Full opinion text
ROBERT L. ECHOLS, District Judge. MEMORANDUM This is an action brought by Plaintiff Kimberly Lopez (“Ms. Lopez”) on behalf of her disabled son Gilberto Lopez (“Gilberto” ) who was allegedly raped by another student while riding a public school bus for special needs children. Presently pending before the Court are Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket Entry No. 183), and a Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiff-Intervenor United States of America (Docket Entry No. 164). Also pending are cross-Motions for Summary Judgment filed by Defendants Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County (“Metro”) (Docket Entry Nos. 174 & 178), and Genesis Learning Centers (“GLC”) (Docket Entry No. 169). The parties have also filed Motions related to the Summary Judgment filings, including Motions for Oral Argument (Docket Entry Nos. 218 and 225), Motions to Strike (Docket Entry Nos. 257, 259, and 266), Motions for Leave to File Excess Pages (Docket Entry Nos. 204 and 246), and Motions for Leave to File Reply Memorandums (Docket Entry Nos. 273 and 276). In addition, the Plaintiff-Intervenor has filed a Motion for Review (Docket Entry No. 279) of a discovery Order issued by the Magistrate Judge. Finally, Plaintiff has filed a Motion to Remand (Docket Entry No. 280) the claims she brought against Defendant Metro under the Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act (“TGTLA”). I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. Background and Events Leading up to the Alleged Assault Gilberto is a nine year old special needs child who suffers from an array of disabilities, including autism, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, speech impairment, and language impairment. In August 2006, Gilberto moved from Chicago to Nashville and enrolled in the Metropolitan Nashville Public School System (“Metro” or “MNPS”). Metro and MNPS receive federal financial assistance. Shortly after the beginning of the 2006-07 school year, Gilberto was assigned to Genesis Academy (“Genesis” or “Academy”) in Nashville, Tennessee. The Academy is a part of GLC, a private, non-profit corporation, which was founded by Terry Adams (“Mr. Adams”), GLC’s Executive Director, and his wife, Melissa Adams (“Mrs. Adams”), GLC’s Assistant Executive Director. Metro assigns students with severe behavioral problems to Genesis. In fact, only students identified as engaging in problematic behavior that requires modification through a Severe Behavior Intervention Program (“SBI”) are assigned to Genesis. The contract between Metro and Genesis specifies that Metro is responsible for providing transportation services to the students who attend Genesis. Specifically, the contract in force during the relevant period provided: Duties and Responsibilities. Contractor shall provide special education and related services to students placed by Metro Nashville Public Schools (MNPS). Services shall be provided in accordance with the Individualized Education Plan (“IEP”) of each student. Services will be provided by appropriately licensed, or certified personnel. The Contractor shall implement an IEP program which will meet the unique needs of each child enrolled, with provision for all support materials and services necessary for their education. If the Contractor cannot provide the direct and related services called for in the IEP, the Contractor has the obligation not to accept the student. By accepting the student, the Contractor agrees to provide all services and program components including related services required by the IEP with the following exceptions: transportation to and from school, foreign language and hearing interpreters, vision-, hearing-itinerant services and hearing interpreters. (Docket Entry No. 169-1, Exh. 1 at GLC0470) (emphasis added). When he was first enrolled at Genesis, Gilberto was assigned to ride a regular school bus to and from school. According to Ms. Lopez, Gilberto was repeatedly harassed by other students while riding the regular school bus. That harassment took several forms, including stolen items being placed in Gilberto’s clothes and backpack for which Gilberto was blamed, Gilberto being thrown down the bus steps on several occasions, and Gilberto being pressured into “throwing gang signs.” On April 10, 2007, Ms. Lopez contacted Metro’s customer service hotline to voice her concerns about the treatment that Gilberto was receiving while riding on the school bus. The person who fielded the call recorded the following concerns: Parent called very upset and concerned about her child. The parent states her son is being assaulted on the Special Ed bus on a daily basis and he is coming home with bruises from other children assaulting him on the bus. The parent states the driver is not able to keep an eye on the kids and drive the bus and has no control. The request that a bus monitor be added to this bus route [is] not only for her child’s safety but also for the other children being assaulted. (Docket Entry No. 166-23 at 3). Ten days after this report, April 20, 2007, a student on Gilberto’s bus threatened to shoot Gilberto and his parents. Ms. Lopez claims that she contacted MNPS’s transportation and special education departments on approximately five occasions in an effort to have a monitor placed on her son’s school bus. Sometime around this period, Ms. Lopez contacted Linda DePriest (“DePriest”), a MNPS special education coordinator, to see about having a monitor placed on Gilberto’s bus, or to have him moved to a smaller bus. During their conversation, Ms. Lopez told DePriest that Gilberto “had been frequently threatened by some of the older students and she was fearful that he was on the verge of a mental collapse.” (Ms. Lopez Aff. ¶ 9). At an Individualized Education Plan (“IEP”) meeting for Gilberto held April 17, 2007, Ms. Lopez requested that a bus monitor be placed on Gilberto’s bus. However, the IEP, as formulated, did not include a monitor, in spite of Ms. Lopez’s expressed concerns. Ms. Lopez signed the IEP as an “IEP Team Member.” When Gilberto enrolled in the Metro school system, Metro reviewed Gilberto’s most recent IEP from the Chicago Public School System. The Chicago IEP mandated that Gilberto receive a bus aide as an accommodation for his disabilities. Following the IEP meeting, Mrs. Adams, on Thursday, April 26, 2007, sent an e-mail to Sandra Burton (“Burton”), who was employed by Metro as a special education bus route coordinator and was responsible for bus assignments and routes. The e-mail stated: “Gilberto Lopez.; age 9 being picked on a lot by older kids and mother expressed great concern in IEP meeting we just had; she wants a 1:1. Is there any way for him to be put on Chris Gaines bus since he only has 3-^1 students max.” (Docket Entry No. 252-24). In response, Burton asked that Mrs. Adams supply a list of students who rode on bus driver Christopher Gaines’ (“Gaines”) bus. Mrs. Adams supplied a list that consisted of four students, one of which was Kolby (“Kolby”) Harris. Gilberto was transferred to Gaines’ bus on April 29, 2007. Bus drivers generally receive “information sheets” for students assigned to their buses. However, a student’s behavioral history is not described on these information sheets. Gaines never received an information sheet for Gilberto. Gaines also did not receive an information sheet on Kolby, another