious disruption that the introduction of drugs into a penal facility may cause, we cannot say that the Department’s current policy is an “exaggerated response” to the perceived threat. See Turner, 107 S.Ct. at 2262. We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of the Robin-sons’ first amendment claim.

Id. at 1156-1157.

Plaintiff in the present case claims that because she is not a prisoner, cases like Bellamy should not affect her (Dkt.#8). Yet, the fact that this Plaintiff is not a state prisoner does not give her greater constitutional rights in this area. The Sixth Circuit has specifically extended its holding to visitors. Thacker v. Campbell, 1998 WL 537599 at *2 (6th Cir.1998), stated that “Prison officials may impinge on a prisoner and his visitor’s First Amendment rights if their actions are reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.”

Plaintiff also claims in her response that the case of Robinson v. Palmer, 841 F.2d 1151 (D.C.Cir.1998), has no parallel to her case (Dkt.# 8, p. 4). Plaintiff claims that the plaintiff in Robinson was afforded complete due process of law and guilt was established, but that is not the case in her situation. Yet, as noted below in dealing with Plaintiffs procedural due process claim, Plaintiff in this case was afforded the process due when a hearing was held in accordance with MCL 791.251 to determine if her husband was going to be able to receive her as a visitor. Plaintiff also alleges that she, unlike the plaintiff in Robinson, was never accused of bringing any item into the prison. Even though Plaintiff was not caught in the act, as was the plaintiff in Robinson, MDOC found that Plaintiff nonetheless participated in behavior that was grounds for terminating her visitation. There is no basis for this Court to second guess or overturn that finding.

Plaintiff also contends that this case is “highly distinguishable from any such case because nothing has been claimed to be associated with misbehavior during visitation” (Dkt.# 8, p. 5). Yet, in accordance with PD 05.03.140(QQ), the behavior does not have to occur in connection with a visit:

QQ. The behavior described in Paragraphs 00 and PP, subparagraphs 1 through 3, need not have occurred in connection with a visit. For example, a person who leaves contraband in another area of the facility grounds for the prisoner to pick up, mails contraband to a prisoner, or discusses escape plans with a prisoner over the telephone may be subject to a visitor restriction.

(Dkt. # 7, Ex. 1, p. 9 of 13).

Finally, Plaintiff relies on Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 131, 123 S.Ct. 2162, 156 L.Ed.2d 162 (2003), when she states that the Constitution protects “certain kinds of highly personal relationships.” (Dkt.# 8, p. 6). The Overton case was brought by prisoners, their friends, and their family members complaining of MDOC regulations concerning non-contact visiting. In that case, the Supreme Court stated:

And, outside the prison context, there is some discussion in our cases of a right to maintain certain familial relationships, including association among members of an immediate family and association between grandchildren and grandparents. See Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 97 S.Ct. 1932, 52 L.Ed.2d 531 (1977) (plurality opinion); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923).

This is not an appropriate case for further elaboration of those matters. The very object of imprisonment is confinement. Many of the liberties and privileges enjoyed by other citizens must be surrendered by the prisoner. An inmate does not retain rights inconsistent with proper incarceration. See Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119, 125, 97 S.Ct. 2532, 53 L.Ed.2d 629 (1977); Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 229, 121 S.Ct. 1475, 149 L.Ed.2d 420 (2001). And, as our cases have established, freedom of association is among the rights least compatible with incarceration. See Jones, supra, at 125-126, 433 U.S. 119, 97 S.Ct. 2532, 53 L.Ed.2d 629; Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983). Some curtailment of that freedom must be expected in the prison context.

Id. at 131.

Therefore, although the Constitution does protect certain types of highly personal relationships, some curtailment of freedom of association must be expected in the prison context. Id. “It is clear that a prisoner does not have a due process right to unfettered visitation.... a fortiori, a citizen simply does not have a right to unfettered visitation of a prisoner that rises to a constitutional dimension.” Spear v. Sowders, 71 F.3d 626, 629-30 (6th Cir. 1995). Furthermore, prison officials may encroach on a visitor’s First Amendment rights if they are reacting to a reasonably related penological interest. Thacker v. Campbell, 1998 WL 537599, 1998 U.S. App LEXIS 18762 at *5, *6.

