Atkinson v. Lafayette College (653 F. Supp. 2d 581, 2009)

MEMORANDUM

BUCKWALTER, Senior District Judge.

Currently pending before the Court is a Motion by Defendant Lafayette College for Summary Judgment, the Response thereto of Plaintiff Eve Atkinson, and Defendant’s Reply Brief. For the following reasons, the Motion is granted and the case is dismissed in its entirety.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statement of Facts

Plaintiff, Eve Atkinson, received her bachelor and masters degrees from West Chester University, and a doctorate in education from Temple University. (Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. V.) In November 1989, she met with Herman Kissiah, Dean of Students at Defendant Lafayette College (“Lafayette” or “the College”), in connection with an opening in the athletics department. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. B, Eve Atkinson Dep. (“Atkinson Dep.”), 23:22-25:4, Nov. 22, 2002, Dec. 17, 2002, Sep. 19, 2008.) On December 28, 1989, the College hired her in the position of Director of Athletics and Professor and Head, Physical Education and Athletics, thereby making her the first woman appointed as athletic director in a coed Division I-AA program. (Id. at 84:14-19; Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. A.) Her appointment letter stated, as follows:

[Lafayette College] is pleased to appoint you to the position of Director of Athletics and Professor and Head, Physical Education and Athletics, effective January 29, 1990, with term thereafter at the pleasure of the President of the college and the board of Trustees. It is further understood that your initial appointment will be through June 30, 1992, and that you would be subject to the procedures for due notice as apply to the faculty which would ensure you a minimum of one year’s notice.

(Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. A.) As Plaintiff testified, Dean Kissiah told her that “the position was a position with faculty appointment. It was an administrative position plus a faculty appointment position .... He said the position was not offered at that time with tenure, but that it was a faculty position and that it would be controlled by the faculty handbook.” (Atkinson Dep. 54:2-22.) Effectively, it encompassed three roles: (1) full professor; (2) department head; and (3) director of athletics. (Id. at 57:16-19.)

Plaintiff was not terminated after her initial two and a half year term. Rather, from July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000, Plaintiff was notified, on an annual basis, of salary increases. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. J.)

Part of Plaintiffs responsibility involved ensuring compliance with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. which prohibits, in part, sex discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. 20 U.S.C. § 1681, et seq. Throughout her tenure with the College. Plaintiff was involved with Title IX issues, including advocating for both female employees and female students in the athletic programs. (Atkinson Dep. 150:8-18, 425:11-426:9, 507:12-508:1.) Part of her obligations included looking at the subject of gender equity under Title IX, ensuring that the College was in compliance with Title IX and, if it was not in compliance, “to offer remedies to resolve that.” (Id. at 363:14-365:3.) As Plaintiff testified, the President of the College, Dr. Ellis, encouraged her to address issues regarding the disparities between men’s and women’s sports at the College. (Id. at 161:16-24.) Such encouragement was ongoing from at least 1992 through to the tenure of later President Arthur Rothkopf. (Id. at 575: 21-576:1.)

From the outset of her appointment, Plaintiff complained about gender inequities in the Department of Athletics and regularly made recommendations on Title IX issues. (Id. at 364:9-865:3; 555:22-556:13, 572:6-576:12; PL’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. J, Atkinson Aff. (“Atkinson Aff.”) ¶ 8, Feb. 18, 2003.) In the course of her almost decade-long employment, Plaintiff worked on increasing scholarships to women athletes, (id. 159:22-156:3). equitable funding of sports programs, (id. at 245:3-12), hiring full-time as opposed to part-time coaches for the women’s athletic programs, (id. at 287:12-24), and ensuring equal pay for the female coaching staff. (Id. at 425:11-426:9. 507:12-20.) Patricia Fisher, the women’s basketball coach and later the College’s assistant athletic director, testified that Plaintiff was vocal in her advocacy for Title IX compliance and voiced her opinions openly at committee meetings. (PL’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. C. Patricia Fisher Dep. (“Fisher Dep.”), 22:1-23:19, Dec. 17, 2008.)

In January of 1996, Plaintiff became involved with a College self-study designed, in part, to evaluate the College’s efforts on gender and racial equality. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. C, Leslie Muhlfelder Dep. (“Muhlfelder Dep.”), 17:17-19:4, Dec. 18, 2008.) The findings were to be presented to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”). (Id.) Leslie Muhlfelder, the College’s General Counsel, was appointed by President Rothkopf to chair the Subcommittee on Commitment to Equity because of her knowledge of Title IX. (Muhlfelder Dep. 18:13-19:4; Atkinson Dep. 632:12-633:11.)

Although Plaintiff was not a member of the Subcommittee, she saved as staff to provide information regarding the athletics department. (Muhlfelder Dep. 20:6-21:4.) In that role, she repeatedly raised issues of gender equality in the context of the College’s athletic budget. (Atkinson Aff. ¶ 9.) For example, in the summer of 1996, Plaintiff presented a multitude of points to Dean Kissiah, to which he responded as follows:

Let me pick up on a couple of items on your retreat. Clearly the program was a comprehensive one and covered the many issues facing our athletic program. I commend you for the way you’ve organized the department for the benefit of Lafayette.

I do want to call your attention to a couple of minor points on which we might want to move slowly. I note these as follows:

1. Mission Statement — lets go slow on putting this down on parchment and displaying it in the lobby. I do want approval of the Board by September 28 before we go widely public.

2. NCAA Certification — I do agree that we need to meet these deadlines and I will do better this next year.

3. Addition of Women’s Crew — I suggest we don’t even bother with this one at this time. I will be happy to discuss with you at some length if need be.

4. Hoops Pass — we can discuss later on as noted in an earlier memo to you.

5. Logo — Good idea. Make sure that Scott keeps Glenn fully advised and that it is consistent with what Glenn wants to do with the College’s overall program.

6. Twenty Five Years of Women’s Athletics — Great idea, maybe AJR [President Rothkopf] will give us some money on this one.

(PL’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. W.) Further, in an October 30, 1996 memorandum from Plaintiff to Muhlfelder, Plaintiff demonstrated her continued awareness of and advocacy for Title IX issues:

Listed below are the needs we feel need to be addressed by the committee and items of recommendations to be included in the final report of the Commitment to Equity Committee. These needs are ones that we believe are necessary to enable the Department of Athletics and Physical Education to become more equitable within its entire program.

