United States v. Olmedo (552 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 2008)

Order Denying Motions to Suppress

ADALBERTO JORDAN, District Judge.

Following oral argument, and upon a de novo review of the record, including the objections filed by Ricardo Olmedo [D.E. 472, 477], I adopt the thorough and well-reasoned reports issued by Magistrate Judge Torres [D.E. 441, 452], Accordingly, Mr. Olmedo’s motion to suppress the fruits of an illegal search and seizure [D.E. 320], and motion to suppress wiretap evidence and for a Franks hearing [D.E. 321], are DENIED.

DONE and ORDERED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ON DEFENDANT RICARDO OL-MEDO’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS FRUITS OF ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE

EDWIN G. TORRES, United States Magistrate Judge.

THIS CAUSE came before the Court on Defendant Ricardo Olmedo’s Motion to Suppress Fruits of Illegal Search and Seizure [D.E. 320], the government’s Opposition thereto [D.E. 362], Defendant’s Post-Hearing Reply [D.E. 419], and the government’s Response to the post-hearing reply [D.E. 422], This matter was referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge by the Honorable Adalberto Jordan for report and recommendation. [D.E. 369]. An evi-dentiary hearing was held on February 21, 2008. Having carefully considered the motion and opposition thereto, the arguments of counsel, the testimony of the four government witnesses and of Defendant, the exhibits admitted into evidence at the hearing, and being fully advised in the premises, the Court concludes that Defendant’s motion to suppress should be DENIED, as more fully explained below.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was arrested on September 12, 2007, and charged with one count of conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine, heroin, crack cocaine, and marijuana, and one count of possession with the intent to distribute cocaine. [D.E. 11]. His arrest stemmed from a Drug Enforcement • Administration (“DEA”) investigation of narcotics trafficking activities that resulted in the issuance of a Title III wiretap order for the cellular telephone of Defendant’s son, Michael Ol-medo. According to the government, pri- or to September 12, 2007, the date of Defendant’s arrest, law enforcement agents had intercepted thousands of telephone calls in which Michael Olmedo discussed the distribution of narcotics. Among those thousands of calls were multiple conversations between Michael and Defendant regarding drug trafficking activities. Agents conducted surveillance of Michael Olmedo and others in which they observed members of the alleged conspiracy engaging in suspected narcotics trafficking activities that corresponded to conversations intercepted by agents. Agents also seized over a kilogram of cocaine based upon information obtained from the wire interceptions.

On September 12, 2007, at approximately 5:41 p.m., agents intercepted a call between Defendant and Michael Olmedo in which Defendant told his son that “that” guy was calling him to go and pick up “that,” and Michael told Defendant he was trying to get the money together. [D.E. 406 (Exhibit and Witness List from Feb. 21, 2008, Hrg), Dfs Ex. B (Synopsis of Session 10188) ]. At approximately 5:55 p.m., another call was intercepted between Defendant and Michael. During the second call, Michael told Defendant that he was trying to get the “tickets;” Defendant told Michael that the guy had two; Michael asked if it was “the beautiful shit” and Defendant affirmed that it was; Michael said he was getting enough for one; when Defendant asked whether Michael got the full amount from the guy, Michael replied that he got twelve and would put in ten; and they arranged to meet at Defendant’s house. [Id., Dfs Ex. C (Synopsis of Session 10194)]. The agent supervising the narcotics investigation, DEA Special Agent Francisco Fernandez, was advised of these calls by agents monitoring the wiretap. According to Special Agent Fernandez, “two” meant two kilograms of cocaine; “twelve” and “ten” meant $12,000 and $10,000, respectively; and the gist of these conversations was that Michael was in the process of collecting money to pay for two kilograms of cocaine, that Defendant would soon be meeting someone to exchange the money for cocaine, then he would deliver the drugs to Michael. Based on these intercepted calls, agents established surveillance on Defendant.

Officers followed Defendant’s Ford pickup truck from his house to a cul-de-sac in an apartment complex where Defendant met a man in a black Mercedes Benz. Special Agent Fernandez heard over the DEA radio what he called a “play-byplay” account of what an officer who was on the scene was observing: the Mercedes parked near Defendant’s truck; the man in the Mercedes exited his ear with a bag and got into Defendant’s truck; a short while later he exited the truck with another bag in hand; and then both vehicles departed the location.

After hearing this, Special Agent Fernandez authorized a stop of the Mercedes to verify what the wire intercepts had suggested, that there would be an exchange of money and drugs. The Mercedes was stopped and Special Agent Fernandez was advised that a large amount of U.S. currency was found in the car. He also was informed that another call between Defendant and Michael Olmedo was intercepted after Defendant met with the man in the Mercedes: Defendant told Michael Olmedo that he (Defendant) got “two” from “him”; “he” asked for $10,000, otherwise to return it; Michael told Defendant that he (Michael) would pay Defendant back; and Defendant said they were really good. [D.E. 406, Govt. Ex. 1 (Synopsis of Session 10209) ].

It was at this point that Special Agent Fernandez gave the order to stop Defendant’s vehicle. His decision was based on the two initial intercepted calls regarding the two kilos and the money; the fact that Defendant met with an individual he was supposed to meet; the observations of the officer on the scene regarding the swap of bags on a street in an apartment complex; the fact that the black Mercedes did indeed have almost $20,000 in it; and the third intercepted call in which Defendant confirmed he had picked up the two kilos. Thus, Special Agent Fernandez got on the DEA radio and directed that Defendant be stopped by a marked unit.

Special Agent Fernandez was close to but did not witness the Miami-Dade police officers stop Defendant’s truck. When he arrived on the scene, Defendant was already outside his truck. Special Agent Fernandez pulled up behind another officer’s vehicle and stayed there. He got on the radio to find out if everything was okay, and to confirm whether officers found the two kilos of cocaine inside Defendant’s truck. Once the two kilos were found, Defendant was arrested.