Here, the Defendants’ actions, as found by MDOC after its hearing, were reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. The MDOC promulgated new regulations that limited prison visitation in response to concerns about prison security problems. Overton, 539 U.S. at 126. It became more difficult for prison officials to prevent smuggling or trafficking in drugs and to maintain order during visitation. Id. Policy Directive 05.03.140 (eff.01/12/1998). The same can be said about legitimate penological concerns regarding inmates having cell phones. These items are “contraband” in the prison. “Prisoner Visiting” was in effect at the time the prisoner’s visitation was revoked. The policy directive states, in pertinent part, as follows:

PP. In the situations described below, a visit shall be terminated or disallowed and the prisoner and visitor notified that the facility will be requesting a permanent restriction of the visitor’s visits with all prisoners:

1. The visitor smuggles, conspires to smuggle, or attempts to smuggle any item into or out of the facility....

(Dkt.# 7, Ex. 1, p. 9-13).

Michigan Administrative Code Rule, R791.6609 states in the pertinent part:

(2) The approved visitors list shall be subject to all of the following restrictions:

(f) A warden may deny placement of anyone of a prisoner’s approved visitors list for reasons of safety or security of the institution, protection of the public ... or for other cause as determined by the warden.

(4) Each institution shall prescribe and display reasonable rules of conduct for visits to preserve public safety and institutional security and order.... If a prisoner or visitor violates the provisions of this subrule, then the visit may be terminated and the prisoner and visitor may be subject to sanctions up to and including a permanent restriction of all visits

(13) Nothing in this rule creates an enforceable right of the prisoner to receive a visit or of a visitor to visit a prisoner. (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 2, p. 5 of 7).

Michigan Administrative Code Rule, R 791.6611 states in the pertinent part:

(2) A visitor shall be permanently restricted from visits at all facilities if any of 1 of the following occurs:

(a) The visitor smuggles, or conspires or attempts to smuggle, an item into or out of the facility.

(Dkt. # 7, Ex. 2, p 7 of 7).

Internal Affairs investigated Plaintiff and her husband, inmate King, after it received information that they were planning, with the assistance of some MDOC employee, to smuggle in a cell phone. Prisoner officials were attempting to meet the penological objective of reducing smuggling and keeping the institution safe. “Withdrawing visitation privileges is a proper and even necessary management technique to induce compliance with the rules of inmate behavior.” Overton, 539 U.S. at 134.

Because prison inmates have no constitutional right to visitation, and because the Plaintiff does not have any greater constitutional rights in this area, the limitation on visitation related to the legitimate peno-logical interest of preventing smuggling. Thus, this restriction was not a violation of Plaintiffs First Amendment right of freedom of association.

2. Plaintiff’s Due Process Rights Were Not Violated.

Procedural due process questions for violation of a liberty interest are examined in two steps: the first step asks if there is a liberty interest that has been interfered with by the State, Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 571, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972); the second step asks whether the procedures used upon that deprivation were constitutionally sufficient. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 472, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983). Thus, to state a claim for deprivation of a liberty interest without due process required by the Fourteenth Amendment, Plaintiff is required to plead not only the deprivation, but also the inadequacy of the state remedies for redress of the deprivation.

A. A Liberty Interest

“The types of interests that constitute ‘liberty’... for Fourteenth Amendment purposes are not unlimited; the interest must rise to more than ‘an abstract need or desire,’ Kentucky Dept. of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460, 109 S.Ct. 1904, 104 L.Ed.2d 506 (1989) (quoting Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. at 577), and must be based on more than ‘a unilateral hope.’ ” Thompson, 490 U.S. at 460 (quoting Connecticut Board of Pardons v. Dumschat, 452 U.S. 458, 465, 101 S.Ct. 2460, 69 L.Ed.2d 158 (1981)). In evaluating a claimed liberty interest by prison inmates, courts are mindful that imprisonment necessarily “carries with it the circumscription or loss of many significant rights.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 524, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 82 L.Ed.2d 393 (1984). The “curtailment of certain rights is necessary, as a practical matter, to accommodate a myriad of ‘institutional needs and objectives’ of prison facilities, chief among which is internal security.” Id. at 524 (internal citations omitted). Accordingly, not every “action taken for a punitive reason encroaches upon a liberty interest under the Due Process Clause.... ” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995). This is true, even if the action may limit certain rights of non-prisoners who have some relation to a prisoner.

Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976), noted that (“[o]ur cases hold that a convicted felon does not forfeit all constitutional protections by reason of his conviction and confinement in prison.”). Prisoners retain a “residuum of constitutionally protected liberty,” Thompson, 490 U.S. at 466 (Marshall, J., dissenting), that emanates from two discrete sources: (1) state law can establish a protectible liberty interest, or (2) the Constitution can create a liberty interest when a condition or restraint is so egregious as to implicate the Due Process Clause itself. See Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 125 S.Ct. 2384, 162 L.Ed.2d 174 (2005).

Plaintiff relies on the Sixth Circuit 2002 decision in Bazzetta v. Mcginnis, 286 F.3d 311, 323 (6th Cir.2002), when she quotes a “complete ban on all visitors is such a ‘grievous loss’ that infringes on liberty interest protected by substantive due process.”

Bazzetta involved regulations issued by the MDOC limiting the visitation rights of prisoners, including allowing the Director of the MDOC to restrict permanently all visits for a prisoner who is found guilty administratively of “[t]wo or more violations of the major misconduct charge of substance abuse,” e.g. possession of narcotics, alcohol, unauthorized prescription drugs, or drug paraphernalia, or for failure to submit to a drug test. Bazzetta, 286 F.3d at 321 & n. 2 (internal quotations omitted). Prisoners whose visits had been permanently restricted could still receive visits from “attorneys or [their] representative[s], [or] qualified clergy and staff from the Office of the Legislative Corrections Ombudsman.... ” Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 148 F.Supp.2d 813, 833 (E.D.Mich.2001). Inmates could also request that the visitation ban be lifted after six months or two years, depending on the underlying infractions. Id. Reinstatement of visitation privileges was within the warden’s discretion. Id.

This district court found that the regulation involving a permanent ban, if reinstatement was not allowed, constituted a violation of the First Amendment right of association, the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment, and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In determining there was a liberty interest protected by the due process clause, the judge analyzed the regulations under the formulation established by the Supreme Court in Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995), which held that for plaintiff inmate to be constitutionally entitled to due process before being deprived of a particular right or privilege, he must show that being deprived of that right or interest imposes on him an “atypical and significant hardship” relative to the ordinary circumstances of prison life. Sandin determined that discipline involving 30 days in segregated confinement did not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest and thus there could be no due process violation.

This court in Bazzetta found a visitation ban that was likely permanent was significant, thus a liberty interest existed. Id. at 857. This court found further that the process provided was not sufficient to satisfy the due process clause. Id. at 858. It is the 2002 Sixth Circuit affirmance of this district court finding that Plaintiff cites in the present case.

The Supreme Court granted certiorari on the questions of “whether the regulations violate the substantive due process mandate of the Fourteenth Amendment, or the First or Eighth Amendments.... ” Overton, 539 U.S. at 128. The Court in Overton, however, did not grant certiorari on the issue of whether the regulations violated the prisoners’ procedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment which would have directly raised the issues involved in Sandin.

On the substantive due process issues under the First, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment the Supreme Court reversed the lower courts ruling that the regulations did not facially infringe the prisoners’ First Amendment rights of intimate association nor the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 131-36. In so holding, the Court stated that it was not implying that “any right to intimate association is altogether terminated by incarceration” but it noted that “[w]e must accord substantial deference to the professional judgment of prison administrators, who bear a significant responsibility for defining the legitimate goals of a corrections system and for determining the most appropriate means to accomplish them.” Id. at 131-32 (“Withdrawing visitation privileges is a proper and even necessary management technique to induce compliance with the rules of inmate behavior, especially for high-security prisoners who have few other privileges to lose.”). The Court also held that the withdrawal of visitation privileges did not “fall below the standards mandated by the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 137.

