Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER McLAUGHLIN, District Judge. Plaintiff Freedom Medical, Inc. (“Freedom Medical”) is in the business of purchasing and refurbishing medical equipment and then reselling, renting, and servicing it. In this suit, Freedom Medical alleges that a number of former employees, along with several corporations controlled by them and several associated individuals, entered into a conspiracy to steal Freedom Medical’s inventory and business opportunities. The complaint names seventeen individual defendants and six corporate defendants and brings claims for violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961, et seq., as well as state law claims of misappropriation of trade secrets, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy, conversion, and breach of contract. Four groups of defendants, encompassing eight individuals and two corporations, have moved to dismiss the claims against them. All of the defendants moving to dismiss challenge the sufficiency of Freedom Medical’s pleading concerning its RICO claims and all but one challenge the sufficiency of its state law fraud claims. In the alternative, several defendants seek a more definite statement. Several of the moving defendants also challenge the sufficiency of the allegations concerning the other state law claims. In addition, defendant Gurmit Bhatia challenges this Court’s personal jurisdiction over him and defendant Sandra “Dawn” Hall challenges whether the complaint, as a whole, adequately alleges that she participated in the alleged fraud and conspiracy. This Court will grant the defendants’ motions to dismiss in part. The Court will dismiss the RICO claim alleged in Count I of the complaint as to all defendants named therein for failure to adequately allege a nexus between the validly pled enterprises in that count and a “pattern of racketeering activity.” The Court will also dismiss the fraud claim alleged in Count IV with respect to all defendants moving to dismiss it, on the ground that it is not pled with sufficient particularity. The Court will deny the defendants’ motions to dismiss as to the other claims of the complaint and will deny as moot defendant Dawn Hall’s motion to strike. I. Background The plaintiffs complaint alleges the following facts relevant to the defendants’ motions to dismiss, all of which the Court will assume are true for purposes of evaluating the motions. A. The Relevant Parties 1. The Plaintiff Plaintiff Freedom Medical is a Pennsylvania medical equipment company founded in 1997. It is in the business of buying, refurbishing, renting, and selling biomedical equipment. By October 2002, Freedom Medical operated 15 branch offices throughout the United States with over 100 employees. By 2003, it had revenues of approximately $21.5 million. 2.The Gillespie Defendants: Thomas Gillespie, Lori Gillespie, Phillip Frayne, and Patrick D. Frayne Moving defendant Thomas Gillespie was hired as Freedom Medical’s first employee in March 1997. At the time of his hire, he was 24 years old and had no experience in the health care sector. He rose rapidly in the company, and four years later, in 2001, he held the position of Vice President of Marketing and Sales. In that position, among other responsibilities, he managed all equipment sales and purchases, the transportation of equipment to and from customers, and the repair and maintenance of equipment. Gillespie was employed by Freedom Medical from 1997 until May 2006. Moving defendant Lori Gillespie is Thomas Gillespie’s wife and a former employee of Freedom Medical. Moving defendants Phillip Frayne and Patrick Frayne are Lori Gillespie’s brothers and Thomas Gillespie’s brothers-in-law. They are also both former employees of Freedom Medical. Phillip Frayne was employed from January 2000 to March 2005 as an inventory prep technician and in warehouse operations. Patrick Frayne was employed in unspecified positions from 1999 through June 2006. 3.The Salario Defendants: Greg Salario, Gwrmit Bhatia, and U.S. Med-Equip, Inc. Moving defendant Greg Salario was hired by Freedom Medical in August 1999 as Marketing Manager for the Houston branch. By 2002, he had been promoted to overseeing all Freedom Medical branch operations except those in Florida and California. In this position, he worked closely with Thomas Gillespie, who supervised equipment purchasing, sales, and repair. Salario also supervised other branch managers, including moving defendant George Rivera, and non-moving defendants Joseph Janssens and Rick Burgess. Greg Salario reported to Freedom Medical’s president, Frank Gwynn. In 2002, shortly after Salario was given supervising responsibility over all branches outside Florida and California, Gwynn requested that Salario provide him with monthly written reports on branch operations. Salario resisted providing these reports. In August 15, 2003, Gwynn gave him an ultimatum demanding these reports. The next day Salario abruptly resigned. Salario established moving defendant U.S. Med-Equip, Inc. (“US Med-Equip”) in Texas in 2003, while he was still employed by Freedom Medical. US Med-Equip, like Freedom Medical, was in the business of buying, refurbishing, renting, and selling biomedical equipment. Moving defendant Gurmit Bhatia is one of U.S. Med-Equip’s owners, directors, and officers. He is alleged to have actively participated in the management of U.S. Med-Equip. 4.The Rivera Defendants: George Rivera and American Medical Logistics, LLC Moving defendant George Rivera was employed by Freedom Medical as Manager of its New York Metro branch beginning in August 1999. He was terminated in December 2003 for non-performance, after revenue in the geographic area for which he was responsible began declining. Rivera established moving defendant American Medical Logistics, LLC (“American Medical”) in February 2004. Both Rivera and Thomas Gillespie are alleged to have ownership interests in American Medical. 5. Sandra “Dawn” Hall Non-moving defendant Cliff Hall was hired by Freedom Medical in October 2000 as a salesman. His responsibilities included the purchase, sale, and rental of medical equipment. He left Freedom Medical in June 2001. After leaving Freedom Medical, Cliff Hall formed two companies, non-moving defendants Signature Medical Ltd., LLC (“Signature Medical”) and Signature Emergency Products, LLC (“Signature Emergency”), both of which are companies in the business of buying, selling, renting, and servicing medical equipment. Thomas Gillespie is alleged to have an ownership interest in Signature Medical and Signature Emergency. Moving defendant Sandra “Dawn” Hall is Cliff Hall’s wife. She is alleged to be actively involved in the operations and management of both Signature Medical and Signature Emergency. B. The Alleged Pattern of Schemes to Defraud The basic allegation of Freedom Medical’s complaint is that the individual defendants, led by Thomas Gillespie, Greg Salario, and George Rivera, conspired to steal equipment and business opportunities from Freedom Medical and to falsely sell to Freedom Medical equipment that they did not own. Freedom Medical alleges Gillespie, Salario, and Rivera, were later joined in this conspiracy by the other defendants. The plaintiff alleges several types of wrongful behavior, including the theft of equipment from Freedom Medical and its suppliers, the diversion of business opportunities belonging to Freedom Medical to the defendants and their affiliates, and the fraudulent sale of equipment to Freedom Medical. The plaintiff specifically alleges that the defendants stole the assets and business of Freedom Medical’s emergency medical services division and its New York home infusion business. 