Miami-Dade County Police Detective Julio Benavides, whose role in the narcotics investigation was to conduct roving surveillance or stops as needed, witnessed the meeting between Defendant and the man in the black Mercedes on September 12th. Shortly before the meeting took place, Detective Benavides was contacted by another officer involved in the narcotics investigation, Detective Benjamin Young, and told that Defendant would be driving a green Ford pickup truck and would be picking up two bricks, or kilos, of cocaine. Detective Benavides was directed to the general vicinity of Bird Road and 114th Avenue, where Defendant’s truck was then being followed by other law enforcement agents, and was told to be prepared to conduct surveillance or a stop as needed. Detective Benavides located Defendant’s truck and followed it when it turned into an apartment complex. When the truck made a sharp right-hand turn into a cul-de-sac and stopped, the detective parked his unmarked vehicle to the west of the cul-de-sac, facing east, where he was able to observe the truck through his windshield.

Within a couple of minutes, the black Mercedes driven by a Latin male arrived and parked behind the truck. The driver of the Mercedes exited his vehicle, approached the driver’s side of the truck, and made contact with the driver. He returned to the Mercedes, retrieved what appeared to be a Publix plastic bag containing something the size of a small book, then walked back to the truck and entered the passenger’s side of the vehicle. The two men appeared to be talking and “messing around with” or “looking at” something inside the truck. The men were inside the truck for no more than five minutes, then the Mercedes’s driver exited the truck and returned to his car. He was carrying the same plastic bag, but it now contained something smaller than before and was rolled up like a ball. He opened his door and began to use his cell phone, at which time Defendant departed.

Detective Benavides testified that as soon as Defendant’s truck left the area, he announced over his Miami-Dade County police radio and the DEA radio assigned to him that the pickup truck was leaving the area. Then, when the Mercedes pulled away a few minutes later, Detective Bena-vides reported that event as well. He followed the Mercedes for about eight blocks, at which time it was pulled over by a marked county police vehicle. Detective Young joined him at the scene. Detective Benavides approached the Mercedes and observed the same plastic bag with a big roll of money in it on the front passenger seat. Detective Young took custody of the money, then both detectives left the scene to locate Defendant’s truck. Shortly after confiscating the money, Detective Young announced this fact over the radio.

At approximately Sunset and Southwest 87th Avenue, the detectives located Defendants’ truck, which had just been stopped by two marked county police vehicles. One of the officers on the scene, Sergeant Raul Martinez, approached the two detectives and advised that a kilogram of cocaine had been found inside the truck. Defendant was thereafter advised that narcotics had been found in his truck, read his Miranda rights, and arrested.

Detective Young, a City of Miami police detective assigned to work under DEA authority, was positioned at Defendant’s house before he left to meet the man in the black Mercedes. Detective Young had received information from the wire room that Defendant might be picking up narcotics for his son Michael Olmedo that day. After setting up surveillance at Defendant’s home, Detective Young observed Michael and Defendant exit the house. Michael gave Defendant a plastic bag, then Defendant got in his truck and drove away. The detective followed Defendant in his unmarked vehicle. He noticed that at approximately Bird Road and 114th Avenue, Defendant appeared to make contact with the driver of a black Mercedes who followed him when he drove into a neighborhood and turned down a cul-de-sac. The two vehicles parked and Detective Young set up surveillance outside the housing project where he was unable to see the vehicles.

Detective Young heard a radio transmission (he thought from Detective Bena-vides) stating there was an exchange being made between Defendant and the individual in the Mercedes. Subsequently, the detective received information from the wire room that it had intercepted a call in which Defendant told Michael Olmedo that he (Defendant) possibly had the package with him. Detective Young then saw Defendant leave the neighborhood and head south on 114th Avenue while the Mercedes left and headed north. The detective followed the Mercedes until it was pulled over by a marked police unit. He approached the Mercedes and observed a plastic bag containing U.S. currency on the front passenger seat. He took custody of the money, approximately $20,000, then he and Detective Benavides left and drove to where officers were following Defendant in his truck. While en route, Detective Young radioed that he had recovered the money from the Mercedes. Shortly thereafter, he heard a radio transmission from Special Agent Fernandez directing a stop of Defendant’s truck.

Detective Young caught up just as Defendant was being pulled over by two marked police vehicles. As the other officers spoke with Defendant, Detective Young parked down the road and waited for information from the wire room on how to proceed. When advised that Defendant would be charged federally (as opposed to facing state charges), the detective approached Defendant and read him his Miranda rights on the side of the road.

Miami-Dade County Police Sergeant Raul Martinez was involved in the stop of Defendant on September 12th. He was on patrol duty when Detective Benavides called to advise that agents were working on a narcotics investigation and, based on their surveillance, were following a truck that was transporting two kilos of cocaine. The sergeant was asked to stop the vehicle and he and another patrol vehicle were directed to its location by Detective Bena-vides. At Sergeant Martinez’s direction, the officers in the other patrol vehicle made a traffic stop, then asked Defendant to exit the truck and walk to the back of the vehicle. As this was occurring, Sergeant Martinez pulled up, exited his vehicle, and walked toward Defendant’s truck. None of the officers advised Defendant that he was suspected of possessing narcotics, only that his car matched the description of a vehicle involved in a robbery. The sergeant asked Defendant for identification and whether he had anything illegal in his vehicle. According to the sergeant, Defendant responded in the negative and invited him to take a look. Sergeant Martinez went to the front of the truck, opened the glove compartment and found a white plastic bag that contained two kilos of cocaine. He then walked back to the back of the car and told Detective Benavides, who by then had arrived on the scene, that he found the cocaine.

Defendant has moved to suppress the cocaine seized from his truck on the ground that officers lacked probable cause to stop and search the vehicle. The government counters that officers had probable cause both to stop Defendant and to search his vehicle and, therefore, Defendant’s motion to suppress should be denied.