passenger on the bus to which Gilberto was assigned. Kolby is ten years older than Gilberto, and was 19 years old at the time of the events which precipitated the filing of this lawsuit. B. The Incident and its Aftermath On May 7, 2007, Gloria Smith (“Smith”), a substitute driver, was driving Gaines’s bus. Smith had no information about the passengers, and no monitor was on the bus. However, the passengers were filmed by a video camera placed at the front of the bus. The video camera, which is pointed towards the back of the bus, is a static camera showing both rows of seats. The videotape, which lasts approximately 20 minutes, shows that on the way home from school, Gilberto was riding in the front seat on the passenger side, while Kolby was sitting in the next-to-the-last seat on the driver’s side. Gilberto left his seat and went and sat down in the seat next to Kolby. After Gilberto sat down, Kolby continued a conversation he was having with Smith. Shortly thereafter, it appears that Kolby removed his sweater or some sort of other outer garment. Gilberto then ducked down, towards Kolb/s lap. This occurred on several occasions. During this period, Kolby’s conversation with Smith ceased. As Gilberto ducked his head down on the last occasion, Kolby began to grunt or moan. Smith (who sounded startled) then asked what was going on, to which Kolby replied that he, Gilberto, was “eating cookies.” Gilberto was instructed by Smith to return to his seat at the front of the bus. As Gilberto stood next to the front seat, Smith again asked what was going on. Gilberto said “nothing,” and Kolby called out from the back that he (Gilberto) was “eating cookies.” Ms. Lopez and the United States contend that Gilberto was raped in that he was forced to fellate Kolby, and there is much evidence to support that contention. The videotape, while not definitive, certainly suggests as much. Further, Kolby admitted to Susan Sawyer, the Principal of Genesis, that he told Gilberto to perform fellatio on him, and that Gilberto complied. Gilberto told school officials and his parents that he “licked” another student’s “wee wee,” and told his mother that Kolby had “gone to the bathroom in his mouth,” which she understood to mean that Kolby had ejaculated in Gilberto’s mouth. Metro and Genesis officials who viewed the video of the incident found that the video depicted inappropriate sexual behavior. Further, as a result of the May 7, 2007 incident, Kolby was criminally indicted on the charge of rape of a child. For their part, Metro and Genesis point out that the videotape does not clearly establish what happened. They also note that Kolby told his stepmother that he did not assault Gilberto. At the end of the afternoon shift on May 7, 2007, Smith went to the transportation department to express her concern that Kolby and Gilberto may have engaged in inappropriate conduct. She was concerned that “something” may have happened because she had noticed that Gilberto’s head was below the seat and she observed Kolby “raise up like he was, you know, zipping his pants or whatever.” (Smith Depo. at 19-20) The next day, May 8, 2007, Gwen Sales (“Sales”), a Metro driver supervisor issued a download request for the video file from the digital camera on Smith’s bus. Pursuant to Sales’ request, Eugenia Roberson (“Roberson”), a Metro safety investigator, downloaded the video that same day. Burton was the first Metro official to view the videotape. Burton watched the video on May 11, 2007. She reported her concerns to her supervisors, Guy Morgan (“Morgan”) and Keith Phillips (“Phillips”), on the morning of May 14, 2007, and Morgan viewed the videotape shortly thereafter. Burton contacted Genesis Academy officials and made arrangements to deliver a copy of the video to those officials on that same afternoon. When the video was delivered, it was viewed by Mr. and Mrs. Adams, Sawyer, and Tracey DeMoss (“DeMoss”), Metro’s bus route coordinator for non-disabled students. After viewing the video on May 14, 2007, Genesis officials contacted Gilberto’s parents and told them for the first time about the May 7, 2007 incident. Kolby was removed from the bus on the afternoon of May 14, 2007, and the Department of Children’s Services and police were contacted. Kolby was removed from Genesis on May 15, 2007. After the May 7, 2007 incident, Gilberto allegedly experienced visual hallucinations and nightmares about Kolby, heard voices telling him to kill his family, defecated on himself and in his bedroom, attempted to cut off his genitals, refused to bathe, and required noise from a television or DVD player to “drown out the voices” so he could fall asleep. MNPS claims that Gilberto had engaged in most of these behaviors before the incident, as reflected by the expert reports of Dr. Warren Thompson (“Dr. Thompson”) and Dr. Robert Begtrup (“Dr. Begtrup”). On May 10, 2007, Gilberto assaulted another student on his bus and acted aggressively towards the bus driver, prompting the driver to call the police. A “Six Weeks Summary” issued by Genesis on May 21, 2007 stated that “Gilberto has often refused to do any work. He will completely shut down or try to run away to get out of completing assignments.” The summary also stated: “We are seeing inconsistent behavior with Gilberto. At times he is very oppositional and aggressive[.]” (Docket Entry No. 166-7 at GLC 000533). When Gilberto returned to Genesis for the Fall 2007 semester, he acted “fearful” at school, and periodically indicated that he did not want to ride the bus. On September 19, 2007, Gilberto was removed from Genesis and committed to Youth Villages, a residential treatment facility in Memphis, Tennessee for inpatient mental health treatment. Gilberto was discharged from Youth Villages on July 14, 2008, but soon after returning home he attempted to set fire to his mother’s house because he thought he heard voices saying Kolby “was coming to get him.” Gilberto was then committed to the Middle Tennessee Mental Health Institute from July 22, 2008 to August 13, 2008. C. Kolby’s History and Record Prior to the May 7, 2007 incident, Kolby had an extensive and documented history of behavioral problems. From August 2002 to February 2005, he attended Madison School, a Metro special education school that offered a structured SBI program. On August 20, 2003, Kolby was disciplined for engaging in a sexual act in the school. Metro claims that the discipline involved a “consensual sexual act with an age-appropriate female student.” On September 13, 2004, Kolby admitted to having oral sex and sexual intercourse with another student in the girls’ bathroom, and stated that he had engaged in intercourse with the same student in the girls’ bathroom the week before. A Suspension Addendum relative to these incidents indicates that Kolby’s “behavior is directly related to his disabilities,” and notes that similar behavior “[m]ay happen again if he is not supervised.” (Docket Entry No. 165-35, GLC 0164 & 0170). Again, MNPS claims that these acts were consensual and with age-appropriate females. On September 27, 2004, Madison School established a “Safety Plan” for Kolby that provided as follows: HE WILL BE ESCORTED TO THE RESTROOM, NO EXCEPTIONS HE WILL REMAIN IN THE CLASS HE IS IN UNTIL ALL STUDENTS HAVE MADE A CLASS CHANGE; THEN HE WILL GO TO HIS NEXT CLASS EITHER WATCHED BY AN ADULT OR ESCORTED BY AN ADULT. THIS IS FOR ALL CLASS