1. The Theft of Equipment Freedom Medical alleges that, as of 2001, Thomas Gillespie was responsible for its equipment inventory and controlled Freedom Medical’s purchases and sales of biomedical equipment. Using this position, Freedom Medical alleges that Gillespie personally stole Freedom Medical’s equipment and coordinated and facilitated the theft of equipment by other defendants. The initial thefts of equipment were allegedly done by Thomas Gillespie, Greg Salario, Cliff Hall, and George Rivera, who then later recruited other lower-level employees to participate, including defendants Patrick and Phillip Frayne, Jason Ragazzo, Jasper Smith, Omar Hunt, and Martin Crouch. In its complaint, Freedom Medical alleges that it has obtained documentation showing that moving defendants American Medical, Signature Medical, and U.S. Med-Equip are all in possession of numerous pieces of equipment stolen from Freedom Medical. Freedom Medical alleges that American Medical has 24 items of its equipment, Signature Medical has 148 items, and U.S. Med-Equip has 70 items. In addition to the stolen equipment in their possession, Freedom Medical alleges that the defendants have sold or otherwise disposed of extensive quantities of its equipment across state lines. Freedom Medical also alleges that defendant Thomas Gillespie stole equipment sent to Freedom Medical from outside suppliers by diverting the equipment before it was logged into Freedom Medical’s inventory and then falsely telling suppliers that their shipments were short. Freedom Medical alleges as an example that, in early 2006, supplier Goldstar Medical sold and delivered 42 IV pumps to Freedom Medical, but Gillespie told Goldstar that Freedom Medical had received only 40 pumps. Freedom Medical alleges that the two “missing” pumps were actually delivered, but diverted by Gillespie. Freedom Medical further alleges that, in the course of an unspecified criminal investigation, non-moving defendants Jason Ragazzo, Omar Hunt, and Martin Crouch have admitted that they stole Freedom Medical equipment and sold it to Signature Medical at the behest of Signature Medical’s owner, defendant Cliff Hall. These transactions were allegedly made “through defendants Phil Frayne, and/or Cliff Hall.” Cliff Hall is alleged to have admitted that Signature Medical is in possession of equipment belonging to Freedom Medical. In addition to stealing its equipment, Freedom Medical also alleges that the defendants sold some of that same equipment back to Freedom Medical after disguising its origin. Freedom Medical also alleges that the defendants stole equipment from other companies and sold some of that stolen equipment to Freedom Medical. As an example, Freedom Medical alleges that defendant U.S. Med-Equip sold it $37,000 worth of equipment that was, in fact, owned by Baxter Healthcare and that U.S. Med-Equip had no right or title to sell. Freedom Medical alleges that these thefts involved transfers of equipment across state lines from Freedom Medical locations in Pennsylvania, Texas, Maryland, Louisiana, Nevada, New Jersey, and elsewhere to U.S. Med-Equip in Texas and Indiana, Signature Medical in Pennsylvania, and American Medical in New Jersey, and then to unknowing third parties. Freedom Medical also alleges that each invoice concerning stolen property that was sent by the defendants to a purchaser constitutes a separate act of mail fraud. 2. Diversion of Business Opportunities Freedom Medical’s complaint alleges that defendant Thomas Gillespie, as Freedom Medical’s head of sales, was aware of all major business opportunities that came to the company. Freedom Medical alleges that Gillespie, in consultation with defendants Greg Salario, Cliff Hall, and George Rivera, together with Patrick Frayne who was an assistant sales manager reporting to Gillespie, channeled confidential information about those opportunities to U.S. Med-Equip, American Medical, and Signature Medical. Freedom Medical alleges that Gillespie or Frayne gave defendants Salario, Bhatia, and U.S. Med-Equip information about Freedom Medical’s pending pricing proposals, and this allowed U.S. Med-Equip to undercut Freedom Medical’s pricing. Freedom Medical alleges this caused it to lose long-term customers to U.S. Med-Equip in its Texas, Louisiana, and Indiana markets. Freedom Medical also alleges that defendant Joseph Janssens, while employed as manager of Freedom Medical’s Baltimore branch, referred rental business opportunities to American Medical, including the opportunity to rent 15 suction pumps to Nanticoke Hospital in Maryland in August 2005. Freedom Medical alleges that a company named American Imaging Systems offered to sell Freedom Medical “Baxter PCA II pumps” and “6201 and 6301 pumps” but was told by Gillespie that Freedom Medical was not interested. Instead, Gillespie told American Imaging Systems that Signature Medical would purchase them. Subsequently, Signature Medical allegedly wired a payment for this equipment, and the pumps were shipped to Gillespie’s home address and then sold to Freedom Medical by “Med Logic,” a nonexistent corporation allegedly created by Gillespie to facilitate his scheme. Freedom Medical alleges that this diversion of business was accomplished through unspecified false representations through the telephone or email and that these false representations constitute wire and mail fraud. Freedom Medical alleges that Thomas Gillespie placed numerous calls to defendants Greg Salario, Phil Frayne, Signature Medical, Signature Emergency, George Rivera, American Medical Logistics, Gurmit Bhatia, and U.S. Med-Equip and that all of these were predicate acts and part of a pattern of racketeering. 3. Diversion of Emergency Medical Services Business Freedom Medical alleges that Thomas Gillespie and other defendants stole equipment and business opportunities related to its emergency medical services (“EMS”) division. This division was established in July 1999 in Nevada. In late 2002, Freedom Medical relocated the division to Pennsylvania. Thomas Gillespie was actively involved in the decision to transfer the EMS division and responsible for supervising its relocation. Freedom Medical alleges that, at the same time the relocation was being planned, Thomas Gillespie and Cliff Hall launched a competing business, Signature Emergency. Freedom Medical alleges that, during the transfer of its EMS business, Thomas Gillespie stole the proprietary and customized computer software that Freedom Medical used to market and manage its EMS division and used it to set up Signature Medical. This software, called TELEMAGIC, was the primary information management tool for all important Freedom Medical EMS customer information. Freedom Medical also alleges that Gillespie and Patrick Frayne and unspecified other defendants stole other Freedom Medical equipment to aid Signature Medical. The complaint gives as an example a “Zoll M series Defibrillator” that Freedom Medical was to supply to a company called Sky Flight Care. Thomas Gillespie allegedly removed the defibrillator from Freedom Medical, but never delivered it and instead gave it to Signature Emergency. 