II. ANALYSIS

It is well-established that police are permitted to stop and search an automobile without a search warrant if they have probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband and that exigent circumstances necessitate a search. United States v. Forker, 928 F.2d 365, 368 (11th Cir.1991) (citing United States v. Alexander, 835 F.2d 1406, 1409 (11th Cir.1988)). “Probable cause to search exists ‘when the facts and circumstances would lead a reasonably prudent [person] to believe that the vehicle contains contraband.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). Exigent circumstances exist when the inevitable delay incident to obtaining a search warrant must give way to a need for immediate action. Id. If there is a possibility that contraband will be destroyed or removed, the exigency of the circumstances justify a warrantless search. Id. “The ability of the vehicle to become mobile is sufficient to satisfy the exigency requirement.” Id. (citing Alexander, 835 F.2d at 1409); see also United States v. Nixon, 918 F.2d 895, 903 (11th Cir.1990) (“the requirement of exigent circumstances is satisfied by the ‘ready mobility’ inherent in all automobiles that reasonably appear to be capable of functioning.”) (emphasis in original).

Defendant does not dispute that the exigency prong of the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement was met here. Nor does he seriously contest that the officer supervising the narcotics investigation, Special Agent Fernandez, possessed probable cause to believe that narcotics would be found in Defendant’s truck. The narrow inquiry here is whether application of the “collective knowledge” doctrine, through which the knowledge of one officer is imputed to another, permits this Court to impute the requisite probable cause to the officer who actually conducted the search of Defendant’s truck and discovered the cocaine.

Both parties cite United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 105 S.Ct. 675, 83 L.Ed.2d 604 (1985), to support their positions. In Hensley, police from one police department stopped Hensley in reliance on a flyer issued by another police department indicating that he was wanted for investigation of an aggravated battery. Id. at 229, 105 S.Ct. 675. The trial court denied Hensley’s motion to suppress evidence seized from his car after the stop. Id. at 225, 105 S.Ct. 675. The appellate court reversed, finding that the police who had stopped Hensley lacked a reasonable sus-pidón suffident to justify an investigatory stop because the flyer on which they relied did not include the specific and articulable facts that led the first department to suspect Hensley’s involvement in the crime. Id. at 225, 230, 105 S.Ct. 675. The Supreme Court disagreed. “Assuming the police make a Terry stop in objective reliance on a flyer or bulletin, we hold that the evidence uncovered in the course of the stop is admissible if the police who issued the flyer or bulletin possessed a reasonable suspicion justifying a stop.” Id. at 233, 105 S.Ct. 675 (citing United States v. Robinson, 536 F.2d 1298, 1300 (9th Cir. 1976) (although the officer who issues a wanted flyer must have a reasonable suspicion to justify an investigatory stop, the officer who acts in reliance on the bulletin need not possess personal knowledge of the evidence creating reasonable suspicion)) (emphasis in original).

In reaching this conclusion, the Court looked to Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560, 91 S.Ct. 1031, 28 L.Ed.2d 306 (1971), in which police in Laramie, Wyoming stopped a person and searched his car, solely in reliance on a bulletin that described the suspect, his car, and the property taken, but not the evidence that gave a Wyoming county sheriff probable cause to believe the suspect had committed burglary. Id. at 230, 105 S.Ct. 675. Ultimately, the Court determined that the county sheriff lacked probable cause to obtain the arrest warrant that had previously issued for Defendant. Id. In so ruling, however, the Whiteley Court noted:

We do not, of course, question that the Laramie police were entitled to act on the strength of the radio bulletin. Certainly police officers called upon to aid other officers in executing arrest warrants are entitled to assume that the officers requesting aid offered the magistrate the information requisite to support an independent judicial assessment of probable cause.

Id. (quoting Whiteley, 401 U.S. at 568, 91 S.Ct. 1031). This language in Whiteley, the Hensley Court explained,

suggested] that, had the sheriff who issued the radio bulletin possessed probable cause for arrest, then the Laramie police could have properly arrested the defendant even though they were unaware of the specific facts that established probable cause. Thus Whiteley supports the proposition that, when evidence is uncovered during a search incident to an arrest in reliance merely on a flyer or bulletin, its admissibility turns on whether the officers who issued the flyer possessed probable cause to make the arrest. It does not turn on whether those relying on the flyer were themselves aware of the specific facts which led their colleagues to seek their assistance. In an era when criminal suspects are increasingly mobile and increasingly likely to flee across jurisdictional boundaries, this rule is a matter of common sense: it minimizes the volume of information concerning suspects that must be transmitted to other jurisdictions and enables police in one jurisdiction to act promptly in reliance on information from another jurisdiction.

Id. at 230-31, 105 S.Ct. 675 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis supplied).

The government argues that Hensley fully supports its position that a police officer who stops an individual in response to a request from another police officer need not be aware of the facts that support a finding of probable cause, so long as the requesting officer possessed probable cause. [D.E. 422 (Govt’s Resp. to Dfs PosWHearing Reply) at 1-2]. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that Hensley mandates that at least some information regarding probable cause must be communicated to the arresting officer in order for the collective knowledge doctrine to apply. [D.E. 419 (Dfs Post-Hearing Reply) at 7].

Defendant asserts that the Court in Hensley “emphasized the significant details listed in the wanted flyer, including the circumstances of the crime as well as the identity and whereabouts of the suspect.” [M]. In fact, the flyer only stated that Hensley was wanted for investigation of an aggravated robbery, and included his description, the date and location of the alleged robbery, a request that Hensley be picked up and held if he were located, and a warning that Hensley should be considered armed and dangerous. 469 U.S. at 677, 105 S.Ct. 1005. There was no mention of specific and articulable facts that led the requesting department to suspect Hensley was involved in the robbery. There is no appreciable difference between the type of information found in the “wanted flyer” in Hensley and that known to Sergeant Martinez when he stopped and searched Defendant’s truck.

Hensley clearly holds that, at least with regard to an investigatory stop, there is no requirement that police who have reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify a stop communicate the basis of that reasonable suspicion to police who have been instructed to effectuate the stop. Given its favorable discussion of Whiteley, Hensley also supports the government’s position that police who have probable cause to search a vehicle need not communicate the basis of that probable cause to police who have been instructed to stop and search the vehicle. See also United States v. Kapperman, 764 F.2d 786, 791 n. 5 (11th Cir.1985) (officer who arrested the defendant without knowing all of the facts already uncovered by other officers involved in the investigation may nevertheless “act on the strength of the radio communication directing him to ‘stop the vehicle and secure the scene.’ ” (citing Whiteley)).