1. Add on full-time assistant coaches of Women’s Sports.

2. Elevate one part-time head coach of a women’s sport to full-time status.

3. Hire a minority female coach(es) for a women’s team(s),

4. Recruitment of additional minority student-athletes for women’s teams.

5. Renovate locker room facilities at Kirby Field House.

6. Renovate McCracken Field House for additional women’s locker rooms.

7. Add two additional outdoor playing fields at Metzgar for women’s teams.

8. Separate budget accounts for the same or like sports that have different Head Coaches.

9. Re-evaluate coaching positions for teams and discuss overlapping of coaching and other job responsibilities.

We would be available to discuss the justifications of these items with the committee and would be grateful for any help the committee could offer to our department in these areas. Thank you for your assistance.

(Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. E.)

The full report of the College self-study was submitted to the NCAA in fall 1997. (Muhlfelder Dep. 21:19-24.) It concluded that, as of June 30, 1996, the College had demonstrated equitable treatment of men and women in various areas, but recommended renovation of women’s locker room space at Kirby House and McCracken Field House. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. D.) In addition, the report deferred to the Gender Equity Plan developed by Plaintiff and her staff recommending elevation of a part-time women’s team coaching position to full-time equivalency by June 30, 1999, and implementation of a long-range plan for reallocating coaching staff and positions within the Department by June 30, 2000, to provide more full-time recruitment of female student-athletes. (Id.)

In May of 1998. the NCAA certified the College as compliant with Title IX and indicated that any Title IX plans for improvement outlined by the College had to be implemented according to the College’s self-imposed deadlines. (Atkinson Dep., Ex. 30.) Additionally, the NCAA imposed several requirements that did not affect current certification, but which the College would be required to enact in order to maintain certification. (Id.) The NCAA and President Rothkopf corresponded about these latter requirements over the summer of 1998. (Id. Ex. 31.) By August 20, 1998, the NCAA conclusively determined that “the actions taken by the institution satisfy the requirement established by the committee related to reviewing the university’s gender-equity plan with the goal of increasing female student-athlete opportunities.” (Id.)

According to Plaintiff, her dispute with the College administration accelerated in mid-1998, when she began to push the College to expend additional funds for expanding women’s athletics. (Atkinson Dep. 626:6-628:8.) Both President Rothkopf and Dean Kissiah explained that they were unwilling to allocate any more of the College’s funds for athletics, and told Plaintiff that she had to work with the department’s current funds to attain total Title IX compliance. (Id. at 628:9-629:18.) Accordingly, the issue, as described by Plaintiff, became not whether to be compliant with Title IX, but the source of the money necessary to achieve that compliance. (Id. at 631:24-632:22.) Plaintiff conceded that Muhlfelder, the person within the university charged with determining Title IX compliance, was supportive of Plaintiffs efforts. (Id. at 632:23-633:9.)

When Plaintiffs push for new funds was rejected by the administration, she attempted to reshuffle the department’s existing funds and develop a plan to cut certain sports, while adding others, in order to attain further Title IX compliance measures. (Id. at 590:17-591:7; Muhlfelder Dep. 38:24-39:10; 40:8:42:5.) The resulting “Plan to Enhance the Department of Athletics and Physical Education” was approved by President Rothkopf and submitted to the Board Committee for Athletics and Student Affairs in October 1998. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. F, Arthur Rothkopf Dep. (“Rothkopf Dep. (2008)”), 27:11-30:16, Nov. 24, 2008.) The Plan recommended the elimination of four varsity sports — baseball, men’s lacrosse, fencing, and volleyball — and four junior varsity sports — football, men’s basketball, field hockey, and women’s lacrosse. (Id. Ex. 58, 14.) These actions would have made approximately $172,000 available for distribution to other varsity sports, including the cost of two-full time coaching positions that would be reallocated to women’s soccer and either field hockey or women’s lacrosse. (Id.)

Upon review of this proposal, however, the Board of Trustees Committee on Athletics and Student Affairs decided that before approving any such changes, it should conduct a broader and more comprehensive study of the entire athletic program. (Rothkopf Dep. (2008) 33:14-34:13.) The Board indicated that it would take a hard, realistic look at the capital and operating costs of making Lafayette’s athletic program competitive. (Id. at 34:14-35:7.) This study was designed to determine whether the College should maintain all of its intercollegiate athletic activities at the Division I level of the NCAA rankings, or alternatively, and pursuant to a proposal by President Rothkopf, decrease its spending on athletics by either eliminating the men’s football program entirely or going down to a Division III status. (Atkinson Dep. 587:16-588:14.)

Plaintiff remained strongly opposed to both eliminating football and altering the divisional status, as she felt it was not in the best interests of the College to do so in the middle of the capital campaign. (Id. at 426:21 — 427:17; 588:17-589:6.) On October 26, 1998, during the Board study of the Athletics Department, Plaintiff called a specially-scheduled meeting with all of the student-athletes to express her continued opposition to these alternate proposals. At this meeting, she stated:

I, the senior athletic administration and coaching staff are firmly committed to keeping the “excellence” in the Lafayette Experience. We are fully committed to fighting to have Lafayette’s athletic program remain in Division I and to be competitive within the Patriot League. 1 personally will fight this battle with respect and diligence until I am fired or die in the job. I have formally expressed my strong viewpoints regarding retaining Division I status to the Central Administration. This Division 1 vs. Division III battle has been on going every two years for the past nine years. I am committed to fighting this battle again through this academic year. But I need your help, support and we must network together with the faculty, administration and alumni. We need to remain as a united department for getting additional resources as a Division I institution.

(Atkinson Dep., Ex. 17, A-04374-75.) Notably. Plaintiff made no mention of any Title IX issues in her outline for the meeting. Neither Dean Kissiah nor President Rothkopf confronted Plaintiff about her organized protest. (Atkinson Aff. ¶ 17.)