CHANGES. HE WILL PARTICIPATE ONCE A WEEK IN A BOY’S GROUP. HE WILL BE ESCORTED TO THE LUNCHROOM BY AN ADULT WHERE HE IS TO STAY UNLESS AN ADULT GOES WITH HIM. PLEASE, WE ALL MUST HELP WITH THIS PLAN. IT IS ESSENTIAL WE DO NOT HAVE ANOTHER INCIDENCE WITH KOLBY. (Docket Entry No. 166-26 at 000564). A Madison Behavior Incident Report dated January 10, 2005, reflects a complaint from a student and parent that Kolby exposed his penis to a student on the bus. The complaining student accused Kolby of saying he was going to “show the new kid my privates” and “do it to him.” Kolby was subsequently suspended for ten days, and the discipline codes indicated that the suspension was for “sexual harassment,” “intimidation/bullying,” and “repeated violations.” (Id. at 000557). Shortly after that incident, on January 14, 2005, Madison required Kolby to sign a “Contract Agreement” which provided, in part: — “I will not have ANY type of sexual activity, including sexual touching, remarks, gestures, or writing letters about sex”; — “I will not go anywhere in the building without an adult’s permission”; — “I will ask an adult to escort me to the restroom anytime I nee[d] to go”; — “I will follow the bus safety plan at all times”; and — “I will tell the school if the bus safety plan is not followed.” (Id. at 000645). The “Bus Safety Plan” established by Metro and which was referenced in Kolby’s Contract Agreement mandated the following: — The front right hand seat of the bus will'be reserved for Kolby Harris; — No one will sit in the two front left side seats and no one will sit in the second right seat; and — A large X will be taped to the front four seats to remind students not to sit there. (Id. at 000644). On January 18, 2005, LuAnn Landrum (“Landrum”), the Principal of Madison, outlined her concerns about Kolby in a Memorandum to Jim Overstreet (“Over-street”), a District-Level discipline coordinator for Metro. After recounting the incidents that led to Kolby’s ten-day suspension, Landrum wrote: I am very concerned that we now have this incident involving a much younger child. Several students have stated that they are frightened of Kolby and [redacted]^ mother is perusing [sic] legal action. [Redacted] has filed a police report stating she believes her son may have been sexually molested by Kolby. While I have no evidence of anything happening with [redacted] and Kolby the situation has quickly escalated out of control. I feel it would be in the best interest of all concerned, for Kolby to be placed in another Severe Behavior Intervention Program. (Id. at 000580). Landrum sent copies of the Memorandum to DePriest and to Sharon Wright (“Wright”), the Executive Director of Metro’s Department of Special Education. On February 4, 2005, Metro conducted a Functional Behavioral Assessment (“FBA”) of Kolby. The FBA states that in November 2004 Kolby committed “a series of reported bus incidents of [a] sexual nature including verbal threats to intimidate” and further states that Kolby’s “sexual behaviors were determined to be a manifestation of Kolby’s handicapping conditions.” The FBA also states: ■ Mother is aware of these tendencies of Kolby and has requested that he be closely supervised at school .... If Kolby is closely supervised at all times these behaviors do not occur. Must escort Kolby everywhere. Having a bus driver driving his bus is NOT adequate supervision. (Id. 000462). On February 4, 2005, Kolby was removed from the Madison School and placed in a Homebound Program. In August 2005, Metro enrolled Kolby in a Community Based Transition (“CBT”) Program at Whites Creek High School. Kolby was transported to and from the school by his mother. On December 6, 2005, a Suspension Addendum was issued which indicates that Kolby received a ten-day suspension for engaging in sexual activity with a female student on November 30, 2005. The police were called to respond to the incident and the alleged victim was instructed to get a rape kit, but did not do so. After the November 30, 2005 incident, Metro officials withdrew Kolby from the CBT Program. IEP meetings were held on December 6, 2005 and January 3, 2006, after which it was decided that Metro would attempt to place Kolby at Genesis. In requesting that Genesis accept Kolby as a student, Metro informed Genesis that Kolby had allegedly engaged in sexual intercourse in a bathroom with a female student at Madison School. In fact, the New Student IEP Information Sheet created by Genesis includes the starred notation: “Supervise with girls, sexual assault.” (Docket Entry No. 124-5). Kolby enrolled in Genesis on April 3, 2006. Prior to Kolby’s placement at Genesis, as well as shortly after that placement, his mother Terrilyn Harris (“Ms. Harris”) requested that Kolby be placed on a bus with only a few students and that those students not be smaller students. Ms. Harris claims that school officials told her that a monitor would be placed on Kolby’s bus, and, in fact, a monitor rode on Kolby’s bus for the first few weeks of his attendance at Genesis. However, that monitor was a “one-on-one” assistant who was assigned to another student and did not ride the bus after the student’s parents decided to drive their child to and from school. When Metro officials transferred Kolby to Genesis they never disclosed to Genesis the existence of Kolby’s prior bus safety plan. However, Metro claims that a bus safety plan was not a part of Kolby Harris’ current IEP at the time of his enrollment at Genesis. On May 4, 2006, a parent called Genesis and told Heather Olson, a social worker, that his daughter had been molested the day before at school. When asked to explain what had occurred, the father stated that his wife was giving their daughter a bath the previous evening, when the daughter pointed between her legs and said that “K. H. touched her private parts that day and the day before and that it took place in the classroom.” (Docket Entry No. 251-41 at 1159). On December 19, 2006, Jody Baker (“Baker”), Kolby’s teacher at Genesis, created a Behavior Intervention Plan for Kolby. Under the “[ijdentify target behavior(s) to be changed,” Baker wrote “Inappropriate Sexual behavior.” Under the heading “[s]tate the replacement behaviors,” Mr. Baker wrote “To refrain from all inappropriate sexual behaviors ... To interact appropriately with all peers.” Baker also wrote, “the behaviors that Kolby usually displays are those that tangible rewards work well with. The one issue inappropriate sexual behavior was more serious and dealt with by isolation and 1:1 supervision (seem to be working very well). The reinforcers and consequences work well with/for Kolby.” Genesis claims that the reference to “1:1” meant in the classroom Kolby was required to stay within close proximity to a staff person at all times. (Docket Entry No. 214-31). Dr. Lyn McRainey (“Dr. McRainey”), who was employed by Metro as a school psychologist, conducted a psychoeducational assessment of Kolby on March 16, 2007. After reviewing Kolby’s education file, she observed: Kolby has a history of inappropriate sexual behavior. It is not clear whether the etiology of his behavior is cognitive, predatory, the result of suspected early abuse, or some combination of the three. In any case, it is essential that he be closely supervised. Should his sexual behaviors escalate, he may need to get involved with the Rape and Sexual Abuse Center or another such