The Court finds that, at the time Special Agent Fernandez gave the order to stop Defendant’s truck, he had more than enough information to support a probable cause determination that the vehicle contained two kilograms of cocaine. Even if facts supporting probable cause were not relayed to Sergeant Martinez, under Hensley, the Court would nevertheless hold that the search was valid and, therefore, recommend denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress.

But given the facts before us, we need not solely rely on Hensley to con-elude that the search of Defendant’s truck was valid. Cases from our own Circuit recognize the collective knowledge doctrine and compel the disposition of Defendant’s motion to suppress. “Probable cause ... exists where the facts and circumstances within the collective knowledge of law enforcement officials, of which they had reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to cause a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed.” United States v. Willis, 759 F.2d 1486, 1494 (11th Cir.1985). This Court may examine the collective knowledge of the officers “if they maintained at least a minimal level of communication during their investigation.” Id. (citing United States v. Esle, 743 F.2d 1465, 1476 (11th Cir.1984) (“where a group of officers is conducting an operation among them, we look to the collective knowledge of the officers in determining probable cause.”)); see also Kapperman, 764 F.2d at 791 n. 5.

We easily determine that the agents involved in this investigation maintained more than a minimal level of communication during the events on September 12th. Special Agent Fernandez supervised the investigation. He and Detectives Benavides and Young participated in the surveillance of Defendant that day, and each reported their observations via radio to others involved in the investigation. Sergeant Martinez was directed by Detective Benavides to stop Defendant’s truck (presumably after Special Agent Fernandez gave the order to do so). The sergeant was told that Defendant was believed to be transporting two kilos, based on surveillance done as part of the narcotics investigation. The three primary officers, along with Sergeant Martinez, worked as a unit to follow, observe, and ultimately stop Defendant. Accordingly, the question of probable cause should be determined based on the collective knowledge of the officers. Having already determined that Special Agent Fernandez had probable cause for the search, this Court has no difficulty imputing that probable cause to Sergeant Martinez. Accordingly, on this basis the Court finds that the search of Defendant’s vehicle was valid and recommends that Defendant’s motion to suppress be denied.

We reject Defendant’s assertion that some, if not all, of the information supporting probable cause should have been communicated to Sergeant Martinez in order for the collective knowledge doctrine to apply. Defendant has failed to cite any authority that requires such a broad and technical dissemination of facts, and Eleventh Circuit caselaw does not so hold. See Esle, 743 F.2d at 1476 (where (1) undercover agent involved in a narcotics investigation had probable cause to believe that cocaine was in the defendant’s car, (2) that undercover agent contacted another officer to set up surveillance of the scene where a drug transaction was expected to occur, (3) the second officer, who was told that cocaine was in the car, later arrested defendant and searched his car, and (4) the undercover agent was in the vicinity when the search occurred, the court found ample communication between the two officers to apply the collective knowledge doctrine); Kapperman, 764 F.2d at 791 n. 5 (discussing collective knowledge and concluding that the fact that the arresting officer “may not have known all of the facts already uncovered in the investigation does not render the ‘arrest’ unlawful”;); see also United States v. Terry, 400 F.3d 575, 578 (8th Cir.2005) (even if the officer who seized ammunition from the defendant’s car did not personally know of the existence of a protection order which prohibited the defendant from possessing ammunition, because the officer had met and communicated with other officers who were aware of the protection order, the court determined that there was “some degree of communication” between the officers such that it could impute knowledge to the arresting/searching officer).

Because the Court finds that probable cause existed to search Defendant’s truck, no Fourth Amendment violation occurred and this Court recommends that the motion to suppress be denied.

III. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, it is hereby

RECOMMENDED that Defendant Ricardo Olmedo’s Motion to Suppress Fruits of Illegal Search and Seizure [D.E. 320] be DENIED.

Pursuant to Local Magistrate Rule 4(b), the parties have ten (10) business days from the date of this Report and Recommendation to serve and file written objections, if any, with the Honorable Adalberto Jordan, United States District Judge. Failure to timely file objections shall bar the parties from a de novo determination by the District Judge of an issue covered in the report and bar the parties from attacking on appeal the factual findings contained herein. R.T.C. v. Hallmark Builders, Inc., 996 F.2d 1144, 1149 (11th Cir.1993); LoConte v. Dugger, 847 F.2d 745 (11th Cir.1988); Nettles v. Wainwright, 677 F.2d 404, 410 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). March 20, 2008

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ON DEFENDANT RICARDO OL-MEDO’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS WIRETAP EVIDENCE

THIS CAUSE came before the Court on Defendant Ricardo Olmedo’s Motion to Suppress Wiretap Evidence [D.E. 321] and the government’s Opposition thereto [D.E. 363]. The motion concerns the government’s interception of oral communications pursuant to Title III wiretap orders. A hearing was held in this case on February 21, 2008, on an unrelated motion to suppress evidence seized during a search of Defendant’s truck [D.E. 320]. At that hearing, defense counsel moved ore tenus for a Franks hearing. Having carefully considered the motion and opposition thereto, the applications for the interception of wire communications that were provided to the Court, and the arguments of counsel, and being fully advised in the premises, the Court DENIES Defendant’s request for a Franks hearing for the reasons explained below. Furthermore, the Court recommends that Defendant’s motion to suppress be DENIED as set forth below.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was indicted along with eighteen other individuals and charged with one count of conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine, heroin, crack cocaine, and marijuana, and one count of possession with the intent to distribute cocaine. [D.E. 11]. His arrest on September 12, 2007, stemmed from a Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) investigation of narcotics trafficking activities that resulted in the issuance of Title III wiretap orders for the cellular telephone of his son, co-defendant Michael Olmedo. The original wiretap order was issued by the Honorable Patricia A. Seitz on July 25, 2007, for a thirty-day period. See July 25, 2007, Sealed Order Authorizing the Interception of Wire Communications (“July Order”). On August 23, 2007, Judge Seitz re-authorized the wiretap for an additional thirty-day period. See August 23, 2007, Sealed Order Authorizing the Continued Interception of Wire Communications (“August Order”).