4. Diversion of New York Home Infusion Business Freedom Medical alleges that its former employee Daniel Herasimtschuk worked with defendant George Rivera and other defendants to divert Freedom Medical’s home infusion business in the New York area. Rivera was branch manager of the New York office until 2003. Herasimtschuk worked in the New York office until January 2005, when he formed a competing corporation, Complete BioMedical Services. Freedom Medical alleges that Herasimtschuk left Freedom Medical in order to join with defendants George Rivera, Thomas Gillespie, Cliff Hall, Signature Medical, and American Medical in diverting Freedom Medical’s business, particularly customers in its home infusion business. Freedom Medical alleges that as part of this scheme, Herasimtschuk and these other defendants stole Freedom Medical equipment and business opportunities. In particular, Freedom Medical alleges that at least 62 pieces of stolen equipment were provided to Signature Medical, which then rented that equipment to Complete Biomedical Services. Freedom Medical alleges that as part of the diversion of the home infusion business, the defendants “coordinated their activities for the purpose of obtaining and using Freedom Medical’s trade secrets in order to cause existing and potential customers to move their business.” Freedom Medical alleges some of these unspecified solicitation activities took place by telephone and through mailings and that some of these telephone conversations and mailings contained false representations by Herasimtschuk and “perhaps other defendants.” 5. Self-Dealing Freedom Medical’s complaint accuses defendant Thomas Gillespie of self-dealing. Freedom Medical alleges that while Gillespie was Freedom Medical’s Vice President of Sales and Marketing, he concealed his financial interest in competing companies Signature Medical, American Medical, and U.S. Med-Equip and caused Freedom Medical to enter into transactions with them on unfavorable terms. As an example, Freedom Medical alleges that Gillespie caused it to sell ten “Alaris Medsystem III” pumps to Signature Medical for $225 each, far less than the $675 that Freedom Medical had paid for them or the $800 for which Freedom Medical had sold the same pumps to other customers. These pumps were allegedly then transferred to other defendants, with one pump going to American Medical Logistics which sold it to a hospital for $800. As another example, Freedom Medical alleges that Gillespie caused it to sell 44 “Defib Wall Mount Alarm Boxes” that Freedom Medical had purchased for $108 each to Signature Emergency at $25 each. Signature Emergency then allegedly sold the alarm units to customers for $100 each. Gillespie allegedly aided in those sales by diverting sales opportunities for such alarms from Freedom Medical to Signature Emergency. C. The RICO Claims and the Alleged Enterprises Freedom Medical’s complaint contains three RICO counts. Counts I and II allege violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), and Count III alleges conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). The substantive violations in Counts I and II allege separate enterprises and each are directed against different, but overlapping, sets of defendants. The conspiracy allegations in Count III are based on the enterprise and defendants alleged in Count II. 1. The Count I Enterprises Count I is brought against a subset of all the defendants. The Count I defendants are Thomas and Lori Gillespie, Greg Salario, George Rivera, Cliff and Dawn Hall, Phillip and Patrick Frayne, Gurmit Bhatia, Signature Medical, Signature Emergency, American Medical, and U.S. Med-Equip. The Count I enterprises are Med Logic, Harbor Medical LLC (“Harbor Medical”), and Diversified Medical Systems, Inc. (“Diversified Medical”). Med Logic is alleged to be a fictional company created by Thomas Gillespie to act as a means for diverting business opportunities from Freedom Medical. The plaintiff alleges that the defendants, acting through Med Logic, would purchase equipment from third parties and then sell it to Freedom Medical at inflated prices. The plaintiff alleges that Thomas or Lori Gillespie listed a false corporate address for “Med Logic” to further the deception. Harbor Medical is alleged to be a Louisiana limited liability company created by Thomas Gillespie, Greg Salario, and George Rivera in October 2001 to facilitate their scheme. It allegedly had no employees or business operations but served “as an organizational conduit” for alleged racketeering activities. Harbor Medical’s charter was revoked by the state of Louisiana for unspecified reasons in 2006. Diversified Medical is alleged to be a Pennsylvania corporation created by Thomas Gillespie in 1999 to engage in fraudulent activity, including the receipt and disposition of stolen Freedom Medical equipment. Thomas and Lori Gillespie are both alleged to be officers of the company. The complaint lists three specific predicate acts concerning these enterprises, two involving Med Logic and one involving Harbor Medical. None of the alleged predicate acts involve Diversified Medical. Med Logic is alleged to have sold Freedom Medical numerous pieces of equipment at inflated prices. In these sales, totaling approximately $110,000, Freedom Medical was never informed of Thomas Gillespie’s ownership interest in Med Logic. Thomas Gillespie is alleged to have arranged to have Freedom Medical’s payment to Med Logic made out to Gillespie personally, and some of those payments were in turn deposited into bank accounts owned by American Medical for which Gillespie had signing authority. Med Logic is also alleged to have been used to facilitate the theft of 6 “Baxter I” pumps in August 2005. Thomas Gillespie purchased these pumps for Freedom Medical from a company named Goldstar Medical for $750 each. Gillespie then diverted these pumps and sent them to U.S. Med-Equip, paying for them with a check drawn on a bank account owned by American Medical. US Med-Equip’s co-owner, George Salario, allegedly told Gillespie that one of the pumps was defective and Gillespie told Salario to return it to him. Gillespie then allegedly sold the defective pump back to Freedom Medical by having Patrick Frayne prepare a fraudulent requisition form requesting the purchase. The defective pump was then sold to Freedom Medical by Med Logic for the inflated price of $1,500 in September 2005. Harbor Medical is alleged to have been used in diverting business from Freedom Medical. In January 2006, Thomas Gillespie delivered a presentation to potential purchasers from a company called Me-dOne. Gillespie proposed that MedOne purchase patient monitors that Freedom Medical would then rent to customers with the revenue being shared between them. Without Freedom Medical’s knowledge, Gillespie allegedly induced MedOne to buy patient monitors from Harbor Medical for $28,500, which he represented was the best price for that equipment. The address on the Harbor Medical invoice to MedOne is alleged to be that of defendant Greg Salario. Gillespie then purchased patient monitors for a much lower price from another supplier, intending to resell those monitors through Harbor Medical to MedOne. In purchasing these monitors, Gillespie falsely told the supplier that they were being purchased by Freedom Medical, but instead purchased them with his own personal credit card. 2. The Count II Enterprises Count II is brought against all named defendants. The enterprise in this count is alleged to be an association-in-fact of all defendants. The complaint alleges that “[i]n addition to any legitimate transactions,” the association-in-fact conducted the sale, rental, refurbishing, and repair of medical equipment through a pattern of racketeering activity. This pattern of racketeering is alleged to be the fraudulent schemes discussed above in section I.B. The complaint alleges hundreds of unspecified predicate acts of mail fraud, wire fraud, transportation of stolen property, and possession of stolen property. 