Tensions between Plaintiff and College administration came to a head in November of 1998, during the course of the Board study. The remaining dispute concerned the lack of money to fund the athletic department as a whole, which, by its nature, encompassed funding to ensure gender equity. (Atkinson Dep. at 613:1-19.) Dean Kissiah and Plaintiff had previously reviewed projected costs of funding a co-ed Division I athletic program generally, but, during a November 18, 1998 meeting of a subcommittee of the faculty reviewing the status department, Dean Kissiah presented inflated versions of Plaintiffs projections and numbers without ever informing Plaintiff that he had changed her figures. (Id. at 169:21-170:9; 177:17-178:5; 336:1-11.) After the meeting, Plaintiff confronted him and indicated that he did not make an accurate representation to the Board since he altered figures that were presented on her behalf. (Id. at 169:21-14; 175:19-176:12.) Further, she complained that he had unfairly surprised her, in violation of the President’s guidelines, by not telling her about the changed figures prior to the meeting. (Id.) According to Plaintiff, Kissiah then became very “irate.” approached her and stood over her with his fist clenched and raised over her head, threatening her and trying to intimidate her. (Id. at 170:15-22.) He said things to the effect of “this is the way it will be, take it or leave it,” “[y]ou want everything your way,” and “I’ve had it up to here [raising his hand] with athletics and all of this report.” (Id. at 170:22-171:4.) Plaintiff felt physically threatened, intimidated, upset, and brought to the point of tears because of his unprofessional behavior. (Id. at 170:22-23, 174:1-10, 178:21-179:17.) This was the first time that Kissiah had ever acted in this way toward Plaintiff, and it never happened on any subsequent occasion. (Id. at 180:15-181:3.)

Immediately thereafter. Plaintiff reported the incident both to Muhlfelder, who also served as the director of human resources, and to President Rothkopf. (Atkinson Dep. 172:1-14.) Plaintiff indicated that Kissiah’s behavior was unprofessional, that the President’s directive regarding not surprising people in meetings was not followed by Kissiah, and that “the whole point was that he wasn’t playing fair” by presenting documents at that meeting that he had not shared with her prior to the meeting. (Id. at 335:2-336:19.) She wanted to “go on notice that this was not proper professional behavior, that [she] would not subject [herself] to that again and be emotionally upset that way again by [her] supervisor and that ... some action should be taken.” (Id. at 337:19-338:1.) During her subsequent deposition, she stated her belief that this was discrimination against her due to her position on the general funding of both men’s and women’s sports, as follows:

Q. You believe you were discriminated against or retaliated against because you oppose the budgetary allocations to men’s and women’s sports?

A. It’s not opposed. It’s the issue that more funding — I was very clear on more funding, and the president knew this, the president knew this from board meetings, the members of the board knew it from 1996 on, that more money needed to be spent. It’s written in the board documents and the president knew that.

Q. So it had to do. however, with the funding of the men’s and women’s programs?

A. That’s correct.

(Id. at 338:24-340:5.) Despite Plaintiffs report of this incident, neither Rothkopf nor Muhlfelder ever met with Kissiah or discussed it with him. (Kissiah Dep. 101:14-102:20.)

The day after the incident. Dean Kissiah left Plaintiff a phone message saying that he was disappointed that their encounter was not more productive. (Atkinson Dep. 393:2-24.) During a subsequent meeting, Plaintiff told him that she did not enjoy being treated the way he treated her, to which he responded that “this was a pressure time and, that he was under pressure and this whole study on athletics was very trying on everyone.” (Id. 394:14-24.) She never raised the incident again with him. (Id. at 396:7-11.) Plaintiff agreed that everyone working on the Board study felt under pressure. (Id. at 395:11-14.)

In January of 1999, the Board completed its study and elected to both retain the College’s Division I status and conduct an additional capital campaign for athletics. (Id. at 552:7-18.) As a result of the additional funding, the Board passed a resolution, on April 9, 1999. making money available for the addition of three new coaching positions: head women’s soccer coach, head women’s lacrosse coach, and full-time women’s softball coach, thereby putting the College, in Plaintiffs view, in full compliance with Title IX. (Id. at 553:7-555:21; 595:10-597:1.)

According to Plaintiff, subsequent to her complaints about Kissiah’s actions, she was subject to various forms of purportedly retaliatory behavior designed to weaken her faculty position and tenure status. For example, in April of 1999, intramurals and recreation, a significant component of her physical education position, was taken out of her supervision. (Id. at 286:12-19.) Moreover, from January 15, 1999, until his retirement on October 31, 1999, Dean Kissiah met with President Rothkopf and raised concerns about whether Plaintiff should continue to lead the athletics department. (Kissiah Dep. 122:20-123:17.) Kissiah further indicated to Rothkopf that he had spoken with members of the football staff, field hockey program, and administrative department, who expressed concern that leadership was not taking them where they needed to go, and that morale was low based on frustration with the department’s management. (Id. at 123:13-124:17.)

Finally, in August 1999, Kissiah prepared a detailed written evaluation of her performance, which, in some regards, was highly complimentary, and in other regards raised concerns about her leadership abilities. Ultimately, the evaluation concluded with the following summary:

As Director, Eve brings to the position many strengths. She is highly organized, dedicated, and gives enormous amounts of time to complete the task. Responsibilities are complicated by the fact that the College budget does not permit as complete an administrative staff as is generally necessary for a program of this magnitude. On the other hand, Eve’s relationships with staff, both within and without her department, are sometimes problematic. Her single-minded dedication to the Intercollegiate Athletic Program has hurt her in the eyes of other divisional staff who believe they give regularly of their time and effort to broader College programs. Eve has enabled the College to develop a strong athletic schedule, although our win/loss record is not good. The resources that have now been provided will “raise the ante” and more will be expected. At the conclusion of my first four or five evaluations I told her to relax and quit trying to win the job all over again. While one can appreciate her single-minded dedication, there are times when one must loosen up, listen to the comments and criticisms of others, and try to modify behavior.

(Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. M.) Upon receipt of the eleven-page evaluation, Plaintiff responded to Dean Kissiah with a detailed letter request that he raise his final evaluation rating of “Meets Expectations” to “Exceeds Expectations.” (Id.) By way of memoranda dated on October 4, 1999 and October 14, 1999, Dean Kissiah declined to change his summary evaluation rating, and indicated that both the evaluation and her comments would be forwarded to the Office of Human Resources. (PL’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. N.)