On September 12, 2007, as a result of information obtained during the wire interception, agents observed Defendant engage in a narcotics transaction in which he took possession of two kilograms of cocaine. After agents conducted a traffic stop of Defendant’s truck, the cocaine was seized and Defendant was arrested.

The pending motion concerns the wiretap orders. Defendant seeks to suppress all communications intercepted pursuant to the wiretap. He contends that the government failed to present sufficient facts to satisfy the “necessity” requirement of 18 U.S.C. § 2518(l)(c) or to support a judicial finding of “necessity” as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c). Defendant also contends that the government failed to minimize the intercepted conversations as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5). Finally, defense counsel made an ore terms motion at the suppression hearing for a Franks evidentiary hearing on the ground that the that the affidavits supporting the wiretap applications contained intentional omissions with regard to the investigative techniques pursued by law enforcement.

II. AFFIDAVITS SUPPORTING THE WIRETAP APPLICATIONS

According to the affidavit submitted by DEA Special Agent Shane Catone in support of the original wiretap application, in December 2006 the DEA and other law enforcement agencies began to investigate a drug trafficking organization believed to be headed by codefendant Michael Olme-do. See Agent Catone’s July 25, 2007, Affidavit in Support of an Application for the Interception of Wire Communications (“July Affidavit”), ¶¶ 6, 28. Based on the investigation up through the date of the application, Agent Catone stated that he believed the organization was responsible for distributing multiple kilograms of cocaine, marijuana, and tens of thousands of MDMA pills in the South Florida area. Id., ¶ 6. The organization was believed to coordinate and oversee the shipment of cocaine from Mexico through the Texas border to South Florida in preparation for distribution. Id.

Agent Catone’s affidavit detailed the investigation from December 2006 though July 25, 2007. Id., ¶¶ 28^7. Much of the information obtained to date came from a cooperating defendant (“CD”) who had proven reliable in three previous cases and a confidential source (“Cl”) who had previously provided information in another case that led to the arrest and recovery of narcotics. Id., ¶¶ 26-27. Over the course of the first seven months in 2007, the CD and the CS spoke on many occasions with co-conspirators about past, current, and future drug transactions, but agents were able to confirm only two narcotics transactions. On June 14, 2007, two co-defendants provided the CS and the CD with one ounce of cocaine. Id., ¶ 34. On June 21, 2007, another co-defendant provided the CD with one ounce of heroin after Michael Olmedo coordinated its delivery to the CD. Id., ¶ 35.

On the date the government applied for a wiretap, it had identified only seven of the 19 individuals indicted in this case. Id., ¶ 10. According to Agent Catone, agents did not know the identities of all members of the organization, all of the importation routes, transportation routes, and locations used to conceal narcotics and narcotics proceeds, and all of the assets purchased from the proceeds derived from the sale of narcotics. Id., ¶ 48. Moreover, Agent Catone explained, the government had not been able to fully identify the majority of the individuals operating in the organization or where many of them were residing and their precise roles in the organization. Id.

Agent Catone’s affidavit details the investigative techniques that agents had used, and those they elected not to use, in connection with their investigation. Id., ¶¶ 51-57. According to Agent Catone, although much of the information agents received came from the CD and CS, it appeared unlikely that any of the co-conspirators would disclose any specific information to the CD or CS concerning their ultimate source of supply in the Miami area, other sources of supply not yet identified, the locations where they stored the drugs and drug proceeds, or the precise manner in which they laundered their drug proceeds. Id., ¶51. He explained that this type of information is “guarded” and only supplied to people on a need-to-know basis, in order to protect shipments of narcotics and drug proceeds from seizure by authorities, theft by other drug traffickers, and to guarantee that their position of power in the organization will not be supplanted by competitors. Id.

Agent Catone also stated that undercover agents had not been able to infiltrate the organization. Id., ¶ 56. Even if they were able to do so, he believed they would be unable to obtain evidence necessary to charge all the participants in the conspiracy, for some of the same reasons that the CD and CS were not able to obtain additional information about the organization. Id.

Agents conducted physical surveillance of the co-conspirators but had only limited success in achieving the goals of the investigation. Id., ¶ 52. Agent Catone especially noted the counter-surveillance techniques employed on a regular basis by some of the coconspirators, such as driving very fast, making several turns in residential areas, and making sharp turns or u-turns in the middle of the street to determine if they were being followed. Id. This, the agent explained, made surveillance extremely difficult or impossible. Id. Agent Catone also stated that on several occasions the co-conspirators traveled to locations that were hard to observe and where surveillance vehicles were easily recognized. Id., ¶ 53. He cited one instance where a surveillance unit was detected by a co-conspirator who was meeting with the CD. Id. Moreover, he noted, surveillance allows agents to confirm meetings between alleged conspirators but not the purpose of the meeting or the content of the conversation. Id. Thus, agents were not able to learn identifying information about all the narcotics transporters, suppliers, and distributors. Id., ¶ 52.

Agent Catone also described agents’ analysis of toll records and pen register and trap and trace information for Michael Olmedo’s telephone (the subject of the wiretap). He noted that agents had learned through these records that the target phone was used to make calls to, or receive calls from, other telephones, some of which had false subscriber information which prevented further identification of co-conspirators of the organization. Id., ¶ 54. Additionally, Agent Catone explained that pen register records do not identify the individuals who actually make and receive phone calls, nor provide the content of the conversations. Id. Therefore, toll records did not help agents achieve all the goals of the investigation.

Agent Catone also stated that a grand jury investigation or interviews of the target subjects would not be successful in exposing the full nature and scope of the criminal activity or the identities of all the participants. Id., ¶ 55. The target subjects would be alerted to the investigation, likely causing them to become more cautious, flee, and possibly destroy or hide physical evidence. Id. Any witnesses subpoenaed to the grand jury would likely invoke their Fifth Amendment privilege and refuse to testify. Id. Finally, the potential for violence associated with narcotics traffickers also acted as a significant deterrent to securing truthful testimony from potential grand jury witnesses. Id.