3. The Conspiracy Allegations of Count III Count III alleges that all the named defendants, “being persons employed by and associated with the enterprise described in the paragraphs contained in Count II,” conspired together and with others “known and unknown” to conduct the affairs of the association-in-fact alleged as the Count II enterprise. The pattern of racketeering in Count III are the same predicate acts of mail fraud, wire fraud, transportation of stolen property, and possession of stolen property as alleged in Counts I and II. II. ANALYSIS In considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court accepts as true all allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that- can be drawn therefrom, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Taliaferro v. Darby Twp. Zoning Bd., 458 F.3d 181, 188 (3d Cir.2006). A Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be granted only if it appears to a 'certainty that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved. Id. A. The RICO claims—Counts I and II Of the three RICO counts in the complaint, Counts I and II allege substantive violations and Count III alleges a RICO conspiracy. Because the existence of a RICO conspiracy rises or falls on the existence of a substantive RICO violation, the Court will first examine at length the adequacy of the pleading concerning Counts I and II before turning to the adequacy of the conspiracy claim. Counts I and II allege violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Section 1962(c) makes it “unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise ... to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). To state a claim for a violation of § 1962(c), a plaintiff must therefore allege that each defendant (i) conducted or participated in the conduct (ii) of an enterprise (iii) through a pattern (iv) of racketeering activity. Bum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir.2004). The defendants challenge the existence of each of these elements in these motions to dismiss. The Court will first address the sufficiency of the allegations concerning the existence of the enterprises pled in the complaint; then the allegations concerning the defendants’ participation in those enterprises; and then the allegations concerning a pattern of racketeering activity. 1. The Existence of an Enterprise A RICO enterprise is defined as “any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4). To establish the existence of an enterprise, a plaintiff must show evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal; evidence that the various associates of the enterprise function as a continuing unit; and evidence that the enterprise has an existence separate and apart from the pattern of activity in which it engages. United States v. Riccobene, 709 F.2d 214, 221 (3d Cir.1983) (citing United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981)). Under the rules of notice pleading, a plaintiff need not specifically allege in her complaint the facts necessary to establish these three enterprise elements. Seville Indus. Mach. Corp. v. Southmost Mach. Corp., 742 F.2d 786, 790 (3d Cir.1984). The allegations of the complaint, however, must not affirmatively negate any of these elements, id. at 790 n. 5, and there must be sufficient factual allegations to allow the existence of the three elements to be inferred, see, e.g., Lorenz v. CSX Corp., 1 F.3d 1406, 1412 (3d Cir.1993) (plaintiffs alleging an association-in-fact between parent and subsidiary corporations “must plead facts” that, if true, would show the parent and the subsidiary to be distinct). Here, Freedom Medical has alleged two separate enterprises: the Count I enterprises consisting of the corporations Harbor Medical and Diversified Medical and the fictional corporation Med Logic; and the Count II enterprise consisting of an association-in-fact of all defendants. The Court will examine the sufficiency of each of these alleged enterprises in turn, a. Count I enterprises The elements of a RICO enterprise are met for two of the enterprises alleged in Count I: Diversified Medical and Harbor Medical. The allegations concerning the third entity, Med Logic, do not satisfy the pleading requirements for a RICO enterprise. As a corporation, Diversified Medical has a distinct organizational structure and a continuing legal existence. Accordingly, at the motion to dismiss stage, absent allegations that cast doubt on the existence of these elements, “[c]ourts can reasonably assume that individuals and corporations have an organizational structure, are continuous, and have an existence separate and apart from any alleged pattern of racketeering activity.” In re Am. Investors Life Ins. Co. Annuity Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 2006 WL 1531152, at *9 (E.D.Pa. June 2, 2006). Similarly, Harbor Medical is alleged to be a limited liability corporation. Although, as such, it lacks some of the attributes of a corporation, such as legal “personhood,” it nonetheless is a state-chartered legal entity with a required organizational structure and a continuing existence. The Court can therefore reasonably assume that Harbor Medical satisfies the three elements needed to constitute an enterprise. See Bennett v. Berg, 685 F.2d 1053, 1060 n. 9 (8th Cir.1982) (enterprises that are “legal entities are garden-variety ‘enterprises’ which generally pose no problem of separateness from the predicate acts.”). The third alleged enterprise in Count I, Med Logic, is not a legal entity. It is alleged to be a fictional company, a “fabrication,” created by Thomas Gillespie as a “conduit for equipment purchase opportunities diverted from Freedom Medical.” Because Med Logic has no legal existence, it cannot be assumed to satisfy the elements of an enterprise. Instead, the complaint must contain sufficient allegations to allow a reasonable inference of an organizational structure, functioning as a continuous unit, with a separate existence from its predicate acts. Here, the complaint contains insufficient allegations as to all of these elements. The complaint contains no allegations concerning Med Logic’s structure or organization or how long it existed or who was associated with it. The complaint also contains no allegations that would allow an inference that Med Logic had any separate existence apart from the pattern of racketeering activity. From the allegations of the complaint, “Med Logic” appears to be no more than a fake corporate name and shipping address used by Thomas Gillespie on false invoices as part of his alleged scheme to divert Freedom Medical’s equipment. As alleged, therefore, Med Logic does not constitute a RICO enterprise. b. Count II enterprise The enterprise alleged in Count II is an association-in-fact consisting of all the named defendants. Unlike a legal entity, an association-in-fact cannot reasonably be assumed to satisfy the elements of an enterprise and the allegations of the complaint must therefore receive greater scrutiny. Am. Investors, 2006 WL 1531152 at *9. For an association-in-fact to satisfy the first element of an enterprise there must be allegations allowing an inference that “some sort of structure exists within the group for the making of decisions, whether it be hierarchical or consensual” or “some mechanism for controlling and directing the affairs of the group on an on-going rather than ad hoc basis.” Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 222. Allegations that merely state that individual members of the association-in-fact performed particular roles and were aware of each other’s activities are not enough to establish an organizational structure. Am. Investors, 2006 WL 1531152 at *8. Such allegations establish no more than a conspiracy to accomplish the underlying predicate of-fences and are insufficient to plead the existence of an enterprise. Id. (citing Seville, 742 F.2d at 790 n. 5). Here, viewing the allegations of the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the plaintiff has sufficiently pled an organizational structure for the Count II association-in-fact. Making all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs favor, the complaint alleges a hub and spoke organization with Thomas Gillespie at its center. Gillespie is alleged to have recruited defendants George Rivera, Greg Salario, and Cliff Hall to join with him to steal equipment and business from Freedom Medical. To facilitate the scheme, each of these three defendants created medical equipment companies: George Rivera incorporated American Medical, Greg Salario organized U.S. Med-Equip, and Cliff Hall created Signature Medical and Signature Emergency. Gillespie allegedly had ownership interests in all four of these companies. Interpreting the allegations of the complaint, each of these corporations allegedly forms a separate secondary hub of the alleged enterprise. Each of these secondary hubs, in turn, allegedly involves other defendants who participate as owners, employees, or agents of the respective corporation. Gurmit Bhatia, for example, is alleged to be an owner and control person of U.S. Med-Equip. Dawn Hall is alleged to be involved in the management of Signature Medical or Signature Emergency. Other members of the alleged enterprise, such as Patrick Frayne, work with Thomas Gillespie at Freedom Medical at the hub of the enterprise. As alleged in the complaint, the enterprise’s “structure for making decisions” was top-down from Gillespie to the various subsidiary hubs. Gillespie, who “controlled all purchases and sales of biomedical equipment” at Freedom Medical allegedly used this position to “coordinate and facilitate” the theft of equipment and business opportunities by the other defendants. Taken as a whole, these allegations permit an inference of “an organization with a leader and a group of supervisors, each running his own operations with ‘his own people,’ but coordinated with the operations of other supervisors to provide greater profits, and fewer conflicts.” Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 223. As such, these allegations sufficiently allege an association with an ongoing organizational and decision-making 'structure to satisfy the first RICO enterprise element. The Count II association-in-fact also satisfies the remaining two' elements of an enterprise. The second element requires the plaintiff to show that the defendants occupied continuing positions within- the group consistent with the organizational structure alleged. Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 223. Although the allegations of the complaint do not specifically address this issue, the structure of the alleged association-in-fact here was not fluid or undefined. The complaint alleges that during the life of the alleged scheme, Thomas Gillespie remained the head of the alleged enterprise, as did the heads of the primary subsidiary hubs, George Rivera at American Medical, Greg Salario at U.S. Med-Equip, and Cliff Hall at Signature Medical and Signature Emergency. The continuing existence of these primary organizational elements of the alleged enterprise and the unchanging nature of their roles in the alleged scheme satisfy the second element of a RICO enterprise. The third element requires that the plaintiff show that the enterprise has a separate existence from the alleged pattern of racketeering activities. This does not require that the enterprise have some legitimate purpose, or require that it conduct activities wholly unrelated to the acts of racketeering. Instead, it requires that the enterprise have an existence beyond that necessary to commit the predicate offences. Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 223. Allegations that members of the enterprise “coordinated the commission of multiple predicate offences” or provided “legitimate services during the period in which they were engaged in racketeering activities” satisfies this element. United States v. Console, 13 F.3d 641, 652 (3d Cir.1993). Here, the complaint alleges that Gillespie, as head of the association-in-fact, coordinated the commission of multiple predicate offences, including the theft of at least 220 pieces of medical equipment from Freedom Medical. In addition, defendants American Medical, U.S. Med-Equip, Signature Medical, and Signature Emergency are all alleged to be in the business of “buying, selling, renting, and servicing biomedical equipment.” As such, they may reasonably be assumed for purposes of this motion to dismiss, to be providing legitimate services as well as engaging in the alleged pattern of racketeering. Freedom Medical has therefore pled facts sufficient to satisfy the third and final element of a RICO enterprise for the association-in-fact alleged in Count II. 2. Conduct or Participation in the Enterprise In addition to properly alleging the existence of an enterprise, a RICO plaintiff must allege that each defendant conducted or participated in the conduct of the enterprise’s affairs. Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507 U.S. 170, 185, 113 S.Ct. 1163, 122 L.Ed.2d 525 (1993); Univ. of Md. at Balt. v. Peat, Marwick, Main & Co., 996 F.2d 1534, 1539 (3d Cir.1993). In order to participate in the conduct of an enterprise’s affairs, one need not hold a formal or managerial position within an enterprise. RICO liability is not limited to upper management but extends to “lower-rung participants in the enterprise who are under the direction of upper management,” as long as they “further the illegal aims of the enterprise by carrying out the directives of those in control.” United States v. Urban, 404 F.3d 754, 769-70 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Reves at 184, 113 S.Ct. 1163). The necessary requirement is that there be a “nexus between the person and the conduct in the affairs of an enterprise.” Univ. of Md. at 1539 (holding that allegations that a defendant provided valuable, indispensable accounting services to the enterprise did not adequately plead participation in the conduct of the enterprise). a. Count I Of the three alleged enterprises in Count I, the Court has found only Harbor Medical and Diversified Medical satisfy the pleading requirements for RICO enterprises. Accordingly, the Court will only consider the allegations concerning the relevant defendants’ participation in those two entities. The complaint names thirteen defendants in Count I: Thomas and Lori Gillespie, Greg Salario, George Rivera, Cliff and Dawn Hall, Phillip and