agency. (Docket Entry No. 124-5 at 14). Although Dr. McRainey made the foregoing observation based upon Kolby’s file, she admits that she is not qualified to make any psychological conclusions regarding sexual behaviors, because this is not her area of expertise. Nevertheless, Dr. McRainey testified in her deposition that, in light of the information reflected in her report, she was not surprised to learn that Kolby had sexually assaulted Gilberto because it was the type of behavior that Kolby had exhibited in the past. Metro received Dr. McRainey’s assessment on March 27, 2007, approximately six weeks before the incident at issue in this case. Burton, who had never been informed about Kolby’s prior history, testified in her deposition that had she known of that history, she would have been concerned about some risk to the students who rode with Kolby. D. Other Incidents on Special Needs Buses and Assignments to Such Buses Prior to the alleged rape or assault at issue in this case, several Metro officials had voiced general concerns about the safety of children riding on special needs school buses. For example, DePriest was concerned about the safety of children riding to contract schools on buses without monitors and supervision, based upon conversations she had with parents and others. Those concerns generally related to fighting on the bus, throwing items on the bus and out the bus windows, using profane language, and stealing. She had also heard about an incident of inappropriate touching or sexual activity years before the event at issue in this case. Burton also was concerned about the safety of the children and bus drivers, particularly as it related to fights which occurred on the buses. Other officials had also generally discussed on occasion the topic of having monitors on the special needs school buses. On October 5, 2006, Jenna Staehling, a student with disabilities, was allegedly sexually molested by another student with disabilities on a Metro special needs school bus. Suit was filed on her behalf in this Court and styled Staehling v. Metro, Case No. 3:07-797, 2008 WL 4279839 (M.D.Tenn.2008). After the incident, officials at Metro renewed discussions about screening drivers and placing monitors on school buses carrying special needs children. Some of those discussions were with Pedro Garcia (“Garcia”), the Superintendent of Metro schools. Nevertheless, between the alleged sexual assault of Jenna Staehling on October 5, 2006 and the alleged sexual assault of Gilberto on May 7, 2007, Metro did not hire any bus monitors. Prior to the May 7, 2007 incident at issue in this case, a compelling factor in the assignment of students with disabilities was the home address of the student. Responsibility for assignments primarily rested with Metro’s transportation department, and it was guided by a child’s IEP. While bus drivers and transportation officials may have received some information regarding a student’s disabilities and behaviors, they were not privy to the child’s record. Drivers of special education buses did not receive special training on the disabilities or behavioral tendencies of their passengers, although Mr. Adams testified that he offered to discuss “how to handle our kids” with Metro’s bus drivers. Mrs. Adams told Metro officials that bus monitors should be assigned for buses carrying special education students to and from Genesis. In her deposition, DePriest admitted that the combination of a lack of monitor, the absence of screening during the bus assignment process, and insufficient training of bus drivers was a concern because that combination could lead to harm to children with disabilities. Prior to the May 7, 2007 incident, officials at Genesis occasionally discussed the placement of monitors on the buses transporting children to its school with Metro officials. Some Metro school buses did in fact have monitors, but Metro claims this occurred when a monitor was called for in a student’s IEP. An August 6, 2007 memorandum from Phillips to Burton noted that monitors which had been placed on buses serving Murrell School, another SBI program, had “proven to be effective in previous school years.” (Docket Entry No. 166-45). Prior to the incident at issue in this case, Educational Assistants (“EA’s”) from contract schools have ridden on buses to and from contract schools in place of formal monitors, although this did not occur with respect to buses servicing Genesis. After the incident, DePriest contacted Genesis about the possibility of their Associate Teachers riding buses, but Genesis indicated that was not an alternative because those individuals were needed at the school when the students arrived and were needed after the students left to do paperwork and assist with planning for the next day. Further, Genesis was concerned about potential liability since Metro owned and operated the school buses. Ideally, a school should be provided with each student’s cumulative educational file, so that they can have a clear understanding of the student and his profile. However, in practice, schools sometimes did not receive a complete record for students. For example, when Kolby came to Genesis, Genesis claims it was provided with his current IEP and a prior IEP, but neither IEP had a Functional Behavior Assessment and/or Behavior Intervention Plan attached and neither indicated that there was a Functional Behavior Assessment and/or Behavior Intervention Plan in place. Genesis also claims that it did not generally receive a student’s cumulative file until some time after the student had actually enrolled at the school, and did not receive Kolby’s cumulative file until eight months after he began attending Genesis. By the time it received that file, Genesis claims that it already had a program in place for Kolby which appeared to be meeting his needs. E. Nature of the Claims in this Case In her Fourth Amended Complaint, Plaintiff brings claims against Metro and Genesis under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Title II of the Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12141 et seq., Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“Rehabilitation Act”), 29 U.S.C. § 794, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”), 20 U.S.C. § 1681. She also brings a negligence claim against Metro under the TGTLA, T.C.A. § 29-20-101, et seq., as well as a common law negligence claim against Genesis. The United States has filed a “Complaint in Intervention” solely against Metro alleging a violation of Title IX. In her response to Metro’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff has withdrawn some of her claims based upon the arguments raised by Metro and the applicable case law. Specifically, Plaintiff has withdrawn her Equal Protection Clause and retaliation claims under Section 1983, her Rehabilitation Act claim, and her ADA claim. (Docket Entry No. 223 at 12 & 29). This leaves for resolution Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment Substantive Due Process claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, her negligence claims (both common-law and under the TGTLA), and the claims under Title IX brought by Plaintiff and PlaintiffIntervenor United States. II. APPLICATION OF LAW As indicated at the outset, there are various Motions pending before the Court, including potentially dispositive Motions for Summary Judgment. The Motions will be considered under separate sub-headings. A. Motions for Summary Judgment and Related Motions Plaintiff and Metro have filed cross-motions for summary judgment with respect to all of the claims set forth in the Fourth Amended Complaint. Plaintiff-Intervenor United States has filed a Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to its claim under Title IX and Metro has filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on that claim. Defendant Genesis has moved for summary judgment on the claims specifically asserted against it. Because of the similarities between some of the Motions, the Court will address each of the claims set forth in the Fourth Amended Complaint which the Plaintiff has not withdrawn. First, however, the Court will address the motions which were filed relating to the Summary Judgment Motions, set forth the appropriate standard of review, and resolve Metro’s argument that some or all of the claims should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. 