Finally, Agent Catone stated that the use of search warrants and interviews at the time the wiretap application was prepared was premature. Id., ¶ 57. He stated that the use of these techniques would reveal the fact of the investigation to the targets of the investigation and would prevent agents from identifying other co-conspirators or seizing contraband, and might lead to the flight of targets from the jurisdiction. Id.

For the reasons described in his affidavit and summarized above, Agent Catone advised Judge Seitz that “[njormal investigative procedures have been used and have not succeeded in achieving the goals of the investigation, or have been tried and failed or had only limited success, or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried, or they are too dangerous to employ.” Id., ¶ 50. As noted, Judge Seitz authorized the wiretap and interception began that day.

On August 23, 2007, the government applied for a continuation of the wiretap. Agent Catone described in his supporting affidavit the information gained by law enforcement as a result of the July 25, 2007, wiretap. See Agent Catone’s August 23, 2007, Affidavit in Support of an Application for an Order Authorizing the Continued Interception of Wire Communications (“August Affidavit”), ¶¶ 28-52. As in his previous affidavit, he identified the alternative investigative techniques already employed and théir success, as well as those considered but rejected. Id., ¶¶ 56-62. In particular, he noted additional counter-surveillance techniques employed by the co-conspirators. Id., ¶¶ 57-58. He reported the seizure of narcotics on two occasions that resulted directly from information gained through wire interceptions and follow-up physical surveillance, id., ¶ 58, and the identification of several more co-conspirators, some of whose last names were unknown. Id., ¶ 10. He also noted that conversations between co-conspirators were often of short duration, in coded language, and involved unknown parties. Id., ¶ 54. In summary, Agent Catone stated that although the initial period of authorized wiretapping had moved the investigation forward, the objectives of the investigation had not yet been satisfied. Id., ¶¶ 54, 63. Specifically, the agent stated that law enforcement had not identified the source of supply in South America from whom the Olmedo organization received narcotics for distribution; the transportation routes used to smuggle narcotics into the United States; all the stash houses utilized by the organization to store narcotics in South Florida; the methods by which narcotics proceeds were laundered; or all the individuals in the distribution network. Id., ¶ 63. Judge Seitz granted the reauthorization request on August 23, 2007. Defendant was arrested three weeks later.

III. ANALYSIS

The district court’s authority to authorize electronic surveillance is found in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520. See, e.g., United States v. Van Horn, 789 F.2d 1492, 1496 (11th Cir.1986). Title III sets forth numerous requirements that the government must meet before a wiretap may be authorized, see 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1), the findings the district court must make, see 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3), and requirements for the district court’s authorization order, see 18 U.S.C. § 2518(4). Title III contains its own exclusionary rule. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10).

A. Necessity of Electronic Surveillance Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2518(1) and 2518(3) (c)

Defendant maintains that the wiretaps were unnecessary because the normal investigative techniques then being employed by law enforcement were “very successful” and continued success was not only quite likely, but “virtually assured.” [D.E. 321 at 7-8]. He asserts that “[a]t least two confidential informants, several agents and law enforcement personal [sic], surveillance, pen registers, and actual seizures not only produced sufficient evidence to successfully prosecute the Defendants in this case, but wholly obviated the necessity for the wiretaps now at issue.” [Id. at 8]. Defendant contends that the CD and CS had provided the government with the identities of co-conspirators, the nature of the alleged crimes, the dates the alleged crimes were committed, consensual recordings of conversations with co-conspirators, and both had participated in the seizure of heroin and cocaine. Id. at 11. Thus, Defendant posits, had the informants’ efforts continued, “law enforcement could have built seizure upon seizure, conversation upon conversation, and returned an Indictment as strong as, if not stronger than, the one that was eventually returned.” Id.

An application for a wiretap must include “a full and complete statement as to whether or not other investigative procedures have been tried and failed or why they reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(l)(c). If the application lists this statement, the district court judge must then make an independent determination that “normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c).

This “necessity’ requirement is “designed to ensure that electronic surveillance is neither routinely employed nor used when less intrusive techniques will succeed.” United States v. Van Horn, 789 F.2d 1492, 1496 (11th Cir.1986) (citing United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 515, 94 S.Ct. 1820, 1826, 40 L.Ed.2d 341 (1974)). The legislative history of § 2518 makes clear that the intercept application must be tested in a “practical and commonsense fashion.” United States v. Hyde, 574 F.2d 856, 867 (5th Cir.1978) (internal citation omitted). The “determination of when the Government has satisfied [the necessity requirement] must be made against flexible standards, and [] each case must be examined on its own facts.” Id.; see also Nixon, 918 F.2d at 901 (“What amount of evidence will be sufficient to obtain a conviction is an imprecise concept.”). For that reason,

courts will not invalidate a wiretap order simply because defense lawyers are able to suggest post factum some investigative technique that might have been used and was not. It is enough if the affidavit explains that the prospective or retrospective failure of several investigative techniques that reasonably suggest themselves.

Hyde, 574 F.2d at 867; see also Van Horn, 789 F.2d at 1496 (“The affidavit need not, however, show a comprehensive exhaustion of all possible techniques, but must simply explain the retroactive or prospective failure of several investigative techniques that reasonably suggest themselves.”).

Even if alternative investigative techniques yield a certain degree of measurable success, this does not preclude the Government from seeking a wiretap. See, e.g., United States v. Canales Gomez, 358 F.3d 1221, 1227 (9th Cir.2004) (government need not use all possible informants before obtaining a wiretap); United States v. Bennett, 219 F.3d 1117, 1122-23 (9th Cir.2000) (mere attainment of some degree of success during law enforcement’s use of traditional investigative methods does not alone serve to extinguish the need for a wiretap; informant was able to purchase drugs from defendant but could not penetrate his organization, and further, informant’s credibility as a paid informant would come under attack and would therefore require further corroborating evidence); United States v. Jones, 451 F.Supp.2d 71, 83 (D.D.C.2006) (even where the government has other evidence linking a defendant to a crime, § 2518 does not prevent it from obtaining wiretaps in order to ascertain the full extent and structure of a conspiracy); United States v. Yeje-Cabrera, 430 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir.2005) (government is not required to take extraordinary steps to exhaust other investigative avenues before a wiretap becomes necessary).