Patrick Frayne, Gurmit Bhatia, Signature Medical, Signature Emergency, American Medical, and U.S. Med-Equip. Although all thirteen of these defendants are alleged generally to have “conducted and participated in the conduct of each enterprise’s affairs,” the Court is required to look behind these summary allegations to the facts alleged. See Univ. of Md. at 1538-39. Of these thirteen defendants, only four are specifically alleged to have any connection, direct or indirect, to the affairs or business of Harbor Medical or Diversified Medical. Thomas Gillespie, Greg Salario, and George Rivera are alleged to have organized Harbor Medical as a Louisiana limited liability company in 2001. Thomas Gillespie is alleged to have organized Diversified Medical as a Pennsylvania corporation in 1999, and he and his wife Lori are alleged to be officers and/or control persons of that company. None of the other Count I defendants is mentioned in any of the specific allegations concerning Harbor Medical or Diversified Medical. Having failed to provide any facts to support the involvement of these other defendants in the conduct or management of the two remaining enterprises in Count I, these defendants — Cliff and Dawn Hall, Phillip and Patrick Frayne, Gurmit Bhatia, Signature Medical, Signature Emergency, American Medical, and U.S. Med-Equip— must be dismissed from Count I. b. Count II The enterprise alleged in Count II is an association-in-fact of all the named defendants. The Court must therefore examine for each of the ten moving defendants whether the complaint contains sufficient allegations to show the required nexus between each defendant and the conduct of the enterprise. Moving defendant Thomas Gillespie is alleged to have “coordinate[d] and facilitate[d]” the enterprise by diverting equipment and business opportunities to the other alleged members of the enterprise, in particular the defendant corporations American Medical, U.S. Med-Equip, Signature Medical, and Signature Emergency, which would then, in turn, sell or rent the equipment and exploit the opportunities. Moving defendants George Rivera and Greg Salario are alleged to have owned and directed American Medical and U.S. Med-Equip, respectively, in these activities. The allegations concerning Gillespie, Rivera, and Salario and the four corporations that they own or co-founded are therefore sufficient to show that they had “some part in directing [the] affairs” of the assoeiation-in-fact. Reves, 507 U.S. at 179, 113 S.Ct. 1163. There are also sufficient allegations to show a nexus between the conduct of the enterprise and moving defendants Gurmit Bhatia and Dawn Hall. Gurmit Bhatia is alleged to be one of the “owners, directors, officers, and control persons” of U.S. Med-Equip. Dawn Hall is alleged to be “actively involved in the operations and management” of Signature Medical and Signature Emergency. Given the centrality of U.S. Med-Equip and Signature Medical and Signature Emergency to the alleged enterprise, as conduits for the stolen equipment and business opportunities at the heart of the alleged scheme, and the closely held nature of those corporations, the Court finds these allegations of ownership and participation sufficient to show the nexus required to survive a motion to dismiss. The allegations concerning the remaining moving defendants — Philip and Patrick Frayne and Lori Gillespie — depict them as “lower-rung participants in the enterprise” who can be properly alleged to be participating in its conduct if they “further the illegal aims of the enterprise by carrying out the directives of those in control.” Urban, 404 F.3d at 769-70. Patrick Frayne is alleged to have worked with Thomas Gillespie at Freedom Medical and to have directly participated in diverting equipment and business opportunities to American Medical, U.S. Med-Equip, Signature Medical, and Signature Emergency. These allegations are sufficient to plead his participation in the affairs of the enterprise. The allegations concerning Phillip Frayne and Lori Gillespie are much more scant. The only specific allegations concerning Phillip Frayne are that he was employed as an inventory technician at Freedom Medical from January 2000 to March 2005 and that non-moving defendants Jason Ragazzo, Omar Hunt, and Martin Crouch, working at the behest of non-moving defendant Cliff Hall, stole and sold Freedom Medical equipment “through” him. The only allegation specifically concerning Lori Gillespie’s participation in the association-in-fact is that she prepared false invoices sent to Freedom Medical under the fictitious company name “Med Logic” as part of the scheme in which equipment originally stolen from Freedom Medical would be re-sold back to it at inflated prices. Although these allegations test the limits of what is required to allege participation in an enterprise, the Court finds them sufficient to adequately plead this element. 3. Pattern of Racketeering Activity To state a claim under § 1962(c) of RICO, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant conducted or participated in the conduct of the alleged enterprise’s affairs “through a pattern of racketeering activity.” A “pattern of racketeering activity” is the commission within a ten year period of at least two of the predicate offences enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). Freedom Medical alleges that the predicate acts constituting the pattern of racketeering in both counts of its RICO claims are mail and wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343, and interstate transportation and possession of stolen property, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314 and 2315. Allegations of wire and mail fraud must meet the heightened pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Lum v. Bank of America, 361 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir.2004), That rule requires 'a plaintiff to plead fraud with sufficient particularity to apprise defendants of the precise misconduct with which they are charged to protect them from spurious charges of fraudulent behavior. Seville, 742 F.2d at 791. Plaintiffs may satisfy this heightened standard by alleging the date, time, speaker, and content of the alleged fraudulent conduct or by any other means that injects precision and some measure of substantiation into their allegations of fraud. Id. Allegations of interstate transport of stolen property or receipt of stolen property, because they are not based in fraud, do not need to be pled with specificity. See Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 362 n. 53 (3d Cir.1989). Instead, they need only meet the standard for notice pleading. Where, however, the allegations of interstate transport of stolen property allege that the property has been “taken by fraud,” the allegations of fraud must meet the heightened requirement of Rule 9(b). Seville Indus., 742 F.2d at 792 n. 7; see also Lum, 361 F.3d at 229 (where plaintiffs allege fraud as the basis for another cause of action, they must satisfy Rule 9(b)). In addition to properly alleging the existence of two or more predicate acts, a plaintiff must also show that the racketeering acts are related and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity. H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239-40, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989); c.f. Marshall-Silver Constr. Co. v. Mendel, 894 F.2d 593 (3d Cir.1990) (affirming dismissal of complaint for failure