In its Eighth Amendment discussion, however, the Court borrowed some language from Sandin when it noted that “withdrawal of visitation privileges for a limited period as a regular means of effecting prison discipline ... is not a dramatic departure from accepted standards for conditions of confinement. Cf. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 485, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995).” Overton, 539 U.S. at 137.

While the district court stressed the permanent ban on visitation, the Supreme Court in its opinion dealing with a facial attack on the regulation repeatedly referred to it as a two year ban. It stressed this temporary nature of the ban in its discussion of both the First Amendment issue and the Eighth Amendment issue. In its First Amendment analysis, in addition to noting alternative means still available to communicate by writing and phone, it stated

And if faced with evidence that MDOC’s regulation is treated as a de facto permanent ban on all visitation for certain inmates, we might reach a different conclusion in a challenge to a particular application of the regulation. Those issues are not presented in this case, which challenges the validity of the restriction on noncontact visits in all instances.

Id. at 134.

Similarly, in its Eighth Amendment analysis, the Court stressed that “[i]f the withdrawal of all visitation privileges were permanent or for a much longer period, or if it were applied in an arbitrary manner to a particular inmate, the case would present different considerations.” Id. at 137. It concluded, however, that “[a]n individual claim based on indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards ... would not support [a] ruling ... that the entire regulation is invalid.” Id. The lower court had found the regulation facially invalid under the procedural due process clause. A statute is facially unconstitutional only if no conceivable set of circumstances exists under which it would be valid. Here the Supreme Court found that a ban on visitation up to two years could serve a legitimate penological goal and thus the statute was not unconstitutional on its face.

The Bazzetta case was ultimately remanded to the district court “for further consideration in light of the Supreme Court opinion.” Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 73 Fed.Appx. 842 (6th Cir.2003). The Sixth Circuit noted that the Supreme Court had left open the question of whether “an individual claim based on indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards would pass muster under the First and Eighth Amendments.... ” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

On remand, although the regulation was modified, this court, on December 23, 2003, without making any new or additional findings, determined that its earlier decision that there was a liberty interest in not having a permanent ban on visitation imposed without suitable procedural protections was unaffected by the Supreme Court’s decision that did not address the procedural due process issues. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, Case No. 95-CV-73540, at Dkt. # 375. On February 11, 2004, this Court certified for interlocutory review under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) the question of “whether prisoners have a liberty interest in visitation” and the Sixth Circuit accepted review of the injunctive order under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a) (l). Id. at Dkt. # 387. In a review under an “abuse of discretion” standard, the Sixth Circuit reversed this court’s procedural due process holding in an opinion that could easily be misread as indicating there is no liberty interest in a permanent ban on visitation. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, Case No. 95-CV-73540, at Dkt. #394. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 430 F.3d 795, 800 (6th Cir.2005), rehearing en banc denied (March 9, 2006), cert. denied — U.S.-, 127 S.Ct. 381, 166 L.Ed.2d 268 (2006).

While acknowledging that the Supreme Court did not rule on an “as applied” challenge to the visitation regulation in cases where there was a finding that there was an “indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards” or “if faced with evidence that MDOC’s regulation is treated as a defacto permanent ban on all visitation for certain inmates,” the Sixth Circuit read the district court remand opinion as not an “as applied” ruling, but a facial attack on the substance of the visitation regulation and not merely an attack on its implementation. Specifically, the Sixth Circuit notes:

The district court held that the substance abuse regulation, on its face, created a liberty interest because it imposed an “atypical and significant hardship” on all prisoners subject the restriction. See Bazzetta [v. McGinnis], 148 F.Supp.2d [813] at 858 [ (E.D.Mich. 2001) ].

Bazzetta, 430 F.3d at 803.