We find that the affidavits submitted in support of the wiretaps are more than sufficient to satisfy Title Ill’s necessity requirement. The affidavits detailed the steps that law enforcement agents took, or considered taking, during their investigation of the Olmedo drug trafficking organization. Agent Catone described the techniques utilized — two confidential informants, consensual monitoring of telephone conversations, toll records, pen registers and trap and trace devices, and physical surveillance. He described how, despite using these techniques, law enforcement was not able to identify the full scope and membership of the drug trafficking organization. He also described how other traditional investigative techniques — grand jury subpoenas, interviews, and search warrants — were not reasonably likely to succeed.

Contrary to Defendant’s assertion, the government has made an adequate showing that it was not successful at infiltrating the Olmedo organization. As described in Agent Catone’s July affidavit, some seven or eight months into the investigation, no undercover agent had been able to infiltrate the organization, and the CD and C S had only been able to purchase one ounce of heroin and one ounce of cocaine from four co-conspirators. Thus, prior to the initiation of the wire interception, only four of the co-defendants indicted here were tied to seizures of narcotics, and those seizures were minuscule in comparison to the scope of the charged conspiracy. Although the CD and CS were able to engage some of the co-conspirators in monitored or recorded conversations, the conversations related to other trafficking activities that could not be substantiated. See, e.g., July Affidavit, ¶¶ 32-33, 37-40. Moreover, these conversations did not lead to the identification of all members of the charged conspiracy, the source of drugs in the Miami area, other sources of supply, where the drugs and drug proceeds were located, or the manner in which the drug proceeds were laundered. Id., ¶ 51. Agent Catone explained that the known members of the conspiracy were unlikely to disclose this type of information to the CD or CS because it is guarded and supplied on a need-to-known basis. It is clear that the confidential sources could not penetrate the organization at a sufficient level to disclose its inner workings. No undercover agent had been able to infiltrate the organization. As noted, only seven of the 19 individuals ultimately charged in this case had been identified at the time of the original wiretap application.

Moreover, the government’s use of informants does not necessarily negate the need for electronic surveillance. In Nixon, for instance, the appellants argued that wiretaps were unnecessary because the government had already obtained through less intrusive investigative techniques sufficient evidence to prosecute and convict those involved in a drug conspiracy. 918 F.2d at 901. The Eleventh Circuit rejected this argument, upholding the wiretaps even though the judge authorizing them had been advised, among other things, that at least two of the targets had agreed to sell narcotics to undercover agents, and that a confidential informant actually had purchased drugs from members of the conspiracy. Id. The court refused to conclude that the issuing judge had “erred in concluding that alternative investigative techniques neither had succeeded, nor would succeed, in providing enough evidence to prove the conspirators’ guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

Similarly, in United States v. Messersmith, 692 F.2d 1315, 1317-18 (11th Cir.1982), the government utilized an informant but the main target of the drug investigation was “very wary of the traditional investigative techniques which could have substituted for the challenged electronic surveillance.” The target had patted down the informant to check for the presence of recording devices, and the location of his apartment prohibited effective physical surveillance. Id. Given that the aim of the investigation was to identify the organized crime members who controlled the target’s enterprise, and the corresponding unwillingness of the target to discuss this topic with the informant, electronic surveillance offered the only possibility of success. Id.

Agent Catone’s affidavits also set forth why physical surveillance was unlikely to produce sufficient evidence to determine the full scope and nature of the conspiracy. Agents attempted surveillance with vehicles, but the co-conspirators regularly employed counter-surveillance measures or traveled to locations that were hard to observe and where surveillance vehicles were easily recognized. Thus, agents were severely limited in their ability to identify the additional principal members of the organization or learn identifying information about the narcotics transporters, suppliers, and distributors. Moreover, physical surveillance in and of itself often does little to aid in gathering sufficient evidence of the criminal activities under investigation. It shows merely that one or more individuals have met, but does nothing to prove the subject matter of their conversations, their plans, or any details regarding the criminal conspiracy. As the court stated in Van Horn, even if surveillance were successful, “it could only lead to evidence that members of the conspiracy were meeting, and not to direct evidence of criminal activity.” 789 F.2d at 1497. See also Messersmith, 692 F.2d at 1318; Hyde, 574 F.2d at 868.

The affidavits also detail the limited value of the toll records, pen registers and trap and trace devices. Those records provided circumstantial evidence that the telephones were used to make or receive calls, but did not identify the actual individuals using the telephones or the content of them conversations. Moreover, agents discovered that the subscriber information for some of the telephone numbers included false names and/or addresses, prohibiting further identification of co-conspirators. Thus, these investigative techniques were of marginal assistance in obtaining the goals of the investigation. See, e.g., United States v. Cantu, 625 F.Supp. 656, 673 (N.D.Fla.1985) (use of pen registers is of limited use as an investigative tool because it does not identify the individuals actually making or receiving the calls, or the nature and substance of the conversations).

The affidavits also show that law enforcement contemplated the use of a grand jury investigation and interviews of the targeted individuals. However, these techniques were rejected as being likely to expose the full nature and scope of the criminal activity or identities of the participants because, as Agent Catone explained, grand jury subpoenas or interviews would only alert the target subjects to the investigation, causing them to become more cautious, flee, or destroy or hide evidence. Additionally, any target subjects who were subpoenaed would likely invoke their Fifth Amendment privilege and refuse to testify. Finally, the affidavits mentioned the potential for violence associated with narcotics traffickers as a deterrent in securing truthful testimony for potential grand jury witnesses.

Finally, the affidavits state that search warrants and interviews were rejected as investigative tools because they would alert the targets to the existence of the investigation, prevent law enforcement from identifying other co-conspirators or seizing contraband, and might lead to targets fleeing the jurisdiction.