to adequately allege relatedness and continuity); overruled in non-pertinent part, Tabas v. Tabas, 47 F.3d 1280, 1293 n. 17 (3d Cir.1995). Predicate acts are considered related if they have “the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and not isolated events.” H.J. at 240, 109 S.Ct. 2893. Predicate acts will satisfy the continuity requirement where they evince “long-term criminal conduct” or where “it is shown that the predicates are a regular way of conducting defendant’s ongoing legitimate business.” Tabas at 1293. a. Count I As discussed above, the two properly pled Count I enterprises are Harbor Medical and Diversified Medical, and the four Count I defendants who have been properly pled to have been a participant in those enterprises are Thomas Gillespie, Lori Gillespie, George Rivera, and Greg Salario. In considering whether Freedom Medical has properly alleged a pattern of racketeering with respect to these enterprises and these defendants, the Court must first consider whether it has adequately alleged a connection among them. To properly state a RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), the plaintiff must not only properly allege an enterprise in which the defendant participated, and a “pattern of racketeering activity.” The plaintiff must also plead a “nexus” between the two: “all predicate acts in a pattern must somehow be related to the enterprise.” Banks v. Wolk, 918 F.2d 418, 424 (3d Cir.1990). This requirement is satisfied when “ ‘[o]ne is enabled to commit the predicate offenses solely by virtue of his position in the enterprise or involvement in or control over the affirm of the enterprise; or the predicate offences are related to the activities of that enterprise.’ ” Id. (citing United States v. Provenzano, 688 F.2d 194, 200 (3d Cir.1982)); see also United States v. Irizarry, 341 F.3d 273, 304 (3d Cir.2003). Freedom Medical’s complaint alleges generally that the defendants have committed “hundreds, if not thousands of predicate acts of mail fraud, wire fraud, possession of stolen property and transportation of stolen property.” It also alleges that Diversified Medical and Harbor Medical were enterprises used to “engage in racketeering activities.” Freedom Medical has not, however, adequately alleged a connection between either enterprise and a pattern of racketeering. Freedom Medical’s complaint contains no allegations connecting Diversified Medical with any specific predicate act. The Court cannot assume that any of the general allegations of unspecified acts of wire and mail fraud and possession and transportation of stolen property are connected to Diversified Medical. The complaint itself states that many of these alleged predicate acts were conducted through other entities, such as Harbor Medical and the improperly pled “enterprise” Med Logic, or through the corporate defendants U.S. Med-Equip, American Medical, Signature Medical, and Signature Emergency. None of the three specific predicate acts pled in Count I is alleged to have any connection with Diversified Medical, nor do any of the other specific predicate acts mentioned elsewhere in the complaint. The description of Diversified Medical in the background section of the complaint states generally that it was used in “the receipt and disposition of stolen equipment from Freedom Medical,” but there are no facts alleged to support the allegation. In the absence of any specific fact or allegation to connect Diversified Medical with a particular predicate act, the required nexus between it and the alleged pattern of racketeering has not been adequately pled. The same failing exists as to Harbor Medical. The complaint alleges generally that Harbor Medical was used to “facilitate the fraudulent scheme of the defendants” by serving as an “organizational conduit through which to engage in racketeering activities.” With one exception, however, the complaint alleges no facts connecting any particular predicate act to Harbor Medical. The exception is the allegation in Count I concerning MedOne’s purchase of patient monitors in January 2006. The complaint alleges in Count I that Thomas Gillespie, acting on behalf of Freedom Medical, met with representatives from MedOne in January 2006 to discuss a business proposition. Gillespie allegedly proposed that MedOne should purchase patient monitors, which Freedom Medical would then rent to customers, sharing the rental income with MedOne. The complaint alleges that instead of following through with this plan, Gillespie without Freedom Medical’s knowledge, “made telephone or email communications to MedOne that contained false representations or omissions.” These communications then allegedly induced MedOne to issue a purchase order for $28,000 to Harbor Medical for the monitors. The complaint alleges that the address on the invoice is the former address of Greg Salario. The complaint alleges that Gillespie represented to MedOne that this was the best price for the monitors, but that Gillespie then purchased monitors at a much lower price from another supplier (falsely telling the supplier that they were being purchased by Freedom Medical), allegedly intending to have Harbor Medical sell them to Me-dOne at a $1,000 per unit markup. The complaint contains no explanation of how the plaintiff believes this particular incident constitutes a predicate act. The Court will assume that this is an attempt to allege a predicate act of wire fraud on the part of Gillespie (and possibly Salario) through a scheme to defraud Freedom Medical of its opportunity to do business with MedOne involving unspecified telephone or email communications. This allegation is inadequately pled because it does not allege fraud with specificity. Nothing in the allegation identifies the contents of Gillespie’s communications with MedOne or describes what aspect of them was fraudulent. Without this information, the allegation is insufficient to put Gillespie (or Salario) on notice of the precise misconduct with which he is charged. In addition, the allegation fails to specify what form these communications took, whether telephone or email, and fails to specify that they were made interstate, as required to be actionable under the wire fraud statute. Moreover, even if this allegation contained sufficient particularity to validly allege a predicate act of wire fraud, it would still be insufficient to allege a “pattern of racketeering activity,” which requires two or more predicate acts. The plaintiff therefore has failed to allege a “pattern of racketeering activity” with a nexus to either of the validly pled Count I enterprises, Harbor Medical or Diversified Medical. Accordingly, Count I of the Complaint must be dismissed in its entirety. Because Freedom Medical’s failure to allege a nexus between pattern and enterprise requires dismissal of Count I, the Court will not address whether that count adequately alleges the other required elements of a RICO pattern, b. Count II The RICO claim in Count II alleges an enterprise composed of an association-in-fact of all defendants. As in Count I, Freedom Medical alleges that the pattern of racketeering connected to this enterprise involved “hundreds” of unspecified predicate acts of mail fraud, wire fraud, possession of stolen property and transportation of stolen property. Unlike Count I, Count II adequately pleads a nexus between the alleged enterprise and at least some of the predicate acts in the alleged pattern of racketeering. Putting