1. Motions Related to the Summary Judgment Filings The parties have filed numerous Motions in conjunction with the Motions for Summary Judgment, including motions for oral argument (Docket Entry Nos. 218 and 225), motions to file oversized Memorandums (Docket Entry Nos. 204 and 246), motions seeking to strike additional statements of undisputed fact (Docket Entry Nos. 257, 259 and 266), and motions for leave to file additional responsive Memorandums. The Court will deny the request for oral argument, as the Court finds that oral arguments will not aid the Court in its resolution of the Motions for Summary Judgment. The parties have filed hundreds of statements of alleged undisputed facts, hundreds of pages of briefing, and thousands of pages of documents in relation to the Motions for Summary Judgment. Those filings are more than sufficient to assist the Court in deciding the Motions for Summary Judgment. The Motions to Strike additional statements of undisputed facts will be denied. Those statements amplify the issues and, for the most part, were filed in an effort to contradict statements made in the opponents’ statements of undisputed facts. The Court will grant the requests to file oversized Memorandums and additional responsive memorandums, since those filings are of assistance in resolving the summary judgment motions. 2. Standard of Review A party may obtain summary judgment if the evidence establishes there are not any genuine issues of material fact for trial and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Covington v. Knox County School Sys., 205 F.3d 912, 914 (6th Cir.2000). The moving party bears the initial burden of satisfying the court that the standards of Rule 56 have been met. See Martin v. Kelley, 803 F.2d 236, 239 n. 4 (6th Cir.1986). The ultimate question to be addressed is whether there exists any genuine issue of material fact that is disputed. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Covington, 205 F.3d at 914 (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). If so, summary judgment is inappropriate. To defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. If the party does not so respond, summary judgment will be entered if appropriate. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The nonmoving party’s burden of providing specific facts demonstrating that there remains a genuine issue of material fact for trial is triggered once the moving party shows an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. A genuine issue exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the Court must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, drawing all justifiable inferences in its favor. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). 3. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies As a preliminary matter, Metro asserts that most, if not all, of Plaintiffs claims should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. Plaintiff argues that the IDEA is inapplicable in this case and that, even if it were applicable, exhaustion of administrative remedies would have been futile. The IDEA was enacted to “ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services[.]” 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A). The IDEA is designed to insure that children with special needs receive a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”), with the primary mechanism being the development of an IEP. Mallory v. Knox County Sch. Dist., 2006 WL 3484015 at *2 (E.D.Tenn.2006). The IDEA contains procedural safeguards, which have been described as follows: To effectuate the rights created by the Act, states must establish procedures “to ensure that children with disabilities and their parents are guaranteed procedural safeguards with respect to the provision of a free appropriate public edueation[.]” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(a). One of those procedures is the opportunity to present complaints “with respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to such child.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6). Any complaints must be given an impartial due process hearing, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f), and if necessary a review by a higher state agency. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g). Those persons dissatisfied with the results of the administrative hearing and appeal may file suit in state or federal court for judicial review of the administrative decision. However, plaintiffs must exhaust their administrative remedies before filing a civil action to enforce their rights under the IDEA. Id. at *4. The IDEA also contains an exhaustion requirement by providing: Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict or limit the rights, procedures, and remedies available under the Constitution, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, or other Federal laws protecting the rights of children with disabilities, except that before the filing of a civil action under such laws seeking relief that is also available under this subchapter, the procedures under subsections (f) and (g) of this section shall be exhausted to the same extent as would be required had the action been brought under this subchapter. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(0. In this case, Plaintiff brings no claims directly under the IDEA and seeks compensatory damages which are not available under the IDEA. Regardless of how the claim is couched, a claim which relates directly to a student’s access to a FAPE is required to be exhausted. Long v. Dawson Springs Indep. Sch. Dist., 197 Fed.Appx. 427, 434 (6th Cir.2006). Further, a claims for damages, standing alone, does not excuse a plaintiff from exhausting her administrative remedies. Covington, 205 F.3d at 916. Instead, “ ‘when a plaintiff has alleged injuries that could be redressed to any degree by the IDEA’S procedures and remedies, exhaustion of those remedies is required.’ ” S.E. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., 544 F.3d 633, 642 (6th Cir.2008) (citation omitted). While exhaustion of claims which relate to a FAPE are generally required to be exhausted, “parents may bypáss the administrative process where exhaustion would be futile or inadequate.” Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 327, 108 S.Ct. 592, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988). In this case, Plaintiff alleges that it would have been futile for her to exhaust any administrative remedies. The Court finds merit to that contention. The IDEA set forth an “elaborate scheme” in its administrative remedies, Covington, 205 F.3d at 917, and the process is “time-consuming,” Honig, 484 U.S. at 326, 108 S.Ct. 592. Moreover, the IDEA is “not well-suited to remedying past instances of physical injuries” or providing relief for “retrospective injuries.” Covington, 205 F.3d at 918. Thus, it is futile for a plaintiff to have to exhaust administrative remedies where “the condition creating the damage has ceased and there is no equitable relief that would make [plaintiff] whole.” Id. In this case, Ms. Lopez asserts that she was provided notice of her procedural rights by Metro less than a month before Gilberto was sexually assaulted and she again requested that a monitor be placed on Gilberto’s bus only ten days before the incident at issue. Given this timeframe, it would have been futile for her to try to exhaust administrative remedies, and pursuit of those remedies certainly would not have resolved the issue about monitors being on the bus in time to prevent the injuries about which she now complains. Moreover, Ms. Lopez seeks to redress injuries resulting from Gilberto’s alleged rape, which is a “noneducational injur[y]” that does not require exhaustion. M.Y. v. Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 519 F.Supp.2d 995, 1002 (D.Minn.2007). See, Padilla v. Sch. Dist. No. 1, 233 F.3d 1268, 1274 (10th Cir.2000) (exhaustion under IDEA was not required where plaintiff sought redress for fractured skull and other physical injuries since “prospective educational benefits” could not “possibly begin to assuage Plaintiffs severe physical, and completely noneducational, injuries”); Bowden v. Dever, 2002 WL 472293 at *5 (D.Mass.2002) (“claim for violation of bodily integrity” under Section 1983 was not subject to exhaustion under the IDEA because the “administrative process would provide little benefit”). 4. Section 1983 Claims Plaintiff claims she is entitled to summary judgment because Defendants deprived Gilberto of rights guaranteed him under the Fourteenth Amendment because they acted with deliberate indifference under color of state law in violation of Section 1983. Plaintiff also claims that Metro is liable under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under the “state created” danger theory and Section 1983 for its failure to adequately train its bus drivers. (a) State Actors and Genesis To prevail on a Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must show the deprivation of a right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States that was caused by a person acting under color of state law. Boykin v. Van Buren Twp., 479 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir.2007). While Metro is a state actor for purposes of Section 1983, the same cannot be said of Genesis in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 102 S.Ct. 2764, 73 L.Ed.2d 418 (1982). In Rendell-Baker, the Supreme Court held that a private school which taught special needs children and received 90 percent of its funds from the state and was extensively regulated by the state was not a state actor within the meaning of Section 1983. The Court drew on its earlier decision in Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1011, 102 S.Ct. 2777, 73 L.Ed.2d 534 (1982) which held that a private nursing home did not engage in state action despite its extensive regulation by, and receipt of 90 percent of its income from, the state, and wrote: The school, like the nursing home, is not fundamentally different from many private corporations whose business depends primarily on contracts to build roads, bridges, dams, ships, or submarines for the government. Acts of such private contractors do not become acts of the government by reason of their significant or even total engagement in performing public contracts. Id. at 840-41, 102 S.Ct. 2764. While the Supreme Court recognized that educating maladjusted high school students is a public function, it explained that “the relevant inquiry is not simply whether the private group is serving a ‘public function’ ... [but] whether the function performed has been ‘traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the state.’ ” Id. Since education is not an exclusive governmental function, there was no symbiotic relationship or sufficiently close nexus between the private school and the state such that the private school could be characterized as a state actor for purposes of § 1983. Based upon Rendell-Baker, the Third Circuit in Black v. Indiana Area Sch. Dist., 985 F.2d 707 (3d Cir.1993) found that a bus company which provided school buses under contract to the state was not a state actor under Section 1983 in a suit brought on behalf of children who had been sexually molested on a school bus. In reaching that conclusion, the court wrote: It is clear from Rendell-Baker that a state contractor and its employees are not state actors simply because they are carrying out a state sponsored program and the contractor is being compensated therefor by the state. Nor does the fact that the activity being performed is a public function render the contractor and its employees state actors. For the nature of the contractor’s activity to make a difference, the function performed must have been “traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State.” Id. at 710 (internal citation omitted). The Court in Black concluded that the bus company and its employees were “indistinguishable” from the private school and its employees in RendelV-Baker. Given Rendell-Baker and its progeny, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish that Genesis was a state actor for purposes of her Section 1983 claims in this case, notwithstanding the fact that Genesis provided its services to, received funding from, and was regulated by the state. This is particularly so since the incident complained of occurred on a bus which was owned and operated by Metro, not Genesis. (b) Due Process and State-Created Danger Claim Against Metro Plaintiff claims that Gilberto’s Due Process rights were violated because Metro’s “affirmative acts increased the risk of harm.” Plaintiff seeks to hold Metro liable for this violation under the state-created danger theory. As a general proposition, governmental entities are not liable for injuries sustained by private citizens as a result of the citizen’s own or another private citizen’s conduct. DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dept. of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 196, 109 S.Ct. 998, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989). However, a “state-created danger” is an exception to this general rule because it allows governmental actors to be held liable for the conduct of private actors. “Liability under the state-created-danger theory is predicated upon affirmative acts by the state which either create or increase the risk that an individual will be exposed to private acts of violence.” Kallstrom v. City of Columbus, 136 F.3d 1055, 1066 (6th Cir.1998). The theory is that “ ‘[i]f the state puts a man in a position of danger from private persons and then fails to protect him, it will not be heard to say that its role was merely passive; it is as much an active tortfeasor as if it had thrown him into a snakepit.’ ” Id., quoting, Bowers v. DeVito, 686 F.2d 616, 618 (7th Cir.1982). In order to establish a state-created danger claim, a plaintiff must show: “(1) an affirmative act by the state which either created or increased the risk that the plaintiff would be exposed to an act of violence by a third party; (2) a special danger to the plaintiff wherein the state’s actions placed the plaintiff specifically at risk, as distinguished from a risk that affects the public at large; and (3) the state knew or should have known that its actions specifically endangered the plaintiff.” Cartwright v. City of Marine City, 336 F.3d 487, 493 (6th Cir.2003). With regard to the affirmative act, where there is “opportunity for reflection and unhurried judgment,” plaintiff must show deliberate indifference, meaning that the state actor was “aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Arledge v. Franklin County, 509 F.3d 258, 263 (6th Cir.2007) (citations omitted). In the state-created danger context, the critical issue is whether government officials “did anything ‘affirmative’ to ‘embolden’ the person causing harm to another.” Brooks v. Knapp, 221 Fed.Appx. 402, 406 (6th Cir.2008) (citing, Jones v. Reynolds, 438 F.3d 685, 703 (6th Cir.2006)). Thus, failure to act, as opposed to affirmative conduct, does not cause a “state-created danger” to arise. Id. However, because it may be difficult for a court to distinguish between action and inaction, the Sixth Circuit has refined the test by focusing on “whether [the victim] was safer before the state action than he was after it.” Cartwright, 336 F.3d at 493. If a plaintiff cannot identify conduct by the state actor which either created or increased the risk of harm to which plaintiff was exposed, then the conduct is said to “fall[ ] on the inaction side of the line.” Koulta v. Merciez, 477 F.3d 442, 446 (6th Cir.2007) (collecting cases). Likewise, if a victim is not identifiable at the time of the state action or inaction, a claim under the state-created danger exception will not apply. Id. at 447. In this case, Plaintiff has presented evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Metro engaged in conduct which placed Gilberto specifically at risk and created or increased a risk of harm to him. Taken in a light most favorable to her, there is some evidence which supports her theory that Metro affirmatively placed Gilberto, a young and vulnerable boy, on a special needs school bus with a nineteen year old student whom Metro knew to have a history of inappropriate sexual behavior, including sexual intercourse with female students and what can be characterized as predatory acts on young boys, including exposing his penis and making threats that he was “going to do it” with the “new kid.” Plaintiff alleges Metro did so in spite of her plea that her son be placed on a school bus with a monitor, and Ms. Harris’s pleas that her son Kolby not be placed on a school bus with young children. Instead of heeding such pleas, Kolby was placed on a school bus where he had relatively free reign, even though he had previously been under a Bus Safety Plan for his prior assault which was meant to insure that he be isolated from other children. Even after the alleged rape, Metro allowed Gilberto and Kolby to ride the same bus for another week. The Court finds that a jury could conclude from the evidence that Gilberto was less safe after Metro assigned him and Kolby to ride the same bus. A jury could also conclude that Metro acted with the requisite culpability. Its decision to place Kolby and Gilberto on the same bus was not a hurried or a split-second decision and, therefore, the standard to be used is deliberate indifference. See, McQueen v. Beecher Comm. Schs., 433 F.3d 460, 469 (6th Cir.2006) (teacher’s decision to leave some students in classroom while taking other students to computer classes was not “a split-second decision,” unlike decisions made by police officers in a shoot-out or high-speed vehicle chase). Deliberate indifference has been equated with subjective-recklessness and can “ ‘be proven circumstantially by evidence showing that the risk was so obvious that the official had to have known about it.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). The evidence construed in Plaintiffs favor could lead a jury to conclude that Metro had to have known of the obvious risk of Kolby potentially assaulting another student on a school bus without a monitor or some sort of special safety precautions. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to the following: • On August 20, 2003, Kolby was disciplined for engaging in a sexual act in his school. • In September 2005, Kolby was suspended for having oral sex and sexual intercourse with a student in the girls’ bathroom. This prompted a safety plan which required that he be escorted by an adult while on school grounds. • In January 2005, Kolby was suspended again for exposing his penis to a student on the school bus and telling the student that he was going to show the “new kid” his “privates” and “do it” to him. This prompted his Principal to write a memo in which she expressed great concern because the incident involved a “much younger child” and students were afraid of Kolby. • In January 2005, a bus safety plan was implemented which required Kolby to sit in a designated spot on the bus so that he would be away from other students and in view of the driver and with no other children seated near him. • Kolby was suspended again for ten days in December 2005 for having engaged in sexual activity with another student. • In May 2006, Kolby was alleged to have touched the “private parts” of yet another student. • At an IEP meeting on April 17, 2007, Plaintiff requested that a bus monitor be placed on Gilberto’s bus. Despite all of these events, as well as Ms. Harris’ request that Kolby be placed on a bus with a monitor, or at least on a bus with no small children, and Plaintiffs repeated request that Gilberto be placed on a bus with a monitor, Kolby was placed on the same bus as Gilberto. A jury could determine from these facts and circumstances that Metro was deliberately indifferent or subjectively reckless because of the potential risk of harm to Gilberto. In reaching the foregoing conclusion, the Court is aware of Metro’s heavy reliance upon this Court’s opinion in Staehling. While that case involved a sexual assault by one special education student on another special education student on a school bus designated for special education students, the alleged perpetrator in that case was not nineteen years old and did have Kolby’s record of sexually activity and abuse of younger students.. Quite the contrary, the evidence showed only that the perpetrator in Staehling had once kissed his victim weeks before the incident, but that incident was only reported to the school bus driver. While there had been previous generalized complaints about misconduct on special needs school buses and a “vanilla letter” from the Department of Education about assaults on such buses, those things “did not portend the type of harassment that is alleged to have occurred in this case some eight years later.” Staehling, 2008 WL 4279839 at *10. Staehling is factually inapposite. While Plaintiff has submitted facts which present questions for the jury, she has not submitted evidence which is so one-sided as to