The Court finds that the conventional techniques utilized by the government were doing little to expose the entire workings of a widespread narcotics trafficking conspiracy. This circuit has repeatedly held that, where conventional techniques will not show the entire scope of the conspiracy, a wiretap is permissible, even in those situations where conventional techniques will allow for the arrest and conviction of some members. In Hyde, the wiretap affidavit revealed that the government had a web of informants that would have enabled the government to prosecute lower-level conspirators. 574 F.2d at 868-69. However, because the government could not make a case against the “top-level conspirators,” the court found that “the wiretap was necessary to ascertain the full scope of the conspiracy under investigation and to gather evidence against the leaders of the organization.” Id. at 869. In approving the issuing judge’s determination that ordinary techniques were not enough to collect sufficient information against the top-level leaders, the court explained:

Although the government has actual knowledge of a conspiracy and evidence sufficient to prosecute one of the conspirators, it is unrealistic to require the termination of an investigation before the entire scope of the narcotics distribution network is uncovered and the identity of the participants learned.

Id. (internal citation omitted). As a result, the court affirmed the lower court’s conclusion that the government had satisfied the necessity requirement under § 2518(3)(c). Id. See also Messersmith, 692 F.2d at 1317-18; Cantu, 625 F.Supp. at 673-74.

The wiretap statute does not require a piecemeal, uncoordinated approach to the investigation of the large narcotics trafficking conspiracy alleged in this case. Rather, the statute simply requires that the affiant explain to the issuing judge the difficulties surrounding the traditional investigative techniques that already had been taken, or been contemplated to have been taken. This was done, and Judge Seitz did not err in assessing those difficulties and signing the orders to intercept. This Court finds that the necessity requirements of § 2518(l)(e) ' and § 2518(3)(c) have been satisfied and no basis to suppress on this ground exists.

B. Minimization Under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5)

Defendant also claims that the government failed to minimize the intercepted telephone conversations as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5). He notes that the government intercepted hundreds of communications made by him but that many are not pertinent to the charges against him in this case. Thus, he posits, the government’s execution of the wiretap orders was not carried out “in such a way as to minimize the interception of communications not otherwise subject to interception.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5). He claims it is the government’s burden to demonstrate the wiretap was conducted in a manner that minimized the government’s interception of non-relevant conversations.

The purpose of the minimization requirement is to ensure that intrusions into the privacy of those whose communications are intercepted are held to a minimum, consistent with the purposes of the wiretap. Hyde, 574 F.2d at 869. The minimization effort must be objectively reasonable in light of the circumstances confronting the interceptor. “The statute does not forbid the interception of all non-relevant conversations, but rather instructs the agents to conduct the surveillance in such a manner as to ‘minimize’ the interception of such conversations.” Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 140, 98 S.Ct. 1717, 56 L.Ed.2d 168 (1978). A “test of reasonableness” is applied to the partie-ular facts of each case. Id. at 139-40, 98 S.Ct. 1717; see also Hyde, 574 F.2d at 869.

A preliminary observation is in order. Although Defendant states that the government intercepted “hundreds of communications made by [Defendant]” and that a “great deal of these conversations are not pertinent to the charges against [him]” (and thus they all should be suppressed), see D.E. 321 at 14, he does not identify any specific conversation or patterns of conversations that should not have been intercepted. This general allegation that the government did not comply with the statutory minimization requirement is inadequate. See United States v. Carter, 449 F.3d 1287, 1295 (D.C.Cir.2006) (defendant must identify particular conversations so that the government can explain their non-minimization; general allegation that government did not minimize is inadequate).

Both wiretap orders provided “that all monitoring of wire communications shall be conducted in such a way as to minimize the interception of communications not subject to interception under Chapter 119 of Title 18, United States Code.” See July Order at 5-6; August Order at 5-6. Both affidavits supporting the applications for wiretap orders set forth minimization requirements to be employed during the monitoring of the wiretaps. Notably, the affidavits state that “[i]nterception will be suspended immediately when it is determined through voice identification, physical surveillance, or otherwise, that none of the TARGET SUBJECTS or any of their confederates, when identified, are participants in the conversation, unless it is determined during the portion of the conversation already overheard that the conversation is criminal in nature.” See July Affidavit, ¶ 59; August Affidavit, ¶ 65. Defendant has not suggested that the government failed to comply with these directives, other than by a vague assertion that because the government intercepted many nonpertinent conversations, it must not have complied with, the minimization requirements.

In any event, according to the government, the vast majority of the conversations were less than two minutes long. Of the 103 intercepted calls that involved this Defendant, only 20 calls were longer than two minutes, and a majority of those calls lasted less than three minutes. Although there is no bright-line rule as to how long an agent can listen to a call to determine whether it is pertinent, many courts have approved two-minute and three-minute cutoffs as a reasonable guide.

Many courts have held that calls lasting less than three minutes cannot reasonably be expected to be minimized since it takes that long to ascertain the relevancy of a particular conversation. While some courts have applied a two minute cut-off mark, the three minute cut-off has been applied in cases, such as this one, where the identity of various coconspirators is unknown. The Court finds a three minute cut-off reasonable in this case as there were a number of potential coconspirators identified by [the defendant] whose identities were difficult to ascertain.

United States v. Cleveland, 964 F.Supp. 1073, 1094 n. 10 (E.D.La.1997) (collecting cases in which the two and three-minute cutoffs were found to be reasonable; internal citations omitted). See also United States v. Santiago, 389 F.Supp.2d 124, 130 (D.Mass.2005) (noting the difficulty for agents in determining whether short calls are innocuous before monitoring is terminated; “the agents’ listening to a call for two minutes, even if it turned out to be innocuous, was reasonable.”); United States v. Scott, 516 F.2d 751, 757 n. 15 (D.C.Cir.1975) (noting that courts have held that intercepted conversations of less than two minutes may be disregarded in evaluating compliance with the minimization requirement).

There may be any number of reasons why “the percentage of nonpertinent calls is relatively high and yet their