aside for the moment whether the predicate acts are adequately alleged, the complaint, read in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, sufficiently pleads a connection between those acts and the association-in-fact of the defendants. The defendants in Count II are alleged to have committed wire and mail fraud and obtained and received stolen property through an organized racketeering assoeiation-in-fact headed by Thomas Gillespie. Count II, therefore, alleges that all the predicate acts in the complaint were conducted through a single enterprise. In Count I, in contrast, the predicate acts are alleged, without specificity, to have been committed both by either of the enterprises Harbor Medical and Diversified Medical and also by the fictional “enterprise” Med Logic or by the corporate defendants. In Count I, therefore, it is impossible to connect any particular predicate act to either of the two validly pled enterprises. In Count II, however, all of the predicate acts are alleged to have been committed through the single enterprise, allowing a connection to be inferred. This adequately pleads a nexus between the enterprise and the alleged pattern of racketeering. The Court next turns to examining whether Count II adequately alleges a pattern of racketeering. As to the allegations of wire and mail fraud, the Court has concerns that they fail to satisfy the requirement of Rule 9(b) that they be plead with particularity. The complaint contains general allegations of “hundreds” of unspecified acts of wire and mail fraud on the part of the defendants. These general allegations fail to provide any information that would inject any precision or substantiation into Freedom Medical’s claim of fraud and therefore do not establish the existence of the predicate acts necessary for a pattern of racketeering activity. See Lum, 361 F.3d at 224. The complaint also alleges several specific acts of fraud. These allegations refer to particular transactions involving specifically identified pieces of equipment and allege that Gillespie either diverted equipment or a business opportunity belonging to Freedom Medical to himself or one of the other defendants. While these specific allegations do inject a measure of precision and substantiation to the plaintiffs claims, they often omit important information about the individual incidents. Several specific allegations of fraud fail to indicate with precision the exact misrepresentation that is alleged to have been made and to whom. See Lum at 224 (to satisfy Rule 9(b), plaintiffs must allege the “general content of the misrepresentation”). Several also fail to identify any particular wire or mail communication associated or connected to the alleged fraud, and in the case of wire communications whether they were made interstate. See Am. Investors, 2006 WL 1531152 at *11 (“plaintiffs must allege sufficient facts ... from which one can infer that the defendant used the mails or interstate wires as part of a scheme to defraud, or took some action where such use of the mails or interstate wires was reasonably foreseeable”). The Court therefore does not believe that all of these specific allegations of wire and mail fraud satisfy Rule 9(b), but it may be that some of them do. The Court, however, need not decide this issue because the other predicate acts alleged in Count II, the allegations of the interstate transport and receipt of stolen property, are sufficient to establish the requisite pattern of racketeering activity. Unlike acts of mail and wire fraud, predicate acts of transporting and receiving stolen property across state lines do not always need to be pled with specificity. Only where the property at issue was taken by fraud, as opposed to theft, must a plaintiff plead with particularity, and even then the requirement of particularity applies only to the facts relating to the fraud, not to the other elements of the violation. Seville, 742 F.2d at 792 n. 7; Lum, 361 F.3d at 229. The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit considered the level of detail necessary for pleading these predicate acts in a RICO claim in Seville Indus. Mach. Corp. v. Southmost Mach. Corp., 742 F.2d at 791-92. In Seville, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants had violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314 and 2315 by, inter alia, inducing the plaintiff to sell equipment to the defendants that was never paid for. The Seville court held that the plaintiff had met its pleading obligations by incorporating into their complaint a list identifying with specificity the pieces of machinery that were alleged to have been taken by fraud. The court held that the plaintiff had adequately alleged the required element that the property taken be worth more than $5,000 by alleging the total value of the machinery taken to be more than $750,000 and had adequately alleged the property had been transported or sold over interstate lines by general allegations to that effect. Id. at 791-92. Following the holding of Seville Indus., the Court finds that Freedom Medical has adequately alleged predicate acts consisting of violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314 and 2315. Although Freedom Medical did not incorporate a list of stolen equipment in its complaint, the Court takes judicial notice of the fact that it filed such a list of record as an exhibit to its motion for temporary restraining order, filed shortly after the filing of its complaint. See Exh. 9 to Plaintiffs Motion for Temporary Restraining Order (Docket No. 30). This list provides the serial number and description of each piece of equipment at issue. The complaint also ascribes a specific quantity of stolen pieces of equipment to individual defendants. Without identifying the particular pieces of equipment, the complaint alleges that American Medical has stolen 24 items, U.S. Med-Equip 70 items, and Signature Medical 148 items. As in Seville Indus., the value of this equipment is alleged in aggregate, with the total amount of these 242 pieces of equipment alleged to be approximately $400,000. The complaint also makes general allegations that these thefts occurred in interstate commerce. Under Seville Indus., this is sufficient to allege these predicate acts. The final requirement for pleading a pattern of racketeering is properly alleging that the predicate acts are related and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity. H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 239-40, 109 S.Ct. 2893. Here, the alleged predicate acts of theft involve the same alleged victim, Freedom Medical, the same alleged ring-leader, Thomas Gillespie, and the same alleged method, utilizing Gillespie’s position at Freedom Medical to divert property and business opportunities. The alleged pattern therefore is “interrelated by distinguishing characteristics” and not a series of isolated events, and so satisfies the requirement of relatedness. Id. at 240, 109 S.Ct. 2893. The alleged pattern also satisfies the requirement that it amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity. Where the plaintiff alleges that the racketeering activity at issue has ceased and the alleged scheme is therefore closed-ended, the plaintiff will adequately show this element by proving a series of related predicate acts extending over a substantial period of time. Id. at 242, 109 S.Ct. 2893. Here, Freedom Medical’s complaint pleads a closed-ended pattern consisting of a