On November 4, 1999, President Rothkopf summarily terminated Plaintiff from all of her positions with the College, effective June 30, 2001, stating that he believed that “the Athletics Department would benefit from new leadership.” (Defs Mot. Summ. J., Ex. H.) Although Plaintiff asked him for more specific reasons, he never supplied any answers. (Atkinson Dep. 353:8-353:18, 360:18-361:11, 470:15-20, 510:4-511:22, 546:12-18.) Rothkopf conceded that following Plaintiffs notice of non-reappointment, he did not provide her with any writing that would have allowed her to know the full basis of his decision. (Rothkopf Dep. (2008) 59:7-13.)

After the filing of the present lawsuit, Rothkopf, upon questioning, began to articulate reasons for Plaintiffs termination. (Defs Mot. Summ. J., Ex. I, Resp. to Interrogatory 3.) Specifically, he indicated:

[T]he termination decision was based on the conclusion that new leadership was needed in the Athletics Department. The President of the College concluded, in consultation with others, that Plaintiff was not the right person to lead the Athletics Department in the future. The President of the College believed that Plaintiffs leadership and management skills were deficient. He believed that her management style alienated others and led to poor relations and low morale in the Athletics Department and to working relationships with others in College administration that were not constructive. The President of the College also believed that Plaintiff had exercised poor judgment in a variety of situations, which lessened his confidence in her abilities. Moreover, Plaintiffs conduct during the study of athletics by the College’s Board of Trustees during 1998 and into January of 1999, mentioned in the answer to interrogatory 2, diminished his confidence in her judgment and in her willingness to support his administration.

The President consulted with the Dean of Students. Herman C. Kissiah, at various times, and with his successor in that position. James Krivoski, about the decision to issue the termination notice. They supported the termination decision. He also sought legal advice from the College’s General Counsel, Leslie Muhlfelder. The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees were informed of this decision on various occasions.

(Id.) Moreover, in Response to Interrogatory Two, Rothkopf indicated:

Plaintiffs leadership and management skills were deficient. Plaintiff did not have a constructive working relationship with numerous people at the College. Her management style contributed to poor relations and low morale among personnel in the Athletics Department and poor working relationships with individuals working in other divisions in the College.

Plaintiff exercised poor judgment in a variety of ways. This includes, for example, the matter identified in the first four “bullets” under the heading Teamwork and Communication in her performance evaluation in 1999, and in connection with the matter of the President’s approval or instructions mentioned in the note dated January 19, 1999.... Plaintiff also acted inappropriately by fomenting opposition to possible changes to the College’s intercollegiate athletics program that were under consideration by the Board of Trustees during 1998 and into the beginning of 1999. Her actions undermined the College’s ability to conduct a reasoned study as called for by the Board. Also, Plaintiff at times would not follow the instructions of her supervisor James Krivoski.

(Id. at Resp. to Interrogatory 2.)

Similarly, in deposition testimony, both Rothkopf and Kissiah offered insight into the basis for Plaintiffs termination. Rothkopf indicated that Plaintiff had become insubordinate, after the Board of Trustees announced that it wanted to conduct a dispassionate study of the College’s athletic program, by organizing a group of student athletes to oppose any changes in the College’s athletic program and to effectively protest any dropping of sports or change in the status of the College’s division. (Rothkopf Dep. (2008) 41:17-42:11.) He considered her to be going beyond what was appropriate for an employee of the college. (Id. at 42:11-15.) Additionally, Rothkopf cited various conversations he had had with other individuals in the College’s community in which they expressed their concerns about Plaintiffs management style. (Id. at 67:3-69:13.)

Moreover, Dean Kissiah testified that President Rothkopf expressed concern about Plaintiffs efforts to end-run Kissiah’s authority. (Kissiah Dep. 87:8-88:5.) Kissiah also stated that he spoke with members of the football staff, head coach of the field hockey program, and several administrative officers — all of whom reported low morale and poor leadership. (Id. at 123:18-124:11, 135:8-136:18, 162:1-8.)

Even after her non-reappointment. Plaintiff continued to press for the College’s Title IX compliance. (Pi’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Exs. P, Q, R.) President Rothkopf assumed that she would do so “because that was part of her responsibility.” (Rothkopf Dep. (2008) 59:15-20.) New gender equity goals were both planned and implemented past the date of Plaintiffs termination. (Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. S (Gender Equity Plan revised on July 6, 2000), Ex. T (Draft Gender Equity Plan dated May 7, 2002).)

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed a complaint under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”), 43 Pa. Stat. 951, et seq., on May 2, 2000. The complaint challenged her termination and the denial of both her tenure status and requested faculty appeals. See Atkinson v. Lafayette, 460 F.3d 447, 451 (3d Cir.2006) (setting forth procedural history). In particular, she claimed that she was terminated and denied a faculty appeals because of her gender and the College’s pattern and practice of discharging qualified female employees — a practice to which similarly situated males had not been subject. Id. She did not allege retaliation in this complaint, which was also filed with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). Id.

Subsequently, in responding to an EEOC questionnaire concerning her employment claim. Plaintiff asserted that the basis for her discharge was sex, retaliation, and age. Id. As to the retaliation claim, she specified that her notice of termination was retaliation against her for her insistence that Title-IX anti-discrimination law be followed or, in other words, that equal funding and personnel be given to both women’s and men’s sports programs. Id.

Plaintiff initiated the current federal action on May 1, 2001, alleging: (1) gender discrimination and retaliation under Title VII and the PHRA (Counts I and II); (2) retaliation in violation of Title IX (Count III) ; and (3) breach of contract (Count IV) . Upon consideration of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, this Court granted the motion as to Atkinson’s claims of breach of contract and Title VII claims against President Rothkopf, individually. The Court further dismissed her retaliation claim under Title IX, finding no private right of action to enforce such claims, pursuant to Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S.Ct. 1511, 149 L.Ed.2d 517 (2001). Atkinson v. Lafayette College, Civ. A. No. 01-2141, 2002 WL 123449 (E.D. Jan. 29, 2002). Subsequently, this Court granted Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to all of Plaintiffs remaining counts. Atkinson v. Lafayette College, Civ. A. No. 01-2141, 2003 WL 21956416 (E.D.Pa. Jul. 24, 2003).

Plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which affirmed all of this Court’s previous rulings, save for the dismissal of Plaintiffs Title IX retaliation claim. Atkinson v. Lafayette College, 460 F.3d 447 (3d Cir. 2006). The Third Circuit noted that, subsequent to this Court’s January 2002 decision on the Motion for Summary Judgment, the United States Supreme Court had issued a ruling in Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Ed., 544 U.S. 167, 125 S.Ct. 1497, 161 L.Ed.2d 361 (2005), which held that Title IX’s private right of action encompassed claims of retaliation against an individual. Atkinson, 460 F.3d at 451-52. Accordingly, the Third Circuit vacated the dismissal of Plaintiffs Title IX retaliation claim and remanded it back to this Court for further proceedings consistent with Jackson. Id.

Following additional discovery. Defendant Lafayette College filed the present Motion for Summary Judgment as to Count III. The Motion alleges that Plaintiff has failed to produce sufficient evidence to support a prima facie case that her dismissal from employment was in retaliation for opposition to practices made unlawful by Title IX. Further, it alleges that Plaintiff neglected to raise a genuine issue of material fact that the College President’s reasons for her dismissal were untrue and, instead, a pretext for Title IX retaliation. Plaintiff responded on March 23, 2009, and Defendant filed a Reply Brief on April 27, 2009. The Court now turns to a discussion of this remaining issue.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.CivP. 56(c). A factual dispute is “material” only if it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). For an issue to be “genuine,” a reasonable fact-finder must be able to return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party. Id.

On summary judgment, it is not the court’s role to weigh the disputed evidence and decide which is more probative, or to make credibility determinations. Boyle v. County of Allegheny, Pa., 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998) (citing Petruzzi’s IGA Supermarkets, Inc. v. Darling-Del. Co. Inc., 998 F.2d 1224, 1230 (3d Cir.1993)). Rather, the court must consider the evidence, and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citing U.S. v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962)); Tigg Corp. v. Dow Corning Corp., 822 F.2d 358, 361 (3d Cir. 1981). If a conflict arises between the evidence presented by both sides, the court must accept as true the allegations of the non-moving party, and “all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

Although the moving party bears the initial burden of showing an absence of a genuine issue of material fact, it need not “support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s claim.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). It can meet its burden by “pointing out ... that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s claims.” Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the movant has carried its initial burden, the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to material facts.” Matsushita Elec., 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348. “There must ... be sufficient evidence for a jury to return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party; if the evidence is merely colorable or not significantly probative, summary judgment should be granted.” Armbruster v. Unisys Corp., 32 F.3d 768, 777 (3d Cir.1994), abrogated on other grounds, Showalter v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 190 F.3d 231 (3d Cir.1999).

III. DISCUSSION

As noted above, this suit’s sole remaining count involves Plaintiffs allegation of retaliation based on her activity under Title IX. Title IX provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). In other words, it bars sex discrimination by recipients of federal education funding. Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 544 U.S. 167, 173, 125 S.Ct. 1497, 161 L.Ed.2d 361 (2005). In 2005, the United States Supreme Court explicitly determined that “Retaliation against a person because that person has complained of sex discrimination is another form of intentional sex discrimination encompassed by Title IX’s private cause of action. Retaliation is, by definition, an intentional act. It is a form of ‘discrimination’ because the complainant is being subjected to differential treatment.” Id. at 173-74, 125 S.Ct. 1497. Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that “when a funding recipient retaliates against a person because he complains of sexual discrimination, this constitutes intentional ‘discrimination’ ‘on the basis of sex,’ in violation of Title IX.” Id. at 174, 125 S.Ct. 1497 (emphasis in original).

“In allowing claims for retaliation under Title IX, the Supreme Court has nonetheless neglected to provide a scheme by which they may be analyzed.” Dawn L. v. Greater Johnstown Sch. Dist., Civ. A. No. 06-19, 2008 WL 2620170 at *4 (W.D.Pa. Jul. 2, 2008). Following the Supreme Court’s lead in turning to Title VII jurisprudence for Title IX cases, lower courts have adopted the Title VII framework to analyze Title IX retaliation claims. Id. (citing Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581, 616, 119 S.Ct. 2176, 144 L.Ed.2d 540 (1999)) (further citations omitted). Under Title VII jurisprudence, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of retaliation, which involves a three-prong test showing that: (1) the plaintiff engaged in protected activity; (2) the plaintiff experienced a materially adverse action either after or contemporaneously with the protected activity; and (3) there was a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action. Dawn L. v. Greater Johnstown Sch. Dist., 586 F.Supp.2d 332, 374 (W.D.Pa.2008) (citing Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420, 430 (3d Cir.2001)); see also Theriault v. Dollar General, 336 Fed.Appx. 172, 173-74 (3d Cir.2009).

If a plaintiff can satisfy the three elements of the prima facie case, then the subsequent analyses differ depending on the types of evidence available. Dawn L., 586 F.Supp.2d at 375. Where there is direct evidence of retaliation, the defendant must demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, “ ‘that it would have reached the same decision’ absent Plaintiffs’ protected conduct.” Id. (quoting Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 261, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989) (O’Connor, J., concurring)). Where, however, the plaintiff has produced only circumstantial evidence of retaliation, the defendant need only respond with “ ‘legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason[s] for its actions.’ ” Id. (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973); Hicks v. Tech. Indus., 512 F.Supp.2d 338, 357 (W.D.Pa.2007)). Once the defendant meets that burden of production, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant’s ‘“proffered explanation was false, and that retaliation was the real reason for the adverse ... action.’ ” Id. (quoting Moore v. City of Phila., 461 F.3d 331, 342 (3d Cir.2006) (internal quotations omitted)). “[T]o avoid summary judgment, the plaintiffs evidence rebutting the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons must allow a factfinder reasonably to infer that each of the employer’s proffered nondiscriminatory reasons ... was either a post hoc fabrication or otherwise did not actually motivate the employment action (that is, the proffered reason is a pretext).” Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 764 (3d Cir.1994) (internal citation omitted). The evidence relied upon by the parties at the prima facie stage may and should be considered during the pretext phase as well. Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 286 (3d Cir.2000).