It noted that the district court discussed examples of treatment of particular inmates to illustrate general procedural deficiencies in the implementation of the regulation, but the district court did not make any particular factual findings with respect to any particular prisoner sufficient to support an as applied procedural due process claim. Id. The Sixth Circuit noted that it was a “facial procedural due process challenged” that the Supreme Court in Over-ton impliedly foreclosed in its reference to Sandin. Yet, the Sixth Circuit acknowledged that Overton left open an as applied challenge to a particular application of the substance abuse regulation under the First and Eighth Amendments as well as the procedural due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. But a successful “individual claim based on indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards ... [does] not support the ruling ... that the entire regulation is invalid.” Id. citing Overton, 539 U.S. at 137.

In the context of the current regulations involving smuggling or “attempts to smuggle an item into or out of the facility,” a temporary suspension of visitation, even a two year suspension as in Overton, would not constitute an “atypical and significant hardship” relative to the ordinary circumstances of prison life when imposed for smuggling or attempts to smuggle narcotics or a cell phone but might be for an attempt to smuggle in brownies, a Time magazine or a photograph of a child. Similarly, a temporary suspension of visitation for some significant period might also be an “atypical and significant hardship” relative to the ordinary circumstances of prison life when imposed on a totally unsupported accusation of a corrections officer with no hearing or other rights to challenge the charge. Yet, the possibility of individual extreme cases where the smuggling regulation might be unconstitutional as applied do not invalidate it in toto.

In the present case, there is no evidence in the record from which to draw the full contours of the penolological interest in keeping inmates [who commonly can make monitored phone calls] from having a cell phone. Cell phones seem relatively more benign in a prison context than drugs or weapons which were involved in other cases discussed above. Were this a case that involved a permanent termination of visitation between spouses it may be that some peonological interest analysis concerning cell phones might be appropriate to determine if there was a liberty interest and whether a permanent termination of visitation between spouses for this offense was an “ ‘atypical and significant hardship’ relative to the ordinary circumstances of prison life.” But currently the present case involves a suspension in the time parameters similar to the two year visitation suspension considered in Overton. In light of the teaching of Overton and the other cases on visitor restrictions, it cannot be said that Plaintiffs visitation restriction, on which notices were given in February 2006, is an ‘atypical and significant hardship’ relative to the ordinary circumstances of prison life.

Yet, even if it were determined that a two year suspension of visitation of a spouse for attempting to smuggle a cell phone to the inmate gave rise to a liberty interest under the regulation, Plaintiff was provided adequate procedural safeguards to defeat her due process claim.

B. The Process

The requirements imposed by the Clause are flexible and variable dependent upon the particular situation being examined. See Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1, 12, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484, (1972). In determining what is “due process” in the prison context, “one cannot automatically apply procedural rules designed for free citizens in an open society ... to the very different situation presented by a disciplinary proceeding in a state prison.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S., at 560. “Prison administrators ... should be accorded wide-ranging deference in the adoption and execution of policies and practices that in their judgment are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and to maintain institutional security.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979).

Plaintiff claims she was denied her rights under the Fourteenth Amendment when a visitor restriction hearing was conducted pursuant to MCL 791.251. Plaintiff claims that because she is not a prisoner, she should have a hearing in accordance with Michigan’s Administrative Procedure Act of 1969. Yet, the APA exempts hearings held under MCL 791.251 from the requirements of this Act (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 5, Administrative Procedures Act of 1969 § 24.315(2)).

MCL 791.206(l)(a) and (d) give to the Director of the MDOC the discretion to promulgate rules for the control, management and operation of the general affairs of the department as well as for the management and control of penal institutions. It is significant that this rule making power is discretionary. Furthermore, no statute attempts to set forth prison policy on visits from the general public or how such visits can be restricted. Visits and visitor restrictions are set forth in rules. These rules were amended, effective August 25, 1995. As noted above, in Overton, the Supreme Court found that prison regulations on visitation on their face did not violate due process if they were rationally related to legitimate penological objective, including the maintenance of internal security. Overton, 539 U.S. at 126.