obviate the need for trial. In this regard, genuine issues of material fact exist, including, among others, whether Gilberto was in fact sexually assaulted, whether Gilberto was placed at a high risk because he was assigned to a bus with few students which included a nineteen year old boy with a record of sexual activity with other students, and whether Kolby engaged in sexual contact with younger boys, or only that he showed his penis to another male student. Therefore, there are genuine issue of material fact which exist as to whether Metro was actually deliberately indifferent. For these reasons, summary judgment will not be granted to either Plaintiff or Metro on their Section 1983 claims based on deliberate indifference or the “state created danger” theory. (c) Failure to Train Claim Against Metro Plaintiff also alleges that Gilberto’s due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment were violated by Metro’s alleged failure to properly train its bus drivers. This claims fails for several reasons. “[T]here are limited circumstances in which an allegation of ‘failure to train’ can be the basis for liability under § 1983.” City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 387, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989). Such liability may arise only where the governmental entity is deliberately indifferent by not training its employees adequately to address an obvious need. Beard v. Whitmore Lake Sch. Dist., 244 Fed.Appx. 607, 611 (6th Cir.2007). “Before a school district can be held liable for inadequate training, a plaintiff must show that (1) the district’s training was inadequate for the tasks that the employees performed, (2) the inadequacy was the result of deliberate indifference, and (3) the inadequacy was ‘closely related to’ or ‘actually caused’ the injury at issue.” Id. In this case, Plaintiff offers no definitive proof of how the bus driver’s alleged lack of training either caused or contributed to the incident that is the subject of this lawsuit, or how any additional training could have prevented it. While the Supreme Court in City of Canton explained that, in some circumstances, “the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need” if those policymakers do not provide the “obvious” training, id., 489 U.S. at 390, 109 S.Ct. 1197, Plaintiff offers no proof from which this Court or a jury could determine that a need for some sort of further training for school bus drivers was “obvious.” Plaintiff also fails to show that Metro failed to act in response to “ ‘repeated complaints of constitutional violations by its officers’ ” which would establish a pattern, particularly in light of the fact that Metro’s actions must be viewed “ex ante,” and not “ex post.” Beard, 244 Fed.Appx. at 612 (citation omitted). Moreover, Plaintiff has failed to show that the failure to train was a factor in the alleged rape committed by another student. See, Worthington v. Elmore County Bd. of Educ., 160 Fed.Appx. 877, 882 (11th Cir.2005) (summary judgment was appropriate where alleged assault was committed by a student on a school bus and there was no evidence the victim sought the help of the bus driver or otherwise did anything to get the attention of the bus driver). 5. Title IX Claims Title IX provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). In Davis v. Monroe County Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 119 S.Ct. 1661, 143 L.Ed.2d 839 (1999), the Supreme Court was presented with a peer-on-peer sexual harassment claim under Title IX. In granting certiorari, the Supreme Court aimed “to resolve a conflict in the Circuits over whether, and under what circumstances, a recipient of federal education funds can be liable in a private action for damages arising from student-on-student sexual harassment[.]” Id. at 637, 119 S.Ct. 1661. Moreover, the Supreme Court was called upon to “determine whether a district’s failure to respond to student-on-student harassment in its schools can support a private suit for money damages.” Id. at 638, 119 S.Ct. 1661. After reviewing the legislative history of the act and its prior rulings, the Supreme Court held that a school could be liable for peer-on-peer sexual harassment only if the school was deliberately indifferent. That is, schools “are properly held liable in damages only where they are deliberately indifferent to sexual harassment, of which they have actual knowledge, that is so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it can be said to deprive the victims of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school.” Id. at 650, 119 S.Ct. 1661. Liability is cabined by the deliberately indifferent standard since a school is only liable for acts of student-on-student harassment “where the [school’s] response to the harassment or lack thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circumstances.” Id. at 648, 119 S.Ct. 1661. “To establish a prima facie case of student-on-student sexual harassment, the plaintiff must demonstrate each of the following elements: (1) the sexual harassment was so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it could be said to deprive the plaintiff of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school, (2) the funding recipient had actual knowledge of the sexual harassment, and (3) the funding recipient was deliberately indifferent to the harassment.” Patterson v. Hudson Area Schs., 551 F.3d 438, 444-45 (6th Cir.2009). As explained below, the Court finds there are unresolved material questions of fact which exist with respect to each of these elements, making summary judgment for the Plaintiff, the United States, and/or Metro inappropriate. (a) Severe, Pervasive and Objectively Offensive Sexual Harassment With regard to the first prong of a prima facie case, the Supreme Court in Davis stated that “a plaintiff must establish sexual harassment of students that is so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive, and that so undermines and detracts from the victims’ educational experience, that the victim-students are effectively denied equal access to an institution’s resources and opportunities.” Davis, 526 U.S. at 651, 119 S.Ct. 1661. In this case, Plaintiff and the United States assert that this prong is met because Gilberto was raped and thereafter his educational experience suffered as a result of the trauma he endured. Most courts which have addressed the issue have concluded that even a single incident of rape is sufficient to establish that a child was subjected to severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive sexual harassment for purposes of Title IX. See, e.g., J.K v. Arizona Bd. of Regents, 2008 WL 4446712 at *12 (D.Ariz.2008); Kelly v. Yale Univ., 2003 WL 1563424 at *3 (D.Conn.2003); Doe v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 2002 WL 1592694 at **6-7 (N.D.Tex. 2002); but see, Ross v. Mercer Univ., 506 F.Supp.2d 1325, 1358 (M.D.Ga.2007). The leading ease for this proposition appears to be Soper v. Hoben, 195 F.3d 845 (6th Cir.1999), wherein the Sixth Circuit addressed a situation in which a mentally impaired elementary school student alleged that two students fondled her breasts and vagina in the classroom and on the school bus, and that a third boy raped her. The court stated that “[w]ith respect to the first prong of the Davis test,” evidence that plaintiff was raped “obviously qualifies as being s