In the case at bar. Defendant claims that it is entitled to summary judgment on two grounds. First, it argues that Plaintiff has failed to set forth a prima facie case of Title IX retaliation. Second, it contends that, even assuming a prima facie ease exists, Plaintiff has failed to rebut the College’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its actions. This Court considers each argument individually.

A. Whether Plaintiff Has Established a Prima Facie Case of Title IX Retaliation

As noted above, a prima facie case of Title IX discrimination involves three prongs: (1) protected activity; (2) a materially adverse action; and (3) a causal link between the two. Weston, 251 F.3d at 430. Defendant concedes, for purposes of this Motion, that Plaintiffs dismissal from her employment with the College fits the definition of an adverse action. (Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 16-17.) Thus, the Court focuses its analysis on prongs one and three.

1. Protected Activity

“[Rjetaliation claims extend to those who oppose discrimination against others.” Jackson, 544 U.S. at 180, 125 S.Ct. 1497. Accordingly, “[pjrotected activities,” as described in the first element, “include complaints of sexual discrimination to the courts, government agencies, or the funding recipient.” Dawn L., 586 F.Supp.2d at 374 (citing Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006)). “So long as it is ‘possible to discern from the context of the statement’ that an individual opposed an unlawful practice, public expressions of opposition, including interviews with the press, are also protected.” Dawn L., 586 F.Supp.2d at 374 (quoting Curay-Cramer v. Ursuline Acad, of Wilmington, Del, Inc., 450 F.3d 130, 135-36 (3d Cir.2006) (further citations omitted)).

A plaintiff alleging a claim of retaliation need not demonstrate that the conduct he opposed was actually a violation of the law, so long as he possessed a reasonable, good faith belief that the underlying actions of the employer actually violated the law. Aman v. Cort Furniture Rental Corp., 85 F.3d 1074, 1085 (3d Cir. 1996). “To put it differently, if no reasonable person could have believed that the underlying incident complained about constituted unlawful discrimination, then the complaint is not protected.” Wilkerson v. New Media Tech. Charter Sch. Inc., 522 F.3d 315, 322 (3d Cir.2008). To that end, however, “not every complaint about unfair practices or perceived slights qualify as ‘protected activity.’ ” Isler v. Keystone Sch. Dist., Civ. A. No. 07-1335, 2008 WL 3540603, at *9 (W.D.Pa. Aug. 12, 2008), affd, 335 Fed.Appx. 200 (3d Cir.2009). The employee’s belief that the activity he opposes is unlawful must be objectively reasonable and held in good faith, and the employee’s “opposition” to the unlawful discrimination must not be equivocal. Moore v. City of Phila., 461 F.3d 331, 341 (3d Cir.2006). While informal complaints about unlawful discrimination may suffice as protected activity, the “message must at a minimum convey the speaker’s express or implicit protest of discriminatory practices that violate the federal anti-discrimination statutes.” Isler, 2008 WL 3540603, at *10. “A general complaint of unfair treatment is insufficient to establish protected activity.” Curay-Cramer, 450 F.3d at 135.

In the current Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant contends that Plaintiff failed to show that she engaged in “protected activity.” Plaintiff responds that, throughout her employment as Athletic Director for the College, she not only pushed for full compliance with Title IX, but continuously pointed out facets of the athletic program that were not in full compliance, thereby engaging in protected conduct based on a good faith belief that Title IX was being violated. In light of the extensive duration over which this case spans, the Court considers Plaintiffs activities during two different time periods: (a) the period from her hiring in January 1990 to the time of the NCAA certification in May of 1998; and (b) the period from May 1998 to her notice of non-reappointment in November of 1999.

a. January 1990 to May 1998

From the period of January 1990 to May of 1998, the evidence establishes that Plaintiff continuously sought Title IX compliance by the College. As noted in detail above, Plaintiff repeatedly and consistently advocated for both female employees and female students in the athletic program. (Atkinson Dep. 150:8-18, 425:11-426:9, 507:12-508:1.) She worked on increasing scholarships to female athletes, ensuring equitable funding of sports programs, hiring full-time coaches for women’s sports, and assuring equal pay for female coaching staff. (Id. at 159:22-156:3, 245:3-12, 287:12-24, 425:11-426:9, 507:12-20.) Additionally, in connection with the College’s NCAA self-study. Plaintiff was an integral and vocal advisor to the Subcommittee on Commitment to Equity, pointing out numerous issues of non-compliance. (Pi’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J, Ex. E, W.)

Moreover, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff proves that she maintained a good faith belief that the College’s athletic program was in violation of Title IX. The College engaged in a self-study in order to ensure compliance with Title IX. suggesting it believed it was not in full compliance. Further, the Subcommittee on Commitment to Equity recommended that multiple measures be taken to improve the College’s Title IX status, again indicating that the College believed improvement was warranted. Given the College’s own belief in its Title IX shortcomings, a reasonable jury could find that Plaintiff held a good faith belief that the College’s actions, in the structuring of its athletics department from 1990 to 1998, violated the dictates of Title IX.

Nonetheless, Plaintiffs Title IX activities fail to fall within the realm of “protected conduct” because she never engaged in activity that was either adverse to the College or outside the scope of her position as Athletic Director. The United States Supreme Court, in Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006). enunciated the general proposition that, in order to state a retaliation claim, complaints made within the scope of an employee’s job cannot constitute protected conduct. Id. at 421-24, 126 S.Ct. 1951. While limited by its facts to the context of a public employee’s rights under the First Amendment, Garcetti’s broader holding has since been expanded to stand for the more general proposition that. “[i]n cases where it is a third party who is attempting to help the alleged victim of discrimination assert her rights, ‘protected activity’ is limited to activity that is adverse to the company, or outside the employee’s normal employment role; this would include the filing of a complaint, but not reporting suspected discrimination to a supervisor.” Vidal v. Ramallo Bros. Printing, Inc., 380 F.Supp.2d 60, 62 (D.P.R.2005) (citing Claudio-Gotay, 375 F.3d at 102 (1st Cir.2004) (Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) retaliation); McKenzie v. Renberg’s, Inc., 94 F.3d 1478, 1486 (10th Cir.1996) (FLSA retaliation); EEOC v. HBE Corp., 135 F.3d 543, 554 (8th Cir.1998) (Title VII retaliation)). The Fifth Circuit, in the context of a FLSA claim, succinctly explained the basis for this rule,

[A] part of any management position often is acting as an intermediary between the manager’s subordinates and the manager’s own superiors. The role necessarily involves being mindful of the needs and concerns of both sides and appropriately expressing them. Voicing each side’s concerns is not only not adverse to the company’s interests, it is exactly what the company expects of a manager.