R 791.6607, as amended August 25, 1995, provides:

(1) The department shall establish reasonable visiting hours and uniform quotas at each institution for visits to prisoner to promote order and security in the institutions and to prevent interference with institutional routine or disruption of the prisoner’s programming ...

R 791.6609, as amended August 25, 1995, provides:

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this rule, any person who is not subject to a current visitor restriction pursuant to the provisions of R 791.6611 may visit a prisoner if all of the following provisions are complied with:

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(e) The visit does not constitute a threat to public safety or to the order and security of the institution.

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(g) The purpose of the visit is not to commit an illegal act.

(2) Except as provided in R 791.6607(2) and subrule (3) of this rule, a person may visit a prisoner only if he or she is on the list of approved visitors for that prisoner, which shall consist of the prisoner’s immediate family members and not more than 10 other persons. The approved visitors list shall be subject to all of the following restrictions:

* * *

(f) A warden may deny placement of anyone on a prisoner’s approved visitors list for reasons of safety or security of the institution, protection of the public, previous violations of visiting room rules by the person, or for other cause as determined by the warden. A denial of placement on the list may be appealed through the prisoner grievance process.

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(4) Each institution shall prescribe and display reasonable rules of conduct for visits to preserve public safety and institutional security and order and to prevent conduct that may be offensive to others who may be present. If a prisoner or visitor violates the provisions of this subrule, then the visit may be terminated and the prisoner and visitor may be subject of sanctions up to and including a permanent restriction of all visits or restriction to noncontact visiting only.

(13) Nothing in this rule creates an enforceable right of the prisoner to receive a visit or of a visitor to visit a prisoner.

R 791.6611, as amended August 25, 1995 provides:

(2) A visitor shall be permanently restricted from visits at all facilities if any 1 of the following occurs:

(a) The visitor smuggles, or conspires or attempts to smuggle, any item into or out of the facility.

(4) When a visitor restriction is proposed by the institution, the visitor shall be temporarily restricted from visits at all facilities pending a formal hearing, pursuant to the provision of R 791.3315, to determine if the restriction is proper based upon the requirements of subrules (2) and (3) of this rule. The hearing shall be held within 30 business days of the date that notice of the hearing is mailed or given to the visitor, unless there is a reasonable cause for delay as determined by the hearing officer.

Policy directive 05.03.140 “Prisoner Visiting” (eff 01/01/2007) states, in the pertinent part, as follows:

NN. In the situations described below, a visit shall be terminated or disallowed and the visitor’s visits with all prisoners: 1. The visitor smuggles, conspires to smuggle, or attempts to smuggle any item into or out of the facility ...

PP. A visitor subject to a proposed visitor restriction shall be temporarily restricted from all visits pending a visitor restriction hearing.

QQ. If the incident leading to the proposed visitor restriction involved both the prisoner and the visitor, the prisoner shall be sent a Notice of Proposed Visitor Restriction (CSJ-315A) in addition to receiving a major misconduct report. The visitor shall be sent the Notice of Proposed visitor Restriction, a copy of the misconduct report and notice of the date of the visitor restriction hearing via first class mail to the address the visitor provided the facility at the time of the visit. Both the prisoner and the visitor are entitled to hearings conducted pursuant to R791.3315. The major misconduct hearing and the visitor restriction hearing shall be scheduled on the same date if possible.

(Dkt.# 7, Ex. 6).

From the above cited rules and regulations, it is clear that the Department has determined that certain types of conduct from a visitor may result in the visitor being placed on a disapproved visitor’s list, and may result in a hearing for the visitor. Plaintiff contends that since MCL 791.251 does not specifically state that the hearings division shall be responsible for conducting visitor restriction hearings on private citizens, that no rule, or policy directive of the Department of Corrections can be the basis for her being denied visits with any prisoner.

Yet, MCL 791.251 provides:

(1) There is created within the department a hearings division. The division shall be under the direction and supervision of the hearings administrator who is appointed by the director of the department.

(2) The hearings division shall be responsible for each prisoner hearing which the department conducts which may result in the loss by a prisoner of a right, including but not limited to 1 or more of the following matters:

(d) Visitor restrictions.

The wording of the statute does not limit the hearings division to only prisoner hearings. It simply lists those situations where the hearings division is mandated to conduct certain types of hearings. The Department has chosen to use hearings procedures that are already in place to conduct those visitor restrictions hearings that involve private citizens. There is nothing improper with using the MDOC Hearings Division to make factual findings in a visitor case.

In the present case, Plaintiff and her husband, who is under the jurisdiction of the MDOC, were suspected of attempting to smuggle in a cell phone into the prison with the assistance of some MDOC employees. After an Internal Affairs investigation solidified the suspicions regarding Plaintiff and her husband, they were given notice of a proposed visitor restriction. As described above, the hearing regarding visitor restriction was held under the authority of MCL 791.251 and R791.6611. R 791.6611(4) provides that when a visitor restriction is proposed by a Department of Corrections’ facility, the prisoner and the visitor have a right to a formal administrative hearing to be conducted pursuant to Administrative Rule R.791.3315 to determine if the restriction is proper based on the requirements set forth in the rule (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 4). R.791.3315 provides in the pertinent part:

(1) Not less than 24 hours before a formal hearing, a prisoner shall receive written notice of the hearing. The notice shall include all of the following:

(a) Any charges of alleged violations.

(b) A description of the circumstances giving rise to the hearing.

(c) Notice of the date of the hearing.

(5) A prisoner has all of the following rights at a formal hearing:

(a) To be present and offer evidence, including relevant documents and oral and written arguments, on his or her own behalf.

(b) To compel disclosure of documents specifically relevant to the issue before the hearing officer, unless disclosure presents a threat to personal or institutional safety (emphasis added).

(c) To present evidence from necessary, relevant, and material witnesses, when to do so is not unduly hazardous to institutional or safety goals (emphasis added).

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(7) A staff investigator shall be available, when necessary, to gather and present factual evidence orally or in writing at the request of either the prisoner or the hearing officer ... The failure of a staff investigator to present requested documents or statements is justified if to do so would be unduly hazardous to institution or safety goals (emphasis added) ...

i. The July 24, 2006, Hearing

Plaintiff claims that she did not attend the July 24, 2006, hearing because she was not given notice of the date. The notice of proposed visitor restriction was presented to Plaintiff on February 9, 2006, which she refused to sign (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 3). The notice of proposed visitor restriction included a hearing date of March 15, 2006. Id. Defendant Baerwalde adjourned the hearing from March 15, 2006, because Plaintiff requested a waiver of time limits until the Michigan State Police Investigation had been completed (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 7, Letter from Plaintiff to Hearings Investigator Gunter dated 6-22-06, 4, Att A). A Notice of Hearing was again sent on July 14, 2006, by Investigator Gunter informing Plaintiff of the hearing that was to be held on July 24, 2006 (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 8, Affidavit of Ann Baerwalde, Att A). Plaintiff claims she did not receive this notice. At the hearing, Defendant Baerwalde found that Plaintiff had received notice of the hearing and the hearing was held without her in accordance with R.791.3315 (Dkt. # 7, Ex. 4, Att A).

Plaintiff claims that she was denied due process because Defendant Baerwalde deemed the investigation and all material confidential at the hearing. According to R.791.3315(5)(b), a prisoner has the right at a formal hearing to compel disclosure of documents specifically relevant to the issue before the hearing officer, unless disclosure presents a threat to personal or institutional safety. In the first hearing, Defendant Baerwalde found that the information requested by Plaintiff was confidential because it revealed information related to the security of the facility (Dkt.# 7, Ex. 8, p. 1). Defendant Baer-walde states, “Withholding the statements of the confidential informant and information obtained in interviews with the informant is done to protect the identification and personal safety of witnesses as well as for the security of the facility.” Id.

The information in the investigation included information regarding the institution and the investigation of employees of the institution. “Whether the informant is a prisoner is not relevant to such determinations, it is the safety of the witness that is at issu