If we did not require an employee to “step outside the role” or otherwise make clear to the employer that the employee was taking a position adverse to the employer, nearly every activity in the normal course of a manager’s job would potentially be protected activity under [Section 215(a)(3) of the FLSA], An otherwise typical at-will employment relationship could quickly degrade into a litigation minefield, with whole groups of employees — management employees, human resources employees, and legal employees, to name a few — being difficult to discharge without fear of a lawsuit. For those reasons, we agree that an employee must do something outside of his or her job role in order to signal to the employer that he or she is engaging [in] protected activity ...

Hagan v. Echostar Satellite, L.L.C., 529 F.3d 617, 628 (5th Cir.2008).

In Hutchins v. Wilentz, Goldman & Spitzer, 253 F.3d 176 (3d Cir.2001), the Third Circuit adopted this principle. In that case, plaintiff, a terminated paralegal, filed a claim against a law firm under the False Claims Act, alleging that the firm submitted fraudulent billing statements to the United States Bankruptcy Court and then retaliated against him for internally reporting those violations. Id. at 180. Discovery revealed, however, that plaintiff was asked by a firm partner to investigate certain client bills, with particular attention to the high costs of computerized research. Id. at 179. After investigating the matter and discussing it with the firm’s paralegal supervisor, plaintiff wrote a short memorandum to the partner expressing concern that the computerized research expenses were billed at a rate of 1.5 times the costs to the client and that paralegals were being used to perform secretarial tasks, resulting in overcharging clients. Id. at 179-80. Approximately one month later, plaintiff was called to discuss his allegedly troubled relationships with others at the firm, as well as his continued employment. Id. at 180. Subsequently, plaintiff sent a somewhat disturbing memorandum to the paralegal he believed reported him to the firm leadership. Id. Five weeks after the purported protected activity, the law firm decided to terminate Hutchins as a result of “the culmination of escalating problems with his superiors and with staff.” Id. Several weeks later, plaintiff notified the United States Trustee that he believed the firm had engaged in fraudulent and unlawful billing practices, filed a pro se qui tam complaint under § 3729 of the False Claims Act, and alleged that the law firm violated the whistleblower provisions of the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h), by terminating his employment because of his investigation into the firm’s billing practices. Id. at 181.

During the appeal of the ensuing retaliation suit, the Third Circuit engaged in an extensive discussion of whether plaintiffs activity constituted “protected conduct.” The court held that “[a]lthough reporting ‘fraudulent’ and ‘illegal’ activity to an employer may satisfy the ‘protected conduct’ and notice requirements in many ... cases, in some instances where an employee’s job duties involve investigating and reporting fraud, the employee’s burden of proving he engaged in ‘protected conduct’ and put his employer on notice of the ‘distinct possibility’ that ... litigation is heightened.” Id. at 191. While the court acknowledged that an employee may still engage in “protected conduct” even where the employee’s job duties include investigating or reporting fraud, the employee would have to put the employer on notice that litigation is a distinct or reasonable possibility by characterizing the employer’s conduct as illegal or fraudulent or recommending that legal counsel become involved. Id. at 192. The court ultimately declined to find that the plaintiff engaged in protected conduct, as follows:

if an employee is assigned the task of investigating fraud within the company, that employee must make it clear that his investigatory and reporting activities extend beyond the assigned task in order to allege retaliatory discharge under § 3730(h). We see no evidence that Hutchins engaged in any conduct, beyond what was specifically asked of him in accordance with his job duties, that gave any indication that he was investigating fraud for a potential False Claims Act suit. He did not communicate that he was going to report the activity to government officials nor that he was contemplating his own qui tam suit.... He did not use the terms “illegal” or “fraud” nor did he attempt to discuss the billing practice with corporate counsel.... Rather, he merely performed the task he was asked to complete by his supervisor.

Id. at 194 (internal citations omitted).

Numerous courts dealing with retaliation claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), Title VII, the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (“USERRA”), and other statutes — all of which apply the same prima facie case elements as Title IX — have held that in order to engage in a statutorily protected activity the employee must “step outside his or her role of representing the company and file an action adverse to the employer, actively assist other employees in asserting ... rights, or otherwise engage in activities that reasonably could be perceived as directed towards the assertion of rights protected.... ” Claudio-Gotay, 375 F.3d at 102 (quotation omitted); see also McKenzie, 94 F.3d at 1486-87 (an employee who, in her capacity as personnel manager, informed the company that it was at risk of claims that might be instituted by others as a result of its alleged FLSA violations, did not engage in activity protected under FLSA’s anti-retaliation provision; such actions were not adverse to the company and were completely consistent with her job duties); Samons v. Cardington Yutaka Techs., Civ. A. No. 08-988, 2009 WL 961168 at *7 (S.D.Oh. Apr. 7, 2009) (finding that plaintiff did not step outside her role as human resources manager where she alerted the company about alleged FLSA violations as part of her job duties and did not complain about these alleged violations on behalf of herself or other women employees from a standpoint adversarial to the company); Bradford v. UPMC, Civ. A. No. 04-316, 2008 WL 191706, at *4 (W.D.Pa. Jan. 18, 2008) (noting that neither investigations of another employee’s EEO complaint regarding racial discrimination nor her recommendations to supervisors regarding the complaint constitutes protected activity, as plaintiff was not stepping outside her role as human resources manager); Cook v. CTC Comm’ns Corp., Civ. A. No. 06-58, 2007 WL 3284337, at *6 (D.N.H. Oct. 30, 2007) (holding that in order to show protected activity, the plaintiff had to establish that she acted outside of her role as a human resources manager when she advocated on behalf of an employee’s USERRA rights); Hill v. Belk Stores Svcs., Inc., Civ. A. No. 06-398, 2007 WL 2997556, at *1 (W.D.N.C. Oct. 12, 2007) (“actions within the scope of an employee’s duties are not protected for purpose of Title VII.”).

In the case at bar, the Court similarly finds that notwithstanding Plaintiffs good faith belief that the College was not in compliance with Title IX, and notwithstanding her efforts to make the College administration aware of this noncompliance, Plaintiff never stepped outside of her role as Athletic Director to put the College on reasonable notice of potential legal action relating to any Title IX issues. Dating from her appointment in 1990, Plaintiff understood that part of her job description included looking at the subject of gender equity under Title IX. (Atkinson Dep. 364:9-365:3.) Indeed, throughout her deposition testimony, Plaintiff repeated her belief that she was hired and expected to examine Title IX violations. (Id. at 555:22-556:13, 572:3-574:11, 576:2-12.) During her tenure, the College, under her guidance and advocacy, made regular efforts to address and improve upon Title IX issues. (Id. at 272:12-24.) Plaintiff never suggested that the College opposed her Title IX efforts. (Id. at 556:19-557:10) As such, her advocacy was not adverse to the College’s interests, but rather was precisely what the College expected of her in order for it to avoid Title IX compliance issues. Plaintiff now produces no evidence that, at least during the time period from January 1990 to May 1998, she stepped outside the role for which she was hired by the College.

Plaintiff attempts to rescue her claim by cryptically arguing that,

In bringing these continuing inequities to Dean Kissiah’s and President Rothkopf s attention in the context of Title IX compliance, Dr. Atkinson was clearly characterizing the then current state of athletics at Lafayette as being in violation of Title IX. Thus, even though Title IX compliance was part of Dr. Atkinson’s job duties, she clearly went beyond those job duties and engaged in conduct that is ‘protected’ under Title IX.

(Pi’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J. 17.) Plaintiffs bald allegation, however, fails to meet her “heightened” burden of showing that her actions put the College on notice that litigation against it, due to Title IX violations, was a “reasonable possibility.” Hutchins, 253 F.3d at 191-92. Rather, the record reveals a generally productive dialogue between Plaintiff and the College regarding the College’s Title IX compliance and its efforts to adopt, within its funding limitations, her recommendations to improve compliance. Plaintiff admitted that the College, from 1990 to 1998, had, at her insistence, made improvements in its Title IX compliance. (Atkinson Dep. 575:21-576:10.) She acknowledged that she repeatedly had discussions with members of the College administration, who supported her efforts, “within reason,” to improve the College’s compliance with Title IX. (Atkinson Dep. 571:3-574:11; see also Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. W (1996 memorandum by Dean Kissiah commending Plaintiff on organizing athletic department and reacting favorably to many of her Title IX suggestions).) She also testified that she was “encouraged” by the College president to address issues of disparities in the athletic program between men’s and women’s sports and that the College made “constant progress” in increasing the percentage of equity on the women’s side “as required by law.” (Atkinson Dep. 161:16— 162:7.) Ultimately, the College’s self-study report to the NCAA recognized many of the shortcomings identified by Plaintiff and included many of her recommended changes to the Athletic Department to ensure Title IX compliance. (Atkinson Dep. 578:23-579:8; compare Pi’s Resp. Mot. Summ. J., Ex. E with Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. D.) As of May of 1997, Plaintiff believed that the College had made significant progress and she believed the College “should be commended” for ultimately obtaining NCAA certification. (Atkinson Dep. 577:20-579:8.).

In short, for the period from January of 1990 to May of 1998, Plaintiff has not produced any evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she engaged in “protected activity” for purposes of her Title IX retaliation claim. Undoubtedly. Plaintiff repeatedly and aggressively raised issues regarding the College’s non-compliance with Title IX in the athletic department. She fails to recognize, however, that this advocacy was, in part, precisely what the College hired her to do. Although the changes she sought required substantial effort on her part, nothing in the evidence before the Court suggests that the College ever opposed her efforts or sought to avoid Title IX compliance. To now suggest that her actions constituted protected activity would open the College to a lawsuit any time it terminated someone hired in such a compliance role. As our jurisprudence has precluded such activity from falling within the ambit of Title IX protection, the Court must find that this conduct was not “protected activity.”

b. May 1998 to November 1999

Likewise, the evidence of record, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, reflects no protected activity from May 1998 to Plaintiffs termination in November 1999. To briefly re-summarize the events of this period, the NCAA, in May 1998, determined that the College should be certified as compliant with Title IX. (Atkinson Dep., Ex. 30.) Plaintiff, however, felt that there were areas in which the College could become more compliant with federal law. (Id. at 560:15-22; 571:10-572:19.) In order to increase opportunities for women coaches and athletes, Plaintiff originally proposed to the administration that additional money be put into athletics. (Id. at 575:7-9.) President Rothkopf, however, strongly opposed spending any more money on athletics, as a whole, and instructed Plaintiff to shuffle the department’s budget to obtain the goals she wanted. (Id. at 573:12-575:15; 585:16-586:21; 590:17-591:7.) In turn, Plaintiff devised a strategy to cut certain sports, while adding others, in order to ensure Title IX compliance. (Muhlfelder Dep. 38:24-41:7; Rothkopf Dep. (2008), Ex. 58. 14.) The Board of Trustees, however, temporarily rejected her proposal in favor of a broader study of the athletics program at the College. (Rothkopf Dep. (2008), 33:14-35:7.) During this study, Plaintiff and President Rothkopf took conflicting stances on the proposal to either eliminate football entirely or, alternatively, move from Division 1 to Division III status to save money. (Id. at 588:7-14.) Plaintiff specifically called a meeting with all student-athletes seeking their support in opposing any divisional change. (Id. at 588:20-589:1, Ex. 17.) Ultimately, in January of 1999, the Board elected to retain the College’s Division I status and to conduct an additional capital campaign for athletics. (Id. at 552:7-18.) The added funding resulted in the addition of three new coaching positions, all designated for women’s sports. (Id. at 552:7-555:21.)

During her deposition, Plaintiff, on several occasions, concisely summarized the nature of this dispute with the College from May 1998 forward as involving not Title IX, but rather general funding concerns:

Q. You believe you were being discriminated against or retaliated against because you oppose the budgetary allocations to men’s and women’s sports?

A. It’s not opposed. It’s the issue that more funding — I was very clear on more funding, and the president kne